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agh- (*hegh -)
English meaning: to fear
Deutsche Übersetzung: ’seelisch bedrũckt sein, sich fũrchten”
Material: Gk. ἄχος n. “ fear, pain, grief “, ἄχνυμαι , ἄχομαι “ grieving, sorrowing, mourning “
(Aor. ἥκαχε , ἠκαχόμην , perf. ἀκάχημαι ), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων “ mourning, groaning “, ἀκαχίζω
‘sadden”; here probably ἄχθος “ load, grief “ (* ἀχτος ), thereof ἀχθεσθαι “ to be loaded, be
depressed “.
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*aghos ) ankth “fear” [common Alb. -s > - th phonetic mutation].
O.E. ege m. “fear”, egisi-grima gl. “ ghost, spectre, evil spirit “, n. es- stem * agiz = Gk.
ἄχος “get a fright ”;
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > -χ- phonetic mutation
compare O.H.G. egis -līh “ dreadful “, egisōn “ get a fright “ and to o- and en stems extended
Goth. agis n. “ fear, anxiety, fright “, O.H.G. agiso , egiso m., egisa f. “ fear, fright figure “,
O.E. egesa m. “ fear “; O.N. agi m. (-en- stem) “Fear”, O.H.G. egī; M.H.G. ege f. “ fear,
fright, punishment “; Goth. - agan in un-agands “ are not afraid “, af-agjan “ frighten”, us-
agjan “ frighten somebody “, “ in-agjan “ snub somebody “; preterit present Goth. ōg (ōgum)
“ fears me “, ni ōgs “ fear nothing “ (old short vocal subjunctive * ōgiz), O.N. ōa-sk “ be afraid
“; Goth. ōgjan “ snub somebody “ = O.N. ægja “get a fright ”; O.N. ōgn f. “ fright “, ōtti m. “
fear “, O.E. ōga f. “ fright “.
O.Ir. ad-agor,-agur “ fear “ (because of the ablaut equality with Goth. ōg supposes
Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 484 origins from older perf.), verbal noun üigthiunder
References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.
See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)

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agos- (*hege -)
English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fehl, Schuld, Sũnde”
Material: O.Ind. ǘgas - n. “offence, injury, sin, fault ”, change by ablaut with Gk. ἄγος “ heavy
guilt, blood guilt “; O.Ind. ánügas -, Gk. ἀναγής “ innocent, guiltless “ ; ἀγής, ἐναγής “ curses
“, ἄγιος μιαρός .
O.E. acan , ōc “hurt” (Eng. ache ), N.Ger. äken “ hurt, fester, dent, blow “, M.Du. akel “grief,
wrong, pity ”, nFris. akelig , aeklig “ wretched, vehement “.
Maybe nasalized Alb. ( *ángas ) nëkónj , Gheg angój “groan, sigh, complain of pain, evil ”
(*enq-); prove the link between Root agos - : [fault, guilt, blame, sin (damage, injury,
sacrilege, evil)] and Root enq-, onq- : (to sigh, groan) [see below]
Note: It is possible Root agos - (*hege -): “fault, sin, *blood guilt ” is a zero grade of Lat.
sangue “blood”, Alb. gjak “blood” see Root s(u̯)ekʷo -s : ‘sap, pitch, *blood ”.

References: WP. I 38.
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agro- (egro-?) (*hekuro -)
English meaning: top, first, beginning
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitze, oberstes, erstes, Anfang ”
Material: O.Ind. ágra- n. “point”, agrē (loc. ) “at the top ”, also timewise “in the beginning,
first”, agrimá - “first”, Av. aɣra- “first, uppermost after time space etc. ”, n. “beginning; the
uppermost, point ”; Ltv. agrs (adj. ) “early”, agri adv. “early, early on ”, agrums “the early
morning”.
maybe Alb. agu “dawn, morning, beginning of the day ”.
Whether here Lat. MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- “ breech birth (one who causes great
pain at his birth “, W. Schulze KZ. 32, 1721, in 1721, doubting Lat. Eig. 2305?
If O.Ind. ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur “cliff
summit, rock, crag “.
Maybe Agrianes Illyr. TN, Agron “Illyrian king ”.
References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hitt. 183.
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agu̯(e)sī, aksī
English meaning: axe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Axt”
Material: Goth. aqizi , O.N. øx, O.E. acus , æx, O.S. acus, accus , O.H.G. achhus, accus,
aches , Ger. Axt (Gmc. forms *aqwizi and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza
GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī : *agusi̯ǘs ), Gk. ἰξός “ ax, hatchet “
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
Lat. ascia “ ax of the carpenters “ (from *acsiü like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsü ).
maybe Alb. (*asca ) ashka ‘shavings, wood splinter ”, (*viscus ) vishk, fishk “make thin,
wither”.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Decl. 150, Schwyzer Gk. I 4654.
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aĝh-
English meaning: plough animal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trächtiges Tier ”
Material: O.Ind. ahī “cow”, Av. azī f. adj. “pregnant ” (from cows and mares), M.Ir. ag (s-
stem) m., f. “ bovine animal, cow “, ag allaid “deer” (actually, “ wild ox “), ál “ brood, throw “
(*aglo-), Welsh ael ds., M.Welsh aelaw “ abundance, fertility “, eilion (*agliones) “ fallow
deer, horses “; here with e- vocalism Arm. ezn “bovine animal ”?
References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.
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aĝ- (*heĝ-)
English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treiben” (actually probably “mit geschwungenen Armen treiben ”),
‘schwingen ”, in Bewegung setzen, fũhren”
Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.
Note: old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a- , e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: aĝō: O.Ind. ájati “drive”, ajá- m. “a drove, troop; a driver ”; üjí- m./f. “running match,
combat”, Av. azaiti “ drive, lead away “, Arm. acem “ lead, bring “;
maybe Alb.Gheg (*ἄγω), ago “leader, chief ”; ag- “dawn, beginning of the day ”, agon “to
dawn, start the day ” : Lat. ago agere egi actum “to set in motion, drive; of animals, to drive
or hunt”, agon -onis m. “a contest in the public games ”, agonalia -ium and -orum n. “a
festival of Janus ”.

Gk. ἄγω “lead” (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον , ἤξα are new), Lat. agō “ to set in motion, drive, lead,
negotiate “ (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), Osc. Imper. actud = Umbr. aitu “ agito “, Osc.
acum “ agere “, O.Ir. ad-aig (*aget ) “ adigit “, O.Welsh agit, hegit , more recently ëyt (*agīti) ,
besides the strong inflection in Welsh Corn. Bret. a (*aget ) “goes”; t- Preterit O.Ir. ro-da-
acht “ driven away “, Welsh aeth (*ag-t ) “to put in motion ” etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451
following, O.Ir. üin “ activity, play “ (from *agnis ), Gallo-Rom. *and-agnis “ big step “, Fr.
andain “ swath, scythe slash “, aFr. “wide step ”, O.N. aka “driving” (Preterit ōk like O.Ind.
Gram. üja); O.E. ac “however, but, yet ” (wörtl. “ go!” like Lat. age); Toch. B ak-, AB ük-
“travel, lead ”;
Maybe Alb. ec- “walk, travel on foot ”, vocative hec, eja “come!”.

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to- participle: ἀκτός, Lat. üctus “ put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted ”, *amb
(i)-aktos , actually, “ sent around (: O.Ir. imm-aig ) messenger, servant “ in Gaul. (-Lat.)
ambactus “ vassal, slave “, Welsh amaeth “ servus arans “ (from Celt. derives Goth.
andbahts, O.H.G. ambaht “ servant “, from which the kinship with Ger. Amt).
As IE Instrumental noun in -trü here O.Ind. aš ̣ ṭrü “goad to drive the livestock “, Av. aštrü “
whip, scourge “.
Maybe Tokharian: B ük n. “zeal” (Adams 35), AB ük- “lead, guide, drive ” (36).
lengthened grade formations: O.Ind. üjí-ḥ m. f. “race, fight “, M.Ir. üg (gen. üga, u- stem )
“fight”, üga, üige “leaders” (cf also Gaul. PN Ago-mürus = O.Ir. ágmar “warlike”; Com-
ügius ), Lat. only in compounds: ambügēs , around “ a roundabout way, winding. Hence, in
speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity “ (conservative stem like O.Ind. áj-ē “to lead”
= Lat. agī Inf. pass., and like O.Ind. aj- in pr̥tanǘj - “ in the fight pulling “, however, with
stretch in the composition), indügēs and indügo ,-inis “ surrounding and driving of game “,
co-ügulum “ a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the
stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet; the curdled milk;
that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie “, O.Ind. samüja -ḥ “meeting, society ”, Gk.
ἀγωγός “leading, leadingly “, ἀγωγή “guidance, management, freight ”, Hes. ὤγανα ‘spokes”,
στρατ -ηγός (see under). about Dor. ἆγον (O.Ind. üjam ) “I lead” see, nevertheless, Schwyzer
Gk. I 654, 4.
o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ “ activity, train; driver “, Gk. ἀγός “ leader, military leader “, στρατ-
ᾱγός, Att. Ion. στρατ -ηγός “military leader ”, λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) “ leader “, Lat. prōdigo
-igere -egi -actum “to drive forth; to spend, waste ”, prōd-igus “profuse, extravagant; rich,
abounding in . adv. prodige “ (from prōd-igere ), abiga “ plant which has the power of
producing abortion; ground-pine “ (“ close to miscarriage “ from ab-igere = ἀπάγω , O.Ind.
apa-ájati “ to drive away, drive off “).

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i̯o- stem: Ir. aige “race”, O.Ind. in pr̥tanüjyam “competition ”.
aĝmn̥ , aĝmos : O.Ind. ájman - n. “ road, train “, ájma -ḥ ds. (however, about jman , pari-
jman- , pr̥thu -jman- , jma-yü ́- s. ĝhÞem - “ earth “): Lat. agmen “ a driving movement or a
mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. miLith. , an army on the march “ (to
neologism agō for *ammen ), exümen “ a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of a
balance; testing, consideration “; then “ to check, to weigh; to consider “ (from *agsmen ),
ammentum (*agmen- to-m) “ in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with
throw straps “; maybe (Schw. Gk. I 49210) with o- graduation Gk. ὄγμος “ field furrow, road
of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing “.
lo- stem: O.Ind. ajirá- “ quick, nimble “ (however, Lat. agilis “ flexible, nimble “ is a
neologism); Gk. ἀγέλη “ herd, crowd “, Lat. agolum “ shepherd ’s stick “.
Gk. ἀγών “ race, competition “; ἄγυια ‘street” (part. perf.), from which about newer * ἄγεια
Lat. agēa “ a gangway in a ship ”; lak. Cret. ätol. ἀγν έω “ leads, brings “, ep. Ion. ἀγῑνέμεναι ,
ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην , also from an ī̆
ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gk. I 694, 696). about ἡγεμών see Schwyzer Gk. I 5227 and
under süg-.
Lat. rēmex , rēmigüre , rēmigium , lītigüre “ a rower, oarsman “ and other verbs in - (i)güre . -
Presumably Lat. indigitēs “ the local divinities and heroes “ (indigitüre “ a divinity call “,
indigitümenta “invocation formulae ”), as *end(o)- aget- “ the indigenous, native “.
formation development to “to weigh ” (from “ bring in oscillation “) in Lat. exagium “ a
weighing, weight; a balance “, exigere [ex + ago] “to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take
out, expel : -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider ”: among
other things “ weigh, measure “, exüctus “ precise, accurate, exact “, exiguus “ strict, exact,
scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry “, exīlis (*ex-
ag-slis) “ strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor “, exümen (see above ),

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agīna “ the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves “ (formation
as for example coquīna ), Gk. ἄγειν also “weigh” (with acc. of the weight), ἄξιος “weighing as
much, of like value, worth as much as ” (from *ἄκτιος , on the grounds of *ag-ti-s “weight”,
actually:) “ from suitable weight “, hence, “ worth, solemnly “, ἀντάξιος “worth just as much
as, equally ”.
still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua , üctus quadrütus “ a field measure of 120 feet in the
square “, and actūtum ‘straight away, immediately, forthwith “, agüsō “footman, driver,
hostler “, agō, -ōnis “of the priests killing the sacrificial animal ” (from agere in meaning “
sacrifice”), agōnium “ a victim, beast for sacrifice “ below likewise
Here maybe Gaul. exacum “ the herb centaury “ if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago -”
pure-craving “). But better to *ak̂- “ sharp “, see there.
Further belong here:
aĝes -, ak̂s . . . “ (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder “:
O.Ind. ákṣ̌a -ḥ “ axis”, Gk. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα “carriage, wagon ” Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217
f.);
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
Lat. axis “axis” = Lith. ašìs, O.Pruss. assis , O.C.S. osъ f. ds .; O.H.G. ahsa , Ger. Achse ,
O.E. eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from urg. *ahsulaz ) “axis”; M.Ir. ais “axis” (*aksi-lü in Welsh echel f.
“axis”, Bret. ahel ).
Lat. üla ‘shoulder”, from which the usual meaning “wing”, from *agslü (cf Dimin. axilla
“armpit”) = in. ǫxl, O.E. eaxl , O.H.G. ahsala , Ger. Achsel , where near lengthened grade
Dutch oksel ds., and without l- formant : O.H.G. uochisa , M.H.G. uohse , ũehse and O.H.G.
uochsana , O.E. ōxn “armpit”, in. ōst f., ōstr m. “Cervical pit ”, O.E. ōcusta , ōxta m., Eng.
oxter “armpit”; av ašayü ̣ gen. Du. “ of both shoulders “, Arm. anut “ shoulder pit “ (at first
from *asnut “).

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maybe zero grade in Alb.Gheg (* aksla-të) sqetla “armpit”.
aĝ-rü “ rush, hunt “, aĝ-ro-s “ driving, rushing “:
O.Ind. in ghasē -ajra- “ to drive consuming, exciting appetite “, Av. (vehr-kąm) azrō-daiδīm
“ doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) “; Gk. ἄγρᾱ , Ion. ἄγρη “ hunt, catch “,
πάναγρος “ catching everything, catching “, κρεάγρα “ meat tongs “, πυράγρα “ tongs “,
ποδάγρα “ prostration, enuflection “, Μελέαγρος originally name of a “ demon which as a
quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs “ (?), ἀγρεύς “ hunter “, ἀγρεύω “ catch “; but ἀγρέω “
take “ according to Schwyzer Gk. I 7271 from *ἁ-γρο-; Ir. ür n. “ defeat “ (*agron ) “ battle,
fight “ (*agrü ), actually, “ rush “, O.Corn. hair “ destruction, injury, mischief, harm,
misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity “, O.Bret. airou PI. “ an overthrow,
destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage “, Gaul. VN Veragri “ the
immense combatants “.
maybe Alb. Agron “appellation of an Illyrian king ”.
aĝ-ro-s “ field, camp “ (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally “ place where the
cattle is being driven, pasture “).
O.Ind. ájra-ḥ ‘surface, camp, fields “ (without respect on agriculture), Gk. ἀγρός “ field,
land “ (in contrast to town), Lat. Umbr. ager “field”, Goth. (etc.) akrs , O.H.G. ackar , ahhar ,
Ger. Acker (Acker and O.E. æcer also a certain land measure, “ so much a bottom plate
can oxen plow during one day “), Arm. art “field” (with puzzling t about *atgr- , *atr-, see
Pedersen KZ. 39, 352 ; thereof artak’s “ out “, prefix arta-” from”).
O.Ind. ajríya - “ located in the plain “ = Gk. ἄγριος “ on the field, outside growing or living,
wildly “; ἀγρότερος “ wildly living “, Lat. agrestis “ a countryman, peasant, rustic, rural, crude
“. (about Goth. akran , dt. Eckern , however, see under *ōg- “grow”.)
maybe Alb. egër “wild, rural, crude ”, ager “donkey (pulling a wagon) ”, Illyr. TN Agrianes .
References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.

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agʷh-no-s (*heg ʷh-no-s )
English meaning: “lamb”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lamm”
Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos ?)
It seems that from Root aĝ- : “to lead, *drive cattle ” derived Root agʷh-no-s : “lamb”.
Material:
Note: The old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- in PIE; only Alb. and Umbr. and
Slavic preserved the old laryngeal through Alb. ḫ- > k- phonetic mutatIon.
Alb.Gheg kinxh , tosk (*ḫegh-) qengj “lamb” : Umbr. habina(f) “ of a lamb “ : Lat. haedīnus “of
a kid” : O.C.S.: (j)agnę “lamb” [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic
mutation].
Gk. (*agʷnos, abnos ) ἀμνός derived from an earlier * abnos “lamb” [common Gk. kʷ > p, gʷ
> b phonetic mutation, later b > mb > m common Illyr.-Gk. phonetic mutation]
Gk. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. “lamb”;
Lat. agnus, - ī, fem. -a “lamb” (agnīle ‘sheep stable ”, lacking suffix affinity with O.C.S. jagnilo
“ place where the sheep lamb “, a derivative of the verb jagniti “to lamb”); O.Ir. ūan Welsh
oen, O.Corn. oin, Bret. oan “lamb” (urk. *ognos with - gn- would have derived from *-gʷhn-,
not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109- bn-;
o- probably influence from *ou̯is ‘sheep”); O.E. ēanian , Eng. to yean “to lamb”, Dutch
oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna - = IE *agʷhno -); O.C.S. (j)agne ̨ “lamb” (with formants -
et- broadened around popular names of young animals ), (j)agnьcь “lambkins ” contain full
gradatIon. Or is placed IE *ōgʷ(h)no- : to *ǝgʷ(h)no-?

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Through the Gmc. and Celt. presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the basis of
Lat. and Slav. forms, so that Gk. ἀμνός (at first from * ἀβνός) remains the only dependable
indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If Umbr. habina(f) “ of a lamb “ could be explained
from intersection from *hēdīno - = Lat. haedīnus “of a kid” and *abnīno - = Lat. agninus “of a
lamb; f. as subst., lamb ’s flesh”, however, would point Umbr. b to voiced-nonaspirated . But
maybe it has become gʷh in Osc.-Umbr. to b.
Note: Celtic Illyrian concordances: common Illyr. - gʷ- > -b-, -d- : Alb. -gʷ- > -d- phonetic
mutatIon.
Lat. avillus “lambkin” because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos .
Note: common Lat. - Italic gw- > v- phonetic mutation] Lat. avillus (*abillus ) “lambkin” : Rom.
(*agʷenus ) ageamiu “lamb”.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.
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ai-dh -, i-dh-, nasal. i-n-dh- (*heu̯i-ĝh-)
English meaning: to burn
Note: Common Illyr. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, leuchten ”
Material: O.Ind. inddhē ́ “ inflamed, is aroused “ (pass. idhyáte , perf. īdhē ́, part. perf. Pass
iddhá -ḥ), indhana-m “ lighting “.
Gk. αἴθω “ lights, burns “ (αἰθόμενος ), αἴθων, αἶθοψ “ igneously, sparkling “, ἰθαίνεσθαι
θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδ῵σσα αἴθουσα “loggia”; changing by ablaut κακ-ιθής Hes.
“ravenously ” (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss-
phonetic mutation
o-St.:Gk. αἶθος m. “fire” (αἰθός “burntly”) = O.Ind. ēdha -ḥ ̣m. “Firewood ” = O.E. üd, O.H.G.
M.H.G. eit m. “ Glow, pyre “: zero grade probably Nor. Swe. id “ leuciscus idus ” (a bright
carp kind), cf Ger. dial. aitel “ leuciscus cephalus ” as the “ shining “; besides u- stem * aidhu -
in Gaul. VN Aedui , O.Ir. áed “fire”, also as MN; Lat. aedēs “ a dwelling of the gods, a
sanctuary, a temple “, ursprũngl. “ the domestic stove “, also aedis = Maced. ἄδις ἐσχάρα
Hes.
From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably Lat. aestüs, - ütis “warm season,
summer “ (from *aisto-tüt-, IE *aidh- to-); aestus , - ūs (from *aidh- tu-) “heat, glow, surf ”,
aestuüre “ cook, surge, roar “;
Maybe Alb. (*aestü -, *vesna, *vièsienta ́) vjeshta “autumn, harvest time (long summer) ”: Go.
asans “harvest time, summer ” [common Alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence
Vesta “goddess of hearth and its sacred fire ” was an Illyrian goddess, also Alb. vatra (*vas-
tra) “hearth” with -tre suffix.

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aGmc. MN Aistomōdius (“ with quick-tempered courage “), O.E. üst f. “dried stove ”, Eng.
oast “drying room, drying loft ”.
r- formants: Gk. αἰθήρ “the upper air ” (Maced. ἀδ῅), αἴθρα “the cheerful sky ” (Maced.
ἀδραιά), αἴθριος “brightly, cheerfully (from the weather) ”, for what changing by ablaut
ἰθαρός “cheerfully ”, O.Ind. vīdhra ́ - (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.
l- formants: Gk. αἰθάλη , αἴθαλος ‘soot”, Maced. ἄδαλος ; under acceptance of a
development from ‘shining, appearing ” “ too apparently “ one puts a little bit constrainedly
here O.E. īdel “vain, pointless, trifling ”, O.H.G. ītal, Ger. eitel .
In IE *aidh- lo- is based Gmc. ail- in O.E. ǣlan “burn” to ül n. “Flame”, and in O.E. ǣled
m., O.Ice. eldr (gen. elds ) “ fire, flame “. From different development-grading O.E. ǣled are
borrowed Welsh aelwyd , Bret. oaled “ from fire, stove “ (M. Förster Themse 4872). M.Ir. üel
“lime” could have originated from *aidh-lo-. However, could Gmc. and Celt. words be
formed also directly by the root 4. 4. ü̆i- with - lo-suffix .
s-formants: es-St. Gk. αἴθος n. “Glow, fire ” = O.Ind. ḗdhas - n. “Firewood ”.
Continuing formation: aisl eisa f. (* aidh-s-ōn) “fire”, Nor. “Hearth”, M.L.G. ēse f.
“chimney, fire stove “ (however, O.H.G. essa “ chimney, hearth “ see under ü̆s- “ burn “); Av.
aēsma m . “Firewood ” (*aidh-s -mo-, cf without s O.Ind. idhmá -ḥ m. ds.); in addition Balt
*aismiü in Lith. íesmė “firewood ”; Lith. aistrà f. “ passion “; O.Cz. niestějě (fem. pl. ) “ stove “,
later nístěj (with n- suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъn-ěstěję,
vъn-ěstějachъ , Berneker 275) from *aidh-s- to; in addition zro grades *idh-s -to- in Slov.
iste ́je , ste ́je pl. “ stove hole “; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also O.Ind. iš ̣ ṭakü “ of burnt bricks “,
Av. ištya- n. “ brick, (backed brick) “.
In *indh- goes back : Alb.Gheg idhunɛ, Tosc idhëtë “bitter”, Tosc idhɛrím “bitterness,
anger, irritation ”, hį̄dhite ̈ pl. “nettle” (Jokl studies 29).

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aig-1, nasal. ing-
English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verstimmt, unwirsch, krank ”
Material: Alb. kë-ék “nasty, bad, evil ” (from kë + *aigi̯o -);
Note: Alb. solidified the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- (*ḫeigi̯o -) kë-ék, keq “nasty, bad, evil ” similar to
abbreviated Alb. (*ḫabeō ) kam “hold, possess, have ”, common Alb. ḫ- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -
m- phonetic mutations found in Corn. caf(f)os, cafes , M.Bret. caf(f)out , Bret. kavout “have”;
also zero grade in Alb. preterite (ha)pata “I held, possessed, had ”, see Root ghabh - : to
grab, take
Lat. aeger , aegra , -um, aegrotus “ unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble “; O.N. eikenn
dismays “ wild, furious “, O.E. ücol “ excited, dismayed “, nNor. eikja , eikla “ continually with
attacks, contradictions, assertions torment “, eikjen “argumentative ”; Toch. В aik(a)re (= Lat.
*aegro- ), A ekro “ill”;
nasalized: * ing-: Lith. ìngis “lounger, idler “, ìngas and angùs “ idle, sluggish “;
Ltv. îgstu , îgt “ have internal pain, be sullen, morose “, îgnêt “ have disgust “, îgnis “ sullen
person “ (Lith. éngti “ choke, torment “ probably stays away); O.C.S. jędza “illness”, nSlov.
jeza “rage”, Pol. jędza “ fury, witch “ (“gruff, sullen ”), Cz. jezinka “forest woman ” (etc., see
Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigü , is consequently to be led back also:) Russ. bába jagá
“witch” (s. Brũckner KZ. 45, 318 );
O.Ice. ekki “pain, grief “ = O.E. inca “ pain, suspicion, quarrel “, O.Fris. inc (d. i. jinc)
“angry”, also nEng. inkle “anticipate, foresee “, inkling “whispering, notion, indication, sign ”.
References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.
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aig-2
English meaning: oak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eiche”
Material: Gk. αἰγίλωψ “ an oaken kind “ (see under), presumably also κράτ-αιγος , κρατ-
αιγών “ an uncertain type of tree “ (possibly “hard oak ”).
The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός “
bowl, bark “ and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo,
verum et e ramis dependentes , Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.
O.N. eik (conservative stem) f. “oak”, O.S. ēk, O.E. üc (Eng. oak), O.H.G. eih, M.H.G.
eich, eiche , Ger. Eiche ;
All other cognates are dubious: Gk. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος , s. Fick BB. 30,
273) possibly “aspen” could be created as “ tree trembler, (*oak shaker) “ also derivative
like οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω “ swing, tremble “ (: *aig- “ move violently “);
Lat. aesculus “(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak “ (*aig-sklos ?) is still unclear after
its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*asi) ahi “*oak, beech ” [the common Alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the
middle of the word (See Root su̯ekrū́ - English meaning: “mother-in law or father- in-law”
shift s > h in Alb. (*śváśura -) vjehërr “ father -in-law “).
Root *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k- : “ash tree (Alb. ahi “beech”)” must have derived from Root
aig-2 : “oak (Alb. ahu “oak”)”.
References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.
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aig-3
English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(sich) heftig bewegen, schwingen, vibrieren ”
Material: O.Ind. ējati “ stirs, moves, trembles “, ējathu -ḥ ̣ “ the quake of the earth “,
vic̨vamējaya - “ making everything shake “, nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate “ stirs, moves “,
Kaus. iŋga ́ yati “ sets in motion, touches, shakes “, udiŋgayati “ swings “, samiŋgayati “ sets
in shaking movement “ (form relation like between αἴθω: O.Ind. indhate );
from Gk. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα . Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2, 12:
και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῆ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν ), αἰγιαλός ‘strands” (probably from
arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs “ in the surf of the sea “; differently Bechtel Lexil. 16), αἰγίς
“ gale, storm cloud;
the shield of Zeus ” (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,
“thunderstorm shield ”), καταιγίς “ gust of wind moving down suddenly “ from καταιγίζειν “
storm, attack down, drive off “ (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος , ἄνεμοι , θάλασσα ), ἐπαιγίζειν “ attack
near, thrust near “; probably also αἰγανέη “lance” (on the grounds of * αἴγανον “ the catapults
“ or “projectile ”); presumably also αἴγλη ‘shine”, from the flickerof the light and the warm air
to the south; common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the
crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat ’s
skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.
Hence Root aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root aig-3 : (to move swiftly, move violently, swing,
vibrate).

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in addition Gmc. name of the squirrel: O.H.G. eihhurno, eihhorn , M.H.G. eichorn (Ger.
Eichhorn with support of Eiche “oak” and Horn “horn”, O.E. ücweorna, -wern , M.L.G. ēkeren,
ēkhorn , O.N. īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition?), neuNor. also
eikorne , O.S. ēkorne (was based on the concept “ flexible, swinging itself from branch to
branch “; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er - “ squirrel, weasel “ the belonging second limb:
*aik-werna ); aksl O.C.S. igrъ, igra “ play “, igrati , perfective vъzigrati “ σκιρτα̃ν, hop, jump,
dance “ (from *ьgrа; Lith. with Berneker 422).

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.
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aiĝ-
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziege”
Note: Root digh- : “goat” derived from a zero grade of Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ”. From the
older root Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ” derived Root aiĝ- : “goat” and Root ü̆ĝ- : “goat”
[common Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate
derived from Proto-Illyr.
Material: Gk. αἴξ, - γός “nanny goat ”, Arm. aic “nanny goat ”; zero grade Av. izaēna - “ from
leather “ (actually, “ from goatskin “ as Gk. αἴγειος , cf the same importance relations with
*aĝo- “ goat “).
References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.
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aigʷh-
English meaning: to be ashamed
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich schämen”
Material: Directly from the root word: O.E. ǣwan “despise”, “be disgusted ” also
M.L.G.eichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn ) (from it borrows M.H.G. ekeln “be
disgusted ”).
Gk. αἶσχος n. “disgrace ” (from *aigʷh -s-kos, k- derivative of a s-St. *aigʷhes -, as:) Goth.
aiwiski n. “disgrace, embarrassment “; cf further αἰσχύνη ‘shame, sense of honor, disgrace ”,
αἰσχύνω “dishonors, violates, disfigures ”, med. “avoids me, is ashamed of me ”, αἰσχρός
“ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative ”; Goth. unaiwisks “unharmed ”, aiwiskōn act
‘shameful”, O.E. ǣwisc (e) n. “disgrace, offense ”, adj. ‘shameless ”, M.L.G. eisch “nasty,
hideous”, nnd. eisk, aisch “revolting, rebarbative ”.
References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.
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ai-2
English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “worauf eindringen, treiben, ũberwältigen, kränken”
Material: present *(a)i-neu-mi : O.Ind. inóti, ínvati , Imper. inuhí , participle -inita- (úpenita - “
pushed, cut into “), “ penetrate into something, master “, Av. inaoiti , Inf. aēnaŋhe “ violate,
hurt “, ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) “ not violated, not painedly “ (from ai énas - n. “
Crime, sin, misfortune “ = Av. aēnah - “ act of violence, crime “, in addition m. “ evildoer”?),
Av. intay-” rape, injury; torture “, O.Ind. iná- ‘strong; m. master “, maybe also īti-ḥ f. “plague,
need”; Gk. αἰνός “tremendous ”;
maybe Alb. inati “anger; ire; rage; dander; dudgeon; rampage; down; disappointment;
malice; blood; rancour; rancor; pique; spunk; miff; temper; must ”.
maybe here -in- in Goth. faír-ina “guilt, reproach ”, O.H.G. firinōn ‘sin”, O.Ice. firn n. pl. “the
extraordinary ” (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning (as in the Heliand) “ act of
violence “.
References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.
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ai-3, (*hei -, heiu̯ā)
English meaning: to give
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geben, zuteilen ”, about mediales ‘sich geben lassen ” dann also
“nehmen”
Note: From the reduced Root ghabh- : “to grab, take ”, derived Root ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- :
“to take, grab, reach, *give ” > Root ēpi- : “comrade ” > Root ai-3 : “to give”.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*ḫe-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na “us” + ep “give”) “give us (*take) ” : Hitt.
e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi ) “take”, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi ) : Gk. ἅπτω “ give a hand .
Material: Gk. αἴνυμαι “take, pack, touch ”, only present and imperfect tense.
Note: Gk. αἴνυμαι derived from a reduced (* heiu̯ün -); compare the formation Gk. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα
“ service-tree, rowan tree ” (*oiu̯ü) = Lat. ūva “ a grape, berry of the vine “; [see Root ei-3 :
“multicoloured; reddish ”]
Also Illyr. (*avetor ) Aetor : Ven. (*avimos ) Aimos suffixed with the common satem - tar
formant as IE roots are suffixed with - tar or -ska formants. Tocharian cognate belongs to
the (-ts <*-tska ) suffixed roots.
Ven. MN Aimos, Illyr. MN Aetor .
Maybe Alb. (*ḫ-eip) Gheg ep, Tosc jap “I give” : Lycian pije, pibije “to give” : Hittite pai, pija
“to give” Alb. j- stands for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
Hitt. pí(-ia)-an-”they give ” : mess. pi-do “to give” are zero grades of Root ai-3 : “to give”
Note: The old laryngeal ḫ- could have been created from Balt-Illyr. d- > zero phonetic
mutatIon.
Root dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu- : du- : “to give” > Root ai-3, (*hei-) : “to give”

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Lat. (*ave-mulus ) ae-mulus “ emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as subst.,
a rival, esp. in love “, probably as “ reaches for something “ (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).
Toch. В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi, А essi “give”; Hitt. pa-a-i “ he gives “, 3. pl. pí(-ia)-an-zi
with preverb pe “there”.
Note: Toch. В ai-, А е-, infinitive В aitsi , А essi “give” display the common Toch. ts > ss
mutations.
References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-Gmc. 10
f.
See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-
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ai-5 : oi-
English meaning: important speech
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedeutsame Rede ” (?)
Material: Gk. αἴνημι , αἰνέω “praises”, αἴνος m., αἴνη f. ‘significant speech, praise ”; αἰνίσσομαι
“talks in riddles ”, common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; αἰνιγμα n. “dark speech ”
(however, ἀν-αίνομαι ‘says no, deny ” -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);
ablaut, M.Ir. ōeth m. “oath” (O.Welsh anutonou pl., gl. “ the perjured, the perfidious “,
nWelsh anudon “perjury, act of lying under oath ”) = Goth. aiÞs m., O.Ice. eiðr, O.E. üÞ,
O.S. ēđ, O.H.G. eid m. “oath” (probably Celt. Lw.).
References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.
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ai-rā
English meaning: a k. of grass
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grasart”
Note: Root ai-rü : “a k. of grass ” is a reduced root * ai-tra from which derived also Root ai-tro-
: “bitter, sharp ”.
Material: O.Ind. ērakü “ a grass kind “, Gk. αἶρα “ weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel “
αἰρικός , αἴρινος “ from ryegrass, darnel “), Ltv. aĩres , aĩrenes “ ryegrass, darnel “.
maybe through metathesis Alb. (*aĩres > ēser ) egjër “Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel ”
[common Alb. -s- > -gj- shift].
References: WP. I 12, Specht Decl. 2061.
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aisk-
English meaning: bright, shining
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klar, hell, leuchtend ”
Material: AwN.. eiskra “ rage before hot excitement “, Mod.Ice. iskra also from burning pain.
Lith. áiškus , where beside zero grade O.Lith. išku ̀ s “clear, bright “.
Russ. dial. jáska , demin. jásočka “ bright star “, beside it O.Bulg. jasno adv. “clear, bright,
distinct”, Russ. jásnyj “light, clear, bright ” from * aiskno- ; Pol. jaskry, jaskrawy “blinding,
dazzling, brilliant “ from * aiskro- ; O.Bulg. iskra “ spark “ etc. from * iskrü.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*aiskno- ) shkëndijë ‘spark” [common Alb. n > nd phonetic
mutation].
Also Alb. zero grade (* jaskry ), shkrinj “melt, burn ”, participle * scrum > shkrumb “ashes”
[common Alb. m > mb shift] loaned in Rom. scrum “ashes”.
Russ. dial. jáska , demin. jásočka “ bright star “, besides O.Bulg. jasno adv. “ clear,
distinct “, Russ. jásnyj “ bright, clear “ from *aiskno ; Pol. jaskry, jaskrawy “ brilliant, sparkling
“ from *aiskro ; O.Bulg. iskra ‘spark” etc. from *iskrü .
Here the FlN Ger. Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en ) (Luxembourg), nEng. Axe from Celt. or
Ven.-Illyr. *Aiskü.
Maybe Alb. (*aiskü ) eshkë “mushroom (when dried used to kindle the fire) ” related to Lat.
esca - ae f. “food, victuals, esp. as bait ”,
References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny UrIllyr. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.
See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk - , or from *ai-sk - in ü̆i-4.
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ais-1
English meaning: to wish for, search for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wũnschen, begehren, aufsuchen”
Note: The Root ais-1 : “to wish for, search for ” is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -ska
is a common Germanic suffix added to Root ai-2 : “to drive, to overwhelm, harm ”
Material: O.Ind. ḗšati “looks”, ēš ̣ a ́-ḥ m. “ wish, choice “, anv-iš ̣ a ́ ti “ looks for = Av. išaiti “
wishes “, O.Ind. iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) “ looks, wishes “ = Av. isaiti ds., O.Ind. icchü “ wish “, iš ̣ (2.
compound part) “ searching, striving after “ = Av. iš ds., f. “ Wish, the object of the wish “,
O.Ind. iš ̣ ta- “ desiredly “ ī̆ṣ̌má - m. “ Love God “;
Arm. aic ̣ (*ais-sk̂ü) “investigation ”; Umbr. eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40 ) “they will have
caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched “ (probably as *eh-iscurent “
they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled “);
Maybe zero form in Alb. (*assa- ) shanj “curse, blame ”.
Lat. aeruscüre “to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to
play the juggler “ as *aisos-k̂o- “demanding “ to Av. Imp. išasü “longs for ” (-esk̂o - besides -
sk̂o-: isaiti “wishes”); O.H.G. eiscōn “ research, ask, demand, (Ger. heischen “dema nd” with
h after heissen “hot”), O.S. ēscōn, ēscian “demand”, O.E. üscian, üxian “ try, demand, ask ”,
O.H.G. eisca “demand”, O.E. æsce f. “investigation ”;
in Balt-Slav. with non-palatal k of the present suffix- skō (towards ar. Arm. - sk̂-), what is not
to be explained by borrowing from the Gmc. ; Lith. íeškau , ieško ́ ti “look”, Ltv. iẽskât “ to
delouse “, O.C.S. iskǫ (and išto ̨), iskati “look”, iska “wish”.
References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.
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ais-2
English meaning: to be in awe, to worship
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ehrfũrchtig sein, verehren”
Note: The Root ais-2 : “to be in awe, to worship ” is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant -
ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root ai-3 : “to give”
Material: O.H.G. ēra, Ger. Ehre , O.E. ür “ Relief, considerate treatment, honour, luck “, O.N.
eir “ considerate treatment, peace, also name of the medicine goddess “; of it O.H.G. ērēn,
ērōn “ honor, spare, betake “, O.E. ürian “ honor, spare, betake “, O.N. eira ‘spare”.
Osc. aisusis abl. pl. ‘sacrifices”, marruc. aisos D. pl. “ gods”, pälign. aisis “ gods “, volsk.
esaristrom “ sacrifice “, Umbr. esono- “ divine, sacred “, come from EtruscO.N. Differently
Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.
d- extension: Gk. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d- ) “ shies, reveres “, αἰδώς , -οῦς “ reverence,
shyness, shame “, αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ -ομαι) “αἴδομαι” ; Goth. aistan , -aida “ avoid, pay attention
“; zero grade O.Ind. īd ̣ ē ́ “ reveres, praises, implores “.
References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
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ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-
English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion,
cut, contribution
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Anteil”
Note: Root ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to- : “part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock,
proportion, cut, contribution ” is a truncated root * ai-tra into the suffixed Root ai-2 : “to drive,
to overwhelm, harm ” with the formant -tra.
Material: Av. aēta- “ the proper part “(“ punishment “; dual “ guilt and punishment “).
Gk. αἶσα (* αἰτι̯α) “ interest, destiny “, Hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα “ the proper interest “,
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι . Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος
“ promising good talent, favorabe “, αἴσιος “ certain from the destiny, proper “, ἀναισιμόω “
apply, use, consume “, αἰσυμνάω “ dispenses justice, it rules “;
διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from * διαιτιάω) “ be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life =
leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking “, hence, δίαιτα
“ referee’s office “ and “ life-style, life arrangement “, ἔξαιτος “ well-chosen, particular “.
Osc. gen. aeteis “partis”, aíttíúm “portionum ”.
From Gk. here probably also αἴτιος “ responsible, guilty “ (τ after αἰτέω ), from which later
αἰτία “ guilt, cause “; also αἰτέω , αἰτίζω “demands ” as “ requires his interest “; ablaut. οἶτος
m. “Destiny”.
O.Ir. ües n., Welsh oes f. “ period, age “ from *ait-to-, O.Ir. ües m. “People” from *ait- tu-,
Welsh oed m. “Age” from *aito .
References: WP. I 2, Hirt IE Gk. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gk. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.
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ai-tro -
English meaning: [bitter, sharp]
Deutsche Übersetzung: [bitter, scharf]
Note: Root ai-tro- : “bitter, sharp ” is a truncated root * ai-tra into the suffixed Root ai-2 : “to
drive, to overwhelm, harm ” with the formant -tra.
Material: Lith. aitrùs “ bitterly, harsh “, aitrà f. ‘sharpness ” (also figurative); the nasal
formation *intro- perhaps in O.Bulg. ob-ętriti ‘set on fire “, o. sę “burn, be quick-tempered “,
wru. zajátřič “anger”, Clr. roz-jatrūti ša “fester”.
Maybe Alb. hithrë “nettle, throny plant ”. Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.
See also: perhaps in ü̆i-4.
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aiu̯-, ai̯u-
English meaning: “vital energy, vitality ”
Material: O.Ind. ǘyu- n., a nominalized adjective to üуú- “ flexibe, active “; üyú-ḥ m. “ Genius
of the vitality “, thereof derived s-stem ǘyuḥ n., gen. üyušah ̣ “ vitality “ (*ǘiu̯os , gen. *ai̯us-
és); n-stem in the locative. üyuni , instr. üyunü ; yúh ̣” vitality “;
Av. üyū n. “Life span ”, gen. yaoš , dat. yavōi , instr. yavü , of it yavaētüt - “ duration “,
yavaējī - “ living always “; yuš m. “Life span ”;
Gk. s-stem : Cypr. υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. lakon. αἰές “always”;
Hom. αἰεί, Att. ἀεί (*αιFεσι), acc. Att. αἰ῵ (*αιFοσα); dat.-loc. without extension in Ion. αἰί,
Lesb. ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος “forever”, δην-αιός “long-living ”); n-stem : αἰών m. (and f.
after αἰώς) “ vitality, life span “, αἰέν “always”;
Alb. eshë “ period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse “ from *aiu̯esi̯ü (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);
Lat. o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. “eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period
of life “; however, are based aetas f. “age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age,
a period of time, epoch ”, old aevitas (from it Osc. gen. aítateís , acc. aítatúm, päl. abl.
aetatu ) “ age, time of life “, aeternus “ of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent, endless,
forever” in adverbial *aiu̯i.
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*aetas ), jetë “life, lifespan ”.
Goth. o-stem aiws m. “ time, eternity, world “; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i) = O.Ice. æ, ei
(also in ei-gi “not”), O.E. ü, ō, O.H.G. io “ ever, always “, Goth. ni aiw “never”, O.H.G. neo,
nio, Ger. nie; O.E. n-ü, Eng. no “ not, no “;
maybe Alb. (*nio) jo “not, no”.

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O.Ice. lang-ǣr = Lat. longaevus “ of great age, aged, ancient “; i-stem also in O.Ice. ǣfi,
ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) “ life, age “; ü-stem in O.H.G. ēwa f. “ time, eternity “, thereof O.H.G. ēwidō
“eternity”, ēwīg “forever” ; Goth. aju-k -dūÞs f. “eternity” from *ajuki- (= O.E. ēce “forever”),
with IE g-suffix + IE-tūti;
Toch. A üym- “mind, life ” which m attributed to ün ̃ m- “ life “.
References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil
BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Decl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.
See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en - (i̯eu̯-3) “young”; Specht also wants very much risquély
be put in addition * aig-, oak “ (= “ vitality “?).
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ai 1
English meaning: “exclamation ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausruf
Material: O.Ind. ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;
O.Ind. ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;
Av. üi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);
Gk. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereo f αἰάζω “ sighs,
deplores “, αἴαγμα ‘sigh”);
Lith. aĩ and ái “ oh! blows! “ and before vocatives.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.
See also: see also *aik-.
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ai̯os-
English meaning: “metal (copper; iron) ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Metall”, under zw. probably “Kupfer (“brandfarbig? ”), Bronze ”; im
Arischen also “Eisen”
Note: Root ai̯os- : “metal (copper; iron) ” derived from Root eis-1 : “to move rapidly, *weapon,
iron”.
Material: O.Ind. áyas - n., Av. ayaŋh - n. “metal, iron ”;
Lat. aes, g. aeris ; Goth. aiz (Proto-Gmc. * a(i̯)iz- = IE *ai̯es-) “ copper ore, and the alloy of
copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue, trumpet, kettle “, O.H.G.
ēr “ore”, O.N. eir n. “ore, copper ”.
thereof Av. ayaŋhaēna - “ metallic, iron “, Lat. aēnus (*ai̯es-no- = Umbr. ahesnes “ of
copper, of bronze “), aēneus , O.E. ǣren , O.S. O.H.G. M.H.G. ērīn, Ger. ēren (ehern ).
despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is not IE ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja , older Aɫas(ja) , the
old name of Cyprus, as Lat. cuprum : Κύπρος, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86,
1932) the copper pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.
Note: Ajasja , older Aɫas(ja) (Cyprus) : Hittite PN Wilusa (Gk. reading Ilios) [common
phonetic mutation of the old laryngeal ḫ- > a-, i- ] : Gaul. Isarno- PN, Ven. FlN “Iσάρας , later
Īsarcus , Ger. Eisack (Tirol); urIr. PN I(s)aros , O.Ir. Īär, balkanIllyr. iser, Messap. isareti
(Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.); Celt. FlN Isarü , Ger. Isar, Iser , Fr. Isère ; *Isiü, Fr. Oise; *Isurü , Eng.
Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161); Ger. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller , Ltv. FlN Isline, Islīcis ,
wRuss. Isɫa, Alb. VN Illyrii.

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akkā
English meaning: “mother (children ’s speech) ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mutter” (Lallwort)
Material: O.Ind. akkü “mother” (gram.), Gk. ᾽Ακκώ “ nurse of Demeter “, ἀκκώ “ ghost “,
ἀκκίζεσθαι “ be coy, position oneself stupidly “, Lat. Acca Lürentia “ Laren mother, Roman
hall goddess “ (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp.
Madder-akka “earth mother ”.
Maybe Alb. Ajkuna “great mother ” in Alb. epos.
References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about Toch. ammaki see under am(m)a .
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ak̂-, ok̂- (*hek ʷ-)
English meaning: ‘sharp; stone ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf, spitz, kantig ” and ‘stein”
Material: 1. e/o- and ü-St:
Pers. üs (lengthened-grade form) “millstone, grindstone ”; Gk. ἀκή “point”, lengthened-
grade form Ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή , ἐπιδορατίς , ἠκμή Hes., redupl. ἀκωκή “ point, edge “ (as ἀγωγή
: ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gk. I 348 belongs ἀκούω “hears” as
*ἀκ-ους- “having sharp ear ” here, see, however, 1. keu-; Alb. athëtë ‘sharp, sour ”,
Note: In Alb. athëtë (*ake-) ‘sharp, sour ” + common Alb. suffix -të [common Alb. -k > - th
phonetic mutation as in Alb. (*mag-) math “big”].
Lat. acēre ‘sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill; of
smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick, vigorous,
energetic ”, acidus “ sour, acid, tart “, acētum “ vinegar “;
maybe Alb. acar “frost, sharp steel ”.
with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin ‘sharpen the millstone “, Welsh hogi ‘sharpen”, O.Welsh
ocoluin , nWelsh hogalen , M.Bret. hygo(u)len , Bret. higolenn “ whetstone “ (with the unclear
second component; to explain Bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone); mc. cyfogi
“ vomit, fight “, with secondary i̯o-suffix O.Welsh cemecid , nWelsh cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o -) “
pickaxe “;
with zero grade: O.Welsh diauc , nWelsh diog , mbr. dieuc (*dē-ük ̂ o-) “decayed, spoiled “,
M.Welsh ym-am-ogawr (*-ük ̂ ü-r) “ one stirs, is active “ (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug ,
Bret. eok “ ripe, made soft “ (*eks-ük ̂ o-), to Gaul. exücum “ centaurion lepton “ (Ernault
GlO.S.S. M.Bret. 201); compare also above S. 5;

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Swe. ag m. “marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade ” (*ak̂o ́-), M.H.G. ag “perch”,
egle, eglinc ds., Ger. Swiss egel, Dimin. egli, O.S. agh-borre ds., maybe also Swe. agg
“rancor, hatred “, agga ‘sting, torment ”, Nor. dial. agge “tooth, point” (*ak̂uko - or expressive
Gemination?), as well as (with secondary Gmc. vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko - with
assimilation a in u?) Nor. dial. ugg ‘sting, frightening ”, Swe. dial. ugg “point, tooth ”, O.N.
uggr “fear”, Nor. dial. ugge “fin”; Lith. akúotas* “awn”, ãšaka (*ak̂o-kü) “fish bone, bran ” =
wRuss. osoka ‘sedge”, O.Pruss. ackons (*ak̂ōno -) ds.
maybe (* esel), egjër “Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel ” [common Alb. -s- > -gj- phonetic
mutation], zero grade in Alb. ( *osoka- ) shqirë ‘sedge” .
----------------------
*Bal.-Slav. forms with k prove none IE beside the form ak-, but is partially loanword from
Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the Baltic and Slavs
(Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on top S. 15.
----------------------
2. i- and j- stems:
Arm. aseɫn “needle” (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43); Gk. ἀκίς, -ίδος “ point, sting “; Lat.
aciēs “ keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look or keen
vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. MiLith. , battle line; hence battle,
battlefield “; O.S. eggja f., O.H.G. etc ekka “point, sword edge ”, Ger. Ecke (Proto-Gmc.
*aʒi̯ō, O.N. egg “edge, cliff backs ”, eggja ‘sharpen, spur on ”, O.E. ecg “ edge, blade, sword ”
(from it borrows M.Ir. ecg “edge”, Bret. ek “point”), egle pl. “awns”, Eng. ails; O.C.S. osla
(*osъla), Russ. osëɫok m. “whetstone ”, Cz. osina f. “awn”.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*askel ), halë “needle, fishbone, awn ”, [common Alb. sk- > h-
phonetic mutation], older Alb. (*haskel ) hakël “needle, fishbone ” : Lat. aculeus -i m. ‘sting,
point; fig., esp. in plur., painful thoughts, cutting remarks ”. It seems Alb. [together with

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Welsh hogi ‘sharpen”, nWelsh hogalen , M.Bret. hygo(u)len , Bret. higolenn “whetstone ”] has
preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
about O.E. eher “ear “ see under s- formant.
3. u-stem:
Gk. ἄχυρον “chaff” see under s-formant ; Lat. acus , - ūs f. “needle; fish name “, acuere
‘sharpen”, acūmen ‘sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect;
cunning, trickery ”, acia (*acu-i̯ü) “thread to the sewed ”, aquifolium (beside ücrifolium )
“holly”, aculeus ‘sting”, accipiter “hawk, falcon ” (*acu-peter “quick -flying”);
Maybe Alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull “ice, sharp ice ”, (*accipiter ) skifter “falcon, hawk ”, skip(ë)tar
“eagle-man ”, truncated skipe, shkabë “eagle”, suffixed Gheg Shkipni “land of the eagles ”.
From Lat. aquila - ae f. “an eagle; miLith. , an eagle as the standard of a Roman legion ;
architect., gable or pediment ”. aquilo -onis m. “the north wind; the north ”. aqua - ae f. “water”
it seems that Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root ak̂-,
ok̂- : (sharp; stone).
Gaul. acaunum (*akounon ) “rock “; Illyr. ONAcumincum today Szlankamen ‘salt stone ”
(Banat);
Note: Illyr. PN Acu-mincum ‘salt stone ” : Alb. (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-) akull “ice, sharp ice ”.
Ger. Achel f. “ear point, awn ” from N.Ger. aggel (with spirant. g) from IE *ak̂u-lü; O.E. üwel
m. “fork”, O.N. soð-üll “meat fork ” (Gmc. *ahwala- , IE *ák̂u̯-olo-); if here gallo-Lat. opulus
“common maple “ (Marstrander, Corr. Gmc.-celt. 18), would be placed IE *ok̂u̯-olo- ; about
O.N. uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about O.E. éar see s-formant ; Welsh ebill “drill”, mbr. ebil “peg,
nail “ (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);
Note: The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, Lat. and Gk.

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Balt *ašus in Ltv. ass “ sharp, pointed “, Lith. ašutaĩ m. pl. “ coarse horse hair “ = Slav.
*ošuta m. “ Thistle “ in Church Slavic оsъtъ, Russ. osót. On account of here Toch. A üc ̨ üwe
“rough” (Van Windekens Lexique 15 )?
see under *ōk ̂ u-s “ fast (sharp in the movement) “.
4. With m-formant:
ak̂mo -/-ü
Gk. ἀκμή “ point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point “ (ἀκμήν adv. ,
ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω); Swe. dial. åm “ marsh grass, Cladium mariscus ” (Gmc. *ahma- , compare
finn. Lw. ahma “ equisetum “).
ak̂-men-/-mer-
O.Ind. aśman - n. “ Stone, sky “ (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff. ), aśmará - “ stone
“, Av. asman-” stone, sky “ (O.Ind. gen. áśnaḥ , instr. áśnü , Av. gen. ašnō , abl. ašnüat̃ with -
n- from - mn-; instr. pl. O.Ind. aśnüih ̣ after o-stem) ; Phryg. PN ᾽Ακμονία ; Gk. ἄκμων “ anvil “,
ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός ; Lith. ãšmens m. pl. “ Edge “, akmuõ , -eñs m. “ stone “.
5. With n-formant:
ak̂en -
O.Ind. aśáni -ḥ “ head of the arrow, missile ”; Av. аsǝŋgа -, O.Pers. aϑanga- “ stone “ (*ak-
en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28); Gk. ἄκαινα “ point, sting; longitudinal dimension “ (however,
about Lat. acuna “ a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap, deficiency, loss ”
see WH. I 9), ἀκόνη “ whetstone “, ἄκων , - οντος “ spear “ (for older ἄκων , *-ονος after the
participles), ἀκοντίζω “ throw the spear “, ἄκανος “ thistle kind, prickly head plant “, ἀκανίζειν
“ fruit carry prickly heads “, ἄκανθος “thistle” (from * ἀκαν -ανθος ‘sting flower ”), ἄκανθα “
thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish “, ἀκαλανθίς “ goldfinch “ (from *ἀκανθαλίς),
ἄκαθος “ barque “, ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον “ woman’s shoe “ (*ak̂nṭo -, probably from the pointed
form); Lat. agna “ ear of grain “ (from *ak̂nü ); Goth. ahana f. “ chaff “, O.N. ǫgn, O.E. egenu

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f. and äegnan pl., O.H.G. agana ds., Ger. Ahne , dial. Agen ‘stalk splinter of the flax or
hemp” (Gmc. *ag- , *ahanō , IE *ak̂ǝnü); Lith. žem. ašnìs “ edge, sprouting, germinating,
sowing “, Ltv. asns m. “ germ bursting out “.
6. With r-formant:
ak̂er-, ok̂er-
Note: Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer -, ok̂ʷer -
O.Ir. a(i)cher ‘sharp (from the hoist) ”, because of the gen. sg. Akeras (PN in the Ogham)
not Lat. Lw .; O.Bret. acer-uission “with sharp fingers ” (biss), ocerou pl. ‘sharpened ”,
O.Welsh ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; Lith. ašery ̃ s , ešery ̃ s “river perch ”; pol. dial. jesiora (from
*aserü ); O.N. ǫgr ds. (from Proto-Gmc. *agura- , IE *ok̂r̥-o-), WestNor. augur (from *ǫ̣gurr ,
newer development from ǫgr), influenced from auga “eye”,
From the extension of Root ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): ‘sharp; stone ” with r-formant derived the
labiovelars: ak̂ʷer -, ok̂ʷer - whose zero grade produced Alb. (*k̂ʷerna ), gurrë ‘stream”
[common Alb. rn > rr shift], (*k̂ʷer-) gur ‘stone”;
Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections ):
Lat. acer, -eris n. “ the maple tree or maple wood “ (from acer arbor became V.Lat.
acerabulus , Meyer -Lũbke REW. 93), Dan. ær ds. (Gmc. * ahira -); Ger. dial. Acher ds. (Gmc.
*ahura -);
Gk. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος , meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος ;
to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros , *akarnos “ maple “
(Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); O.H.G. ahorn “maple”
(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly ü -, however, ü -would have arisen
also of people ’s etymological distortion, like M.L.G. ünhorn , ülhorn ;ahorn (IE *ak̂rno-) is up
to the declension class = ἄκαρνα , while Lat. acernus “ of maple “ is syncopated from *acer-

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inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the former adjective Material
developing formants - no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation of both elements.
Rather that counts for Gk. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) “ yellow thistle kind “ ἄκανος ds., maybe here
also ἄκορος “ Kalmus”, ἄκορον “ his spicy root “, compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. “
odoriferous flower “, ὤκιμον “ basil “ (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).
ak̂ri-, ak̂ro-
O.Ind. áśrih ̣ “ corner, edge, border “, catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ ‘square”; Gk. ἄκρος ‘sharply”, ἄκρον ,
ἄκρα , ἄκρις “point, mountaintops ” (also in ἀκροάομαι as “have sharp hearing, sharpen the
ear”, and ἀκρίς, -ίδος “grasshopper ”, short form for ἀκροβατοῦ σα “ tiptoe “, ἀκρίζουσα ;
ἀκρεμών “ point of the boughs “, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 241 );
Lat. (to ü see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ücer, ücris ,-e (aLat. ücra, -um) ‘sharp, piercing,
penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent ”, Osc. akrid “ sharply, fiercely, keenly “, Umbr.
peracri- “ fat, plump, corpulent “ (= Lat. perücer “very sharp ”, compare to meaning Gk.
ἄκρος , also “ upper most, excellent “, and ἀκμαῖ oς), Lat. acerbus “ acidic, sad, harsh, bitter,
unripe “ (from *ůcri-bho-s); compare Gaul. AXPOTALVS “ with high forehead “, O.Ir. ēr
“high” (from *akros ); Lith. ašru ̀ s , aštru ̀ s , O.Lith. aštras , O.C.S. ostrъ ‘sharp” (t - interpolated
wording).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*akri) hakërronj “threaten, frighten ”.
ok̂ri-, ok̂ro-
With shading o-: Gk. ὄκρις f. ‘sharp” mountain point, corner, edge “, aLat. ocris m. “ rough
mountain “, Lat. mediocris “ average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling,
moderate, ordinary “, actually “to be found halfway up “ (here ablaut could be displayed in
the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs ), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea ‘splint,
a greave, legging ”, Umbr. ocar , ukar , gen. ocrer “mountain, castle mountain “, marr. ocres “

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a mountain, mount, range of mountains “, M.Ir. och(a)ir “ corner, edge “, from it borrows
Welsh ochr “edge”.
To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g) , *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined
with it) compare above ak̂men /mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson
IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from Gk. Κράγος “ name of
different mountains “, ᾽Ακράγ -ας the “Agrigentum ” which might have signified originally “
rocks, stones ”.
7. With s-formant:
ak̂es - : ak̂s -
Gk. ἄχνη “chaff” from *ak̂-s-nü, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of * ἄκυρον ; Gk.
ἀκοσ -τή “Barley” (“awned, bristly “, formation like lat onus-tus , venus-tus ); Gk. ἠκές ὀξύ,
Hes. πυρι-ήκης “ with igneous point “, ἀμφήκης “two-edged ”, τανύηκης “with long point “
(maybe only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές;
however, lies lengthened grade * ük- also before in Ion. ἠκή ἀκωκή , ἐπιδορατίς , ἀκμή Hes.,
ἠκάδα ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή “climax of life ”).
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ἀκοσ -τή) kash-të “chaff (*barley) ” where - të is the neuter ending,
(*ἄχνη ), sanë “chaff”.
additional formations in Gk. ὀξύς ‘sharp”, compare to formation Lith. tamsùs to O.Ind.
tümas -, Lith. tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη “harrow” Hes.), ὄξος “wine vinegar ”. - Also
*ἀκαχμένος ‘sharpened ” seems to be * ἀκ-ακσ-μένος , Hirt IF. 12, 225.
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
Lat. acus ,-eris “ a needle “ acervus (*aces-vo-s ) “ a heap, mass; in logic, argument by
accumulation “; Goth. ahs gen. *ahsis n., O.Ice. ax n., O.H.G. ahir, ehir n. (Gmc. *ahiz ),
from the pl. Ger. “ ear of corn “ f., but O.E. ear (*ahuz ), dat. sg. N.hUmbr. æhher , eher ds.
(about the coexistence from i-, u- and s-stems, partly already IE, but esp. in Germanic,

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compare Brugmann compare Gk. II 1, 522, under Specht IE Decl. 152. On account of
originally IE -es- or - is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide.
compare also Sievers-Brunner AEng. Gk. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.)
ak̂-sti-
Welsh eithin m. pl. “ gorse, furze ” (*akstīno -), from it borrows M.Ir. aittenn ds. (with
unclear sound gradation); Lith. akstìs following ‘smoked spit ” (= Russ. ostъ “ point, ear,
spike “), ãkstinas m. “ Sting, spur “ = O.C.S. ostъnъ m. ‘sting”, Cz. osten ds.
maybe Alb. (*osten ) hosten ‘stick for driving cattle ” [Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-
so this cognate is not a Slavic loanword], zero grade (* ak̂-sti- ) heshtë ‘spear”, [Lat. hasta
‘spear, sting ”]. Alb. suggests that Root ĝhasto -1, ĝhazdho - : (twig; pole) derived from Root
ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti- ): (sharp; stone)
8. With t- formant:
O.Ind. apüš ̣ ṭha ́ - m. (from *apa-aś-tha) “ barb in the arrow “; Gk. ἀκτή “ gruff coast with
breaker; headland, elevation “; Toch. В üc ̨-, üc ̨ c ̨ e -” head, beginning “ (from *ak̂-t-).
Note: Again there has been the shift Gk. kw > p in O.Ind.
ok̂etü “harrow, device with points “:
Lat. occa “harrow” from *otika by rearrangement from *okitü (Hirt IF. 37, 230)? compare
different formations Gk. ὀξίνη “harrow”;
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > - ξ- phonetic mutation
O.Welsh ocet, Corn. ocet, Bret. oguet: O.H.G. egida , M.H.G. eg(e)de, O.E. eg(e)de f. (Ger.
Egge renewed from the verb eggen from O.H.G. egen , ecken , Proto-Gmc. *agjan , on its
part only from the Subst. * agiđō revert formation );
Lith. ake ́čios , eke ́čios “ harrow”, O.Pruss. aketes “ harrows ”, ē instead of e derives from the
verb *akēi̯ō in Lith. ake ́ju , ake ́ti , besides ake ́ju , eke ́ti ; the anlaut (initial sound) a- frequently
has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel (Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 36).

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ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-)
English meaning: “to eat”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “essen”
Note: From Root ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): ‘sharp; stone ” derived Root ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-): “to eat”
Material: O.Ind. aśnüti (inserted Inf. aśi-tum etc.) “eats, consumes ”, áśanam n. “food”, áśna -
ḥ “greedy”, lengthened grade üs ́ ayati “allows to dine ”, prütar -üs ́ a-ḥ “breakfast ”; Av. kahrk-
üsa “chicken eater = vulture ” etc.;
Gk. ἄκυλος f. “acorn” (as “food”, compare formally O.Ind. aśú-ṣa-ḥ “greedy”), ἄκολος
“bite”;
Maybe Alb. ha “eat, bite, consume ” : ἄκολος “bite”;
Root ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): ‘sharp; stone ” : Root ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*ḫek-): “to eat”.
Note: Only Gk. and Alb. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-
O.N. agn n. “bait for fish ” (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja “allow to graze ” (*ahjan ).
References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.
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ak̂ru
English meaning: “tear”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Träne”
Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram “tear”, Av. asrū- n., Lith. ašara ̀ and ãšara f., Toch. А
ükär pl. ükrunt ds., compare O.Ind. aśrüyümi , Lith. ãšaroju “cries”. The relationship to IE
*dak̂ru “tear” is unsettled. compare Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 32, 141.
Note: Root ak̂ru : “tear” derived from Root dak̂ru - : “tears”. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero
is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with
unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long”
: Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”. This is
a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.
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akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ -
English meaning: “water, river ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wasser, Fluß”
Note:
From Root angʷ(h)i - : ‘snake, worm ” derived Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ-
: “water, river ”; Root eĝhero - : “lake, inner sea ”; Root ad(u) -, ad-ro- : “water current ”: Illyr.
pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt - ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root akʷü- “water, river ” nasalized in * aku̯ent - (suffixed in -er, - or) derived Root au̯(e)-
9, au̯ed -, au̯er- : “to flow, to wet; water, etc. ”
Material:
Lat. aqua “water, water pipe ” (thereof aquilus “dark”, aquila “eagle”, lit. “the swarthy ”, aquilō
“north wind ”, lit. “the darkening sky ”) = Goth. aƕa f. “river, body of water ”, O.Ice. ǫ́, O.E. ēa,
O.S. O.H.G. aha, Ger. Ache ds. (Gmc. *ahwō , thereof derived *ahwjō , *awjō ‘surrounded by
the water “ in O.Ice. ey f. “island, pasture, grassland ”, O.E. íeg, O.H.G. -ouwa, -awa , M.H.G.
ouwe f. “water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water ”;
maybe Alb. (*aquilō ) akull “frozen water, ice ”
It seems that Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from Root ak̂-,
ok̂- : (sharp; stone).
Ger. Aue , compare O.Fris. ei-land “island”, Sca(n)din-avia Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.),
Russ. FlN Oká, pannon. PN Aquincum ‘stove (*cooking stove where water boils making
bubbles) ”, Apul. FlN Aquilō , Ven. PN Aquileia (also in South Germany); with ablaut ( IE ē) in
addition O.Ice. ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯o ́ s ) “God of the sea ”, O.E. ǽg-weard “ watch at the sea ”, éagor
‘sea, flood ” (the initial sound after ēa); maybe here O.Ind. küm “water”, dak. plant N
κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων “ water colonist “ (*kʷa-dhēmn ̥ ), Pol. ( N.Illyr.) FlN Kwa.

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The affiliation from Hitt. e-ku- uz-zi (ekuzi ) “drinks”, 3. pl. a-ku- wa-an-zi , seems not
unlikely. Moreover also Toch. AB yok-tsi “drink”. O.Ir. oiche “water” does not exist; Welsh
aig ‘sea” is neologism to eigion from Lat. oceanus.
Alb. (*oceanus ) oqean “ocean”.
From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ōk”e ( ˜ -k-)
English meaning: “deep place, place far from the shore ”
Turkic protoform: * ȫkũ
Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-
Japanese protoform: *ǝki
Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a
place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".
References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch 190.
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akʷ-
English meaning: “to hurt”
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schädigen” ?
Material: O.Ind. áka m “ grief, pain “, Av. akō “ nasty, bad “, axtis ̀ “ grief, pain, illness “; Gk.
noun *ἄπαρ , *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ , ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς ‘swindler”;
Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη “deception ” (*apn̥tü ), redupl. Present ἰάπτω “damage”.
Note: common Gk. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation
References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.
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albhi-
English meaning: “barley”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gerste”
Note: Root albhi - : “barley” derived from a truncated Root eregʷ(h)o -, erogʷ(h)o - : “pea”
[common Gk. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation] .
Material: Gk. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον “ barley, pearl barley, barley flour “, lakon. ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ
ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which
by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ -α, -ον - sees a relation as between O.Ind. ásth-i : asth-
n-áḥ, what would guarante older Proto- IE of the word); Alb. elp (elbi) “barley” (N. pl. *albhī -).
Iran. * arbhi - conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. Alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921) S. 16 ff. from turko-
tatar. etc arba “barley”.
relationship to * albh- “ white “ assumes Specht Decl. 68 O.N.
From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:
Protoform : *àrp”á
English meaning: “barley, millet ”
Turkic protoform: *arpa
Mongolian protoform: *arbaj
Tungus protoform: *arpa
Japanese protoform : *àpá
Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a
Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared
with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gk. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to
*arpasyü - (or *arbasyü) (Стеблин -Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the

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albho - (*hele -bho-)
English meaning: “white”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weiß”
Note: Root albho - (*helba -): “white” derived from Root el-1, ol-, el- : red, brown (in names of
trees and animals) extended in -kʷho-, - bho- formants. see Lat. olor ‘swan” (*elōs); Gk.
ἔλαφος m. f. “ stag (white spotted) “.
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg alka, alkë (*alkʷha ) “ white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool ”.
Gk. ἀλφός “ white rash “, ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN
᾽Αλφειός ; common Illyr.- Gk. -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. albus “ white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig.,
fortunate “, Umbr. alfu “ white “, Osc. Alafaternum Alafaternum “Alfaternorum ”, prä Lig. Alafis
“ Albius” (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Osc.-Umbr. root alf-, as
Lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Lat. albus also must be that of
Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum ); in addition albula, alburnus “ whitefish “, albarus “
white poplar “, albūcus “ asphodel plant “ etc.;
Maybe Lat. albulus - a -um “whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the
Tiber”.
Welsh elfydd m. “ earth, world “ from *albíi̯o - (compare O.C.S. světъ “ light, world “);
O.H.G. albiz, elbiz , O.E. aelbitu, ielfetu , O.N. elptr, ǫlpt f. (Gmc. *alƀ-it-, -ut-) ‘swan”,
(forms - d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f.,
Specht Decl. 229; also:) O.C.S. lebedь, Russ. lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to Pol. ɫabędź ,
Serb. lȁbud, Cz. labud” “ swan “ (Proto-Slav. * olb-edь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter
suffix form Lith. bal-añdis “ pigeon, dove “, actually “ white “;

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Maybe through rhyme effect Alb. (*m”elmë) mjellmë ‘swan” similar to Alb. ját(ë)rë, t”jetër
“other” see Root e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : “this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one ” [rhyme of m- the
same as rhyme of t-] common Alb. -mb- > -m- phonetic mutation; [Illyr. names ending in -m-
suffix like Alb. delmë ‘sheep”, VN Dalmatae, Delmatae (see Root dhē(i) - (dh-ei-?): to suck);
therefore an early Slavic loanword in Illyrian .
see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named
after the color Russ. lebedá , Pol. lebioda, ɫoboda “ atriplex, goosefoot “, Lidén Stud . 97);
Dutch alft, elft “whitefish ” (formally = O.H.G. etc albiz ‘swan”; to loanword from Lat. albula
“whitish” in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are against, M.H.G. albel “whitefish ”, Ger. Albe,
nd. alf, albe “whitefish ”), compare Lat. alburnus “a white fish, bleak ” ds .;
nhd dial. Albums “ hard sand under the fertile earth “, Swe. dial. alf ds .;
probably also O.N. alfr, O.E. ælf, Eng. elf (from which Ger. Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed),
M.L.G. alf “ Аlp, grand, evil spirit “, M.H.G. Ger. Alp, pl. the Alben (originally probably “
whitish nebulous figures “), as well as O.H.G. alba “ insect larva, locusta quae nondum
volavit “, Dutch elften f. pl. “ cock chafer grubs “, Nor. alma ds. ( m from the gen. pl. *albna ,
from which *almna ).
Note: The Illyr. TN Albanoi is the plural form M.H.G. Ger. Alp, pl. the Alben (originally
probably “ whitish nebulous figures “) a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil
spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.
Arbën “name of Alb. during Middle Ages ”
see to these Gmc. words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22,
1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as “ white water “ also the name of Elbe (Lat.
Albis , Albia , from Gmc. *Alƀī, gen. Alƀiōz =), O.N. elfr “ river “ and river name (in addition
probably also M.L.G. elve “ riverbed “), compare Gaul. FlN Albis, Albü (now Aube ; contrast

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Dubis , Dubü , i.e. “ black, deep water “), Lat. Albula , Gk. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze
SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).
Note: common Gk. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutation
In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like
Gaul.-Lat. Albiōn , M.Ir. Albbu , gen. Albban (stem * Alb-i̯en-) “Britain” (to Welsh elfydd or
from the white chalk rocks), Lat. Alpēs , ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?) and in Ital., ligur. and
Celt. areas frequent local name like Alba , Albium likewise below go back or, however, are
not IE derivation of the concept “ white “ (Bertoldi BAL.-SLAV. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.).
Arm. aɫauni “ pigeon, dove “, barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38,
313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi - *albhi - “ barley “ s. d.
Maybe here belongs Hitt. al-pa-áš (alpas ) “ cloud “ in spite of Couvreur ( H ̯ 106, 149)
here.
To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in Gk. ἀλωφός (also
ἐλεφιτίς ?) and Arm. aɫauni, and in addition tuned Slav. intonation (Serb. lȁbūd ), s. Osthoff
IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.
This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. Lat. galbus Lith.
raĩbas “in different colors, multicolored, dappled ” beside raĩnas ; Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 388
f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible
according to Brugmann aaO.
to Lith. al̃vas “ tin “ (“ white metal “), O.Pruss. alwis “lead, plumbum ”, Russ. ólovo “tin” (from
IE *alǝu ̯ o -? Balt correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav. )
stand in a similar relation, as Gk. κορω -νός to Lat. curv- us “crooked, curved, bent ”, O.Ind.
palü-la-ḥ (: palüv -aḥ) to O.Pruss. pelwo , also go back to a word root * alō[u]-: *alǝu -: *alu- (in
Arm. aɫawni and Slav. words);

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Note: From Balt - Slav. the notion for “white metals, white color, sick white ” passed to Altaic
family:
Protoform: *ni̯ǜlpá
English meaning: “tin, lead”
Tungus protoform : *ńülban
Japanese protoform : *nàmári
Note: An interesting TM -Jpn . isogloss ; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979 , 8).
Jpn. *nàmá -ri < *nàpan -(r)i, with usual regressive nasalizatIon.
Earlier:
Protoform: *ůlpa
English meaning: “unable, sick; being at service, man- at-arms”
Turkic protoform: * ůlp-
Mongolian protoform: *alba-n
Tungus protoform: *alba-
Korean protoform: * àrphằ -
Japanese protoform: * apar-
Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110- 111.
Gk. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are
exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still * ale-bh-;
here as “ the shining one “ Gaul. alausa “ European shad, twaite shad “ (Fr. alose ,
spO.N. alosa ), compare also Gaul. GN Alaunos , Alounae , Brit. FlN Alaunos (nEng. Aln),
Welsh PN Alun as well as Arm. aɫauni “ pigeon, dove “ from *alǝu -n-.
A stem form ali- “ white “ is not provabe, in spite of Specht Decl. 114, because Hitt. ali- “
white “ appears very uncertain ( Couvreur H ̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and Gk. ἀλίφαλος ,
ἀλίφατα , ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.

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Here, however, probably (as a “ pale yellow plant “) Hisp.-Lat. ala “elecampane “ (Isid.),
spO.N.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with - nt-suffix O.H.G. alant ds., with it etymological
identically the fish name O.H.G. alunt (newer alant ), O.S. alund “whitefish, Alant ” = (with
gramm. alteration) O.Ice. - ǫlunn “a fish”, IE basic form *al-n̥t-/*al- ont-. The original meaning
of al- is probably ”white, shining ”, hence, then also “pale yellow ” etc.
A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why
Specht ( IE Decl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al- as el- leads
back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see below areĝ-),
er- .
References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.
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aldh-
English meaning: “trough”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Trog”
Material: O.N. alda f. “ wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare “; Nor. dial. olda f. “trough”; Swe.
dial. ålla “ deep cavity “. compare O.E. ealdoÞ , aldot , aldaht “ trough, tub, container “, Ger.
bO.Ir. alden “ field furrow ”.
In addition Bal.-Slav. * aldii̯ü - in Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. “ small boat “, Lith. aldijà ,
eldijà f. “ river small boat “, also Lith. eldije ̃lė “ smoking frying pan ”.
Nor. lodje “ Russian vessel, boat “, Swe. lodja , M.L.G. lod(d)ie , loddige are borrowed
from Russ. ɫodьjá (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789 under ”olde”).
References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.
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aleq-
English meaning: “to hit back, shoot ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abwehren, schũtzen” , presumably actually “abschließen and
dadurch schũtzen”
Material: O.Ind. rákṣ̌ati “ defended, protected, preserved “, Arm. aracel “ graze, protect,
watch, guard “ (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), Gk. ἀλέξω “ prevent, protect, fight off “ (so- present;
rakš ̣ ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning root areq-),
᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the cock were used
for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ. 33, 559 ff.,
Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν “ defend, refuse, fend “, ἀλκάθω “ defends, helps “, ἄλκαρ “
Protection, defense, help “, ἔπαλξις “ Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the walls;
help “ (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή “ defense, help “ and “ thickness, strength “ (latter meaning, although
in itself from “ vigorous defense “ understandable, maybe by flowing together with another,
M.Pers. ark “ work, effort, trouble “ to suitable words, see Bartholomae Heidelbg. SB. 1916,
IX 10); ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom. ; ἄλκιμος “ strong, hard, potent; from weapons: “ resistable,
suited to the figh t “;
O.E. ealgian “ protect, defend “ (*algōjan ); Goth. alhs (f., conservative stem) “ temple “,
O.E. ealh, O.S. alah m. ds., Run.-Run. aluh “ amulet” (?), O.Lith. elkas , al̃kas m. “ holy
grove, place on a hill where one has made of early victims “, Ltv. èlks m. “Idol, god ” (Gmc.
and Balt words originally “ holier, seclusive or the usufruct deprived grove “);
maybe Alb. alka “protective layer of milk, cream, isolating layer of milk ”.
Toch. В alüsk “remove”.
References: WP. I 89 f.

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algh- (*helgh -)
English meaning: “frost, cold ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Frost, Kälte”
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg alka, alkë “ white (cold white), cream, wool ” fat “;
Lat. algor “ frost, cold “, algeō , -ēre “ freeze, to be cold “, belong algidus “cold” according to
Lidén , studies z. O.Ind. and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to O.Ice. gen. sg. elgiar , Mod.Ice.
elgur m. “ snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow “. Gmc. s-stem *alʒiz- disguised
itself with Lat. algor , IE *alghes- .
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Ar. under Arm. Stud. 126.
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algʷh-
English meaning: “to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verdienen, Ghegenwert ”
Material: O.Ind. árhati “ is worth, earns, is obliged, debit, “, arghá -ḥ “ value, validity, price “
(=Osset. arɣ “ price, value “), Av. arǝjaiti “ is worth, amounts for value “ (Pers. arzīdan “ earn
“), arǝjah - (es- stem) n. “ value, price “.
maybe Alb. (*árhati ) argat “ worker, serf “, argëtoj “ entertain, reward, please, become lazy
“, argomë “barren, unproductive ”.
Gk. ἀλφή “acquisition, purchase “ = Lith. algà, O.Pruss. gen. sg. ülgas “ wage “, Gk.
ἀλφάνω , ἀλφεῖν “ profit, earn “ (ἀλφεῖν = O.Ind. árhati , but by the more complete present
ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος “ cattle earned “.
Note: Common Gk. gʷ> b, kʷ > p phonetic mutation
maybe Alb.Gheg (*ἀλφή) ble- “ to buy, purchase “.
An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is O.Ind. arjati “ acquires, earns, fetches “.
References: WP. I 91.
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al-1, ol-
English meaning: “besides; other ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pron.-stem “darũber hinaus”
Note: Root al-1, ol- : “besides; other ” derived from Root alü : interjectIon.
Material: Lat. uls “ beyond “, *ulter, -tra, -trum “ ulterior, situated beyond “ (ultrō, ultra),
compounds ulterior , Sup. ultimus = Osc. últiumam “ the utmost, extreme, the highest, first,
greatest, loWest, meanest “;
Maybe Alb. ultë, ulët “low”, ul “to low, sit below ” : Lat. ulterior -ius “compar. as from ulter,
farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote ”.
aLat. ollus “ that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic,
the former, (sometimes the latter) ” (*ol-no-s, compare below Ir. ind-oll and Slav. *olnī),
newer olle, ollī “then, next ”, ollīc “ he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there “; lengthened
grade ōlim “in the distant past, once ” (probably after im, exim reshaped and with O.Ind. par-
üri “ third-last year “ [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated * ōli, loc. adverb, also the glosses
olitana “the aged, old, ancient, of long standing “, olitinata “ old, inveterate, ancient, former,
of old times “ can reject - ō or ŏ? - ), Umbr. ulo, ulu “ that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder, that “;
influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille “that, that
yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes
the latter)” .
Slav. *olnī (IE *oln-ei) = O.C.S. lani, Cz. loni, Pol. loni “ in the last summer, last year “ (“
that year “, compare Lat. ollī “at that time, then ”).

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The meaning from Ir. alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of O.Ind.
áraṇa - “ far, strange “ (= Av. auruna - “wild”?), árüd “from a distance ”, ürē ́ “ far “ seems
possible. Moreover also maybe O.Ind. arí “ of strangers, stranger “, ar(i)yá- “ suitable,
proper to the stranger “ (compare O.H.G. eli-lenti “ foreign land “), then Subst. “ hospitable,
lord, master, ruler, man “, in addition ǘr(i)ya- “ to ar(i)yá- , suitable, hospitable “, hence, VN “
Arier = Aryan ”, üryaka - “ venerable man “, aryamáṇ - n. “ Hospitality “, m. “ Guest’s friend “;
maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.
Av. airyō (= ürya), O.Pers. üriya (= ariya ), “ Aryan “, Av. airyaman “ guest, friend “, Pers.
ērmün “ guest “, in addition sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (Osset. * alan), Osset. ir “Ossete”, iron
“Ossetic” “ Ossetic “ (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d. Morgenl.
XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);
O.Ir. aire (*arios ) and airech “ nobleman, of noble people, suitor “ can belong to preposition
air- “ in front of “, thus “ standing in the first place “, (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354); mythical Ir.
ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu “ Ireland “. see under ari̯o- “ lord, god, master
“.
---------------------
*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix Gk. ἐρι-( reduced grade
ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος “ easily (the stranger) recognizable “, O.Ind. arí- etc surely must lead
back to IE *er- . Thieme puts further here O.Ind. sūrí- “ master, ruler, lord ” as su-ri- “
hospitable “ and ri-śǘdas “ worry for sustaining the stranger “.
----------------------
O.Ir. oll adj. “ honorable, large, extensive “, actually “ above (the ordinary) going out “
(formally = Lat. ollus , IE *olnos ), compounds ( h)uilliu “ farther, more “, adv. ind-oll “ ultra,
extreme “, from which maybe also innonn, innunn “ over, beyond “ (with assimilation in
collaboration with inonn “ the same, identical ”;

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Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e “ in addition, but “, actually “ on
the other side (and) therefrom on this side “; ol-foirbthe “ pluperfect, past perfect “, oldüu,
oldaas “ when I, when he “, actually “ about (the) outside, what I am, what he is “, inaill “
certain, sure “, actually “ situated on the other side “ (of it inoillus “ confidence, security ”;
inuilligud “protection, safety ”; with ol(l) “ ultra, beyond “ maybe corresponds ol “ says “ as “
ultra, beyond, further “, originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol “
because, sice “ keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with Welsh ol “
footprint “.
Besides with a: O.Ir. al (with acc. ) “ on the other side, over - beyond “ (simplification from
*all in the pretone), adv. tall (*to-al-nü) “ on the other side, there “, anall “ from on the other
side, from there, over here “, with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae , newer alla “
beyond, on the other side “ (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the
prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f., thus
not from without ending IE *ol or *al); Derivatives: alltar “ the world of the dead, the other
world, hereafter “, also from “ to savage areas situated on the other side “, alltarach “
otherworld, ulterior, thithertho “.
Gaul. alla “ another, other, different “, allos ‘second” (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Allo-
broges = M.Welsh all-fro “ exiled, ostracized, banished ” (to bro “land”), all-tud “ foreigner “,
O.Welsh allann , nWelsh allan “ outdoors, outside “; O.Ir. all-slige “ the second cutting out “.
Goth. alls, O.Ice. allr, O.E. eall, O.H.G. all “all”, besides in the compound Gmc. ala-
(without -no-suffix ) in aGmc. matron’s names Ala-teivia, Ala-gabiae etc, Goth. ala-mans “ all
people, humanity “, O.H.G. ala-würi “ totally true “ (Ger. albern ); compare O.Ir. oll-athair
(epithet of Ir. God’s father Dagdae “ the good God “) = O.N. al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin), “ all
father “.

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Lat. alers , allers “ taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever, shrewd,
skilful “ according to Landgraf ALL . 9, 362, Ernout E ́ l . dial. Lat. 104 from *ad-ers, *allers
(contrast to iners ).
From an adverb * ali “ there, in a specific place, in each case “ (differently Debrunner
REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:
ali̯os “ other “:
Arm. ail “ other “;
Gk. ἄλλος “other” (Cypr. αἴλος ), n. ἄλλο , compare ἀλλοδ -απός “ from elsewhere, from
another place, strange “ (= Lat. aliud , forms as in Lat. longinquus “far removed, far off,
remote, distant ”), in addition ἀλλήλων etc “ each other ”, ἀλλάττω “ makes different, changes
“, ἀλλαγή “ variation, change, exchange, trade “: ἀλλότριος “ becoming another, strange “,
from O.Ind. anyátra ‘somewhere else ” corresponding adverb;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*nyátra ) tjetër “other” [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] :
O.Ind. anyátra ‘somewhere else ”.
Lat. alius = Osc. allo “other things ”, n. aliud = Gk. ἄλλο , in addition from the adverb ali:
aliēnus ‘strange” (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis , ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum “
one from two “ = Osc. alttram “alteram” (from *aliteros- ), by Plautus also altro-; in
altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also
alterüre, adulter, alternus, altercüri ;
Gaul. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), O.Ir. aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *al-nü;
paLat. l comes from aile), Welsh ail, Bret. eil (from *eliũs , Comparative *alii̯ōs ), doubled
O.Ir. alaile, araile , n. alaill, araill , M.Welsh etc arall, pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);
Goth. aljis “other”, but only in compositions, as O.S. eli-lendi n. “ foreign land “, O.H.G.
eli-lenti ds. = Ger. “ woefulness “, Goth. alja-leikō “ other, different “, O.Ice. elligar, ellar,
O.E. ellicor, elcor “ other, otherwise, “, O.H.G. elichōr “ further “, and in adverbs, like O.E.

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elles, Eng. else “ other, different “, O.N. alla “ otherwise “ etc.; a comparative formation
*alira is O.E. elra “ other “;
Toch. A ülya-kǝ, В alye-kǝ “ἄλλος τις” (*ali̯e-kǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26, Tocharisch
117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ü̆lakǝ “ other “, ülamǝ “ each other ”, В
üläm “ somewhere else ”, aletste ‘strangers”;
E.Iran. etc hal-ci “ any (thing) available, etc “.
References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gk. I 614.
About the sound change from * ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about
angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.
See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 ( an2).
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al-2
English meaning: “to grow; to bear ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren”
Material: O.Ind. an-ala- “ fire “ (“ the glutton “, W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);
Gk. νεᾱλής “ cheerful, strong “ (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below);
Lat. alō, -ere, -ul, -itum “ to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up “; alēscere “ grow up,
prosper “, coalēscere “grow together ”, adolēscere “grow up ” (adultus “ grown up, adult,
mature “), abolēscere “ to perish “ (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre “ destroy, exterminate “
as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō , esp., however,
after synonymous dēlēvī , dēleō ;
the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Lat.
indolēs “ native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents “, subolēs “ a
sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny “, prōles (*pro-olēs) “ offspring, descendants, posterity; the
young men of a race; of plants, fruit “ (of it prōlētürius “a citizen of the loWest class, serving
the state only by begetting children ”; these three with o from a before dark l, not with IE o-
ablaut , wie Hirt abl. 162 accepts); alimentum “food, nourishment ”, alimōnia, -ium “ food,
maintenance “;
O.Ir. alim “be nourishing ”; here probably also Welsh alu, M.Bret. halaff , Bret. ala “bear,
give birth to ”, Welsh al f. “act of giving birth, progeny, people ”, alaf m. “wealth” = O.Ir. alam
f. “herd”, of it almae ds .;
Goth. O.E. alan (ōl) “ grow up “ (intr. like Lat. adoleō ), O.Ice. ala (ōl) “ be nourishing,
produce “, Goth. aliÞs “ fattened “ (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = Nor. dial. elja); O.Ice. elskr “
inspired by love “, elska “love” (see to the meaning-development Falk-Torp below elske ).

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With t- formant:
Gk. ἄν-αλτος “insatiable, gluttonous ”; ῎Αλτις , ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. “ holy grove “, Lat. altus
“high” (i.e. “large-scale grown ”), M.Ir. old “height; shores, coast ”, Welsh allt ‘side of a hill,
wooded hills ”, O.Corn. as, Bret. aot, aod “coast”, O.S. ald, O.H.G. (etc.) alt “old” (actually ”
grown tall “), O.H.G. altôn “put off, delay ” (“make old ”);
maybe Alb. geg (* n”alt ) nalt “high” > Alb. tosk (* nalt, lant ) lart “high” [n/r rhotacism] .
*alti also in Goth. alds f. “ period, lifetime “, O.E. ield “ period, lifetime, age, old age “ (pl.
ielde , O.S. eldi “people, humans ”), O.N.ǫld f. “time, age, pl. people ”; *alti̯o in Osc. altinúm ,
thus “ food, provisions, aliment “ = Lat. *altiōnum ; O.Ir. comaltae “ foster brother “ =
M.Welsh cyfeillt ‘serf, slave ”, nWelsh cyfaill “friend” (*komal -ti̯os), M.Welsh eillt (*alti̯os )
“pupil, hero ”, O.Ir. inailt (*eni-altī) “ servant “, Goth. alÞeis (*alti̯os ) “ old “ = O.Ir. alt(a)e “
brought up “;
*altro- in O.Ir. altram “ food “, altru “nursing father ” (Welsh athraw “teacher” etc., see
Pedersen KG. I 137); O.N. aldr m. (gen. aldrs ) “age, lifetime, old age ”, O.E. ealdor “life”,
O.S. aldar , O.H.G. altar “old age, age ”.
With m- formant:
Gk. ἄλμα n. “grove”, φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Υυτάλιος , name of
Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Υύταλος , for what Hom. φυταλιή “tree nursery ” as an abstract
noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); Lat. almus “nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating,
sweet, kind, sublime ”. Maybe here FlN Thrac. Almus , Illyr. (?) Almō (Rom), Almü (Etruria),
O.Brit. *Almü , Eng. Yealm.
mabe Alb. helm “healing drug, posion, medicine, herb ” similar to Sanskrit üla- “poison”.
obviously Alb. and Gk. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
clearly Alb. shows that from Root al-2 : “ to grow; to bear; grove ” derived Root el-3 : ol-: “to
rot, poison ”.

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Maybe Illyr. Amalthea “the goat that nourished Zeus ”.
Toch. А ülym - “ life, mind “.
d- extensions: O.Ind. íḍ-, íḍü “ refreshment, donation, oblation, gift “; Gk. ἀλδαίνω “
allows to grow, strengthens “, ἀλδήσκω “grows”, ἀναλδής “ not thriving; growth restraining “,
ἄλδομαι “ brings forth, produce, create “ (καρπούς ).
Maybe Alb.Gheg ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] “come, (*climax), be born ”,
ardhuna pl. “yields, profits ”.
dh- extensions : O.Ind. r̥dhnóti , r̥náddhi , r̥dháti , ŕ̥dhyati “prospers, succeeds, does
succeed, manages ”, Av. arǝdat̃ “ he allows to prosper “, ǝrǝdüt - “ cause prospering “, O.Ind.
árdhuka - “ thriving “ (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);
Gk. ἀλθαίνω , ἄλθω “heals”, ἄλθομαι “ grows, heals “; O.S. alda “ fruit-carrying oak “, O.Ice.
aldin “ tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) “.
References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.
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al-4
English meaning: “to burn”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen”
Material: O.Ind. alütam n. “ fire, blaze, coal “ (also úlmukam “fire”); Lat. adoleō “ to worship,
offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell “, adolēscō,
-ere “ flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to
burn “ (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere “ to grow up, come to maturity, to be
heaped up, or perhaps to burn “ to alō, see under *al-2 “grow”), altüre “fire altar ” (with
difficult o ablaut Umbr. uṙetu “ toward turning to vapor “);
Mod.Swe. ala “ blaze, flame “ (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lith.); but in
question Gk. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.; view also from Lat. alacer “quick, lively, animated ”,
Goth. aljan n. “zeal” etc. was possible as “ igneous, quick-tempered “ (Johansson aaO.);
about O.E. ǣlan “ burn “ see *aidh -.
Maybe belongs here Gaul. MS Alatus , M.Ir. alad “ multicolored, dappled, striped “ (if
originally “burnt”) = Ir. aladh “trout” (alü ̆ to -).
Maybe Alb. alle “red color ”.
References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.
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al-5 (*hel -)
English meaning: “to grind”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mahlen, zermalmen ”
Material: O.Ind. áṇu- “ fine, thin, very small “ (*al-nu-), Hindi and Bengali üṭü “ flour “ (below
likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Decl. 125).
Av. aša (*arta-) “ crushed, ground ” (Hũbschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9, 178 A.
1).
Arm. aɫam “ grinds”, aɫauri (*alatrio- ) “ mill “, aleur - “ flour “ (in spite of l instead of ɫ not
borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hũbschmann Arm. Gk. I 414), aɫaxin “ servant “, aɫij “ young girl “
(Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 37, 72).
Gk. ἀλε: ἀλέω “ grinds, crushes “ *, ἀλέται λίθοι “ millstone, grindstone “, ἄλετος and
ἀλετός “ the milling, the grinding “, ἀλετών “mill”, ἀλετρεύω “grind”, ἄλε[F]αρ, pl. ἀλείατα
(stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) “flour” (from it contracted * ἀλ῅τα called
out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes. ; ἀλητο -ειδής Hippocr. , ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon),
ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) “ wheat flour ”, ἀλῑνός “ flimsy “ ( “ pulverized, crushed, ground ”), ἄλιξ
“ miller who grinds the spelt, wheat “ (from it Lat. alica ‘spelt, or a drink prepared from spelt ”
ds).
----------------
*) Also ἔλυμος “millet”, ὄλυρα ‘spelt”, οὐλαί, Att. ὀλαί “ground coarse grain ” (*ολF-, not
after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from * αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then
word root would be *el-, *ol-, *el-).
maybe Alb. (*hol-) hollë “flimsy, thin ”
Note: Only Gk. and Alb. preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

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alā
English meaning: interjection
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise “hallo!”
Material: O.Ind. alalü (bhavant- ) “alert, awake, smart becoming ” (mind. arē, rē “du da!”
rather to arí “foreigner, stranger ”, Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S. 24).
Gk. ἀλαλά , ἀλαλαί “hallo, hurra! ”, ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητ ύς ‘schlachtruf ”, ἀλαλάζω ‘stoße den
Schlachtruf from ” (similarly ἐλελεῦ “Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf ”, ἐλελίζω ‘stoße den Kriegsruf
from”); Lith. aluoti “hallo cry ” (borrowing from dem Deutschen not probable) besides alióti “
through Geschrei aufscheuchen ”; O.C.S. ole, Bulg. olele interjection; e.g. Fick I4 356 ( Ger.
hallo , holla are against it from dem Imperativ from O.H.G. halón , holón “get, fetch ”
entwickelte Rufworte).
Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on Lith. nu-alde ́ti “ ring out; sound “, uldúoti “ coo “
(Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).
References: WP. I 89.
See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lü-.
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alp-
English meaning: ‘small, weak ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klein, schwach ” ?
Material: O.Ind. álpa-, alpaca “ small, slight, flimsy “ (alpēna , alpüt “ light, fast “); to unite
heavily in the definition with Lith. alpstù , alpaũ , al̃pti “ become unconscious “, alpùs “ weak
“, Ltv. el̃pe “ taking air, breath “, alpa ̀ “ one time, time, moment in time “.
apposition also from Hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός ) “weak”, ἀλαπάζω “
empties, exhausts “, Att. λαπάζω “loots”, λαπάττω “ empties (the body) “ is doubtful
because of theirs to two-syllables root words compared with of the light ones O.Ind. and
Lith. words;
also they suit, as well as to them, added to λαπαρός “ slender, thin, having hollow body “,
λαπάρα “ Flank, swell of the body in the hip “, λάπαθος “ cavity, pit “, λάπαθος “ sorrel,
rumex “ as “βοτάνη κενωτική” in the meaning colouring ( “empty, sunken, shrunken “)
nevertheless, considerably ab. quite dubious also Alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps “ be
tired of, sick of, bored with “.
maybe Alb. (*λάπαθος ) lëpjetë “ sorrel, rumex “, truncated (*λάπαθος ), laps “ be exhaused ”.
Maybe Lat. lapso -are “to slip, stumble ”.
On account of here Hitt. al-pa-an-da- (alpant- ) “ill, weak, small, flimsy ”?
References: WP. I 92, Couvreur H ̮ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt IE Gk. II, 158.
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alu- (-d-, -t-)
English meaning: “bitter; beer ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bitter, Bier, Alaun ”
Material: Gk. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ ΢ώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν ?] Hes. (see,
however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); Lat. alūta “ soft leather; a shoe,
purse or patch, beauty patch “ and alūmen “ alum “ are simply extensions from *alu-.
The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition “ beer, mead “ (compared to the
meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ “ alum, beer “); in. ǫl n. “ Beer, carousal “, ǫldr n.
“Carousal ” (*aluÞra -), O.E. ealu(đ) n. “beer”, O.S. in alo-fat, M.H.G. in al-schaf “ drinking
vessel”;
maybe Alb. alle “red (color of beer?) “
hence from Root al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root alu- (-d-, -t-): (bitter;
beer).
From it borrows O.Pruss. alu n. “Mead”, Lith. alùs (m. become as medùs = Pruss. meddo n
.; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ) “ beer “. is also
borrowed by finn. olut “ Beer “ from Gmc.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.
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ambhi , m̥bhi
English meaning: “around, from both sides ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “um-herum, zu beiden Seiten ”
Material: Arm. amboɫj “ entirely, unscathed “ (to oɫj “ healthy “), Gk. ἀμφί “ around “ (ἀμφί-ς “
to both sides “, with the same adverbial - s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς , s.Brugmann Grdr. II2 2,
737);
Lat. amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am -, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō , amiciō
from * am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix “ round about, around, all around “, aLat. also
preposition am “ around “ m. acc. ( ambi - for the purposes of “both” also anceps which is
against late formation it points to ambō ), Umbr. amb- (amboltu ), a- (a-ferum “ to carry
round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by
carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news “), an- (an-
ferener “ bearing round “), Osc. amvíannud “ a going round, circling, revolving, revolution,
detour “, amnúd “ a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive,
inducement, occasion, opportunity “ (barely *amb-beno- : veniō , however no- derivation, s.
v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter -eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH. I
36);
Umbr. ampretu, ambretuto “ ambit, circuit ”, maybe also Osc. amfret “ flanked “ (rather to
Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent “they bear round,
περιάγουσι” ;
not Lat. trails of the same - er- extension in amfrüctus “ a turning, a bend. Transf., legal
intricacies, circumlocution, digression “, rather from am-früctus ); about PN Amiternum s.
Schulze Lat. Eig. 541;

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with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t , Buck Elementarbuch 65) Osc. ampt “ around “ (as
Umbr. ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); Alb. mbi, mbɛ “
over, by, on, in “ (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).
m̥bhi : O.Ind. abhí-taḥ, Av. aiwito “ to both sides, ringed “ (about Av. aibiš, O.Pers. abiš
more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19, Beiheft S. 106;
the ending - s in in historical connection with that of Gk. ἀμφίς?);
O.Ind. abhí is possible the meaning “ around, circum “, O.Pers. abiy, Av. aibī, aiwi in the
meaning “ about, in regard to, from “ from derived *m̥bhi or IE *obhi or continuing in * ebhi ;
Gaul. ambi - “ around, circum “ (e.g. ᾽Αμβί -δραυοι “ living on river Dravos “),
Welsh am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), Corn. Bret. am-, em-, O.Ir. imb-, imm- “around”;
O.H.G. O.S. umbi , O.Ice. umb, O.E. ymb, ymbe “ around “ (absorbed in Goth. from bi ).
bhi: Goth. bi in meaning “around”, with final sound extension in stressed position O.S.
O.E. be-, bī-, O.H.G. bi-, bī-, Ger. bei (about dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437
under bil II “ space, period “, 73 and 1437 under billede “ image “).
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ambhe ) mbë “at, in”, (*ambhi ) mbi “on upon”.
Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II “ space, period “, 73 and 1,437 under billede “picture”).
ambhō(u ) “ both “:
Gk. ἄμφω “ both “ (derivative ἀμφότερος ); Lat. ambō, -ae, -ō “ both “;
O.Ind. ubhüu “ both “, Av. uwa- ds.; Lith. abù, O.C.S. oba ds.; Goth. bai m., ba n., gen.
*baddjē (bajōÞs , see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 77; different - in the outcome to
Lat. nostrütes - “of our country, native ” Fick III4 255), O.S. bē thie , O.E. bü, Þü, Eng. both,
O.H.G. beide , bēde , O.N. büðer , gen. beggja “ both “ (: Goth. *baddjē < bai̯i̯ē ); Toch. A
ümpi , ümpe , В ant-api.
From these would be regarded O.Ind. ubhüu , Av. uwa yet as composition with u- “ two “
(Lat. uīgintī ); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the ar. forms as caused by

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the labial evaporation * abhüu = *m̥bhōu with reference to O.Ind. Kubera-ḥ from *Kabērah ̣
(compare patronymic Küberaka -ḥ; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lith. abù, O.C.S. oba are
probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time, as preposition *ambhi “ around “
was given up in favour of * obhi (ab. obъ, s. Lat. ob “with acc., in front of, before; in return
for; because of, on account of ”).
The relation *ambhō (u), *ambhi: Goth. etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am-
(maybe from an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is IE *bhōu “both”.
References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.
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ames - or omes -
English meaning: “blackbird ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Amsel”
Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms- )?
Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in O.H.G. amusla , amsala ,
O.E. ōsle “ blackbird “, full grade the second syllable in Lat. merula “ a blackbird; a fish, the
sea-carp “ (Kluge EWb.12 s. v.) and Welsh mwyalch , O.Corn. moelh , Bret. moualc”h
“blackbird ” (possible basic form *mesalkü oder *misalkü after Pedersen KG. I 73, where
difficult suppositions about Ir. smōl , smōlach “thrush”).
Differently - because of IE meis-, mois -, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare2 367, 3II 140, Fick
II4 205: merula from *misula , Welsh mwyalch etc from meisalkü , finally, with -oi- O.H.G.
*meisa , O.E. müse , O.Ice. meisingr “ titmouse “.
However, will be gets covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70
probably more properly in the adj. *maisa- ” small, tiny “ because of Nor. dial. meis “ thin,
frail person “, meiseleg “ thin and weak “, wFlem. mijzen “ crumble “, mejzel “ A little bit.
Tiny bits “. The comparison of Lat. with brit words is most reliable.
References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.
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am(m)a, amī̆
English meaning: mother
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mutter”, Lallwort
Material: Alb. amë “aunt”, “mother”, out of it “ riverbed “, “ residuum from Flũssigkeiten” ;
O.Ice. amma “grandmother ”, O.H.G. amma “mother, wet nurse “, Ger. Amme ; Gk. ἀμμάς,
ἀμμία “mother” Hes., Osc. Ammaí , Ammae, i.e. Matri (Göttername)” . About O.Ind. amba
“mother” s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see Brugmann II2, I 496) shaped are
Lat. amīcus “friend” and amita “VaterschWest er” (compare Lith. anūta ‘schwiegermutter ” :
Lat. anus “altes woman ”). About V.Lat. amma “owl “ s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.
Alb. mik “friend” zero grade of Rom. amic “friend” not from Lat. amīcus “friend”
A Verbalableitung is perhaps Lat. amüre “lieben” (compare M.H.G. ammen “wait, hold
on, care” to amme ). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather EtruscO.N.
After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also Lat. amoenus here. Von a Lat.
*amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as
Mamoena (to *mamoi ) besides Mamana , further through Gk. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ ) besides
Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestũtzt;
Toch. В ammakki (voc. ) “mother” from * amma + akki (O.Ind. akkü ).
References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Me ́ l . Pedersen 163.
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anǝtā ( enǝtā)
English meaning: door posts
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tũrpfosten”
Material: O.Ind. ütü (usually PL ütüh ̣ as Lat. antae ) “Umfassung, Rahmen a door ”, Av. ąiϑyü ̊
acc. pl. “ doorposts “, Arm. dr-and “ doorpost “ (Hũbschmann Arm.Stud. I 19); Lat. antae
after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 “die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstärkten Wände, die den Pronaos
eines Tempels or die Prost aseines Hauses einschließen” = O.N. ǫnd “Vorzimmer ” (Bugge
KZ. 19, 401).
References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.
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andher -, n̥dher -
English meaning: ‘stem, spike ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitze, Stengel ”
Material: Nur griechisch: ἀθήρ “ an ear of corn “, ἀνθέριξ “ stalk point, stalk “, ἀνθέρικος “
Stalk, stem of a plant “, ἀνθερεών “ chin “ as “ bearded, shaggy place “, ἀνθρίσκος “ the
common chervil “, named after his prickly fruit , ἀνθρήνη, ἀνθρηδών “ wasp, forest bee “,
word outcome after τενθρήνη “ corneous “;
τανθρηδών “ wasp “ (here maybe ἄνθρωπος from *ἄνθρο -ωπος “ with bearded face = man
“, then “ man, person “, Gũntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. X?; compare also Schwyzer
Gk. I 4264.
After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from * ανδρ -ὡπός , the rough breathing of ὁράω etc
figurative?); from also ἀθάρη (*ἀθαρFᾱ), ἀθήρᾱ “ wheat gruel, Spelt miller “ (von Plin. n. h.
22, 121 however identified as ägypt. word)?

References: WP. I 45.
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andh -, anedh -
English meaning: “to grow, bloom, blossom ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hervorstechen, sprießen, blũhen”
Material: O.Ind. ándhaḥ n. “ Soma plants “; Arm. and “ field “; Gk. ἄνθος n. “ Flower, bloom
“, ἀνθέω “ blossoms “, ἄνθηρός (*-es-ro-) “ blossoming “ etc; Alb. ënde (*andhōn ) “ blossom,
flower “, ë̄ndem “ blossoms “ (ë from present *ë̄ from *andhō ); Toch. A ünt, В ünte “ open
space, area “.
M.Ir. ainder, aindir “ young woman “, Welsh anner “ young cow “, pl. anneirod , O.Welsh
enderic “ a bull -calf; also of the young of other animals “, Welsh enderig “ bull, ox “, Bret.
ounner (Trég. annouar , Vannes an̄noér ) “ young cow “;
moreover Fr. (l)andier m. “ Fire goat, Aries “, also “poppy” (= “ young girl “, compare Ital.
madona, fantina “poppy”), further to Basque andere “woman”, iber. FN Andere , Anderca ,
MN Anderus ; maybe Celt. Origin? ( *andero- “ blossoming, young “?).
According to Schwyzer Gk. I 339 here Gk. ἀν-ήνοθε “ came out, bubbled out; “, ἐπεν-
ήνοθε “ reside on top of “, κατεν -ήνοθε “ canopied, covered “, etc.
In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *n̥dh:
O.Ind. ádhvan m. = Av. advan m. “ way, road “, for what ai adhvará -ḥ ̣ “ religious action
(*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony “ (originally “ course of action, way ” - “ ceremonious way “)
from *n̥dhu̯ero -, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n̥dhuro -) Ice. ǫndurr m. “ a kind of
snow shoe “.
References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.
See also: Here belongs probably : andher -, n̥dher -.
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an(ǝ) -3 (*ḫenaḫ-)
English meaning: “to breathe ”
Note: Root an(ǝ) -3 : “to breathe ” derived from a reduction of Root anĝhen - : ‘smell, odour;
person” as in Arm. anjn (for older *anj ), gen. anjin “ soul, being, person “: O.N. angi m. “
odour, smell “ : Alb. anj ‘swell, puff ” [common Alb. ng > nj phonetic mutation].
Deutsche Übersetzung: “atmen, hauchen ”
Material: O.Ind. ániti “breathes ” (also thematically ánati ), ánila -ḥ ̣ “breath, breeze, wind ”,
üna ́-ḥ (maybe “breath” or “ mouth, nose “, üna-nam “ mouth, muzzle, face “ with ind. Vr̥ddhi;
“mouth” as “breathe, the breathing “); prün ̣ iti “breathes ”;
Av. ü̊ntya , parü ̊ ntya “ of the inhaling and exhaling “ (*anti- “ breathing “ with ü and parü;
see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- “mildness ” see, however, AIran. Wb. 125 f.).
Gk. ἄνεμος “ breath, wind “, ἀνήνεμος (with stretch in the compound), νήνεμος “ windless,
calm “, ἠvεμόεις “ rich in wind “ (ἠ- metrical stretch), ἀνεμώλιος (“ windy “, i.e.:) “ trifling, in
vain “ (dissimilated from ἀνεμώνιος , see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about that probably
from *μετ-ανεμώ vιoς by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones μεταμώνιος “ in vain,
without success “); different Risch 113;
compare Frisk Indog. 15; ἄνται ἄνεμοι ἀντάς πνοιάς Hes. are to change in ἀ῅ται, ἀήτας.
Maybe here νεᾱνίᾱς “ youth “ as νεFο-αν- “ new wheeze “, after Schwyzer Gk. I 4263; also
ἄσθμα “ breathlessness, suffocation “, aaO. 337.
Lat. animus “ mind, soul “, anima “ wind, breath, soul, lives “ (Osc. anamúm “ air, a
current of air, breeze, breath, wind “), of it animal “ living being, animal “, hülō, - üre
“breathe, smell ” (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here
attained and also penetrated in an(h)-ēlüre ; about latter see *an 4 ).

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O.Ir. anül, Welsh anadl “breath”, M.Bret. alazn (rearrangement), Bret. holan (*anǝ-tlo-);
M.Welsh eneit , nWelsh enaid ‘soul” (*anǝ-tī-), O.Brit. PN Anate-mōros “ warmhearted,
bighearted “;
O.Ir. animm , Ir. anam ‘soul”, gen. anman (stem *ana-mon ; the i- color of the nom. sg. after
neutr. - men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with Lat. anima f. “breath, wind,
O.Ir. Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul ” see Pokorny ZfcPh. 10 69 f.), Corn.
eneff , M.Bret. eneff (pl. anaffon ) Bret. anaoun ‘soul” (umlauted Corn. and Bret. forms
probably Lw. from Lat., see Vendryès De hib . voc. 112 f., Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);
in addition O.Ir. osnad ‘sighs” (uss-anad ), further ( “catch one ’s breath = rest, relax “) anaid “
remains, rests, stops “, con-osna “ desist, cease “ (com-uss- an-) etc. (see Pedersen KG. II
455 f., 672); M.Welsh anant pl. “ bards, poets “, cyn-an in “word, praise “;
Goth. uz-anan (preterit uzōn ) “exhale”; with t-formant: O.N. ǫnd, g. andar f. “breath,
breath of life, life, soul “ (= Gk. ἄνται ), anda , -aða “ breathe, gasp “ = O.E. ōđian “puff
strongly”, O.N. andi m. “breath, mind, soul ”, O.Fris. omma (*an-ma) “breath”, O.E. oroð
(*ŭz-anÞ-) “breath” *; maybe here O.H.G. unst , O.Ice. O.E. yst f. ‘storm” from *n̥-sti-;
maybe Alb. anda “taste, smell ” [common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutation] : O.N. anda , -aða
“breathe, gasp ”.
---------------------
*) In addition also O.S. ando , O.E. anđa , anođa “excitement, rage, sorrow ”, O.H.G.
anado, ando, anto “annoyance, rage ”, M.H.G. ande “feeling of insult ”, O.H.G. anadōn ,
antōn , M.H.G. anden “let out one ’s rage”, Ger. avenge under a mid definition “gasp before
excitement ” (Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schröder А bl. 9). About
second a from O.H.G. anado , O.E. anođa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.
-----------------------

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O.C.S. vonja (*ani̯ü) ‘smell” (vonjati “ scent, smell “), *ǫchati ‘smell” in aRuss. uchati etc.
(-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati , thus without historical connection with s from Lat.
hülüre “breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant ” from *an-slo- );
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*unhati ) nuhat, nuhas ‘scent, smell ”.
Nasals are the most important element of Proto-Indo Europeans since they indicate the
homeland of Aryans in a cold, snowy territory. The prolongation of their nose must have
taken place during thousands of years of habitat in the frosty climate. The long nose served
Indo Europeans to warm the air while breathing which eventually caused the presence of
nasal sounds.
Alb.Gheg âj, Tosc ēnj “I swell, impregnate “, Gheg âjun “conceited, puffed ” kënjem ,
gnem “incense” (*kɛ-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37);
Note:
Clearly the initial meaning in Alb.Gheg âj, Tosc ēnj “I swell, impregnate ” was “puff with air ”.
Toch. AB ün ̃ m- “life, mind ”, В ün ̃ me “intention ”, A ün ̃ cüm (* üntemo -) “existence, living,
mind” (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Toch. 48); also В onolme , wnolme “living
being”?
Arm. holm “wind” (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet Lith. 6, 3) ( see Lide ́ n Arm.
stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47, 246). - O.Ind. ütma ́ n ‘soul” rather to O.H.G. ütum “breath”, see
ēt-men.
Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like O.Ind. ani-ti, ani-laḥ, Celt.*ana-tlo- etc, and
such like ἄνε-μος, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus Lat. *an-slo- > hülō, O.N.
ǫnd (etc).
References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.
See also: ansu -, antro -.
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anǝt-
English meaning: “duck”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ente”
Material: O.Ind. ütí-ḥ ütī f. “ water bird “ (or to O.Ice. ǣðr, Mod.Swe. åda f. “ eider duck “
from Gmc. *üdī- ?); Gk. ν῅σσα, böot. νᾶσσα (*νᾱτι̯ᾱ O.Ind. ütí-ḥ) “ duck “; common Gk.-Illyr.
-ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
Maybe zero grade Alb. (*nossa ) rosa “ duck “ rhotacism n/r : Rom. (*rasta) RAŢủ “ duck “
Lat. anas f. (acc. anatem and anitem: G. pl. also -tium ) “duck”, Gmc. *anud- and *anid in
O.H.G. enit, anut , Npl. enti, O.S. anad , O.E. æned , O.Ice. ǫnd, Ger. “Duck”; balto-Slav. *
ünt- from *anǝt - in Lith. ántis , O.Pruss. antis , Proto-Slav. *ǫty, Serb. ȕtva, aRuss. utovь
(acc.), Clr. utjá “ duck”.
Lat. anatīna (scil. caro ) “duck’s meat”: Lith. antíena ds.
Maybe Swedish anka “ duck “
References: WP. I 60, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10.
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anĝh - (*henĝh -)
English meaning: “narrow, *press ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eng, einengen, schnũren” , partly also von seelischer Beklemmung,
Angst
Material: Verbal: Av. ązaŋhē “to press ”, lengthened grade Av. ny-üzata “ she squeezes
herself into her corset “, ny-üzayǝn “ to wedge oneself in “ (with ü = ů; ved. ahēma possibly
“ let us arm = gird on the sword “ is remote to the meaning; anüha RV. 8, 46, 5 is unclear );
Maybe zero grade Alb.Gheg (*anza- ) zanë “to capture, grasp, press ”, Tosc zë : Av. ązaŋhē
“to press” [common Alb. -ĝh- > -z- phonetic mutation].
Gk. ἄγχω “ ties up, strangles “, Lat. angō “ to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle,
throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious “;
O.C.S. as i- verb ǫžǫ, ǫziti “ restrain “; in addition with zero grade very probable O.C.S.
vęžǫ , vęzati “ bind “ (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe
becomes steady through influence from viti “ coil, bind, wind ” which may also have
influenced meaning?).
anĝhú -s “ narrow “: O.Ind. only in aṁhu -bhēdī f. “ narrow lacuna “ and in the abl. sg. n.
aṁhōḥ “ crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction “ (derivative aṁhurá - “
pressed, unhappy “); Gk. in ἀμφήν (see below); Lat. in angiportus (*angu -portus ) “ narrow
alley, a narrow street “;
Goth. aggwus “ narrow “ (at first from *aggus , as manwus from *manus ; w comes from the
oblique cases), O.N. ǫngr, øngr, O.E. enge , O.S. engi, O.H.G. angi, engi “ narrow “, M.H.G.
bange adv. ( bi + adv. ango ), Ger. bange ; furthur derivatives with g: Arm. anjuk “ narrow “,
mit k O.C.S. ǫzъ-kъ “ narrow “.

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Welsh e(h)ang (*eks- angu- , IE *n̥ĝhu -) “ far, wide, extensive “, M.Welsh eingyaw “ be
restricted, be contained in ... “, O.Ir. cumcae (*kom-ingi̯ü ) gl. “ compression of the throat,
suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble “, fairsing “ far, wide “ (*for-eks-ingi- ),
cumung (*kom-ingu-, IE *n̥ĝhu -) “ narrow “, ing f. (*n̥ĝhī) “ crowdedness, affliction “, from
*kom -angi̯o - Welsh cyfyng , in this way yng (also ing, Morris -Jones, Welsh Gk. 110) “ narrow
“, M.Bret. encq (*angi̯o -) “ narrow “.
Maybe Alb. eng “deaf and dumb (*narrowed) ”
anĝhos -, anĝhes “ oppression, affliction, crowdedness “: O.Ind. áṁhas - n. “ Fear,
distress, need “ (as well as aṁhatí -ḥ f.), Av. ązah - “ badgering, need, captivity “, ązō-jata “
killed by strangulation “: Lat. angor m. “ compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind,
distress, anguish, trouble “, angus-tus “ narrow “ (from *anghos- to-s); angustiae “
narrowness; hence, of space, a strait, narrow place ; ‘spiritus”, shortness of breath; of time,
shortness; of supplies, shortness, poverty; of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of
disposition, narrow -mindedness; of reasoning, subtlety “;
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*angus-tus ) ngushtë “narrow”.
about Celtic see above; O.N. angr m. (maybe originally more neutrally es-stem, Fick4 III 12)
“ Annoyance, loss, pity, affliction, frustration “, O.Fris. angost , O.H.G. angust , Ger. Angst
(from *anghos- ti- changing the vowel after * anghu -); O.C.S. ǫzostъ “ restriction,
constriction, limitation, narrowing “;
Lith. añkštas “ narrow “ (k- insertion, not guttural change) cannot stand for * anž[a]s-tas or
*anž-tO.S.
Words for “ nape “ as “ the narroWest place between head and trunk “ ( the idea also
plays a role “ where one strangles one “ in light of this?): Gk. Eol. ἄμφην and αὔφην “ nape “
(after Schulze GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as * αγχF-ήν substantivization of u-adj. *anĝhú -s by
means of forms - en-;

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about αὐχήν see also Schwyzer Gk. I 296), Goth. hals-agga “nape”, Clr. vjazy pl. “Neck”,
Cz. vaz “ neck, nape “ (to vęzati see above), O.Pruss. (as Slav. Lw.) winsus “ neck “ (also
Arm. viz “ neck, throat, cervix “ with preposition v-?), see Pedersen KZ . 38, 311; 39, 402,
Vondrák Sl . Gk. I 184, Adontz Me ́ l . Boisacq I 10, as well as below under augh- , ugh.
Other formations: Gk. ἀγχόνη “ cord, choking, strangling “ (from it Lat. angina “ the
quinsy, as suffocating “), ἀγκτήρ m. “ braces, bandage “, ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ , ἀγχόθι “ close to “
(compare Fr. près “ close to, near “: Lat. pressus “a pressing, pressure ”), compounds
ἀ̃σσον “ nearer, very near “ (*ἄγχι̯ον; ἄσσον hence has changed after μάσσων = *μακι̯ων,
Osthoff MU. 6, 60 ff.); common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
Bret. concoez “ geode “ (*kom-angeid- ; compare also dial. añcoe “ uvula in the throat “;
Ernault RC. 7, 314; 19, 314 ff.); O.C.S. ǫzota “ narrowness “.
Gaul. PN Octodurus absents, because Ir. ochte “ narrowness, straitness “ does not
exist.
Van Windekens (Lexique 5) puts here Toch. A aṃc̨är “ weak. flimsy (?) ”.
References: WP. I. 62 f., WH. I 47.
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angʷ(h)i - (*egʷhi -, ogʷhi- and eĝhi-)
English meaning: ‘snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater) ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlange, Wurm ”
Note: egʷhi -, ogʷhi - and eĝhi- ds.; at least two etymological different, but early the crossed
kinship whose relations still are often unclear.
Note: Root angʷ(h)i - : ‘snake, worm, *fish ” derived from an extended Root anĝh - (*henĝh-):
“narrow, *press ”
Material: Lat. anguis = Lith. angìs (f.), O.Pruss. angis “ serpent, snake “ (Ltv. ùodze f. “
snake “), O.C.S. *ǫžь, Russ. už, Pol. wąž “ snake “, Arm. auj (gen. - i) “ snake “ (Meillet
Esquisse 154, Dumézil BAL.-SLAV. 39, 100);
M.Ir. esc-ung “ eel “ (*”water snake “, esc “ water “ + *angʷhō ), Welsh llys-yw-en, pl. -yw-od
ds. (Fick II4 15; to Brit. zero grade from ŋg before u̯ see Pedersen KG. I 107).
In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in
the Lat. and Balt-Slav. ) O.H.G. unc “ snake, adder “, Gk. (illyr). ἄβεις ἔχεις Hes. (*n̥gʷi-).
Note: Common Gk. gʷ > b, kʷ > p phonetic mutatIon.
To these forms with voiced-nonaspirated at first is ἴμβηρις ἔγχελυς, M εθuμναῖoι Hes.
(*engʷ-ēri-: to ι compare Solmsen Beitr. 1215), where because of r- suffixes are to be
connected balto-Slav. *anguria- in Slav. *ǫgorь m. Russ. ug(o)rь, Pol. węgorz , Cz. úhoř,
Serb. ȕgor, Sloven. ogǫ́r “ eel “, Lith. ungurỹs ds.
(assim. from *angurỹs , compare finn. ankerias ), O.Pruss. angurgis “ eel “ (Church Slavic
ągulja , jęgulja “ eel” probably from Lat.). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these Gk. and Balt-Slav.
eel names to an independent equation (nevertheless, compare the r-suffix of O.H.G. angar
etc, see under).

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Another IE equation for “ eel “ is perhaps Gk. ἔγχελῦς f., Lat. anguilla (see esp. W. Meyer
KZ. 28, 163, Johansson KZ. 30, 425, J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 369, Osthoff IF. 4, 270, 292, Hirt
IF. 22, 67, IE 619 f.), although the details are still unclear (in the Gk. * ἀγχέλυος assimilated
etc. to ἐγχέλυος , or ε and the pure gutural through the influence from ἔχις; in Lat. -illa instead
of-ella after the fluctuation in real diminutive under determining influence i of anguis ?).
Illyr. TN Encheleae “ snake men? “: Hungarian angolna “eel” [from native Illyr. TN
Paeones ].
While Alb. ngjala (*Encheleae ) “ eel “ similar to Alb. gjëndem (*gh end-) “ be found “, gjënj ,
gjenj , Gheg gjëj “find” (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187, Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet “ find,
regain “, s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.); from Root ghend - and ghed- : “to grab, grip ”.
Hence Gk. (illyr). ἄβεις ἔχεις Hes. (*n̥gʷi-) : Alb. ngjala “ eel “ the same as Gk. χανδάνω
(*gh end-) “ take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch ”, Aor. ἔχαδον ( *ghn̥d -),
Fut. χείσομαι (* ghend -s-), perf. κέχονδα : Alb. gjëndem (*gh end-) “ be found “, gjënj , gjenj ,
Gheg gjëj “find” [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Otherwise i n Alb. ch- > s- > gj- since the shift -s- > -gj- is a common Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
In the meaning “ worm, maggot “ and with r-suffix (compare above ἴμβηρις etc): O.H.G.
angar “ grain maggot ” “ engirinc “ larva “, Ger. Engerling , Lith. ankštiraĩ̃ “ maggots, cock
chafer grubs, grubs “ (and similar forms, see Trautmann O.Pruss. 301), Ltv. anksteri “
maggots, cock chafer grubs “, O.Pruss. anxdris (i.e. anxtris ), however, “adder” (about the -
st- these Balt forms compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 71), Russ. ug(o)rь “
blister, raised bubble on the skin that is filled with pus, fin “ (also “ eel”, see above), Pol.
wągry “ blister, raised bubble on the skin “ (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not
better about angar , úgorь ders. GGA. 1898, 554 f.).
Nasalized forms:

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Gk. ἔχις m. (f.) ‘snake”, ἔχιδνα ds. (for * ἐχίδνια , Specht Decl. 377), O.H.G. egala “ leech,
bloodsucking worm “, Dan. Nor. igle “ a parasite sheet worm in the viscera of the animals
and in the skin and the branchia of the fish “.
Moreover Gk. ἐχῖνος, O.H.G. O.E. igil (IE *eĝhinos ), Ger. Igel, lit. “ snake eater “, W.
Schulze Gnomon 11, 407, Lith. ežy ̃ s, Church Slavic ježь “ hedgehog (snake eater) “.
Arm. iž “ snake, viper “ can be put as *ēgʷhis to ὄφις (Meillet Esquisse 75);
Gk. ὄφις “ snake “ (*ogʷhis); Welsh euod (*ogʷh -) “ sheep worms “: O.Ind. áhi-, Av. aži- “
snake “.
It is uncertain apposition from O.S. egithassa , M.L.G. egidesse , O.E. (corrupted) üÞexe ,
O.H.G. egidehsa , Ger. Eidechse mit ewi-, egi- , IE *ogʷhi - = ὄφις (Zupitza Gutt. 99 after
Kluge; Falk-Torp under øgle) + Gmc. *Þahsiō , O.H.G. *dehsa “ spindle, newel “.
Whether in this variety so order is to be brought that *aŋgʷhi - and * eghi-, *oghi - (ĝh) an
intersection form would have caused *egʷhi -, *ogʷhi - , remains undecided. Taboo images
have also probably helped in it.
References: WP. I 63 ff.. WH. I 48, Specht KZ. 64, 13; 66, 56 f., Havers Sprachtabu 44 f.
Page(s): 43-45

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ank-1
English meaning: “need, necessity ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zwank, Notwendigkeit ”
Material: Gk. ἀνάγκη “ necessity, compulsion “ (normally as reduplicated respectably), Ion.
ἀναγκαίη ds. (from ἀναγκαῖος “ indispensable, necessary “, ἀναγκάζω “ compelled, forced,
obliged “);
O.Ir. écen (éc- from *ank- or *n̥k-), M.Welsh anghen , Welsh angen , Corn. Bret. anken
“need, necessity ”, im Ir. also ‘spoliation, act of violence ”.
Although “ compulsion ” from “ hostile distress, pursuit “ were comprehensible, it makes
does Gk.-Celt. meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically
correspondent O.H.G. ühta “ hostile pursuit “, Ger. Acht, O.E. ōht (Proto-Gmc. *anχtō),
Gmc. EN u̇ctumērus (i.e. n. u̇χtumēraz, 1. year A.D.; Brugmann Grdr. I2382) wherewith Ir.
écht (*anktu- or *n̥ktu-, *enktu- ) “ manslaughter ” at first is to be connected (see Falk-Torp
17, 1430), root-like with ank- “ compulsion “ (: “ press, kill “?) originally is same, or
connected to *enek- “ kill “, as well as Hitt. ḫi-in-kán, ḫé-en-kán (ḫenkan ) “ death”.
maybe Alb.Gheg hekë “agony”: Hitt. ḫi-in-kán, ḫé-en-kán (ḫenkan ) “ death”; both Alb. and
hitt have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 60. Pedersen Hittitisch 183 f., Hendriksen Unters. 28, Benveniste
Origines 155.
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ank-2, ang -
English meaning: “to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: Illyr. TN Encheleae (Enchelleae) Illyr. TN associated with the coils of the snake,
Ilirus and Kadmos.
O.Ind. añcati (M.Pers. ancītan ) and (zero grade) ácati “ bent, crooked “, participle -akna-
(with ü-, ny-, sam- ),-akta- (with ud-, ny-) “crooked, bent ”; aŋka ́ -ḥ m. “ bend, hook, bend
between brost and hip “, áŋkas - n. “ Bend, inflection, curve, crook “ (= Gk. τὸ ἄγκος “ valley,
gulch, canyon, gorge “), aŋkasa ́ m “ side, points “; aŋku - in aŋkūya ́ nt - “ curvatures, bends,
searching side ways “;
maybe Alb. (*anh-) anë ‘side “, (*anho -), anoj “bend”
Av. anku-pǝsǝmna - “ with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps “;
O.Ind. ankuc̨á -ḥ “ hook, fishhook, elephant ’s sting “, aŋkura ́ -ḥ “ young shoot, scion
(originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell “ (= Gk. ἀγκύλος “
crooked “, dt. Angel , O.N. ōll, üll “ cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud “ see below);
Av. Aka m. “ hook, bait “, ąxnah (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, AIran. Wb. 359) “rein”;
Gk. ἀγκών “ bow, elbow “ (D. pl. ἀγκάσι to ἀγκή = ἀγκάλη), ἐπ-ηγκεν -ίδες “ fixed planks in
the ribs of the ship “ (Döderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), ἄγκοινα “ all writhed, humped, curved,
stooped “, ἄγκιστρον “ fishhook “; ἀγκύλος “ crooked “, ἀγκύλη “ strap, thong, brace “ (=
O.N. ōl, ül ds.), ἄγκυρα “ anchor “; ἀγκάλη “ elbow, bay, all stooped “; τὸ ἄγκος (see above).
maybe Ancyra - ae f. capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor. (ancient district in central Anatolia - a
Celtic, (Illyrian?) settlement).

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With o: ὄγκος “ barbed hook “ = Lat. uncus “ hooked, curved; Subst. hook “ (ὄγκῑνος =
uncīnus “ hook, barbed hook “); ungulus “ a finger-ring, a ring “ Pacuvius, from Festus 514
L. as Osc. called, ungustus “hook-shaped stuff “ Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under ang-
); ὄγκη ɣωνία Hes.;
Maybe from also Lat. unguiculus -i m. “a finger or toe-nail ”, unguis - is m. “a finger or toe-
nail; of animals, claw, hoof ”, ungula - ae f. “a hoof, claw, talon ” : Rom. unghie “nail” and in
zero grade Alb. (*unguiculus ), glisht “finger, toe ” [common Alb. -s > -st shift] .
Lat. ancus ‘somebody having a crooked arm ”, ancrae “ an enclosed valley, valley, gorge ”
(“ curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet “ as τό ἄγκος = Gmc. * angra -);
O.Ir. ēcath “ fish hook “ = Welsh anghad “ clutch, hand “ (to craf-anc “ claw “) from
*aŋkato - = O.C.S. ǫkotь “ hook “;
gallorom. ancorago, ancora(v)us from *anko-rükos “ Rhine salmon, hook salmon “
schwd. Anke “ Lake of Constance trout “ (Gaul. *anko- “ curved, hooky “ and *rüko - “ in front
“ from *prōko -, Welsh rhag “ before “);
O.H.G. ango , angul “ fish hook, sting “, O.Ice. angi, O.E. onga “ point, sting “ (*aŋko ́ n -;
about Goth. halsagga “ cervical bend, nape “ see rather anĝh -); *angra (up to gender = Lat.
*ancrae ) in O.N. angr “ bay, curve “ (in local names like Harðangr ),
Maybe zero grade Alb. (*angul ) ngul “jab, stick, hook ”
O.H.G. angar , Ger. Anger (Gmc. VN Angrivarii ); synonymous O.Ice. eng (*angiō -) “
grassland, meadow “; O.H.G. awgul (= Gk. ἀγκύ -λος, see above), M.H.G. angel “the part of
a blade that is connected to the handle (of a sword) by a tang “, O.N. ǫngoll “ fishhook “,
O.E. ongel “ a fishing-hook. Also, a rod and line “.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*angelos ) ngec , ngel “be stuck, be hooked ” : (*angul ) ngul “ to
jab, claw “.

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Much puts here Lat.-Gmc. VN Anglii , O.E. Angel, Ongel as “ resident of the Holsteiner bay “
to O.Ice. PN Ǫngull , which did not cover meaning “ angle, bay “ (Hoops Reallex. I 61);
with original initial stress O.N. ōll, üll “ cotyledon, germ, bud “ (*anhla- , Noreen Ltl. 25; to
meaning compare except O.Ind. aŋkura ́ -ḥ yet Nor. dial. ange “ germ, point, prong “ from
*ankón -), O.N.ōl, ül f. “ long strips, thongs, riems “ (basic form *ánhulō , compare ἀγκύλη , or
at most *anhlō , standing near Gk. ἀγκάλη);
Slav. jęčьmy “ barley “ as “ thistly, thorny, spiky “ (Berneker 268), compare the above
words for “ point, sting, cusp “;
Lith. anka f. “ noose, snare, loop “ (= Gk. ὄγκη γωνία Hes.); O.C.S. ǫkotь “ hook “ (see
above);
Toch. A añcäl “ bow, arch, curve “, ün kar - “ fangs, bulwark “; also A oṅkaläm , В
oṅkolmo “ elephant “? Van Windekens Lexique 6, 13, 82.
ang-, esp. to the name of extremities (compare Goth. liÞus “ limb, member “: *lei- “ bend
“):
O.Ind. áŋgam “ limb, member “, aŋgu ́ li -ḥ, aŋgu ́ ri -ḥ f. “ finger, toe “ (thereof aŋgulīyam “ a
finger-ring, a ring “), aŋguš ̣ ṭha ́ -ḥ “ big toe, thumb “ = Av. angušta - m. “ toe “, Arm. ankiun ,
angiun “ angle “ and añjalí -ḥ m. “two cupped hands held together ”;
Gk. ἄγγος n. “ Bucket, bowl “, ἀγγεῖον (*αγγεσ -ιον) “ vessel “, lit. “ twisted vessel “;
M.Ir. aigen “ frying pan “ is dial. additional form of * aingen ds.;
O.H.G. ancha , enka f. “neck” and “thigh, osseous tube, bone tube ” (*ankiōn -), O.N.
ekkja “ankle, heel ” ; Dimin. O.H.G. anchal, enchil (reinterpreted anklão m., anchala, enchila
f., M.H.G. M.L.G. enkel , O.Fris. onkel , onklēu , Ger. Enkel ,
O.E. (reinterpreted ) ancléow , Eng. ankle , O.N. ǫkkla (*ankulan -) “ ankle on the foot “; also
Lat. angulus (which is unrelated to O.C.S. ǫg(ъ)lъ “ angle, nook “) “ m. a corner, angle;

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an-1 (*ḫ-an-)
English meaning: “male or female ancestor ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bezeichnung fũr männlichen oder weiblichen Ahnen”
Note: babble-word
Root an-1 (*ḫan-) : “male or female ancestor ” derived from zero grade of Root ĝen-1, ĝenǝ -,
ĝnē-, ĝnō- : “to bear (mother, father) ” [origin of the old laryngeal ĝ- > ḫ-]
Material: Arm. han “grandmother ”, Gk. ἀννίς μητρὸς ἤ πατρός μήτηρ Hes., compare Inschr.
ἀνώ; Lat. anna f. “ nursing mother “;
Illyr. EN ῎Ανα, ῎Αννύλα, Annaeus etc, as well as Messap. Illyr. ana = πότνια Illyr. origin (W.
Schulze KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.); compare furthermore Lat. anus , -
ūs “an old woman; also used like adj., old ”, also Anna - ae f. sister of Dido ; “Anna Perenna ”,
an Italian goddess.
Note: Arm. , Gk. and Illyr. have preserved old laryngeal ḫ-;
Illyr. and Lat. display common - ila diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin.
Maybe Alb.Tosk aneja “mother”, Alb. anë ‘side, bloodline ” similar to Ger . Ahnenreihe
“genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor ”, Alb. anoj “to incline, like ”.
O.H.G. ano, M.H.G. ane, an, ene, Ger. Ahn “ grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather “;
O.H.G. ana, M.H.G. ane “ grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress “. diminutive
formations are: O.N. u̇li (*anilo ), O.E. Anela , O.H.G. Anelo family names ; M.H.G. enel “
grandfather, grandson “.
Further O.H.G. eninchil , M.H.G. enichlīn , Ger. Enkel (“the young ancestor ”). The grandson
was looked by Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare Gk.
᾽Αντίπατρος.

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Against this represented view of W. Schulze KZ. 40, 409 f. = Kl. Schr. 67 f. endorsed
Hermann, Nachr. d. Ges. d. Wiss. to Göttingen, Phil. -hist. Klasse 1918, 215 f., the Bavar.
enl, änl, Austrian ǣnl, ünl etc the meaning “of grandfathers ” and “grandson ” carry and the
one here with same occurance has to do like with Ger. Vetter (originally “of the father ’s
brother”, then also “of the brother ’s son” ); the salutation is returned by the grandfather to
the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by Hermann aaO.).
Pruss. ane “old mother ”; Lith. anūta “mother- in-law”.
Hitt. an-na-aš “mother”; ḫa-an-na-aš (ḫannaš ) “grandmother ”, Lyc. χñ̃na ds.
Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 Arm. aner “ father of the woman “
moreover. It is similar formation like in Lat. matertera “mother’s sister, maternal aunt “,
Welsh ewythr “uncle”, O.Corn. euitor ; Bret. eontr (Proto-Celt. *aventro- , see Pedersen Kelt.
Gk. I 55). *anero- had the original meaning “anything like the forefather” .
It is unsafe O.H.G. hevianna from which reshuffled M.H.G. hebamme . Because
O.H.G.* anna “woman” is not to be covered, Kluge11 238 origin from *hafjan (d) j ō accepts
“ the lifting “ from which the later close interpretations have originated. However, compare
PBB. 30, 250.
References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lyc. under Hitt. 26, 66.
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an-2
English meaning: there, on the other side
Deutsche Übersetzung: Demonstrativpartikel “dort, andererseits ”
Material: Gk. ἄν “ probably, possibly, in any other trap “ (ἐάν from εἰ ἄν, Ion. ἤν from *ἠ ἄν,
ἄν from αἰ ἄν); Lat. an “ conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether “,
secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne , O.Ir. an-d “ here “, Goth. an “ then, now “;
Lith. an-gu “ or “, O.Pruss. anga-anga “ whether = or whether “.
maybe Alb. (*ane) andej “there” : O.Ir. an-d “here” [rather common Alb. shift n > nd ].
Thereof derived :
ani̯os “ other “ in:
O.Ind. anyá - “ other “, Av. anya-, ainya- , O.Pers. aniya- ds. compare above S. 26.
anteros “other” (from second) in:
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*anteros ) ndërroj “change, alter ”, ndërresë “change, the other
thing”;
O.Ind. ántara -, O.S.S. ändär “other”, Goth. anÞar ds., O.Ice. annarr “other, second ”,
O.H.G. andar , O.E. ōÞer “other”, O.Pruss. anters, antars (*antras ) “other, second ”, Lith.
añtras , Ltv. ùotrs beside Lith. añtaras , E.Ltv. ũtors ds., Slav. *ǫterъ , *ǫtorъ in Cz. úterū m. “
Tuesday “, O.Sor. wutory “other, second ”. About O.C.S. vъtor-ъ ‘second” s. u̯i- “ asunder,
apart “.
Note:
It seems Root an-2 : “there, on the other side ” is a zero grade of the extended Root al-1, ol-
: “besides; other ” into *alny-, *any- .
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*nyátra ) tjetër “other” [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] :
O.Ind. anyátra ‘somewhere else ”.

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an4, anu, anō, nō
English meaning: a preposition ("along a slanted surface, etc.")
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise, Präposition, etwa “an einer schrägen Fläche hin,
hinan”
Note: (compare the summary by Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., also about the syntactic).
Material: Av. ana, O.Pers. anü (Urar. *ana or *anü) “about there ” (m. acc. or instr. ), “ along,
on “ (m. acc.), Av. anu, O.Pers. anuv “ after, according to; up there “ (m. acc.), “ lengthwise,
along “ (m. loc.), also preverb ;
maybe Alb. anës “along”
O.Ind. ánu “ after (timewise m. acc. , Аbl., gen.), after (order), after there, along, behind,
according to, with regard to, against “ (m. acc.), adv. “ on it (auslaut -u appears to be
comparable in Lesb. Thess. ἀπύ beside Att. ἄπό. Against Wackernagels explanation from
IE *enu “ along, according to “ see WH. I 677; to -u see under ap-u); Arm. am- in am-baṙnam
ham-barnam “ I raise, uplift “, ham-berem “ I endure “ maybe from - an (the h by mixture with
a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- “ together “;
Ion.-Att. ἄνα, ανά “ on, upwards, along “, Dor. böot. ark. Cypr. ἀν, Lesb. Thess. ark., z.
Part Cypr. ὀν, isolates ark. Cypr. ὐν (from ὀν) ds. (the monosyllabic form appears the
original and to be extended ἀνά only after κατά; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 622; it is likely
according to Schwyzer Gk. I 275 ὀν originated from ἀν; adv. ἄνω “ upward, up “;
A Lat. remainder appears an-hēlō “ breathes strongly and with difficulty “ (an + *anslō );
Umbr. an-, (with en “in” become synonymous and with it alternately, hence , en-tentu
beside:) an-tentu “intendito ”, anseriato “observatum ”, anglar “oscines” (*an-klü to clamo ) etc
Maybe here O.Ir. an-dess “ from the south “ etc;

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Goth. ana (m. dat. mid acc. ) “on, in, against, because of, about “, O.N. ü adv. and
preposition m. dat. and acc. “on, in “, m. dat. “on, in, up, by “, m. acc. “ after, up, on, against
“, O.S. an, O.E. on, O.H.G. aua, an, Ger. an (*ana or *anō, *anē ) preposition m. dat. and
acc. and instr. “ on, up, in, to, against “;
maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ana) në “ on, in “.
Lith. anóte , anót m. gen. “ accordingly, according to “; about the first on Proto-Slav. *on
going back to Slav. vъ(n)- “ in, on “ see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 828 and *en “in”.
With zero grade of the first syllable, thus initial sound n:
Lith. nuõ m. gen. “ from down, from away “ (these where from meaning only from the
connection with the ablative originated anew), as a Nominal pref. nuo- , as a Verbal pref. nu-
(prokLith. abbreviation as in pri- beside priẽ), Ltv. nùo m. gen. “ from”, as prefix nuo-;
O.Pruss. no, na m. acc. “ on (where), against, about there “, as prefix “ after; from away “
(see also BezzenbergerKZ. 44, 304); O.C.S. na m. acc. and loc. “ on there; up, on, in “ (in
addition after prě : prě-dъ neologism na-dъ “ upside, above, about “ m. acc. and instr. and
preverb); O.Ind. nü- perhaps in nüdhita ́ “ pressed “, see below nü- “ help “.
Here presumably Lith. -na, -n “ in (direction where) “, postal position with verbs of the
movement, Av. na-zdyah- , O.Ind. nē ́ dīyas - “ closer “(“ * moved near “); root sed- “ sit “;
presumably similarly Goth. nēƕ, O.H.G. nüh adv. “ near” as “ looking near, turned near “
(with root oqʷ- as 2nd part); see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., where also about the
ambiguous O.Ind. ádhi “ about, on ”, ap. adiy “in” (*-n̥dhi or *edhi , *odhi ?).
maybe Alb. (*nüh) nga “from” [common Alb. n > ng shift]
About Goth. anaks adv. “ suddenly, straight away “, supposedly to O.Bulg. naglъ “
suddenly, abruptly “ (?), s. Feist 42.
References: WP. I 58 f., WH. I 43 f., 49, 677, Feist 41 a, 373, Trautmann 200.
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ansā, ansi -
English meaning: noose, snare
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlinge, Schleife ”, partly as Handhabe von Gefäßen (Henkel)
oder as dem Zugvieh umgelegter Zũgel
Material: Lat. ünsa “ clutch, handle, a handle; (hence), occasion, opportunity “, ünsae
crepidae “ the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were
pulled “ = Lith. ąsà f. (acc. ą̃są) “ pot handle, loop with the knot apron “ (compare also Lat.
ansütu s = Lith. ąsótas “ (furnished with or having a handle) with a handle “), Ltv. uosa “
handle, loop, eyelet “, next to which i-stem O.Pruss. ansis “ hook, pot hanger, kettle hanger
“, Ltv. ùoss (acc. ùosi) “ handle “;
Maybe Alb. (*ues) vesh “ handle, ear “
O.Ice. ǣs f. (*ansjō ) “ hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through of the
straps “ = M.L.G. ȫse f. “ring-shaped handle, loop ” (out of it LateM.H.G. Ger. Öse; or
WestGmc. word to Ohr according to Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.?); M.Ir. ē(i)si pl. “ rein “,
Gk. ἡνία, Dor. ᾱνία ds. (*ἀvσιᾱ).
Maybe truncated Alb. (*enha ) ena “pot (*pot handle) ” [common Alb. -s- > -h- phonetic
mutation].
References: WP. I 68, WH. I 51, Trautmann 10.
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ansu-, n̥su-
English meaning: ghost, demon
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geist, Dämon”
Material: O.Ind. ásu-, Av. aŋhu - “ breath of life, world “, therefrom O.Ind. ásu-ra-, Av. ahura-
“ ruler , lord “ (*n̥su-); Ven. ahsu- (= üsu-) “ cult effigy, cult figure “ = Gmc. *ansuz “ god, ace
“ in O.Ice. üss, Run. a[n]suR , O.E. ōs “ ace “, Goth.-Lat. anses “ demigods “.

References: H. Gũntert Der ar. Weltkönig 102, Feist 52 b.
See also: Perhaps to an(ǝ) - “ breathe “.
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ans-
English meaning: favourable
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wohlgeneigt, gũnstig sein”
Material: Goth. ansts f., O.H.G. anst and (zero grade) unst, M.H.G. gunst from * ge-unst,
O.E. ēst “ favour, mercy “, O.N. ōst, ǭst “ favour, love “, O.H.G. abanst, abunst , O.S. avunst ,
O.E. æfest “distrust, resentment, disfavor “; M.H.G. gund m. “ favour “, O.N. ǫf-and f. “
disfavor “;
preterit present O.H.G. an, unnum (Inf. unnan , preterit onsta , onda ) “ grant “ (gi-unnan ),
O.S. O.E. unnan “ grant, concede, wish “, O.N. unna (ann, unnom , preterit unnan from
*unÞa ) “ love, grant, concede “. un-nu-m (from * unz-nu-m-) is an old present the neu-, nu-
class, wherefore the new sg. ann.
Which root beginning as Gmc. an-, un-, has in ansts the suffix compound - s-ti- to see (see
Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 437), while M.H.G. gund , O.N. ǫfund the easier one contained - ti-.
However, is because of Common Gmc. * anst(s) root probably as Gmc. ans-, uns- to begin
(Kluge ZfdtWtf. 9, 317, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 332), unnum consequently originated from
*unz- num (IE *n̥s-nu-me), whereupon then sg. ann, and new weak preterit *un-Þa (O.H.G.
onda , O.N. unna ) beside O.H.G. onsta , O.S. gi-onsta ; then also M.H.G. gund , O.N. ǫfund
(suffix -ti-) new creations have become after s- part to unnum , unnO.N.
Also Gk. προσ -ηνής “friendly”, ἀπ-ηνής “unkind, hard ” (: ab-unst ) is the most likely =
*προσ -, ἀπ-ανσής (see Brugmann aaO.).
In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 Gk. - ᾱνής on neutr. Subst.
*ůnos whose suffixale zero grade lies as a basis Gmc. * an-s-ti-.
References: WP. I 68, Feist 53.

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ant-s
English meaning: forward, before, outer side
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Vorderseite, Stirn ”
Material: O.Ind. ánta-ḥ “ end, border, edge “ (therefrom antya-ḥ “ the last “);
Alb. (*ánta) ana ‘side, end”.
Gk. gen. sg. κάταντες (= κατ” ἀντες ) “ down the forefront “, dat.-loc. ἀντί (Schwyzer Gk. I
5486, 6225), acc. εἰσ-άντα “ in the face “ (*ant-ṃ), ἔν-αντα, ἄν-αντα, κάτ-αντα etc (W.
Schulze, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gk. I 632under), adverbal ἄντα “ towards, opposite “,
thereafter ἀντάω “ meets “; about ἄντομαι see Schwyzer Gk. I 722 under.; about ἄντην s.
Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 687;
O.Ir. étan (*antono- ) “ forehead “; perhaps here M.Welsh enhyt , Welsh ennyd “ time,
moment “ (*ant-iti- to O.Ind. ití- “ gait, way “), M.Welsh anhaw “ old “ (*ant-au̯o-), Ir. éata “
old; age “ (*ant-odi̯o-?), compare Loth Rc. 48, 32; 50, 63;
Hitt. ḫa-an-za (ḫant-s ) “ forefront “, therefrom ḫa-an-te-iz-zi-iš (ḫantezziš )= *ant-eti̯os ;
Lyc. χñtawata “ leader “ (Pedersen Lyc. under Hitt. 17);
Toch. A antule “ outside, to ... before “, antus “also”.
see also under anti̯os .
In addition as pristine cases:
anti “in the face of ”> “ towards, opposite, against “, etc.
O.Ind. anti adv. “opposite itself, before itself, near ”, from what antiká -ḥ “near”, n.
“nearness ”.
Arm. and “there”, ǝnd preposition “for, instead of “ m. gen. and “ along, about (in, on)
somewhere there “ m. acc. (compare Goth. and), in meaning “aside” m. abl. and “ with, by “

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m. loc. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; anl. ǝ- from a-),
as preverb “on”; in addition andranik “ firstborn, the first (earliest) “ (Bugge KZ. 32, 2;
compare to meaning Lat. ante “ before, of place or time “ and the above mentioned words
for “forehead ” as a “front”), probably also anc̣anem “ to go past “ (Pedersen KZ. 39, 425,
compare Gk. ἄντομαι ; c̣ from t + the aoristic s, compare the Aor. ē-anc̣).
Maybe Alb. andej “there, in the other side, opposite ”.
Gk. ἀντί “ in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of “ m. gen., also preverb, e.g.
ἀνθίστημι ; Hom. κατ” ἄντηστιν “ in the opposite point of view, against “ is fine to Bechtel
Lexil. 46 from * ἄντι-στι-ς reshuffled after ἄντην ἵστημι ; ἀντικρύ , Att. ἄντικρυς “ almost ,
against “ (ambiguous ending), ἀντιάω , ἀντιάζω “ meets “.
Lat. ante (from * anti, compare antistō , as well as antīcus , antiquus ) preposition m. acc.
spatially “ against, before “, timewise “before”, also preverb (e.g. antecedō ), antid-eü, -hüc “
before “, antid-īre ““lead the way “ (-d after prōd); in addition anterior “ earlier “, antürium
bellum “ war before the town “, antīcus “ the front “ (c after posticus “ behind “), antīquus “
old “ (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus ; IE *anti +*okʷ- “
looking “), antēs , -ium “ rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines) ”, originally possibly “ fronts “
(about antae see, however, under *anǝtü “ door post “).
Hitt. ḫa-an-ti (ḫanti) “ in front, esp., in particular “.
anta “against there “ (direction); to -a see Schwyzer Gk. I 622 f.
Goth. and preposition m. acc. “ up there, about there, along “. With therefrom more
divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix Gmc. anda-, and “against,
opposite ”, also in verbs normally “ from - away “: Goth. anda-, and (e.g. andniman “ accept
“, andanēms “ agreeable, pleasant “, andbindan “ unbind, untie, be confined “), O.N. O.S.
O.E. and, O.H.G. ant-, int-, M.H.G. Ger. ant-, (e.g.Antlitz , Antwort , entbinden ).

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compounds O.N. endr , enn “ earlier, formerly, again, after “ (endr = Goth. andiz -uh “
either “), O.E. end “before” (*andis ), O.H.G. enti “ earlier, yore “ (Gmc. *andiaz ), M.H.G. ent,
end Konj. “ previous, before “ (e.g. Falk-Torp 192, 1455).
Lith. añt, older anta m. gen. “ after-there, up, on “.
About Gk. ἄντα see above.
n̥ti
A weaker ablaut form (*n̥t-) shows Goth. and m. dat. “ ἀντί, for, around “, unÞa - (*n̥to-) in
unÞa -Þliuhan “ escape”, O.E. ođ- (*unÞ -) in ođgangan “ escape”, ūđgenge “ fleeting” = O.N.
unningi, undingi (*unÞ-, *and-gangia -) “ escaped slave “ (Brugmann Grdr. II2, 803).
Other meaning points Goth. and m. acc. “until, to”, O.H.G. unt in unt-az “until, to” and unzi
(= untzi ) “until, to”, O.S. and “until, to”, unti, unt (and + te “ to “), unto (and + tō), Eng. unto “
to, until “, O.N. unz (and es) “until, till that “, O.E. (with grammatical change ) ođ “ in addition,
besides, until, to “, Osc. ant m. acc. “ up to” “ (likewise from * n̥ti, see Walde Kelten and
Italiker 54; because of Gmc. and not to place exactly attuning meaning = Lat. ante “ before”,
e.g. v. Planta II 443), Lith. iñt “after” (rather contamination from in and ant).
The fact that these forms show an extension preposition * en, *n̥ “in” (Schwyzer Gk. I 629 f.,
where also about Gk. dial. ἔντε), is possible as then Lith. iñt with į̃ “after” corresponds in the
applicatIon. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as a result of the
sound resemblance and IE *n̥t (-i, -a?) “ until, to “ belong as “ up against there, on the
opposite side over “ to anti ; also the words for the “end” (see below) are originally the
purpose waving on the opposite side, and with O.S. unt is also ant (and + te) preposition
m. acc. “ wholly, completely “ synonymous what, even if only new intersection are from unt
with and-, however, the concept relationship of both explained.
anti̯os “against, recumbent before “ (formed from the adverb anti):

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*anti̯ó - (Gmc. * andja -) in Goth. andeis , O.N. endir , O.S. endi, O.E. ende m., O.H.G. anti,
enti m. and n., Ger. Ende ; also Gk. ἀντίος “against” (in addition ἐναντίον ds., ἐναντίος “
situated against; opponent “) probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gk.I 379) to * ἀντιός.
Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ánti̯o - in O.N. enni n., O.H.G. andi, endi n. “
forehead “ = Lat. antiae “ the hair growing upon the forehead, forelock “.
A quite different word is Ger. and, O.H.G. unti, anti, enti under likewise, O.S. endi, O.E.
Eng. and “and”, O.N. en(n) “ and, but “, with O.Ind. áthü̆ “ thereupon, thereon, then, ditto “,
Av. aϑü̆ “ also “, Osc. ant m. acc. “usque ad ”, Lith. iñt m. acc. “after” (however, see above),
Toch. В entwe “also” belongs to *en, n̥ “in”.
Also Alb. in (* ende ) edhe “and, also ”, zero grade (* ende ) dhe “and, but”.
References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gk. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f., 722,
726, II (B V 2 b d 3).
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apelo -
English meaning: strength
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kraft”
Material: Gk. ἀν-απελάσας ἀναρρωσθείς Hes., Ion. εὐηπελής “ strong “, Hom. ὀλιγηπελίη “
swoon, Ion. ἀνηπελίη ἀσθένεια Hes., Elis: MN T ευτί-απλος (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214 ff.,
Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here ᾽Απέλλων , ᾽Απόλλων , with vocal gradation Thess. ῎Απλουν ;
after Sommer IF. 55, 1762 rather pregreek); Illyr. MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Aplo, Aplis, -inis ,
FN Aplo, -onis ; Gaul. VN Dī-ablintes “ the powerless, the weak “ (from * -aplentes ); Gmc.
GN Matronis Aflims , Afliabus “ effective magic “, O.Ice. afi n., O.E. afol, abal n. “ strength “.
Note: The Root apelo - : ‘strength” seems related to Root abhro - : ‘strong, mighty ” [the shift l
> r].

References: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250.
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ap-1 (proper ǝp-) : ēp -
English meaning: to take, grab, reach
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, nehmen, erreichen ”
Note:
From the reduced Root ghabh - : “to grab, take ”, derived Root ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : “to
take, grab, reach, *give ” > Root ēpi- : “comrade ” > Root ai-3 : “to give”.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*ḫe-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na “us” + ep “give”) “give us (*take) ” : Hitt.
e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi ) “take”, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi ) : Gk. ἅπτω “ give a hand.
Material: O.Ind. üpnō ́ ti “ achieved, attained “, more recently üpta ́-ḥ “ clever, suitable, trusted
“; Av. apayeiti “ achieved, reached “, 3. pl. üpǝnte from *üpu ̯ antai ;
Arm. unim “ own” (*ōp-n-?), ǝnd-unim “attain”;
Gk. ἅπτω “ give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle “, ἅπτεσθαι “ touch “, ἁφή “
touch, adherence etc. “ will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352
assumes influencing by ἕπω an; Hom. ἀφάω (ἁφάω ) “ touch, palpate, feel, finger “, Ion.
ἀφάσσω ds., common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
Hom. ἀπαφίσκω , ἤπαφον (with Eol. o: ἀποφεῖν ἀπατ῅σαι Hes.) “ cheat, barter, exchange “,
ἀποφώλιος “ phantasmic, delusive, fallacious “, κατηφής “low-spirited” (lit. “ got down “).
Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with Gk. ἅπτω Arm. ap” “ the hollow hand “ (o-stem, however,
loc. y-ap”i as - i-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together , which word should
correspond to Gk. ἅψος “ joint, hinge “; because of p” (= IE ph) nevertheless, uncertain
(compare Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 36, 110);
Lat. apīscor “ touch, reach, attain, come to, come by “, adipīscor “ to come up to,
overtake; hence to obtain. perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained “, coēpi “ has
begun, commenced “, later coepī.

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The connection with Lat. *apiō, *apere “ to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie round
“ (imper. ape “ hinder, prevent, restrain “), aptus “ as partic. fitted, fastened, connected.
Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with, with abl. (2)
as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. adv. apte “, cōpula (co-apula ) “ a link, bond, tie,
connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels “ is probably certain. Maybe is derived from a
common primary meaning “ touch, summarize “.
Also Lat. apud “at, near, by, with, in ” will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning
would be “ in close connection “ (compare juxtü ). One has derived from the part. perf. neutr.
*apu̯od (from *apu̯ot “ having reached “). Additional form apor , apur (mars. -Lat. apur finem )
points on originally -d;
Lat. apex , -icis “ cusp “, esp. “ the top of the conical cap of the Roman “flamines”, or the
cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark
over a vowel “, maybe belongs to *apiō ; compare also EM. 60;
Toch. A oppäc ̨ c ̨ i “clever” (Van Windekens Lexique 82);
Hitt. e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi ) “ takes “, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi ).
Note:
The original root was Root ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : “to take, grab, reach, *give ” > Root ēpi- :
“comrade ” > Root ai-3 : “to give”.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na ep ) “give us (*take) ” : Hitt. e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi )
“take”, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi ) : Gk. ἅπτω “ give a hand. [see above]
About O.Ind. üpí-ḥ “ friend “, Gk. ἤπιoς “ friendly” see below ēpi-.
References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hitt. 128, Couvreur H ̯ 93.
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ap-3, āp-
English meaning: old; damage
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebrechlich; Schaden ”
Material: O.Ind. apvü ́ “ illness, failure “, Av. (from an -es-stem) afša- m. “ damage, evil “;
Lith. opū ́ s “ weak, sore, frail “ (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably Gk. ἠπεδανός “frail,
weak” (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently Schwyzer Gk. I
530).

References: WP. I 47, Specht Decl. 345.
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apo- (pō ̆, ap-u, pu)
English meaning: from, out, of
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ab, weg”
Material: O.Ind. ápa “ off, away, back “ as adnominal Prep. m. abl. “ away from “, Av. ap.
apa “ away from “; about privatives * ap- in Iran, and Gk. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; Gk.
ἄπο, ἀπό m. gen. (= *ablative) “ away from, ex, from “; Maced. ἀπ-, ἀβ-;
Alb. prapë “ again, back “ (*per-apë); Lat. ab m. Аbl., “ prep. with abl. (1) of motion or
measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation,
difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of
part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands
of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of : “a tergo”, in the rear; hence in connection
with, as regards “ (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperiō from * ap-u̯eri̯ō ; perhaps
also in aprīcus , s. WH. I 59; about Lat. af s. just there 1; abs = Gk. ἄψ “ back, again “; out of
it as- before p-, as-portō; ü before voiced consonants), Umbr. ap-ehtre “ from without, from
the outside; on the outside, outwardly “ (about other, unsafe Osc.-Umbr. Belege s. v. Planta
I 209, 426, II 454 f.);
Goth. af prefix and preposition m. dat. “ from, away from, from here “, O.N. af adv. and
preposition m. dat. , O.E. æf, of, O.S. af, O.H.G. aba, ab- “ from, away from “, Ger. ab-.
compare also Lith. apačia ̀ “ the lower part “ (as “ turned away part “, *apoti̯ü , to O.Ind.
ápatya - n. “ progeny “ and Hitt. ap-pé-iz-zi-ia-aš (appezii̯as ) “ back “.
As Celt. derivatives are taken up from *apo O.Welsh, Welsh o “ ex-, from, of “, O.-M.Corn. ,
O.-Mod.Bret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound Brit. form rather affiliation to O.Ir.
ō, ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gk. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe.

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In Hitt. a-ap-pa (apa) “ behind, back “ (compare Gk. ἀπο-δίδωμι “ give back, return “)
have maybe collapsed IE apo and epi (Pedersen Hitt. 188, Couvreur H ̯ 94 f., Lohmann IF.
51, 324 f.).
Derivatives: apо-tero-, ap-ero-, ap-i̯o-, ap-ōko- and above apoti̯ü , apeti̯o -.
O.Ind. apataram adv. “ farther away “, ap. apataram adv. “ apart, somewhere else “,
Gk. ἀπωτέρω “ farther distant “ (ἀπωτάτω “ very far away “); maybe Goth. aftarō “ from the
back, backward “, aftuma, aftumists “ the last “, O.E. æftemest ds. and Goth. aftra “ back,
again “, O.H.G. O.S. aftar adv. “ behind, after “ and Prep. m. dat. “ after, behind, according
to “, O.E. æfter ds., O.N. eptir adv. and Prep. m. dat. and acc. “ after “, aptr adv. “ back,
backward “.
For this Gmc. However, words relationship also stands with Gk. ὄπιθεν , IE *epi , *opi to
the consideration (Schulze KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still Goth. afta “behind”, O.E. æft
“ behind, later “, Goth. aftana “from the back ”, O.N. aptan , O.E. æftan , O.S. aftan , M.H.G.
aften “ afterwards ”.
O.Ind. ápara - “ back, later, following, other “, adv. -ám “ after, later “, Av. ap. apara- “
back, later, following “, adv. -ǝm, -am, Sup. O.Ind. apamá -, Av. apǝma - “ the one farthest
away, the most distant, the last “;
Goth. afar adv. and preposition with dat. and acc. “ after, afterward “, O.H.G. avar , abur
(latter from * apu-ró-m, as O.N. aur- “ bottom, lower, nether, back “ in compound, see Falk-
Torp, 11 f.) “ again, once more, against it “ (Ger. aber), O.N. afar “ esp., very much “
(compare to meaning O.Ind. ápara - also “ outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary “,
Lidén Stud . 74 ff.; O.E. eafora , O.S. aƀaro “ descendant “). see still * üpero- “ shore “.
maybe Alb. ( *apar ) parë “first, top”, afër “*away, close ”, afërm “relative, descendant ”, (*üper-
) prej “from” .

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Gk. ἄπιος “ remote, far “ (probably also O.N. efja f. “ bay in a river in which the current
runs back “, O.E. ebba m. “ low tide “, O.S. ebbia f., M.N.Ger. ebbe , where borrows from
Ger. Ebbe , as “ ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards the
sea “).
O.Ind. ápüka - “ recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front “, Arm. haka- as 1.
composition part “ against “, hakem “ piegare ad una parte, inclinare “, O.C.S. opaky “ again
“, Church Slavic opako, opaky, opače “ back, inverted “, in which, admittedly, forms can be
partly also related to * opi, Gk. ὄπιθεν (compare Lat. opücus “ shaded, shady; dark,
shadowy, obscure “ = “ turned away from the sun “;
Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 482). Besides O.N. ǫfugr “ after, turned
backward “, O.S. aƀuh , avuh , O.H.G. abuh , abah “ turned away, inverted, wicked “ (Ger.
äbig, äbicht ), O.E. *afoc in Eng. awkward , from * apu-ko-s (or from * opu-ko-s : ὄπιθεν , so
that in the ablaut to Goth. ibuks “ being on the decline “, O.H.G. ippihhōn “ roll back “?
Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the consonant relegating to πυ-γή, see also Falk-Torp under
avet).
pō ̆:
Av. pa-zdayeiti “ let to move away, scare off “; Lat. po-situs, pōnō “to put down, set down,
put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit ” from * po-s[i]nō , po-liō, po -lūbrum, pōrcet “to keep off, keep
back, to hinder, restrain ” from * po-arcet ; Alb. pa m. acc. “ without “, pa- “un-” (Gl. Meyer Alb.
Wb. 317); O.Fris . fån “ from, of “, O.S. fana, fan, O.H.G. fona, fon m. dat. (= *abl. ) “ from, of
“ (O.H.G. -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to derive from IE *pu beside *po).
A similar form pursues Trautmann O.Pruss. 389 in O.Pruss. pan-s-dau “thereafter ”. Is
totally unsafe whether Arm. oɫork “ polished, slippery, smooth “ contains according to Lide ́ n
Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from * po-.
Maybe suffixed Alb. pas “behind, back ” pastaj “later, thereafter ”.

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Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 808 considers
absorption from IE *upo , and for sl. po in meaning “ behind, after “ m. loc. probably properly
origin from *pos ): O.C.S. po “ after, in, with, about a little bit there “ (Lith. pō with gen. under
dat. “after”, with instr. “under”), as essential only more perfective verbal prefixes Lith. pa-,
O.C.S. po- (as nominal prefix O.C.S. pa-, Lith. pa and pó-, compare e.g. O.C.S. pamьněti “
remember “, pamętь “ memory ”);
O.Pruss. pa- essential in nominal , pō- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203,
Meillet Slave comm.2 505.
About Slav. po-dъ “ below, under “ see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 733 f. - S. still IE *po-ti and
*po-s.
Maybe Alb. ( *po-s ) poshtë “below, under ” from the same root as Slav. languages Slav. po-
dъ “below, under “ from Root apo- (pō ̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root pē ̆ d-2, pō ̆ d- :
(foot, *genitalia).
ap-u stands beside *apo (Lith. see below *pu) in ark. Cypr. Lesb. Thess. ἀπύ, in O.H.G.
abo = aba, O.N. au-virđi n. “ contemptuous person “ (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above
*apu-ro- beside *apero- , *apu-ko-, and * pu beside * po. That - u maybe enkLith. Particle “
and, also “ (Feist Зa, 508a, WH. I 87). compare also Schwyzer Gk. I 182.
pu (see оbove * apu) mostly in meaning ( “ turned away “ =) “ behind, back “:
O.H.G. fona (see above), O.Ind. punar “ again back “, Gk. πύματος “ the last “; quite
uncertain Lat. puppis “ the poop or stern of a vessel; poet. the whole ship “.
maybe Alb. pupa “ the poop or stern of a vessel “ : Pol. pupa “bottom”.
References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist За , Trautmann 11.
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apsā
English meaning: asp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Espe”
Material: O.H.G. aspa , Ger. Espe , O.E. æspe , O.N. ǫsp f. ds., Ltv. apse (from * apuse ),
O.Pruss. abse ds., N.Lith. apušìs f., Lith. apuše ̃ , epuše ̃ f. “ aspen, trembling poplar “ (after
Bezzenberger BB. 23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsü ), Russ. osína
(*opsīna ) “ aspen “, Pol. osa, osika , osina “ aspen “.
The fact that in this aspen name the sound result - ps-, is not the original - sp-, confirm
among others Turk. -Osm. apsak “ poplar “, Chuv. ėwës “ aspen “ as a loanword from the
Proto-Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of Gk. ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος ,
ὅ ἐστι εἰ̃δος δένδρον Hes. a root noun ap- .

References: WP. I 50, Specht Decl. 60.
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ar 4 (er, or?), r̥
English meaning: now, also, interrogative particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “nun, also ”, also as Fragepartikel
Material: Gk. ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥα (from r̥) “ now, thus, consequently “, Cypr. ερ, ἀ̃ρα interrogative
particle (*ἦ ἄρα; γάρ, maybe from γ” ἄρ); likewise zero grade Lith. ir̃ “ and, also “, Ltv. ir
“also”, O.Pruss. ir “and, also ” (= Gk. ῥα, zero grade Lith. ar̃, Ltv. ar as an introduction of an
interrogative sentence , O.Lith. also er with the same Balt vacillate from a- and e- as
between Ltv. ar “ with, in “ and O.Pruss. er “ to “; Toch. В ra- emphat. particle.

References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gk. I 342, 622.
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ardh-
English meaning: pole
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange”?
Material: Arm. ardn “ lance, spear “: Lith. ar̃das m. “ pole scaffold for drying flax “, old
ardamas “ a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves to
make it taut) “ (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920) ”? Petersson KZ. 47, 245
(the Lith. words not better according to Leskien abl. 329 to ardūti “ split, distinguish “, see
under er- “ rare, loose, crumbly “).

References: WP. I 84.
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ardi-, r̥di-
English meaning: point, edge
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitze, Stachel ”
Material: O.Ind. ali “ bee, scorpion “ (from *aḍi, IE *r̥di) = Gk. ἄρδις “ head of the arrow, sting
“; O.Ir. aird (*ardi-) “ sharp, peak, point of the compass “, O.N. erta (*artjan ) “ stir up,
stimulate, tease “ (another interpretation from erta under er-, er-d- “ set in motion “).

References: WP. I 83 f., Lũders Schriften 429.
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areg-
English meaning: to lock
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verschließen”
Material: O.Ind. argala -ḥ, argalü “ latch, bolt “, Maced. ἄργελλα “ bathing hut, bath hut “,
from which borrows Alb. ragál f. “ cottage, hut “; kimmer. ἄργιλλα (*arg-el-i̯ü) “ subterranean
dwelling “; O.S. racud , O.E. reced m. “ building, house “.

References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.
See also: compare *areq - ‘schũtzen, verschließen” .
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ar(e)-ĝ- ( arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- (*her-(e)-ĝ-)
English meaning: glittering, white, fast
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzend, weißlich”
Note: O.Ind. r̥ji-pyá “ darting along “ epithet of the bird śyená - (“eagle, falcon ”), Av. ǝrǝzi -fya-
(cf. Gk. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ ), Arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) “eagle” prove that
from Root er-1, or- : “eagle, *fast ” derived extended Root ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : “glittering,
white, fast ” and its subsequent zero grade Root reĝ-1 : “right, just, to make right; king ”.
Material: O.Ind. árju-na-ḥ “ bright, white “; rajatá - “ whitish “, rajatám híraṇyam “ whitish
gold, i.e. silver “, rajatám “ silver “ with flashy , in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero
grade r̥ (or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with Av. ǝrǝzata - n., O.Pers. ardata- “
silver “ (r̥-) : TN Illyr. Ardiaei common Alb. - Illyr. -ĝ- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. argentum , Osc. aragetud ‘silver”, O.Ir. arggat , M.Ir. airget , Welsh arian (t), Corn. M.Bret.
argant , Bret. arc”hant “ silver “, Gaul. PN Arganto-magus ; arcanto-dan .. “ coin minter, mint-
master, the master or superintendent of a mint “,
Maybe Alb. (*argento ) argjend ‘silver”.
Arm. arcat” ‘silver”, Toch. A ürkyant N. pl. f.; with other formation Gk. ἄργυρος ‘silver” (in
spite of these equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure,
see about that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II2 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39,
235 f., Festschr. Streitberg 228), Messap. argorian (: ἀργύριον ) ds., argora-pandes
(*arguro-pondi̯os ) “quaestor, state treasurer “.
Thrak. ἄργιλος “ (*white) mouse “, FlN ῎Αρζος (*Argi̯os ).
Gk. ἀργός “ white, fast “, in compounds ἀργι- : ἀργι-κέραυνος “ with shining thunderbolt “,
ἀργι-όδων “ with brilliantly white teeth “ (thereafter also * ἀργινός for ἀργεννός, further

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formation to ἀργινόεις, epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains); ἀργαίνω
“ is white “.
ἀργός probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from * ἀργρός dissimilated, wherefore
i-stem ἀργι- of compounds behaves as Av. dǝrǝzi -raϑa- “ possessing steady chariot “ to
dǝrǝzra - “ solid “.
With ἀργός phonetically same O.Ind. r̥jrá- connotes also “ shining “, is in this meaning with
ἀργός “white” etymological identical (in addition also O.Ind. ŕ̥jīti-, r̥jīka- “ radiating “).
O.Ind. r̥jrá- “ fast “, Ṛji-śvan - “ the allied Indras ordering about fast dogs “ = Gk. ἀργός “fast”
(likewise of dogs, also already Proto-linguistic epithet, see Schulze Kl. Schr. 124), ἀργί-
πους “ fleet-footed “, horses Πόδ-αργος , upholds Persson Beitr. 828 from ἀργός (r̥jrá-) “
white “ different word (to the root reĝ- “ straight, right, directly “ in O.Ind. r̥jīšá- “ rushing
straight for “, r̥ji-pyá “ darting along “, etc), against Bechtel Lexil. 57, the concept of the
lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement (compare “ as quick as a flash,
at lightning speed “) as well as Schulze aaO.
Sides of the same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the
color, and quickness of the movement (compare Lat. micüre “move rapidly to and fro,
vibrate, flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle ”).
ἄργεμον , ἄργεμα n. “ the whiteness (in the eye, nail) ”, ἀργήεις, Dor. ἀργᾶς (*ἀργᾱ Fεντς
‘shining”; es-stem in ἐναργής “ perspicuous, clear “, ἀργεσ -τής epithet of νότος , “
elucidative, brightening “ (see lastly Schwyzer Gk. I 5001), ἀργεννός “ white sheen, white
luster, white-gleaming “ (*ἀργεσ -νός); maybe also in ἀργειφόντης epithet of Hermes ( “ in
slaying brilliance “?).
On account of es-stem Av. аrǝzah - “ afternoon and evening “ so that belongs together
etymologically , at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae AIran. Wb.
202, Bechtel aaO.

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Maybe Alb. (*аrǝz-) errët “dark”, err “darken” : Av. аrǝzah - “ afternoon and evening “
ἀργής, -῅τος, -έτι, -έτα “ white-gleaming “; ἄργιλλος and ἄργῑλος “ white clay “ (Lat. Lw.
argilla , argīla : Alb. argjilë “white clay, mud ”): ἄργυ -ρος see above, ἄργυ -φος, ἀργύ-φεος “
shining white “ (in the word ending probably to root bhü- “ shine “, Prellwitz BB. 22, 90,
Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).
Maybe Alb. harc, harca pl. “rocky landscape ”; Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
Lat. argentum see above; arguō “to put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse, blame,
expose, convict “, argūtus “to the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear, piercing, shrill,
noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since Cicero also:)
beaming, shimmering “ and “ shrewd “.
Toch. A ürki, В ü̆rkwi “white” (*arĝu̯i̯o -), ürcune “ epithet of the royal title “, A ürki-śoṣi “
white world “ (compare Welsh elfydd S. 30); Hitt. ḫar-ki-iš (ḫarkis ) “white”.
Maybe Alb. (*arg-) jargë “white saliva ”
Note:
Alb. j- stands for the lost old laryngeal ḫ-.
e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for Goth.
unaírkns “ impure, unclean “, aírkniÞa “ cleanness, genuineness “, O.H.G. erchan “ right,
just, real, true, genuine “, O.N. jarknasteinn , O.E. eorcnanstün “ precious stone, jewel “ (in
addition also O.N. jarteikn n. “ emblems “ from * jar[kn]-teikn , Lidén by Noreen O.Ice. Gk.3 ̨p.
281, 6); compare also Feist 25b.
As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of Gmc. words, however, was concerning
the vocalism intersection from Gmc. * ark- = IE *arĝ- with * erk- = O.Ind. árcati , IE *erk- at
least conceivable.
About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for Lith. áržuolas , ąžuolas , dial.
áužuolas , E.Lith. dial. úžolas “ oak “, see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263, Trautmann

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O.Pruss. 301, whereupon anž- (compare O.Pruss. ansonis ) the original form is (different
Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Gmc. Gutt. 214).
By Hirts (abl. 124) basic *ar(e)ĝ- cause Gmc. words difficulty, however, see above . The
basis of a 2th root vowel ( areĝ-) is given only by O.Ind. rajatám “ whitish “, thus dubious .
References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gk. I 260, 447, 481,
Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.
Specht (Decl. 1141) places because of Gk. ἄρμη λευκή Hes. a color root in ar-, he
equates with al- (see above S. 31).
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arenko -
English meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain
Material:
Lat. arinca “ variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt) “ (“Galliarum propria ” Plin. n. h.
18, 81; foreign, presumably Gaul. word, despite Niedermann ĕ and ĭ 30 not genuinely Lat.),
Gk. ἄρακος “ leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants “, ἄρακοι ὄσπριόν τι.
τὸ δε αὐτὸ καὶ λάθυρον Hes.
Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure
enough the not sufficing confirmation from ἄρακος in ὄροβος ἐρέβινθος . Non-related in spite
of Fick II4 16, 17 are Gk. ἄρτος “ bread “ (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), M.Ir. arbar “ grain
“ (see * ar- “ to plough, plow “), arün “ bread “.
References: WP. I 84, WH. I 67.
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areq-
English meaning: to guard, lock
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtzen, verschließen”
Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lith.
Arm. argel “ hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle, hindrance,
balk, impediment “, denomin. argelum “ resist, hold from, hold back “; maybe with o-
gradation orm “ wall, mural “ (*ork- mo-?);
Gk. ἀρκέω “ resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be
enough “ (ἀρκέσω, ἤρκεσα ) probably from * ἀρκέι̯ω; ἄρκος n. “ protection, cover, shelter “
(Alkman); ἄρκιoς “ sufficing, enough “, αὐτ-άρκης “ oneself enough “, ποδ-άρκης “ with
sufficing feet, fast “ (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.);
Maybe Alb. (*ἄρκος ) argësh “crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of
crossbars, harrow ”, zero grade in Alb. (*argo-) rrogë “alpine meadow (to be guarded) ”.
Lat. arceō, -ēre “ to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away “, arca “ a
chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell “ (actually “ fastener, shutter “, compare
arcünus “ shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential “; from Lat. derives Goth. etc arka “
boxes, money boxes, ark “;
maybe Alb. arkë “ box, money boxes, ark “.
O.H.G. arahha, archa “ ark “ and from Gmc. again O.C.S. raka “ burial cave ”, O.Pruss.
arkan acc. sg. “ark”), arx “ fortified hill, castle, fort “, arcera “ canopied chariot “ (suffix after
cumera , compare WH. I 63) Osc. trííbarakavúm “ to build, erect, establish; to create, frame “
(constitutes beforehand *trēbark - “ to enclose a house, to put up a fence around a house “);
O.H.G. rigil, M.H.G. rigel “ latch, bolt “, M.Eng. rail (O.E. *reogol), Gũntert Kalypso 136;

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Lith. rãktas “key”, rakìnti “ to lock, shut “;
Hitt. ḫar(k)- “ hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them) “, Götze and Pedersen
Muršili 50.
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*ḫark-) varg “row, chain, ring ”; common prothetic Alb. v- before bare initial
vowels.
Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of Welsh archen “ clothes, shoe “,
Bret. arc”henna “ wear shoes “ (M.Ir. acrann “ shoe, clothes “ probably reconverted from
arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381).
About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as “ castle hill “ interpreted O.Pers. mountain names
arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadriš “ mountain ravine, mountain gorge
“), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altIran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. kodra, kodrinë (dim.) “hill” from a truncated O.Pers. (H)ara-kadriš
“ mountain ravine ”.
Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from Slav. račiti “
want, grant “.
As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r̥) covers Lat. Orcus “ Orcus, the infernal
regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead “ (uncertain “ lock,
seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up “?).
References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.
See also: Similarly aleq- “ refuse, protect “ and areg- (see d.).
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ar(ǝ)-
English meaning: to plough
Deutsche Übersetzung: “pflũgen”
Material: Arm. araur “ plow “ (*arütrom; Hũbschmann Arm. stem I 21);
Gk. ἀρόω (ἤροσα , ἄροτος ) “ plough, till “, ἀρότης , ἀροτήρ “ plowman “, ἄροτρον “ plow “;
with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. αρά̄ςοντι , gortyn. ἄρατρον . ἀρόω etc
placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an IE *aro- besides *arǝ- ahead (compare Toch. üre), or
appeared instead of ἀράω at the same time with the reshuffle many denominative
causatives in - άω to such in - όω after in addition basic o- formation, under special influence
from νεόω “ plow up the land anew “.
Lat. arō, -üre “ to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow the
sea “ (for the older *arǝ-mi), arütor “ ploughman, husbandman “, arütrum “ plow “ (-ü- for *-
ă- after arüre );
M.Ir. airim “ to plough “, Welsh arddu (from * arj-) “ to plough “, arddwr “ plowman “, M.Ir.
ar n. “ arable land “, Welsh ar f. ds., M.Ir. ar-án “ bread “, arathar (*arǝtrom ), Welsh aradr ,
Corn. aradar , M.Bret. arazr , Bret. arar “ plow “; M.Ir. airem (*ari̯omō ), gen. aireman “
plowman “, also PN Airem-ón;
maybe Alb. arë “arable land, field ”.
Goth. arjan , O.N. erja, O.E. O.S. erian , O.H.G. erran , M.H.G. ern “ to plough, till “, O.N.
arđr “ plow “, O.H.G. art “ furrowed land “, O.E. earđ, ierđ f. “ furrowed land, yield “ (see also
under *ar- “ yield, acquiesce “ about Ger. Art), M.H.G. arl, Ger. Arl, Arling “plow” (from
loanword from Slav. *ordlo ? genuinely Gmc. after Meringer IF. 17, 121);

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Lith. ariù, árti “to plough ”, árklas (*arǝ-tlom ) “ plow “, arklỹs “ horse “ (as “ a plow animal
“); artójas “ tiller, plowman “ (*arǝ-tüi̯a-), O.Pruss. artoys “ tiller “ (with secondary zero grade
Lith. ore ̃ “ ploughing time “, compare Gk. πολύηρος πολυάρουρος Hes.), Ltv. ar”u “ to
plough “, ara, üre “ arable land “; Lith. armenà “ superficially furrowed layer of earth “;
O.C.S. orjǫ, orati “to plough ”; ralo (Serb. rȁlo, Pol. radɫo) “plow” (*ar(ǝ) -dhlom:
Lith.árklas), rataj ь “ plowman “; about Slav. *ora- s. Trautmannn 13;
toch AB üre “plow”. concerning this pertains:
ar(ǝ)u̯-:
Arm. haravunk “ arable land “ (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), Lat. arvus , -a, -um “ plowed,
plowed land “, esp. arvum “ plowed land, a field; in gen., a region “, Umbr. arvam- en “in
plowed land ” (= dem Lat. fem. arvas A. pl.), ar(u)via “ crops, field crops “;
M.Ir. arbor (*aru̯r̥) “ grain “, dat. arbaim , gen. (already O.Ir. ) arbe (*aru̯ens ), pl. N. A.
arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom airmnech “ the
man who owns a lot of grain “, Corrnac ’s Gl., with - mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ. 38, 458);
Gk. ἄρουρα “ arable land “ (formally not yet clearly; probably after Benveniste Norns 113
from *ἀρο-Fρᾱ, extension of ἀρο-Fαρ from * aro-u̯r̥, compare M.Ir. arbor . Unglauhhaft
Otrębski KZ . 66, 78).
Through its old e- divergence Welsh erw f. “ field “, pl. erwi, er-wydd , Corn. erw, ereu ds.,
O.Bret. M.Bret. eru, Bret. ero “ furrow “ belong against it to O.H.G. ero “ earth “, Gk. ἔρα,
Arm. erkir “ earth “ (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197 likewise * eru̯- as a basis),
however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one *ar(ǝ)u̯o-.
From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance
with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.
References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gk. I 362, 683.

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ario-?
English meaning: master, lord
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Herr, Gebieter ”
Note: Root ario-? : master, lord, derived from Root ar-1*, themat. (a)re -, schwere Basis arǝ-,
rē- und i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : to move, pass: Gk. ἄριστος “ best in birth and rank, noblest ”.
Material: O.Ind. ar(i)yá- “ mister, convivial “, ǘr(i)ya- “ Aryan “, üryaka “ venerable man “; Av.
airyō , O.Pers. ariya- “ Aryan “;
Gaul. PN. Ario-münus (GIL, III 4594); Ir. aire (gl. primas) besides airech , where is to be
formed *arjo- and *arjako- , which to O.Ind. üryaka behaves as Gk. μεῖραξ “youth” to O.Ind.
maryaká - “male” (Pedersen Celt. Gk. II 100). Against it belongs M.Ir. ruire not here , but
from ro + rī “ king of kings “.
About O.Ind. aryamán n. “ hospitality “, m. “ guest’s friend “, Av. airyaman- , Pers. ērmün “
guest “, see above under al-1.
W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly Run. arjostēR N. pl. “ the most
distinguished, the noblest “, thus would have to be attached indeed an Run. *arjaR “ posh,
lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately, highbred,
exclusive “ and an IE *ari̯o-, in the O.Ind. phonetically with a derivative from arí- “ alien,
stranger “ would have collapsed.
Kelto-Gmc. PN Ario-vistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for *Hario- .
Also O.Ir. aire, airech “ suitor “ are ambiguous, see above under al-1.
Maybe Arrianes Illyr. TN.
References: WP. I 80.
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ar-1*, themat . (a)re -, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-basis (a)rī̆-,
rēi-
English meaning: to move, pass
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũgen, passen”
Note: Root ar-1*, themat. (a)re -, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : “to move, pass ”
and Root er-3 : or- : r- : “to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born ”
derived from the same root Root er-1, or- : “eagle”.
Material:
------------------
*) E.-M. 74 determine because of Arm. eri “ horse’s hock or point of shoulder, shoulder of
animals “, y-eriurel “ fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust; accommodate;
readjust; bring into line; mate “ posit a basic form *er- . But Arm. eri derives after Liden Me ́ l .
Pedersen 88 f. back to IE *rēito -, *rēiti ! compare Trautmann 242.
-------------------
Av. arünte “ they settle, get stuck “, O.Ind. ará-ḥ “ wheel spoke “, aram , álam adv.
(áraṃkar -, alaṃkar “ prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink “ and “ be in
service; serve; do one ’s service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of use “,
for what probably аrа-tí- “ servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower “ and rü-tí- “
willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating “, Av. rüiti “ compliant, servant “) “
suitable, enough “;
Av. arǝm “ suitable, accordingly “ (arǝ ̄ m -piϑwü “ midday “ = “ the time suitable for the meal
“, next to which ra-piϑwü ds. With zero grade ra- besides * ara-, from what arǝm adv. ,
Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., “ judge, arbitrator “ and “ period (of time) “

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(common primary meaning possibly “ the act of arranging something (neatly) “, from which “
the act of arranging the law “ and “ right time “); O.Ind. ar-p-áyati “ puts, fixed, clamps,
cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies ”; about Hitt. ḫar-ap- (ḫarp-) “ to arrange,
situate, put down “? compare Couvreur H ̮ 114 f.;
Arm. aṙnem “ produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out;
volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down “,
y-ar “ , I consent, conjoin, continue, press so “ (arar “ has done, has made “ = Gk. ἄραρε ),
whereof yarem “ add, subjoin, splice “ (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), č̣ar “ bad; poor; unsavory;
unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable; decayed;
wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt; off;
unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick “ with negative č̣ [= oč ̣] “ not suitable “ (Bugge aaO. 23);
Gk. ἀραρίσκω , perf. ἄρᾱρα “ join together “, ἄρμενος “ annexed, appended, attached,
appendaged, suitable “, ὄαρ “ wife “ (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gk. I
434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root *ser- or root * u̯er-, ἀ-Fείρω); in addition ὀαρίζω “ have
close relations with “;
also “ chats confidentially “; χαλκο -άρας “ ironclad, armoured “, also χερι-άρας τέκτων Pind.,
ἄρ-θρον “ limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle) “, ἀρθμός “ connection; connexion; contact;
touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction; conjunction; coupling; communication;
link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination; association; incorporation; compound;
relation; relationship; marriage; wedding; society; union; juncture, friendship “, ἄρθμιος “
joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct, collective “; with t- suffixes homer. δάμ-αρ-τ- “
housewife “ (“ the woman in charge of the house “), Eol. δόμορτις Hes.;
πυλάρτης “ Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the underworld “ (Schwyzer Gk. I
451, 5); ἀρε- in ἀρέσκω “ even out, ease, reconcile, settle, redress, compensate for,
equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction “, ἀρέσκει μοι “ It suits me, I

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like it “, ἀρέσκεσθαι , ἀρέσσασθαι “ come to an agreement, come to an agreement with
somebody ; make oneself inclined, reconcile “, common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic
mutation;
ἀρετή “ ability; competence; efficiency “, ἀρείων “ better “ (in respect probably stands ἀρι- “
very much, very “ in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also O.Ind. ari-gūrta ́ -, -
ṣ̌tutá - as “ keenly praised “ would like to compare ; uncertain because of Gk. ἐρι- “ very
much, very “ see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); ἄριστος “ better, best “, ἀριστερός “ left,
on the left “.
With lengthening θυμ-ήρης “ appealing well, complacent “, ὅμηρος “ husband; hostage,
pledge “, ὁμηρέω “ to meet “; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was ῎Ομηρος lit. “ companion, the
blind person who goes with his leader “.
From Slav. perhaps Pol. ko-jarzyć “ attach, connect, combine “ (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100,
Berneker 31, 532).
About maybe related Gk. ἄρα, Lith. ir̃ s. 4. ar “ now, thus “.
Toch. A ürwar , В ürwer, ürwar “ ready “, А аräm , В ere “ face “ (compare Lat. figura “a
form, shape, figure ”). Van Windekens BAL.-SLAV. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the same
place 173.
t-formations: r̥t-, art- “ joint together “.
O.Ind. r̥tá- n. “ suitable, right “, r̥tám n. “ well attached, holy order “ (to meaning see
Oldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not “ sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering “), r̥tēna “ rite “,
Av. arǝta -, ǝrǝta - n., O.Pers. arta- (in compound) “ law, right, holy right “;
Av. aša- under, “ what is sure, true “, O.Ind. r̥tüvan (t)- “ proper, fair “, Av. ašü ̆ van /t/-; O.Ind.
r̥tú-ḥ “ certain time, order, rule “, r̥tí-ḥ f. “ kind, way “ (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9, 193;
see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), Av. aipi-ǝrǝta - “ appoints,
destines, firmly assigned “;

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Arm. ard, gen. -u (= Gk. ἀρτύς, Lat. artus , -ūs, compare also on top O.Ind. r̥tú-ḥ) “
structure, construction, ornament “ (Hũbschmann Arm. Gk. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), z-ard
“apparatus, ornament “; ard “ just now, now, currently “ (= Gk. ἄρτι) (Bartholomae Stud. II
23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar “ fair, just, right “ (Hũbschmann Arm. stem I 21,
Arm. Gk. I 423;
Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also IE dh; compare Av. arǝdra - “ faithful, reliably,
loyal to belief, pious, godly “ and the other undermentioned dh- derivatives), ardiun
‘struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);
Gk. ἁμαρτή “(at the same time) simultaneous “ (instr. *ἁμ-αρτός “ joint together,
concurring, coincidental “), ὁμ-αρτέω “ connect oneself to somebody, accompany “ (due to
*ὅμ-αρτος); ti-stem in ἀρτι-Fεπής (“well versed in word structure “), ἀρτί-πο(υ)ς “ with
healthy feet “,
ἀρτί-φρων “ able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind “ (presumably also in
ἄρταμος “ butcher, slaughterer; murderer “, whereof ἀρταμέω “ slaughter, cut up, divide “,
after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from * ἀρτι- or at most * ἀρτοταμος “ workmanlike cutting “,
compare O.Ind. r̥ta-nī- “ justly leading “, r̥ta-yuj “ properly harnessed “ );
Maybe in u- grade Alb. urtë “ able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind “
probably also ἀρτεμής “ fresh and healthy “, probably dissimilated from * ἀρτι-δεμής to δέμας
“ with a well-built body “; ἄρτι “ just “ of the present and the most recent past (compare
above Arm. ard “ just now, now “ and ard-a-cin “ newborn “ as Gk. ἀρτι-γενής;
morphologically not yet quite clear, perhaps Locative); ἀπ-αρτί “ exact, just “, ἄρτιος “
adequate, just, complete “, ἀρτιάζω “ plays rightly or oddly “, ἀρτίζω “ finishes, prepares “,
ἄρσιον δίκαιον Hes., ἀνάρσιος “ hostile “, ἐπαρτής “ prepares “;

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ἀρτύν φιλίαν καὶ σύμβασιν , ἀρτύς σύνταξις (= Lat. artus “narrow, tight ”) Hes., ἀρτύω,
ἀρτύνω “ joins, prepares “, ἀρτύ̄νας, ἄρτῡνος , ἀρτῡτήρ title of a public servant or official of
Argos, Epidauros, Thera.
Lat. artus “ narrow, tight (in space and time), close; ‘somnus”, fast, sound; of supplies,
small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing “ (adv. artē, originally instrumental as
ἁμαρτή ); ars, -tis “ skill, method, technique; “ex arte”, according to the rules of art. (2) an
occupation, professIon. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method of
acting; “bonae artes ”, good qualities “ (actually “ articulation, assemblage, pack a gift
properly “ = M.H.G. art), in addition the compounds in-ers “ unsophisticated, sluggish,
untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid “, soll-ers “
clever, skilful “, allers, alers “ taught, learned “;
artiō, -ire “ insert tightly, wedge, crowd, join fast, press together “ (more recently artüre);
artus, -ūs “ the joints; “dolor artuum ”, gout; poet., limbs “, articulus “ in the body, a small
joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point “;
Lith. artì “ near “ (loc. ti-stem);
M.H.G. art f. “ kind, manner and way “, O.N. ein-arđr “ simple, sincere ”, einǫrd “
reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness “;
Toch. В ar(t)kye “ rich, valuabe “ (?).
m-formations:
A. From the light basis ar-.
Arm. y-armar “ suitable, adequate “ (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);
Gk. ἁρμός “ seam, assemblage, joint “, ἁρμοῖ “ just, recently “ (ἁρμόζω “ connect, join,
adapts, orders “, ἁρμονία “ connection, alliance, regularity, harmony “), ἅρμα “ chariot “
(about these words see Sommer Gk. Lautst. 133, Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [* arsmo-
?], Schwyzer Gk. I 306; farther Lith. by Boisacq 79), ἁρμαλιά “ assigned food, provisions “;

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Lat. arma , -ōrum “ defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers, military
power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment “, armentum “ herd of horses or cattle,
cattle for plowing “.
Hence sounds in O.N. jǫrmuni “ bovine animal, horse “ and the PN Goth. *Aírmana -reiks ,
O.E. Eormenrīc , O.Ice. Jǫrmunrekr , M.H.G. Ermenrīch ; the same first part to the name from
a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri “ great Thuringia “, O.N. jǫrmungrund “ the wide earth “
= O.E. eormengrund , O.H.G. irmindeot , O.S. Irmin-sūl, and in the short form Herminones.
However, Brũckner KZ. 45, 107 r ightly challenges, that “ cattle, horses “ is the original and “
large “ out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for “ large, serene ” a starting point
because of Slav. raměnъ “ immense, strong, violent, sudden “ (from here Lith. er̃mas “
immense , monstrous “, Ltv. ęr̃ms “ monkey, clown, strange appearance “?), as “ shot up “
to *er-, *or- (orior etc; compare formal ὄρμενος ), not as “ sturdy, stout, well built, massive “
belongs to * ar- “ to join, connect “.
O.C.S. jarьmъ “ yoke “ (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31), Sloven. jérmen “ yoke
strap, strap “; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: O.C.S. remenь, Serb. rè́mēn
etc “ strap “; Specht Decl. 149 f.
Toch. В yarm , AB yärm “ measure “.
В. From the heavy base аrǝ-mo-: r̥̄-mo- “ arm “.
O.Ind. īrma ́-ḥ “arm, shoulder ” (originally “ shoulder joint “, compare ἄρθρον , Lat. artus
“joints”) = Av. аrǝmа - “ arm “, Osset. ärm “ cupped hand “, älm-ärịn, ärm-ärịn “ elbow “,
Lat. armus “ shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part of
the upper arm, scapula “ (from *ar/ǝ/mos ), Gaul. aramō “ bifurcation, point of separation “,
(Wartburg I 119, Jud by Howald- Меуеr Röm. Schweiz 374 ff.), O.Pruss. irmo f. “ arm “, Lith.
ìrmėdė (“gout “, i.e.:) “ gout in the joints “, irm-liga “ gout, arthritis “ (see Trautmann O.Pruss.
347);

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zero grade Lith. žem. pl. tant. armaĩ “ Vorderarm am Wagen “ (ibd.), O.C.S. ramo , ramę ,
Serb. rà́me ‘shoulder”, Goth. arms , O.H.G. etc arm “ arm “, аrm. armukn “ elbow “
(Hũbschmann Arm. Stud. I 21).
Root form rē-, rǝ-:
Lat. reor, rērī “ to think, suppose, judge “ (the most primitive metering and counting is
accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted),
participle ratus “ in the opinion, sense “, but also “ determined, settled; calculated, certain,
valid, legal “, ratiō “ a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive,
ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine,
science; the reasoning faculty “; after EM. 793 here ( prō)portiō from portiōne =prō ratiōne ;
Goth. *garaÞjan (only participle garaÞana ) “ to count “, O.N. hundrađ , Ger. Hundert
(*rađa n. “ number “ = Lat. růtum “to ratify, confirm, make valid ”; s. Fick III4 336); O.H.G.
girad “ even (only from numbers) “, Ger. gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different
from gerad = straight ahead), with new ablaut O.N. tī-rø ̄ đr actually “ count after tens “ (Fick
III4 336); Goth. raÞjō “ number, bill, account “, O.S. rethia “ account “, O.H.G. radja , redea “
account, speech and answer, story “, O.Fris. birethia “ accuse “, O.S. rethiōn , O.H.G.
red(i)ōn “ talk “ (determines the precise correspondence from raÞjō with Lat. ratio “a
reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation ” e.g. Kluge11 s. v. “
speech “ to the assumption of borrowing Gmc. words under influence from garaÞian ; more
properly Falk-Torp 886 raÞjō to determine as primary - i̯ōn-derivative from Gmc. root *raÞ-
[garaÞjan] ).
Whether here also O.N. rǫđ “ row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn,
run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining along
the shore “, M.L.G. rat f. “ row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file, turn, run,
procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank “? (Fick III4 337; “ row; line; series;

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chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession; rank; order; progression;
number; set; bank “ as “ added on each other, stratified “?).
O.H.G. rümen “ strive for something, strive, aim “, O.S. rōmon ‘strive “, M.H.G. M.L.G.
rüm “ aim, purpose, target “ our *rē-maybe suit as “ to arrange in one ’s mind, calculate “, if,
besides, this (the previous newer proves) Subst. rüm must have been as formation with
formants -mo- starting point.
dh-extension rē-dh-, rō-dh-, rǝ-dh-:
O.Ind. rüdhnō ́ ti , rü ́ dhyati “ prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with which
has luck; contents, wins somebody “, rüdhayati “ manages, gives satisfaction “, rüdha -ḥ m.,
rüdhah ̣ n. “ blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity “;
Maybe Alb. radha “row”, radhit “count”.
Av. rüδaiti “ makes ready “, rüδa- m. “ social welfare worker “, rüdah - n. “ appropriate for
oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard) “, O.Pers. rüdiy (loc. sg. )
“ weigh “ (compare O.C.S. radi see under), Pers. ürüyad, ürüstan “ decorate; adorn;
bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish “; O.Ir. imm-rüdim “
considers, thinks over “, аcуmr. amraud “ suppose, think, mean “, Welsh amrawdd “
conversation “ with ders. meaning as O.Ir. no-rüidiu, no -rüdim “ says, tells “, M.Welsh
adrawd “ tell “ and Goth. rōdjan , O.N. rø ̄ đa “ talk “ (compare further also placed above Ger.
Rede , reden ; no-rüidiu and rōdjan , like sl. raditi , kaus.-iter. *rōdhei̯ō ); Goth. garēdan “
whereupon be judicious, take precautions “, urrēdan “ judge, determine “ (compare to
meaning esp. Lat. rērī), undrēdan “ procure, grant “, O.H.G. rütan “ advise, confer,
contemplate, plan, incite , indicate (riddle), request, to look after something, procure,
provide, get “, O.S. rüdan , O.N. rüđa, O.E. ræ ̄ dan (latter also “ read “, Eng. read), Subst.
O.H.G. rüt m. “ available means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention,
precaution, stock, supply “, similarly O.S. rüd, O.N. rüd, O.E. ræ ̄ d; O.C.S. raditi “ take care;

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be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater; fend;
ensure; insure “ (Serb. râdîm , ráditi “ work, strive “, rad “ business, work “; see Uhlenbeck
KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi “ weigh “, next to which *rǝdh - in O.C.S. nerodъ “ neglect (of duty?) “,
Sloven. rǫ́dim , rǫ́diti “ provide, take care “.
Maybe O.C.S. radi “ weigh “ : Alb.Gheg randë “heavy (*work?), sth that weighs a lot ” ra aor.
“fall (sth heavy, weighty) ” [nasalized form], randonj “weigh”, re “care, attention ”, roje “guard”
[common Alb. -d- > -j- shift between two vowels], ruanj “to guard”.
Root form (a)rī̆-, rēi- (see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741):
Gk. ἀραρίσκω (if not neologism, see above S. 56), ἀριθμός “number”, νήριτος “
countless “, arkad. ἐπάριτος “ἐπίλεκτος , select; choice; exquisite “, ἀριμάζει ἁρμόζει Hes.;
Lat. rītus, -ūs “ conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner “,
rīte “ in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly
“ (loc. one beside rī-tu-s lying conservative stem * rī-t-);
O.Ir. rīm “number”, üram (*ad-ri-mü) ds., do-rīmu “ counts “, Welsh rhif “number”, O.N. rīm n.
“ reckoning, calculation “, O.S. unrīm “ immense number ” “, O.E. rīm n. “number”, O.H.G.
rīm m. “ row, order, number “ (the meaning “ verse, rhyme “ from O.N. and M.H.G. rīm
probably after Kluge10 s. v. Reim from Fr. rime, which has derived from rythmus ).
Maybe also *rēi- “ thing “ (Lat. rēs “a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance ” etc) after
Wood ax 226 must be added as root noun meaning “ stacked up goods, piled- up
possessions “.
Maybe is to be added also *rēi- “ thing “ (Lat. rēs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun
meaning “ having stacked up property “.
In addition probably as dh-extension rēi-dh- (compare above rē-dh- besides rē-):
Goth. garaiÞs “ arranged, certain “, raidjan, garaidjan “ prescribe, determine “, O.N. g-
reiđr “ ready, easy, clear “, greiđa “ disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay, disburse,

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remit “, M.H.G. reiten “ get everything set up, prepare, arrange, count, calculate, pay “, reite,
gereite, bereite , O.H.G. bireiti “ ready “, antreitī “ series, ordo “, Ltv. riedu, rizt “ order “, raids
“ raring, ready “, ridi, ridas “ device, clamp “.
Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from O.C.S.
orądije “ apparatus, instrumentum “ (from O.H.G. ürunti “ message “, see Pedersen
concentration camp. 38, 310), rędъ “order”, Lith. rínda “ row “, Ltv. riñda “ row, number “. On
condition of that these continue IE d, not dh (*re-n-d- ), one adds (e.g. Fick I4 527, Pedersen
aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the following kin in: ὀρδέω “ put on a fabric “, ὀρδικόν τὸν
χιτωνίσκον . Πάριοι , ὄρδημα ἡ τολύπη τ῵ν ἐρίων Hes.,
Lat. ōrdior, -īrī, ōrsus sum (from weaver ’s language, Bréal MSL . 5, 440) “ to begin a web,
lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake “, exōrdior “ to
begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave “, redōrdior “ to take apart, unweave, unravel “,
ōrdo, -inis “a series, line, row, order ” (also Umbr. urnasier seems to be = ordinariis “of order,
usual, regular, ordinary ”, Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection
agrees with ar- “put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree ”, which would have been
needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes.
under artus , -ūs), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei̯ō as a causative iterative
vocalism .
Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases arǝ-,
ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:
Maybe Alb. (*arünea ) arnoj “to repair, mend, sew, weave ”, arnë “patch, piece of fabric ” from
Lat. arünea , -eus “ spider “?
Gk. ἀράχνη “ spider “, Lat. arüneus “ of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb “, arünea , -eus “
spider “ (*arǝ-k-snü; the word ending to *snē- “ to spin; weave, interweave, produce by
spinning “ as “ a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net “?); supposedly in

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addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) Gk. ἄρκυς “ net “, ἀρκάνη τὸ ῥάμμα ᾡ τὸν
στήμονα ἐγκαταπλέκουσιναἱ διαζόμεναι Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after
Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 Ltv. er”kuls “ spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum (for
spinning) ” (which can stand for *arkuls ). Lidén IF . 18, 507 f. puts it better ἄρκυς to Slav.
*orkyta , Serb. ràkita “ red pasture “ and Ltv. ẽrcis , Gk. ἄρκευθος “ juniper “ as shrubs with
branches usable against lichen .
References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.
See also: S. unten arqu- and erk-.
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ar-2 oder er -
English meaning: to distribute
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zuteilen; (med.) an sich bringen ”
Grammatical information: with IE nu-present
Material: Av. ar- (present ǝrǝnav -, ǝrǝnv -, preterit pass. ǝrǝnüvī ) “ grant, allow to be given;
do guarantee “, with us- and frü “( as an allotment ) suspend and assign “, frǝ ̄ rǝta - n. “
allotment (of sacrifices under likewise), offering “ (Bartholomae AltIran. Wb. 184 f.);
Arm. aṙnum “ I take “, Aor. aṙ (Hũbschmann Arm. Gk. I 420; meaning from medial “ I allot
to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself “ compare O.Ind.
dálümi “ give “: ü datē “ to take something, to accept something “; also in :)
Gk. ἄρνυμαι “ acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage “,
durative compared with ἀρέσθαι “ acquire, win “, Aor. ἀρόμηv, ἠρόμην ; μισθάρνης ,
μίσθαρνος “ potboiler, day laborer, wageworker “, ἄρος n. “ usefulness, profit, use “
(Aesch.);
Hitt. ar-nu-mi “ I bring “ (Schwyzer Gk. I 696) belongs probably rather than a causative to
3. er- “ start to move “.
The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent.
References: WP. I 76 f.
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ar-3
English meaning: nut
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nuß”
Note: (extends by -ēi-, -ōi-, -u-)
Material: G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines Gk. ἄρυα τὰ ΏHρακλεωτικὰ κάρvα Hes., Alb. arrë
f. “ walnut-tree “, O.C.S. orěchъ “ nut “. relation to Lith. ríešutas , ruošuty ̃ s “ hazelnut “, Ltv.
rieksts “ nut, hazelnut “, O.Pruss. buccareisis “ “beechnut “ (see Trautmann O.Pruss. 314)
accepts Specht Decl. 62.
References: WP. I 77.
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ar-5
English meaning: to refuse; to lie
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verweigern, leugnen ”?
Note: (with n- formant)
Material: Gk. ἀρνέομαι (*ἀρνε-F-ομαι) “ refuses “, ἄπαρνος , ἔξαρνος “ refusing, denying
everything “, ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει βοᾳ Hes.;
Alb. rrêm “ false “, rrêmë , rrênë “ lie “, nërrój (from *rrënój ) “ denies everything “ (rr from rn;
Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether Arm. uranam “ denies
everything, refuses “, urast “ denial “ would be used (with ur- from ōr-).
References: WP. I 78, Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142.
See also: see also ōr-, ǝr- “reden, rufen ”.
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aro-m (*ĝher-)
English meaning: reed
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schilfrohr”?
Material: Gk. ἄρον n. “ bistort, kind of reed “, ἀρί-σαρον “ therefrom a small kind “;
Lat. harundō “a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for
catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd ’s pipe; a flute; a
weaver’s comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse ”; to formation compare hirundō “a
swallow” and nebrundines : νεφροί “the kidneys ”.
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*harundinis ) dalëndyshe “a swallow ” : Lat. harundo -inis f. “a reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds ” : hirundo -inis , f.
‘swallow”. Similar phonetic setting Alb. dimën “winter” : Lat. hiemo -are “to winter, spend the
winter” [see Root ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : “winter; snow ”
Lat. and Alb. prove that the original Root aro-m : “reed” was (*ĝher-). Only Lat. , Alb. and
Gk. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
There is no doubt that from Illyr.-Alb.- Lat. (*harundinis ) dalëndyshe “a swallow ” [common
Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived Gk. χελιδών ‘swallow”, therefore Root ghel- : “to
call, cry” derived from Root aro-m : “reed” (*ĝher-) where r/l allophones.
From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added Lat. arista “ the beard of an ear of grain;
hence the ear itself; also a harvest “, aristis “ holcus, a green vegetable “ is defeated
because of his suggesting to genista f. “ the broom-plant “ under likewise suffix strongly to
the suspicion to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).
From Mediterranean language?
References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.

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arōd-, arǝd -
English meaning: a kind of waterbird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ein Wasservogel ”
Material: Gk. ῥωδιός , ἐρωδιός “ heron “ (ἐρῳδιός folk etymology in ending after - ίδιος), Lat.
ardea “a heron” ds. (*arǝd-), O.N. arta, O.S. ärta “ teal “, Dimin. O.N. ertla, Nor. erle “
wagtail “, Serb. róda “ stork “ (*rǝdü ́).
Maybe truncated Alb. (*ῥωδιός) rosa, rosë “duck”, rika “duckling, duck ”, Rom. (*rada) raţů
“duck”.
Note:
Alb. and Rom. prove that from Root anǝt- : (duck) derived Root arōd-, arǝd- : (a kind of
waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]

References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.
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arqu-
English meaning: smth. bent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gebogenes ”
Material: Lat. arcus, -ūs (stem is in - qu- from, compare aLat. gen. arquī , further argues,
arquitenēns ) “ a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow “, arquütus , arcuütus (morbus ) “ icteric,
yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer from
jaundice “, probably eig. “ rainbow -colored, green and yellow looking “ (compare Thes.);
arcuütus also “ arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered (carriage) “;
Note:
Ital. arcobaleno “ rainbow “ > Rom. curcubeu “ rainbow “ > Alb. ylber “ rainbow “
Umbr. arc̨lataf “ a round cake; acc.pl. “, wherefore v. Planta I 341, Götze IF. 41, 91 ( *arkelo-
with loss of the labialisation); Goth. arƕazna f. “ dart, arrow “ (arƕa -zna, compare
hlaiwazna ), O.N. ǫr (gen. ǫrvar ) f. “ dart, arrow “, O.E. earh f. ds. ( Eng. arrow ), Gmc. * arhvō .
Maybe Alb. hark “bow” [Alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-]
For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu̯-) would speak Russ. rakíta , Cz. rokyta , Serb.
rokita etc “ a kind of willow tree “, where *arqūta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjörnsson BB. 20,
140) forms the basis, and Gk. ἄρκευθος “ juniper “, which word with with all likelyhood
concerning this is to be drawn Lide ́ n IF . 18, 507; in addition ἀρκευθίς “ juniper berry “.
Indeed , Lidén takes relationship with Gk. ἄρκυς “net” (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for
what one compares under ar-1, S. 61.
Another connection for Gk. ἄρκευθος and Russ. rakíta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff.,
which more properly compares Ltv. ẽrcis , ẽcis (*ẽrcis ) “ juniper “;
further ẽrcêties “ torment oneself, grieve, straiten “, ẽrceša “ a very quarrelsome person “;
Ltv. ẽrkš(k”)is “ thorn shrub “ would be to Endzelin mixture from *erkīs and Lith. erške ̃tis “ a

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aru̯ā (*heru̯ā )
English meaning: intestines
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Darm”?
Material: Gk. ὀρύᾱ f. “ bowel “, Lat. arvīna f. “ grease, fat, lard, bacon “, originally “ intestinal
fat “? (compare O.H.G. mitta-garni “ recumbent fat in the middle of the bowels “); ἀρβίννη
κρέας. ΢ικελοί Hes. is Lat. Lw.
Note:
Gk. (*horua ) ὀρύα , Alb. (*ĝhorna ) zorrë “bowel” [common Alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic mutation]
prove that Root aru̯ü (*heru̯ü ): “intestines ” derived from Root ĝher-5, ĝhor-nü : “bowels”.
This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.

References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.
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ati, ato -
English meaning: over, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “about etwas hinaus ”, daher bei einer dem Sprecher zugewendeten
Bewegung “(about den Standort of Sprechenden) zurũck” , endlich einfach “her” under
Verblassen der Vorstellung eines ũberrannten Zieles oder Ortes.
Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. II2, 844 f. the colouring of the
beginning vowel stands firm through Lat.-Celt. (Greek) as IE a-, and it gives no good reason
before, Balt-Slav. , Gmc. (and ar.) forms can be attributed to IE *o-, by the book - following
rules in a (very) strict way just because it would be a textbook example of ablaut to e-
formed from * eti bildete. With eti (see there) at least equality meaning and exchange
existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to eti?
Material: O.Ind. áti “about- onto (adnominal m. acc.), exceedingly, very much “ (adv. and
preverb), Av. aiti-, O.Pers. atiy- ds. adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb (before i- “ go “
as “ go by, pass by “ and bar- “ carry, bear “ as “ bring over again, to carry “); ar. ati can also
represent IE *eti.
Gk. presumably in ἀτ-άρ “ however “ (compare αὐτάρ from αὖτ ᾽ἄρ; Brugmann-Thumb
623, KVG. 616; by connection with ἄτερ, Goth. sundrō , the Att. it remained kind of
unexplained). Lat. at “ but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection,
but, you may say “ from increasing - to opposing “ beyond it “, what latter meaning in at-
avus , at-nepos (not in apprīmē under likewise, see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).
Gaul. ate- (from * ati-) in Ategnütus (= M.Bret. ( h)aznat , Bret. anat “ acquainted, known “)
under likewise, O.Brit. Ate-cotti “ the very old “, O.Ir. aith-, preceding ad- “ against, un- “,
M.Welsh at-, Welsh ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II4 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);

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here as *ate-ko-n probably M.Ir. athach n. “ a certain time “, Welsh adeg m. ds., compare
Gaul. ATENOVX (name of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358?
Goth. аÞ-Þan “ but, however “ (very doubtful is against it derivation from Goth. O.S. ak,
O.E. ac “ however “, O.H.G. oh “ but, however “ from *aÞ- + ke = Gk. γε; differently, but
barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = Gk. ἄγε, Lat. age “ go! well! “).
Lith. at-, ata-, more recently also ati-, in nominal compound atō- “ back, off, away, from,
up “ (see Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 844 f.), O.Pruss. et-, at- (probably only from Balt at-,
Trautmann 46);
O.C.S. ot-, otъ “ away, since, ex, from “, adnominal m. d. gen.-Аbl., introduces Meillet E ́ t .
155 f. back to gen.-ablative * atos (in front of, before; in return for; because of, from = O.Ind.
ataḥ “ thenceforth “? rather Pron.-stem *e- with abLat. adv.-forms - tos); IE *ati (and * eti)
would be in addition loc. ; both remain very unsafe .
The double aspect Lith. ata-: atō- reminds in pa-: pō (see * apo), (see *apo ), and it is
doubtful about whether one may see in ablative * atōd a kind of o-stem formatIon. In the
Slav. the form on long vowel is formed further in Russ. etc. otáva “ grommet “, as O.Pruss.
attolis , Lith. atólas , Ltv. atãls , atals “ grommet “ speaking for IE older short vocalized form
Lith. atů- = IE *ato- (compare to ending *apo, *upo):
O.Ir. do-, to- prefix “to” with ( IE?) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet aaO., Stokes BB. 29,
171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also Illyr. to-, Alb. te “ to, by “ (Skok by Pokorny UrIllyr.
50).
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.
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at-, *atno -
English meaning: to go; year
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gehen, Jahr ”
Note:
Gk. ἔνος “year” : Lat. annus “year” (*atnos ) “year” : O.Ind. hü ́ yana - “yearly”, hüyana ́ - m. n.
“year” prove that Root en-2 : “year” : Root at-, *atno- : “to go; year ” : Root u̯et- : “year”
[prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn - :
“winter; snow ”.
Material: O.Ind. átati “ goes, walks, wanders “. Moreover Lat. annus “year” from * atnos =
Goth. dat. pl. aÞnam “year”. compare Fick I2 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16,
196 f. (meaning development like with Gmc. * jēram “year” to i̯ē- “ go “).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ant) vajt, Tosc vete, vajti aor. “to go”, (*iti) viti “go around, year, all year
around” [common Alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal ḫ.
Lat. has followed Alb. phonetic mutations t > nt > n , clearly Lat. annus “ year “ derived from
O.Ind. (*antanti ) átati]
Note:
Etruscan follows Alb. phonetic mutations Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva : yearly // derivated
from Avil, by adding a adjectival suffix - xva.
Osc.-Umbr. corresponds akno- “year, festival time, sacrificial time “ (with -tn- to -kn-,
Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds Lat. perennis “ the
whole year ; continuously “ [perennis -e “lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial ”,
perennitas -atis f. “duration, perpetuity ”, perenno -are “to last many yea rs”.], sollennis “
festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial, ritualistic;
usual “ (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL. 13, 23 ff.,

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augh -, ugh -
English meaning: nape
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Genick”
Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together O.Ind. uṣṇíhü f. “ neck “ (only pl.) and Gk.
αὐχήν “ nape, throat, straits “.
In uṣṇíhü before lies diminutive suffix -ihü ̆-, Gk. -ιχα- . The beginning is * ugh-s-n-íghü the
first gh is reduced being produced by dissimilatIon. To *ugh-s -no stands *au̯gh -en- in Gk.
αὐχήν compared with here Arm. awj “ throat “, awji-k “ cervical collar “; Eol. ἄμφην “ nape,
neck “, Eol. αὔφεν ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gk. I 296; about
Gk. δάφνη : Cypr. δαύχνα “ laurel “ better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43 and Hoffmann
Gk. Dial. II 500, Meister Gk. Dial. I 120).

References: WP. I 25, Adontz Me ́ l . Boisacq 10.
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aug-
English meaning: to glance, see, dawn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen; sehen”
Note:
Probably Root aug- : “ to glance, see, dawn “ derived from Root au̯es - : “ to shine; gold,
dawn, aurora etc. ”.
Material: Gk. αὐγή “ shine, ray, daylight; eye “, αὐγάζω “ shines, illuminates; sees “, ἐρι-
αυγής “ shining very much “;
Alb. agój “ dawns “, agume “ aurora, morning, dawn “ (see Persson Beitr. 369);
Note:
Root aug- : “ to glance, see, dawn “ derived from Root au̯es - : “ to shine; gold, dawn, aurora
etc.”
Gk. Hom. ἠώς *(üusōs ), gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος ), Att. (with accent innovation ) ἕως, Dor. ἀ̄ώς,
ἀFώρ, changing through ablaut Eol. αὔως “ aurora “ (Proto-Gk. αυ[σ]ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη
(*ἀαίη);
ἄγχαυρος “ near the morning “, αὔριον “ tomorrow “ (*αυσρ -); Hom. ἤιε Υοῖβε “ radiative
morning “; ἠι-κανός “ rooster, cock “ (*üusi- “ singing in the morning early morning “);
Maybe Gk. ἄγχαυρος “ near the morning “ : Alb. agu “dawn” s/ h allophones : Estonian agu
“daybreak, dawn ” : Latvian ausma, s üjums “dawn”
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
from also Slav. iugъ “ south “ (Fick KZ. 20, 168), Russ. užinъ , užina ?
Probably wrong etymology since Slav. iugъ ‘south” : Alb. jug ‘south” must have derived from
Lat. iugum -i n. “a yoke” - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-,
i̯eu̯-g- : to tie together, yoke

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au-2, au̯-es-, au -s-
English meaning: to spend the night, sleep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ũbernachten, schlafen”
Material: Arm. aganim ‘spends the night “, vair-ag “ living in the country “, aut “ spend the
night, night ’s rest, station “.
Gk. ἰαύω “ sleeps “ from redupl. *i-ausō , Aor. ἰ-αῦσαι , next to which unredupl. Aor. ἄεσα ,
Inf. ἀFέσ(σ)αι; αὖλις , -ιδος “ place of residence, camp, stable, night ’s lodging “, αὐλίζομαι “
is in the court, spends the night “, ἄγραυλος “ spending the night outside “, αὐλή “ court ,
courtyard, dwelling “ (originally probably “ the fenced in space around the house in which
the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime “); from ἰαύω comes except ἰαυθμός “ Night’s
lodging “,
μηλιαυθμός “ sheep stable “, ἐνιαυθμός “ place of residence “ (: Hom. ἐνιαύειν “ have his
rest accommodation “) also Gk. ἐνιαυτός actually “ rest, rest station “, therefore the solstices
as resting places in the course of the sun ( solstitium ), then “ year, solstice, anniversary “
(different Specht IE Decl. 15, Schwyzer Gk. I, 4245, s. also en- “ year “).
A heavy base *au̯ē-, *au̯ō- probably to be added Hom. ἀωτεῖς ὕπνον (from Schulze
Qunder ep. 72 directly to ἰαύω put under formal comparison from ἐρ(F)ωτάω : εἴρομαι from
*ἔρFομαι) and ἄωρος (Sappho), ὦρος (Kallimachos) “ὕπνος” (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298),
wherefore O.E. wērig , Eng. weary, O.S. wōrag, wōrig “ tired, weary “, O.H.G. wuorag “
inebriates “; about O.Ind. vüyati “ gets tired “; see however, root au̯ē- “ strive oneself, exert
“.
References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gk. I 690.
See also: Über u̯es- “verweilen ” see under besonderem Artikel.

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au-lo-s (: ēu -l-) [*heu -l-]
English meaning: tube, hole, *street
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Röhre, längliche Höhlung”
Material: Gk. αὐλός m. “ pipe flute, long cavity “, ἔν-αυλος m. “ riverbed “, αὐλών m. f. “
mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait “;
O.C.S. ulьjь, Lith. aulỹs and secondarily avilỹs “ beehive “, originally the cavity in the tree in
which the swarm settles;
Note:
[probably O.C.S. avilỹs “ beehive “ < vaulỹs; but prothetic v- before bare initial vowels has
been attested in Illyr. , Alb. and Slav. tongues; maybe through metathesis au > ua Alb. tosk
(*hau-lo-) huall , Gheg huell , hoje pl. “ beehive, cavity “ = Lat. alvus “ beehive, cavity ”
[common Alb. shift l > j ], Alb. hollë “narrow, thin ”, Alb. is the only language to have
preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-. Clearly the Lat. cognate derived from Illyr. and Slav.
cognates.
From (* halvus, alhwus ) Lat. alvus “beehive, cavity ” derived Rom. albinů “bee”, Portuguese
abelha “bee”, Spanish abeja “bee”, French abeille “bee” [common Italic and Greek -hw- > -
b- phonetic mutatIon.
O.C.S. ulica f. “ street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass “, Lith. aũlas
f., O. Pruss. aulinis “ bootleg “, O.Pruss. aulis “ shinbone “.
Maybe zero grade in Alb.Tosk udhë ullë “road, street ” [the common Alb.-Illyr.-Lat. -dh- > -ll-,
-d- > -l- shift]
Maybe Root au-lo-s (: ēu-l-) : “tube, hole, *street ” derived from Root u̯eĝh - : “to move, carry,
drive” [common Alb. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation]

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Arm. uɫ, uɫi “ way “ and (compare the meaning “ belly “ from Lat. alvus ) yɫi “ pregnant “
(with ablaut ū, Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives uɫarkem and ylem “ send in “)*);
----------------------
*) Arm. word with the ablaut grade IE ū̆. from with the same Ltv. ula, ulá “ wheel hub “?
(would be the “ tubularly hole “ in which the axis is inserted; Lide ́n IF. 19, 321).
----------------------
nNor. aul, aule and (with IE ēu- as a high step to au-) jōl “ angelica silvestris “, O.N.
(huann -) jōli “ the hollow stems of angelica archangelica “, both plants call in Norway also
sløke , whose basic meaning likewise “ tube, pipe “ is (Falk-Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and
from Schroeder to Gmc. ablaut 58 f. likewise boat name jolle “dinghy”).
Here with Lat. rearrangement of aul- tu alu̯- also alvus m. f. “ belly, womb, stomach; hold
of a ship, beehive “, alveus “ a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship;
bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table “, although time and limitation of the
rearrangement are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb.2 78).
References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.
Page(s): 88-89

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au-3 (au̯e); u̯ē̆-
English meaning: from, away, of
Deutsche Übersetzung: “herab, weg von - ”
Material: O.Ind. áva “ from, down “, mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely preposition
m. abl. , Av. ap. ava prefix “ down” and (while more the purpose than the starting point of the
movement came to the consciousness) “ whereupon to, to what, near “ (e.g. avabar - “ to
take there, carry away “ and “ to take there, procure, supply, get “), also preposition m. acc.
“ there, there in “; therefrom O.Ind. ávara - “inferior” and Av. aorü “ after, below, down “ (after
parü extended from avarǝ );
Av. avarǝ adv. “ below, down “= O.Ind. avár RV. I 133, 7; O.Ind. aváḥ (avás ) “ down “,
whereof avastüd “ under “; without auslaut vowel (compare Av. ao-rü ̆) O.Ind. ō- e.g. in ō-
gaṇá -ḥ “ single, pathetic “ (: gaṇá -ḥ “ troop, multitude “; Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 54);
Gk. αὐ- probably in αὐχάττειν ἀναχωρεῖν , ἀναχάζεσθαι Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);
Illyr. au- “ (of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at “ in proper names? (Krahe IF.
49, 273);
Lat. au- “ away , off, gone “ in auferō “to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw, remove ”
(= Av. áva-bharati , Av. ava-bar-), aufugiō “to flee away, run away, escape ”;
Gaul. au-tagis “διάταξις ?” (Vendryes BAL.-SLAV. 25, 36);
O.Ir. perhaps ō, ūa “ from, with, by “, as a preposition m. dat. , O.Welsh hou , more
recently o “if”, o preposition “from”;
O.Pruss. Lith. Ltv. au- “ away, from “ (e.g. Ltv. au-manis “ not- sensical, nonsensical “),
O.C.S. u prefix “ away, from “, e.g. u-myti “ to give a wash, wash away “ (u-běžati “ flee

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from “), as preposition m. gen. “ from “ (with verbs of the desire, receive, take) and, with
fading of the concept of the starting point, “ by, from “;
maybe Alb. particle of passive u “by, from” used before verbs in passive voice.
Hitt. preverb u- (we-, wa-) “ here “, a-wa-an “ away “ (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.).
thereof with t-forms aut(i)o -: Gk. αὔτως “ unavailingly, in vain “, αὔσιος ds. and Goth.
auÞja - (N. sg. *auÞeis or *auÞs ) “ desolate, leave “ (*”remote “), auÞida “ desert “, O.H.G.
ōdi, Ger. öde, O.N. auđr “ desolate “; O.Ir. ūathad “ item, particular, sort “. - goes to the
frightening wilderness, wilderness also M.Ir. ūath “ fright, terrible “ (are to be kept away
Welsh uthr “ terrible “, Corn. uth, euth, Bret. euz “ fright “)? At least is their connection with
Lat. pavēre “ to quake with fear, panic; transit. to quake at, tremble “ everything rather than
sure, see pou- “ fear “.
Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to- in Alb. hut “ in vain, blank,
vainly “, u̯e-to- (see unten *u̯ē̆-) in Gk. οὑκ ἐτός “ not free of charge, not without reason “,
ἐτώσιος (F by Homer) “ in vain, without success, pointless “.
Maybe truncated Alb. (*hot) kot “ in vain, without success, pointless “; Alb. is the only IE
language to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- > k- .
to combine *u̯ē̆̆- with *au̯- probably under *au̯e-:
Lat. *vĕ- in vēscor “to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy ” originally “ whereof to eat up “ (: esca ),
from which back formation vēscus “ greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling off);
underfed “;
again Alb. eshkë “fungus” : Lat. esca “food, victuals, esp. as bait ”. Prothetic v- added to
bare initial vowels is an Alb.-Illyr. phonetic mutatIon.
vē- to indication faulty too much or too little, vē-cors “ senseless, mad, moves, treacherous
“, vē-grandis “ diminutive, not large, tiny “, vēsünus “ mad, insane; of things, furious, wild “,
Vē-jovis , Umbr. ve-purus (abl. pl.), wheather “(ἱερὰ) ἄπυρα” .

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Note:
Also in Alb. vē- to indication faulty too much or too little: Alb. vështirë “difficult, hard ” from
(vē- shtirë (participle of Alb. shtynj “push with difficulty ”) see Root (s)teu -1 : “to push, hit ”.
u̯o-: Gk. Fο- in ark. F ο-φληκόσι, Att. ὀ-φλισκάνω , ὀφείλω, Lesb. ὀ-είγην “ open “, Att.
οἴγω, more recently οἴγνυμι (Prellwitz2 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913, 159).
u̯es-: With O.Ind. avás “down” attached together formant Gmc. wes- in Ger. West,
O.H.G. West ar “ Westwards “, O.N. vestr n. “ West en “, adv. “ in the West , against West “
(*u̯es-t(e)ro- , compare O.N. nor-đr), O.H.G. West ana “ from West “ etc (Brugmann IF. 13,
157 ff.; about the explanation of the Wisigothae as “ West-Goths, Visigoths “ s. Kretschmer
Gl. 27, 232).
Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, IE u̯esperos and
u̯eqeros , see there.
Relationship from IE *au̯-, u̯ē̆- with the Pron.-stem au-, u- “ yonder, over there “ as “ on
the other side, from there “ is conceivable.
References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 72-73

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au-4, u- (: u̯ē̆-, u̯o-)
English meaning: that; other
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pronominalstamm “jener”, also gegenũberstellend “ alter, alius ”,
“andrerseits, hinwiederum ”, in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Satzgliedern gesetzt “dér
einerseits - dér andrerseits” , “einerseits - andrerseits ”.
Material: au̯o: O.Ind. Av. O.Pers. ava- “ that “; O.C.S. aRuss. ovъ- - ovъ- “ on the one hand
- on the other hand which appears - other “, ovogda - ovogda “ one time - the other time “
(from this correlative use only Pol. ów corresponds to English deictic "I" and Serb. òvaj a
deictic word meaning "that", also nBulg. - v [*u̯o-s] developed).
u-: O.Ind. amú- (acc. sg. amúm etc) “that, yonder ”, arise from acc. sg. m. *am (= IE *e-m
“eum”) + *um (acc. sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III 550 f.
Toch. A ok, В uk “ still “, A oki “ as, and “, A okük “ up to “, perhaps only *u-g (zero grade
to Goth. auk); from in addition В om(p)ne , omte “ there “?
Particle O.Ind. u “ thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it “, emphasizing
esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles ( nō “ and not, not “ = ná́ u, athō = atha u ), Gk. -υ
in πάν-υ “ even very much “,
Goth. - u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qʷe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173);
this u also in O.Ind. a-süu ́ m. f. “that, yonder ”, Av. hüu m. f., ap. hauv m. “that, yonder ”,
Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.
Particle O.Ind. u-tü, in both parts “ on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon, - as
“, or only in the second part, a little bit opposing “ and, thus “ (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-uta ,
praty-uta ),

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Av. uta, ap. utü “and, and also ”; Gk. ἠύτε “ just as “ from *ἠF(ε) + υτε (originally “ as on the
other hand “, “ as, also “), but Hom. εὖτε “ὅτε” from εὖ + τε after Debrunner IF. 45, 185 ff.;
δεῦτε is formed in addition to δεῦρο; also οὗτος , αὕτη, τοῦτο most probably from ὁ, ἁ, το +
υτε with additional final inflection ;
WestGmc. -od in O.S. thar-od, O.H.G. thar-ot “ thither, there “, O.S. her-od, O.H.G. her-ot “
here “, whereupon also O.S. hwarod “ whither, where “, O.H.G. warot “ whither, where “
(from * ute? or from * utü ̆? Also *aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).
Here Av. uiti, gthAv. ūitī “ so “, but not Lat. ut and utī, aLat. utei.
Beside u, utü etc. stands with the ablaut grade IE au-:
Gk. αὖ “ on the other hand, again “, *αὖτι “ again” (extended to Ion. αὖτις, gort. αὖτιν,
after antique grammarians for “ right away, there “, where from αὐτίκα “ at the moment,
straight away “, αὖ-θι”on the spot, here, there “, αὖτε “ again, thus, further “; Lat. aut (*auti) “
or”, autem “ however “ (to the form see WH. I 87), Osc. aut, auti “ or “ and “ but, on the other
hand, on the contrary, however “ (to meaning see v. Planta II 465);
maybe Alb.Gheg o “or” from Ital. o “or”
Umbr. ute, ote “aut”; perhaps Goth. auk “ then, but “, O.N. auk “also, and ”, O.E. ēac, O.S.
ōk, O.H.G. ouh “ and, thus, but “, Ger. also = Gk. αὖ-γε “ again “.
Pedersen Pron . dém. 315 supposes Gk. αὖ suitable form in the initial sound of from
Alb. a-që “ so much ”. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in Gk. αὐ-τός as “ (he) himself
- (he) of his own, self “; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gk. I 613 f.
Maybe Alb. (*aut-) vetë ‘self” [common Alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].
With r-forms aIran. avar “ here”, Lith. aurè “ see there! “, zero grade Umbr. uru “ that,
that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former “, ura-
ku “ad illam”, ures “illis” (orer ose rather with ŏ = ŭ as = Lith. au); perhaps δεῦρο “ here,
well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now") “ (δεύρω after

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ὀπίσσω under likewise, inschr. δεῦρε after ἄγε) from *δέ-υρο (δε “ here “ + αὐρο “ here “),
Schwyzer Gk. I 612, 632.
u̯ḗ-, u̯o-: meaning “or” (= “ on the other hand “) esp. in O.Ind. vü “ or “ (also “ even, yet;
meanwhile; probably, possibly “; also confirming vüi), Av. ap. vü “ or “ (particle of the
emphasis and assurance),
O.Ind. Av. vü - vü “ either - or “, Gk. ἠ-(F)έ, ἤ (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress for ἦ-
(F)ε, as yet in the second part of the double question),
Lat. -vĕ “or” (also in ceu, sīve, seu, nēve , neu), also probably Ir. nó, O.Bret. nou “or” (if from
*ne-u̯e “ or not “ “ with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences ,
Thurneysen Grammar 551;
not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative * neu̯e of the verb Ir. at-
nói “ he entrusts with him “, Gk. νεύω ); Toch. В wa-t “ where”.
compare also O.Ind. i-vá (: va = ἰ-δέ: δέ) “ just as, exactly the same way “, ē-vá “ in such
a way, exactly the same way, just, only “, ēva ́ m “ so, thus “ (behaves to be confirmed vüi
and vü - vü as ē-na- “ this “ to nü - nü “ in different way “, originally “ thus and thus “; with ē-
vá corresponds Gk. οἶ(F)ος “ only” (“ * just only “), Av. aēva -, O.Pers. aiva- “an, one”
(compare with no- demonstrative IE *oi-no-s “ an, one “).
References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II2 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m. Lith. II2 3,
987,
Schwyzer Gk. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. αὖ, etc
WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.
Page(s): 73-75

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auqʷ(h) - : uqʷ(h) - and probably lengthened grade u̯eqʷ (h)-
English meaning: cooking pot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kochtopf, Wärmepfanne”
Material: Lat. aulla, aula , vulg. ōlla “ jar, pot “ from *auxlü , Dimin. auxilla (fal. olna in ending
after urna); probably Alb. anë f. “ vessel “ (from * auqʷnü? Jokl. Stud. 3); O.Ind. ukhá -ḥ m.,
ukhü ́ “ pot, saucepan “; Goth. aúhns m. ( *ukʷno ́ s ) “ oven, stove “, with gramm. variation
aNor. ogn, O.S. oghn ds.
Maybe Alb. ( *ahna ) ena “dish” : Indic AnvA “oven, furnace ”.
Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: Gk. ἰπνός, older ἱπνός “
stove” (after Fick III4 29 between, Oštir WuS. 5, 217, Gũntert abl. 25 from * u̯eqʷ-nós; not
*uqʷnós, s. Boisacq m. Lith.), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from * ὑκFνός through
dissimilatorischen sound change?? (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);
Note:
Common Gk. - celt. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutatIon.
Bret. offen f. “ stone trough “ in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *uppü ; O.E. ofnet “
small vessel “, ofen, O.H.G. ovan , O.N. ofn “ stove, oven “ (likewise leadable back in
*ueqʷnos ; beginning u̯- caused as in wulfa- “ wolf “ the development from -lv- to -f-, during
Goth. etc auhns goes back to IE *uqʷ-nós; then the loss of w- in Ofen then must be
explained indeed from influence of this sister ’s form * uhna -).
From the assimilated form O.S. omn , mundartl. umn ‘stove” is probably borrowed O.Pruss.
wumpnis “oven”, umnode “ bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove “. S. Meillet MSL. 9, 137, Meringer
IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Gmc. Lw. studies, Falk- Тоrp under ovn, weigand herdsman and clever
under Ofen .
To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.

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aus- (*heuks)
English meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schöpfen”
Root aus- : “to draw (water), ladle ” derived from the stem: au̯/е/-, au̯ent -: of Root au̯(e)-9,
au̯ed -, au̯er- : “to flow, to wet; water, etc. ”.
Material: Gr ἐξαύω “ scoops, extracts, takes from “ (simple αὔω), ἐξαυστήρ μέτρου ὄνομα ,
καταῦσαι ἐξαντλήσαι, καταδῦσαι , καθαῦσαι ἀφανίσαι (Spritus asper after the former present
tense *αὕω from *αὔσω, Sommer Gk. Lautst. 2 f.)
under likewise with zero grade *us- ἀφ-ύω, ἀφ-ύσσω (latter from Aor. ἀφύσσαι ) “ scoops “,
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
ἀφυσμός ἀπάντλησις Suidas and ἀρύω “ scoops “, originally *F ᾱρ (: O.Ind. vür “ water
“)*ὔ[σ]ω “ scoops water “, ἀρυστήρ “ vessel for ladling “.
O.N. ausa “ to scoop “, austr “ scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake “, N.Ger. ūtoesen “ to
draw (water), ladle, scoop “, schwäb. Öse “ vessel for ladling “.
Lat hauriō , -īre, hausī , haustum “ to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb, swallow;
to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to exhaust,
weaken, waste “, then also “ slurp, tie, suffers “, poet. “ wounds “, with secondary h as
casual in humerus.
References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 6444.
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au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug -, ug-
English meaning: to magnify, increase
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vermehren, zunehmen ”
Note: with s-forms au̯ek -s-, auk-s-, u̯ek-s-, uk-s-
Material: O.Ind. ugrá- “immense ” (compounds Sup. ṓjīyas -, ṓjiṣ̌ṭha- “ the stronger one,
strongest “) = Av. ugra- “ strong, hard “ (compounds Sup. aojyah- , aojišta -).
Lat. augeō, -ēre “ to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend “, auctor (= Umbr. uhtur )
“ a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc ”, auctiō “ an increasing; hence, from
the bidding, an auction “, augmen(tum) “ an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake “ (=
Lith. augmuõ “ increase, growth “, O.Ind. ōjma ́ n - m. “ strength “), augur “ a seer, soothsayer,
diviner, augur “ from * augos “ aggrandizement “ (WH. I 83);
Goth. aukan (preterit aíauk ), auknan “ increase “, ana-, bi-aukan “ to append, subjoin,
add on “, O.H.G. ouhhōn , O.S. ōkian “ increase “, O.E. ēacian “ increase “, īecan “ increase
“, O.N. auka (preterit jōk and aukađa ) “ increase “, st. participle O.E. ēacen , O.S. ōkan “
increased, pregnant “;
Lith. áugu , áugti (lengthened grade) “ increase, grow “, auginù, -ìnti “ allow to grow,
educate, bring up “, changing through ablaut pa-ūge ́ti “ grow up “, ũgis “ growth, annual
growth “, Ltv. aûdzêt , aûdzinât “ gather “, O.Pruss. auginnons particle perf. Akt. “ drawn,
pulled “,
O.Ltv. aukts “ high “ = Lat. auctus “to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ”, Ltv. aũgt
“ grow “, as also Thrac. Αὐθί-παρος “ high ford “, O.Pruss. Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan “
authority “, aucktimmien “ chief “,

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next to which with s of -es-stem (see below ) Lith. áukštas , Ltv. aûksts “high” (: Lat.
augustus “ consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified “), O.Pruss. auck-timmiskan f. (acc. ) “
authority “, O.Pruss. aūgus “ costive, constipated “ (as “ increasing “), Lith. áugumas , Ltv.
aûgums “ increase, growth “;
es-stem O.Ind. ṓjas- n. “ vigorousness, strength “, Av. aojah-, aogah- (also r-stem
aogarǝ ) “ vigorousness, strength “, Lat. augustus see above (also Lith. etc áukštas ); in
addition with s in the verb :
O.Ind. vákṣaṇa -m “ strengthening “, vakṣáyati “ allows to grow “, Av. vaxšaiti “ allows to
grow “, next to which with the weakest root grade O.Ind. úkṣati “ “gains strength “ (perf.
vavákṣa ), Av. uxšyeiti “ grows “; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Goth. wahsjan “grow” (= O.Ind. vakṣayati , IE Iter.-Kaus. *u̯okséi̯ō ; with it that combined ō-
gradation perf. wōhs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);
Gk. ἀ(F)έξω “ grow, increase “, ἀέξομαι “ grows “; αὔξω, αὐξάνω “ grow, increase “, Lat.
auxilium “ help, aid, assistance, support, succor “ (originally pl. -iа “ strengthening,
reinforcements “, N. pl. auxilis “ auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power “);
O.N. vaxa, vexa “grow”, O.H.G. wahsan , Ger. wachsen, wuchs , wherefore e.g. Goth.
wahstus “ accretion, growth, body size “, O.H.G. wa(h)smo “ growth “ under likewise;
Toch. A oksiš “ grows “, A okšu , В aukšu “ old “; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also here
AB oko “ fruit “, A okar “ plant “; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Here with zero grade u̯ōg-: Goth. wōkrs m. “ interest “, O.E. wōcor f. “ progeny, interest “
(compare Gk. τόκος in the same meaning), O.H.G. wuohhar m. “ yield of the ground, fetus,
progeny, profit, interest, usury “ (in addition steIr. wiech “ extensive, excessive, rich in
leaves “ as umlaut?
A little bit differently Schroeder abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form au̯eg - the
grade u̯eg- is covered in O.Ir. fēr, Welsh gwair “ grass, herbage “; probably with the same

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au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-?) (*hekʷei- )
English meaning: bird, *water bird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Vogel”
Note: Both Root au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-?) (*hekʷei -): bird, *water bird : Root akʷü- (*ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : water,
river, derived from zero grade of Root ĝhügʷh - : young of an animal or bird; common Gk.
gh- > h- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. víḥ, vē ́ h ̣ m. “bird” (gen. vēh ̣, acc. vim), Av. vīš ds. (G. pl. vayąm , also with
themat. case from stem vaya -), M.Pers. vüi, vüyandak “bird”, O.Ind. vayas- n. “ fowl, bird ”,
vüyasa -ḥ “ bird, crow “; verbal Av. ü-vayeiti “ flies up “ (from divinities), O.Ind. vēvīyatē “
flutters “.
Note: Common zero grade in Alb. (*avidos ) vide, vidhezë “ dove “ : O.Ind. víḥ, vē ́ h ̣ m. “bird”.
Gk. αἰετός “ eagle “, Att. ἀ̄ετός, αἰβετός , ἀετός Περγαῖοι Hes. (*αFι̯-ετός);
Maybe nasalized Alb.Gheg (*hegʷ-os, hab- os) > * gabôjë , gabonjë , shkab (*-on-)ë,
shqiponjë “eagle” : gr αἰβετός (*αFι̯-ετός) “eagle” : diminutive Lat. (*aku̯ei -la) aquila “eagle”.
Root ĝhügʷh - : young of an animal or bird : Root au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-?) (*hekʷei-): bird, *water bird
similar phonetic mutations as Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš ) “grandfather ” see Root au̯o-s
(*gḫue-gḫue-as) (*ghehu̯o-s): grandfather: the original root was a dublicated (* gḫue-gḫue-
as) Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) “grandfather ” that was abbreviated into Root au̯o-s:
grandfather; Root sūs- (*ghus ): parent : Alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh “grandfather ”.
Alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze “ dove “;
Note: Common Gk. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b- phonetic mutatIon. Hence Root au̯ei- (ǝu̯ei-?) : “bird,
water bird ” evolved simultaneously with Root akʷü- (*ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : “water, river ”.
Lat. avis f. “bird” (therefrom auca “bird, esp. goose “;

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Back-formation from Dimin. aucella from *avicella ; false by WH. I 79) = Umbr. avif acc. pl. “
birds “ (aviekate D. sg. “ the taken auspices “, aviekla “ relating to an augur or augury “);
Welsh hwyad , O.Corn. hoet, Bret. houad “ duck “ from *au̯i̯etos ? (Pedersen KG. I 55). Arm.
hav “ bird, cock, hen “ can have indeed suggestion - h, but also as *pǝu ̯- belong to * pōu ̯- “
the young, boy “ (Slav. pъta “ bird “ etc).
References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.
See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for “egg”, see under ōu-.
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au̯-8, au̯ēi-
English meaning: to perceive, understand
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sinnlich wahrnehmen, auffassen ”
Material: O.Ind. - avati with ud- and pra- “aufmerken, heed ”, O.C.S. umъ “Verstand ” (basic
form *au-mo-); moreover Toch. В om-palokoññe “meditation ”? Different Pedersen, Tochar.
223 Anm.
ü̆u̯is-: lengthened grade O.Ind. üvís ̣ adv. “apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar ”, Av.
üviš adv. “apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen ” (Pers. üškür “clear, bright ”; O.Ind.
üvis ̣ ṭya -ḥ, Av. üvišya - “offenkundig ”); O.C.S. avě, javě adv. “kund, apparent, manifest,
obvious” (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -ě reshaped from * avь, whereof:) aviti,
javiti “offenbaren, kundmachen, show ” (Lith. óvytis ‘sich in Traume sehen lassen ” Lw. from
dem Slav.).
full grade: Gk. αἰσθάνομαι, Aor. αἰ σθέσθαι “ wahrnehmen ” (*αFισ -θ-); Lat. audiō “hear”
from *au̯iz-dh-iō, compare oboedio from *ób-avizdhiō about *oboīdiō ; Gk. ἀί̄ω (neologism to
Aor.ἐπ-ήισ(σ)α, ἄιον) “ vernehme, hear ” (*αFισ -), ἐπάιστος “ belongs, ruchbar, bekannt ”.
Here probably Hitt. u-uḫ-ḫi “I see, observe ”, a-uš-zi “ sees “, а-ú-ri-iš (from a-ú-wa-ri-iš)
“Ausschau, Warte ”, iterat. ušk- “wiederholt sehen ”.
References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.
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au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē-
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wehen, blasen, hauchen ”
Grammatical information: participle u̯ē-nt-
Note: in Slav. languages often from the “ throw dice “, i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of the
chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind.
Material: I. belong to light root form au̯(e)-:
a. Gk. ἄος (if not late neologism), - ᾱής (see under II a).
b. MWelsh awyđ “ violent gust of wind “, O.Corn. awit “ air “ (*au̯eido -);
c. u̯e-dhro- presumably in O.N. veđr n. “wind, air, weather ”, O.S. wedar n. “ weather, bad
weather “, O.H.G. wetar “ weather, scent, free air, wind (of animals)” and O.C.S. vedro “
cheerful weather “, vedrъ “ jovial, merry (from the weather ) “;
u̯ĕ-d- perhaps in Gk. ἑδανός “ fragrant “; in u̯ĕ-dh- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting
still ἐθμή ἀτμός, καπνὸς λεπτός, ἀτμή Hes.).
d. r-, l- Derivatives: Gk. αὔρα “ aerial breath, draft “ (places light root form au̯ĕ- ahead, as
ἄελλα , ἀετμόν , Wetter , see under); but ἀήρ, gen. ἠέρος “ smoke, fog, air “ stays away, see
under u̯er- “ bind, hang up “.
Gk. ἄελλα , Eol. αὔελλα “ storm “ (*ἄFελ-ι̯ᾰ); Welsh awen “ inspiration “, awel f. “ wind,
breath “, O.Corn. auhel “aura, heaven, breeze “, M.Corn. awel “ weather “, Brit. Lw. M.Ir.
ahél (h hiatus sign), aial “ wind, breath “. According to Thurneysen Grammar 125 O.Ir. oal “
mouth “ from *au̯elü .
e. au̯-et- in Gk. ἀετμόν τὸ πνεῦμα Hes., ἄετμα φλόξ Et. M., ἀτμός (contracted from
ἀετμός ) “ vapour, smoke, smoke “, with zero grade, but analogical absorption of ἀ-: ἀυτμή “
breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire “, ἀυτμήν ds.

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II. belong to heavy root form:
a. uē-, uǝ-: O.Ind. vüti, Av. vüiti “ blows “, Gk. ἄησι ds., Cypr. ζάει (read ζάη with ζ from
*dj-) Hes. (that α in ἄησι perhaps prothetic; from light root form come Gk. ἄος πνεῦμα Hes.;
maybe Alb. (**u̯ē-nts) vesh ‘strike, blow, hit ”.
ἀκρᾱής “ sharp blowing “, δυσᾱής “ adverse blowing “, ὑπερᾱής “ excessive blowing “ with
stretch in compound); besides the participle *u̯ē-nt- “ blowing “ (O.Ind. vünt-, Gk. acc. ἄεντα )
stand *u̯ē-nto-s “ wind “ in Lat. ventus , Goth. etc winds , O.H.G. wint, Welsh gwynt “ wind “,
wherefore Lat. ventilüre “(*expose to a draught, brandish, fan), oscillate, vibrate ”,
ventilübrum “ throw shovel “, Goth. diswinÞjan “ separate the grain (the wheat) from the
chaff “, winÞiskau ́ rō “ throw shovel “ (Gmc. Þ, next to which with gramm. variation d in:)
O.H.G. wintōn “ winnow, fan “, winta , wintscūvala “ winnowing shovel “, O.E. windwian “ to
expose to the hoist, winnow, fan “ (Eng. winnow ); Toch. A want , В yente “ wind “.
About Hitt. hu-u-wa-an-te-eš (h(u)u̯anteš ) “ hoist “ (?) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the
word as “ (hurrying) clouds “ to hu-wa-a-i “ runs, flees “, which also belongs here ; see
Couvreur H ̮ 119 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 6804 .
n- present : Gk. αἱνω from *ἀFά-ν-ι̯ω (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gk. I 694) and
ἁ̄νέω from *ἀFανέω “ clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves “, Fᾶναι περιπτίσαι
Hes. (delivers γάναι περιπτύσαι ; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on such zero
grade n- present, but in meaning “blow”, thus O.Pruss. wins “air”, acc. winnen “weather”?
i̯o-present (or from root form *u̯ēi- ?): O.Ind. vüyati “ blows “, Av. fravüyeiti “ goes out ” “,
Goth. waían waíwō , O.E. wüwan , O.H.G. wüjan , wüen “ blow “, O.C.S. vějǫ, vějetъ “blow”
and “ winnow, fan “ (therefrom Russ. vě́jalo , Sloven. vėvnica , Pol. wiejaczka “ winnowing
shovel, a winnowing-fan “); nominal: Lith. ve ́jas “ blow “; O.Ind. vüyú-ḥ, Av. vüyuš “ blow,
wind, air “.

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For root-like value of - i- leads the sound grade *u̯ī̆- to the following words in which give
space, however, partly to other views : O.C.S. vijalь, vijalica “ storm, weather “, Russ.
vьjálica “ snow flurry “ (also vějálica !), vьjuga “ blizzard, snowstorm “, zavьjátь “ snow-
covered, covered with snow “, Cz. váti (*vьjati) “ blow “ (only Slav. developments from
vortonigem věj-?);
R.C.S. vichъrъ (*u̯ēisuro -) “ whirlwind “ (in any case, at first to Russ. vichatь “ shake, move
“, vichljatь “ toss, fling “, s. Brugmann Grundr. II1 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70, and probably as
“ whirl, swing in the circle “ to *u̯eis- “ turn “);
Lith. vūdra , vidras “ gale “ (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lith. very rare forms - dra - compare
really Lith. ve ́tra “ storm “ - urges to caution);
Hom. ἄιον ἦτορ, θυμὸν ἄισθε , αίσθων from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last
meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), Gk. root ἀFισ-; M.Welsh awyđ s. 82 above.
b. au̯ē-d-: O.H.G. wüzan , wiaz, M.H.G. wüzen “ blow, exhale, inflate “, wüz “ gust of wind
“, Lith. vėdìnti “ ventilate, cool “; at most Gk. ἀάζω “ breathes “ from *ἀFάδ-ι̯ω (rather,
however, Gk. neologism of after other verbs in - άζω);
presumably also (from * au̯ǝ-d-ro-) Lith. áudra m. “ storm “, n. “ thunderstorm “, O.Pruss.
wydra “ blow “. About O.Ind. ūdhar n. “ chillness, cold “, Av. аоδarǝ, aota ds. compare
Persson Beitr. 11.
c. u̯ē-lo- perhaps in Lat. ēvēlütus “ scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly ”,
whence vēlübra ‘something winnowing the grain ” (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in O.H.G. wüla m.
n. “ fans “ (if not from *wē-Þla, see under)?
d. u̯ē-s-: O.Ind. vüsa -ḥ, vüsaka -ḥ “ fragrance “, vüsayati “ fills with fragrance “, saṃvüsita -
ḥ “ makes stinking “; Ice. vüs “ frigid aura “, væsa “ exhale, blow, breathe “, Dutch waas “
white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance “, Lith. ve ́stu , ve ́sti “ cool off, become chill or become
aerial “, vėsà “ chill air, coolness “, ve ́sus “ chilly, aerial “.

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e. t- further formations: O.Ind. vüta-ḥ, Av. vütō “ blow “, O.Ind. vütula -ḥ (see under), Gk.
ἀήτης “ blowing, wind “, ἀήσυρος “ windy, aerial “ = O.Ind. vütula “ windy “ (also “ mad;
crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced “; in addition also
perhaps Gk. ἀήσυλος “ sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked “ after Brugmann BSGW.
1901, 94; in spite of αἴσυλος ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to O.Ind. yütu-ḥ “ spook, ghost
“);
Lat. vannus “ winnowing-fan “ (from *u̯at-nó-s, compare the Dimin. vatillum originally “ a
small winnowing shovel “; from Lat. comes O.H.G. wanna , O.E. fann “ winnowing-fan “, also
Ger. Wanne );
O.N. vēl, vēli “ whisk, tail “ (about syncopated *veÞla - from *vaÞila -), O.H.G. wedil ds.;
O.H.G. wadal “ tail, fan “, adj. “ wandering, fickle, beggar “, wadalōn “ sweep in a curve,
rove “ (Proto-Germanic *waÞla -, IE *u̯ǝ-tlo-), O.E. waÞol “ wandering “, wæ ̄ dla “ beggar,
poor “, wæ ̄ dl “ poverty “, wæ ̄ dlian “ beg, be poor “ (Proto-Germanic * wēÞla -), next to which
O.H.G. wallōn “ wander, gad about, pilgrimages “, O.E. weallian “ wander; roam; travel;
journey; drift; float; rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp “ (from *wüđlō ́ -ja-n);
O.H.G. wüla “ fans “ (from *wē-Þla- or *wē-la-, see above); Lith. ve ́tra “ storm”, thunder -
storm”, O.C.S. větrъ “air, blow”, O.Pruss. wetro “blow”; Lith. ve ́tyti “winnow, fan ”.
Maybe Alb. (*ve ́tytinj ) ‘strike (lightning) ” : Lith. ve ́tyti “winnow, fan ”
About O.Ind. úpа-vüjayati “make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them) ”
(composed from Pün ̣ ini as Kaus . to vü-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.
Maybe Alb. vatra, vatër “hearth, (place where one blows the fire) ”
Maybe here Gk. ἄεθλος (see au̯ē-11 “ strive oneself “) as “ gasp, pant, wheeze “?
References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gk. I 680.
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au̯(e)-9, au̯ed -, au̯er- (*aku̯ent - : aḫu̯ent-)
English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “benetzen, befeuchten, fließen”
Note:
From Root angʷ(h)i - : ‘snake, worm ” derived Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ-
: “water, river ”; Root eĝhero - : “lake, inner sea ”; Root ad(u) -, ad-ro- : “water current ”: Illyr.
pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt - ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation].
From Root akʷü- “water, river ” nasalized in * aku̯ent - (suffixed in -er, - or) derived Root au̯(e)-
9, au̯ed -, au̯er- : “to flow, to wet; water, etc. ”
Material: a) au̯/е/-, au̯ent -:
Note: The following mutations have taken place: Root: akʷü- > aku̯/е/-, aku̯ent - > au̯/е/-,
au̯ent -:
Hisp. FlN Avo[s] > spO.N. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga ; Gaul. FlN Aveda > prov. Avèze (Gard),
Avisio portus (Alpes-mar.);
O.Ind. avatá -ḥ m. “fountains, wells ” (*au̯n̥tos ), avaṭá -ḥ “cistern, tank ” (with prakrit. ṭ from
t), Ital. FlN Avēns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventīnus m. hill of Rome?), Aventia (Etrurian),
Gaul. Aventia , spring nymph of Aventicum > Fr. Avenches (Schweiz), numerous FlN
Avantia (*au̯n̥tiü ) > Fr. Avance , La Vence , O.Brit. *Avantīsü > Welsh Ewenni ; O.Lith. FlN
Avantà , Ltv. avuõts (*au̯ontos ) “ sources, wellspring, spring “.
b) au̯ed -, aud-, ū̆d-;
Note: The zero grade of Root akʷü- “water, river ” has been suffixed in nasalized -( n)dor, -
(n)tor: *(a)ku̯/е/-, *(a)ku̯entor , *(a)hu̯entor ) > (a)u̯ed-, (a)ud-, ū̆d-(*(a)hu̯ed -):

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Heteroclite r/n-stem u̯édōr , u̯ódōr (nom. sg.), udén (i) (loc.sg.), udnés (gen. sg.) “ water “,
compare J. Schmidt pl. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273.
O.Ind. ōdatī “ the soaking, the flowing “, ōdman - n. “ the waves, floods “, ōda-ná-m “
mash boiled in milk “, Av. (*ahuoda ) aoδa- m. “ wellspring, fount “.
O.Ind. unátti (*u-n-ed-ti), 3. pl. undáti “ soaked, moistened “; Av. vaiδi- f. “ water run,
irrigation canal “.
O.Ind. udán (i) loc., udnáḥ gen. , udü ́ nom. acc. pl. “ water “ (nom. acc. sg. udaká -m); from
r-stem derived samudra -ḥ “ sea “, anudra -ḥ “ waterless “ (= Gk. ἄνυδρος );
udro-s “ water animal “: O.Ind. udrá-ḥ “ a water animal “ = Av. udra- m. “ otter “ (= Gk.
ὕδρος , O.H.G. etc ottar, compare also Lat. lutra and with ū Lith. údra, O.C.S. vydra ds.);
also nasalized Alb. (*lutra) lundra “ otter” a Latin loanword
from -(e)s-stem O.Ind. (*hutsa -) utsa-ḥ “ spring, well “, compare O.Ir. (*hudeski̯o -) uisce
(*udeski̯o -) “ water “;
Note:
The following phonetic mutations have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)ku̯ent - > gu̯et,
zero grade in Slav. (a)hu̯eda - > voda , zero grade in Phryg. (a)ku̯edu > βεδυ [common
Greek gʷ> b, kʷ> p phonetic mutation]:
Arm. (*gwet ) get “ river “ (basic form * u̯edō , Sandhi form to u̯edōr , compare under Slav.
voda ; it corresponds also Phryg. βεδυ “water”, i.e. *vedū from *u̯edō , Kretschmer Einl. 225).
Maybe Alb. (*gu̯et) det ‘sea” : Arm. get “ river “ common Alb. gu̯- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Note: Maybe Phryg. βεδυ “water” : nasalized Illyr. Bindus “water god ” [common Illyr. gu̯- > b-
phonetic mutation].
Maybe Alb.Gheg bdorë , vdorë , dzborë ‘snow, snowfall ” : Gk. ὕδωρ “water” common Illyr.
gw- > b- phonetic mutatIon.

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Gk. ὕδωρ, ὕδατος (*υδ-n̥-τος) “water” (with metr. elongation ῡδωρ ); from r-stem derived
ἄνυδρος “ waterless “, ὕδρος , ὕδρᾱ “ water snake “, ἐνυδρίς f. “ otter “, ὑδαρής, ὑδαρός “
watery “ (ὑδαλέος ds. with suffix exchange; similarly ὕλλος “ water snake, ichneumon “ :
ὕδρος = lak. ἑλλά̄ : ἕδρα ), ὕδερος “ dropsy “, ὑδρία “ water bucket “ (: Lat. uter); from n-stem
(compare ὕδνης “ watery “) derived ΏΑλοσύδνη eig. “ sea wave, wave, the billow “
(?),epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117;
from also ὑδνον “ truffle “ as “ juicy “??), as well as probably Καλ-υδών, -ύδνα (-ύμνᾱ ),
Καλύδνιοι , -ύμνιοι (see Boisacq 998 a)?
es-stem τὸ ὕδος “water” is only late poet. nom. acc. to dat. ὕδει.
Maked. PN ῎Εδεσσα from *u̯edesi̯ü , Kretschmer RIEt Balc. 1, 383. common Gk.-Illyr. -ks-
> -ss- phonetic mutatIon.
Alb. ujë “water” (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from * ud-ni̯ü, but from *ud-; or,
nevertheless, from * udō?).
The shift -dn- > nj > j of possibly Alb. (*udna-h ) ujë, ujna pl. “ water “ has also been attested
in Alb. shtynj, shtyj “poke, push ” (*studni̯ō ); see Root (s)teu -1 : “to push, hit ”

Maybe Alb. ujë neut. pl. “water” is a truncated derivative of Luwian wida- “watery”, Hitt. witi
“in water”.
Luwian watti “?”
D-LSg wa-at-ti: KBo XXIX 25 iii 10.
Could be cognate of Hitt. witi “in water”, but unprovable.

Luwian wida- “watery”
D-LPl ú-i-da-an-za: 45 ii 6.
See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild . 376. Cf. perh. witam [ ] at KBo

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XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, StBoT 31.567f, witi, ˚witaš and
witaz are Hittite!

Luwian witantalli(ya) - “of the water(s) ” (??)
N-ASgNt ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an: 43 ii 1.
ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-ya-an-za : 43 ii 9.
ú-i-ta-an-tal- li-ya-an-za : 19,4*.
AbIn ú-i-ta-an-tal-li-ya-ti: 19,8*.
Mere guess based on shape & context. Far from assured!
Luwian witatt(a)- “?”
ASg ú-i-ta-at-ta-an: 43 ii 11.
Perhaps again a derivative of “water”. A 2nd pl. imv. of wida(i)-
is highly unlikely in the context.
Luwian NINDA wiyattatar “?”
N-ASg NINDA ú-i-ya- at-ta-tar: XVII 24 ii 3.
Lat. (*hunda ) unda , f. “ water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people “ (with n- infix
from the present; compare O.Pruss. (*gwundan ) wundan n., unds m. “water” and O.Ind.
(*hundati ) unátti , undáti as well as Lith. vanduõ , -eñs, vándenį, žem. unduo , Ltv. ûdens m. f.
“water”, and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 281, 283, Trautmann 337);
(*huter ) uter, utris “ hose, tube “ (*udri-s “* water hose “, compare Gk. ὑδρία), lutra “ otter “
(l- after lutum “ mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle “).
Umbr. (*hutor ) utur n. “water” (= ὕδωρ ), abl. une (*udni).
O.Ir. (*hudesko ) u(i)sce “water” (*udeski̯o -), odar “ brown “ (*udaros ), coin fodorne “ otters
“ (“water dogs “).

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Goth. watō (n-stem), dat. pl. watnam “water”; O.S. vætur (æ = IE e? rather umlaut from
Gmc. a in the - in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),
O.Ice. (*gvatna ) vatn n. (takes o-stem, compare Goth. dat. pl. watnam), vatr , N.. sea name
Vättern ; O.H.G. wazzar , O.S. watar , O.E. wæter (*u̯odōr ) “water”;
O.Ice. (*huotar ) otr, O.E. otor, O.H.G. ottar m. “otter, water snake ”, in addition FlN Otter , old
Uterna ; with nasalization within the word (compare above to Lat. unda ) probably Goth.
wintrus , O.Ice. vetr, O.E. winter , O.H.G. O.S. wintar “ winter “ as “ wet season “ (Lidén PBrB .
15, 522, Falk- Тоrp under vinter ; not better to Ir. find “ white “, see under su̯eid - “ shine “);
perhaps to Wasser also O.H.G. O.E. (*hwaschan ) wascan , O.Ice. vaska , Ger. waschen ,
wusch (*wat-sk -); with lengthened grade ē of the root shaped from O.Ice. vütr, O.E. wæ ̄ t,
Eng. wet “ wet, soaked “.
In Gmc. also with Þ O.E. wađum m. “ wave “, zero grade O.Ice. unnr, uđr, pl. unnir “ wave
“, O.S. ūthia , ūđia, O.E. ȳđ, O.H.G. (*gvundra ) undea “ wave, billow, flood “, like from a root
variant *u̯et-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t
of the type O.Ind. yakr̥-t.
Lith. (*gvounduõ ) vanduõ etc (see above); Lith. (*hudras ) údra, O.Pruss. udro f., E.Lith.
údras , Ltv. ûdris m. “ otter “; O.C.S. (*gvudras ) vydra , Ser.-Cr. vīdra (Bal.-Slav. ūd- : Lith.
vánd -eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lith.; to ū compare Pedersen E ́ t . Lith. 54 f.);
Maybe Alb. vidra ‘sea otter” Slavic loanword.
O.C.S. (*gvoda ) voda “water” (become Fem. because of the ending - a, here for IE -ō[r]);
lengthened grade O.C.S. vědro “κάδος , σταμνος” (with ὑδρία attuning well in the meaning,
s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);
Hitt. wa-a-tar (*gwütar , wütar ) “water”, gen. úе-te-na-aś (e-grade as Phryg. βεδυ , a of
nom. from e?). nom. pl. ú-wi-ta-ar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hitt. 167.

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Maybe the old laryngeal present in Hitt. gen. úе-te-na-aś “of water ”, nom. pl. ú-wi-ta-ar
“waters” was transmited to turk. su “water”.
c) au̯er- “ water, rain, river “ (u̯ēr- : ūr-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm. 2).
1. u̯ēr-, u̯er-: O.Ind. vü ́ r, vü ́ ri n. “water”, Av. vür n. “rain” (with themat. inflection Iran. Av.
vür “ to rain “, med. “ allow to rain, let rain “), O.Ind. vürī f. “water”, Av. vairi- m. ‘sea”;
Toch. A wär, В war “water”;
Arm. gayṙ “ marsh, mud “ (*u̯eri̯o-);
Gk. perhaps in ἀρύω “ scoops “, if *Fὰρ ὔ[σ]ω (see *aus- “ scoop, draw water, ladle “);
Alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) vrëndë “ light rain “ (nt- participle); hur-dë “
pond, tank, marsh “ (*ūr-), shure “ urine “, shurë (postverbal) f. “ urine “ (prefix sh from Lat.
ex or IE *sm̥ + ūr-në; or + Gk. οὐρέω ?);
Note:
Albanian preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- > s- like satem languages Alb. (*sūrīna ) shura “
urine “ : Hittite šehur “ urine “ : Lat. ūrīna “ urine “. But in Alb. hur-dë “ pond, tank, marsh “
Alb. preserved ḫ- laryngeal like centum languages.
Welsh gwer m. “ suet, sebaceous, tallow “;
O.N. vari m. “ liquid, water “.
2. ūr-, au̯er-: Lat. ūrīna “ urine “ (in which meaning influenced by οὖρον ?), ūrīnor , -ürī “ to
dive “, ūrīnütor “ a diver “;
Maybe Alb. urela “water-pit ” : Basque ura “water” .
O.N. ūr “fine rain”, ȳra “ to rain subtly “, ūrigr “ dew-covered ”, O.E. ūrig ds.;
perhaps O.N. ūrr, gen. ūrar (u-stem), O.E. ūr, O.H.G. ūro, ūrohso , Lat. Lw. ūrus “ a kind
of wild ox “, Swe. dial. ure “ randy bull, a bull in heat “ (“*one that scatters, drops, one that
inseminates “ as O.Ind. vr̥šan - etc, see under);

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root form au̯er- in Thrac. FlN Αὔρας , Gk. (Persson IF. 35, 199) * αὔρα “water, spring “ in
ἄναυρος “ without water, of brooks “ under likewise (about Gk. θησαυρός and Κένταυρος
compare Schwyzer Gk.Gk. I 267, 444);
in FlN: Ital. Met-aurus (Bruttium), Pisaurus (Umbrien), Gaul. Avara > Fr. Avre, Aura > Fr.
Eure , Aurana > Ger. Ohrn (Wũrttemb.), Ar-auris > Fr. Hérault , Vi-aurus > Fr. Le Viaur ;
O.Pruss. Aure , Lith. Aur-ytė; O.N. aurigr “ wet “, aurr “ wet, water “, FlN Aura , O.E. ēar “ sea
“;
O.Pruss. wurs (*ūras ) “pond, pool ”, iūrin acc. sg. , iuriay pl. fem. ‘sea”, O.Ltv. jūri- m., Ltv.
jũ”ra, Lith. jū ́ re s , jū ́ rios pl. fem. ‘sea, esp. the Baltic Sea “ (see above to Lat. ūrīna ; j-
presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);
Lith. jaurùs “ swampy, marshy “, jáura , jáuras “marshy place, marshy ground, swamp
bottom” from *eu̯ǝr- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lith.).
Maybe Arm. jur, gen. jroy “water” [not from ( *gʷhðōro -) see Root gʷhðer - : “to run, flow ”
] : Alb. (*jura > uja ) ujë, ujëra pl. “water”.
3. Verbum: Lith. vérdu , vìrti “ bubble, surge, cook “, versmě “ wellspring “, vỹrius “
whirlpools “, atvyrs “ counterstream on the shore “, Ltv. ver̂du , vir̂t “ soak, bubble, boil, cook
“, atvars “ whirl “,
O.C.S. vьrjǫ , vьrěti “ stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook “, virъ “ whirlpool “, izvorъ “
wellspring (bubbling water) “, wherefore with from “ cook “ developed meaning “ heat “, Ltv.
wersme “ glow “, O.C.S. varъ “ heat “.
About possible affiliation of *u̯er/e/nü “ alder “ see there.
4. extension u̯er-s- “ rain, dew “: O.Ind. varśá - n. “ rain, rainy season, year “ (varšati “ it is
raining “), Gk. οὖρον “ urine “; ἔρση , ἐέρση “ dew “, Ion. Att. οὐρέω “ urinates “ (kausativ
*u̯orseiō , F- proved by the augmentation ἐούρησα ), οὐρία “ a water bird “;

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M.Ir. frass “rain” is older fross (u̯ros-tü, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44); Hitt. wa-ar-ša-aš
“rain”(?)seems O.Ind. Lw.
Maybe Alb. (*varśá -) vesa “dew” : ἐέρση “ dew”.
u̯r̥sen - “ discharging semen = virile “, O.Ind. vr̥šán - “virile”, m. “ manikin, man, stallion “.
thereof derived Av. varǝšna - “virile”, O.Ind. vŕ̥ṣ̣a-, vr̥ṣabhá - “bull”, vŕ̥ṣṇi - “virile”, m. “Aries,
ram” (= Av. varǝšni - ds.), vŕ̥šaṇa - m. “ testicles “;
Specht (Decl. 156) places here (from Gmc. *wrai-njan- ) without s-extension O.H.G.
reineo “ stallion “, O.S. wrênio ds., O.E. wræ ̄ ne “ horny, lustful “; O.H.G. wrenno “ stallion “
is back-borrowed from M.Lat.
u̯ersē /i-: Lat. verrēs, -is “boar”, Lith. ver̃šis “calf”, Ltv. versis “ox, rother, cattle ”.
References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418,
IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of u̯ers- with ers-). About
finn. vesi, stem vete “water” s. Mikkola Me ́ l . van Ginneken 137.
WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Decl. 18 f.,
Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gk. I 519, 548, 838.
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au̯es-
English meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten ”, especially vom Tagesanbruch
Material: O.Ind. uṣǘḥ f. acc. uṣü̆́sam , gen. uṣásaḥ “ aurora “, Av. ušü ̊, acc. ušü ̊ ŋhǝm ,
gen.ušaŋhō ds. (ušas -tara- “ eastern “), next to which O.Ind. gen. sg. , acc. pl. uṣáḥ , Av. loc.
sg. uši-[δü̊, s. *demü -” to build “] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s - to s-stem; O.Ind.
uccháti = Av. usaiti (*us-sk̂éti) “ shines in (from the morning ) “,
perf. O.Ind. uvüsa , Aor. avasran “ they shone “; uṣar-, usr “ dawn, aurora, early morning,
prime of the day, red sky “, uṣar-búdh - “ early awake “, usrá- “ early morning, reddish “, also
figurative “ cow “, m. “bull” (Frisk, nominal formation 3);
u̯es-, u̯ōs- in O.Ind. vasar -hán- ‘striking in the morning early morning ”, vüsara ́ - “early
morning”, m. “ day “ (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword
r/n-stem *u̯es-r-, u̯es-n- “ springtide, spring “);
Gk. Hom. ἠώς *(üusōs ), gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος ), Att. (with accent innovation ) ἕως, Dor. ἀ̄ώς,
ἀFώρ, changing through ablaut Eol. αὔως “ aurora “ (Proto-Gk. αυ[σ]ώς), böot. ἄα and Αἰαίη
(*ἀαίη);
ἄγχαυρος “ near the morning “, αὔριον “ tomorrow “ (*αυσρ -); Hom. ἤιε Υοῖβε “ radiative
morning “; ἠι-κανός “ rooster, cock “ (*üusi- “ singing in the morning early morning “);
Maybe Gk. ἄγχαυρος “ near the morning “ : Alb. agu “dawn” s/ h allophones : Estonian agu
“daybreak, dawn ” : Latvian ausma, s üjums “dawn”
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Lat. aurōra f. “aurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak “ (for *ü̆usōsü ); auster (*aus-t(e)ro- =
Gmc. * austra -) “ souther, southerly wind “, austrülis “ southern “;

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presumably also aurum , sabin. ausom “gold” as “*reddish”; to Lith. áuksas (k -
unexplained), O.Lith. ausas , O.Pruss. ausis “gold”;
maybe truncated Alb. (*aur-) ar “gold”
perhaps Toch. A wäs “gold”, but compare Arm. os-ki “gold”, finn. vas-ki “ copper “; perhaps
Vesuvius (differently under eus- “ burn “);
M.Ir. füir “ sunrise “, Welsh gwawr “aurora”, Bret. gwere laouen “morning star “ (*u̯ōsri- ,
Pedersen KG. I 82);
Gmc. *austrō in O.E. ēastre “ spring goddess “, ēastron pl. “ Easter “ = O.H.G. ōst(a)ra,
ōstarūn ; against it with IE -t(e)ro-, O.H.G. ōstar “eastern” and adv. “ the after east “,
Ger.Öster -reich , O.N. austr n. “ East “ and adv. “ eastwards “,
O.E. compounds ēasterra “ more to the east “, in addition ostrogothae , older Austrogoti as “
the eastern Goths “; O.H.G. ōstan “ from the east “, O.E. ēaste f. “East”, O.N. austan “ from
the east “; *üusōs in O.E. ēarendel “ morning star “, O.H.G. MN Orendil ;
Lith. aušra ̀ f. “aurora”, aũšta “ day is breaking ”, Ltv. àust ds.; Lith. auštrìnis (vějas ) “
north-east wind “, Ltv. àustra f. “ daybreak “, àustrums m. “East”; in ablaut žem. apūūšriai m.
“ daybreak “;
O.C.S. za ustra “τὸ πρωΐ” (about utro, jutro “morning” from * aus(t)ro- compare Trautmann
19, Mikkola Ursl. Gk. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lith. , wherefore Brũckner KZ. 46, 212,
ausPol. ŭścić “ shine “ reconstructs sl. * usto “lustre, shine ”), ustrъ “ relating to summer “
(see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).
compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69.
maybe Alb. (*në “in” + aušra ̀ ), nesrë, nesëret, nesër “ tomorrow morning, tomorrow ”
References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Decl. 10, Wackernagel-
Debrunner O.Ind. Gk. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121 ff.,
Schwyzer Gk. I 349, 514, 557.

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au̯ē-11 (u̯e-d(h)- ?)
English meaning: to try, force
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich mũhen, anstrengen” ?
Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects O.Ind. vüyati, -tē “ gets tired, is exhausted, tires “
with Gk. ἄεθλος “ drudgery, contest “ (*ἄFε-θλος ), ἄεθλον , ἀ̃θλον “ fight, cut-throat price,
battlefield “, whereby ἀ- assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form *au̯ē̆-
besides *u̯ē-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the Gk. words
with M.Ir. feidm “ effort “,
fedil “ persistent, persevering “, O.Ir. ni fedligedar “ (he, she) does not stay “ (whereby
formal measure relationship would be comparable as * mē- “ (apportion by measure), allot,
(*cut) “ : *med-, *u̯ē- “blow” : O.N. veđr, Ger. Wetter ), wherefore Pedersen KG. I 110, Welsh
gweddil “ remnant, leavings “ (out of it M.Ir. fuidell ) places; here Toch. В waimene “ difficult,
hard “?
However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts . For vüyati “ exert itself “ as basic
meaning in would put the question through the meaning “ dry up “ from vüna “ dry “, upa-
vüyati “ be extinguished by drying up, dry up “,
upavüta - “ become dry “; and in ἄεθλος takes turns most of course - θλο-as suffixal, while
the dental Ir. words root-like d or dh is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.
References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.
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au̯iĝ-
English meaning: a kind of grass, oat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grasart, Hafer ”
Material: Lat. avēna “ oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe,
shepherd ’s pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw “ (presumably after arēna , terrēnus to occurred
suffix exchange for * avīna from *au̯iĝ-snü);
Lith. aviža ̀ , Ltv. (pl. f.) àuzas , O.Pruss. wyse “ oat “, O.C.S. ovьsъ, Russ. ovësъ “oat” (s
from z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the word in conservative nom.
*ovьz), but αἰγίλωψ “ a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise “ barely as * αFιγιλωψ here.
After Specht Decl. 298 would be assumed rather IE *au̯i- besides * au̯es - (*au̯esnü >
avēna ).
References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.
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au̯-5, au̯ē-
English meaning: to weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, weben ”
Material: Unextended in: O.Ind. ṓtum , ṓtavē (from der set-basis vü ́ tavē ) “ to weave “, perf.
ūvuh ̣ , participle ūta ́-, vū-uta- (also das present váyati “ weaves “ can be after Wackernagel
O.Ind. Gk. I 94 an - ei̯o-present v-áyati , so that Fut. vayišyati, vüya - “weaver” only in addition
one would be new-created), ṓtu- m. “ woof of fabric “, vüna - n. “ the weaving “.
To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vü ́ tave “
weave, twist “, vünam (W. must understand ūta ́- as neologism to váyate after hūta ́- :
hváyate ).
dh-extension 1. au-dh-, 2. (a)u̯-ē̆dh-, u-dh-:
1. Arm. z-aud “ strap “ (z-audem “ connects, ties together “), y-aud ‘strap, limb, joint “ (y-
audem “ join together “), aud ‘shoe”;
Lith. áudžiau , áudžiu , áusti “to weave ”, ataudaĩ pl. “ woof “, ũdis “ a unique fabric, the
weaving “, ũdas “ eel line “ (vowel as with áugu “ increase, sprout “: ūgy ̃ s “ annual growth “);
Russ. uslo “ fabric “ (uzda “ bridle “?), see below eu- “ pull “. It goes back to the image of the
weaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess :
audh- “ luck, possession, wealth “: Illyr. PN Audarus , Audata (: Gmc. Audo -berht ), paIon.
PN Audō -leōn (Krahe IF. 58, 132), Welsh udd (*audos ) “ master, mister “ (different Lewis-
Pedersen 14),
Bret. ozac”h “ landlord “ (*udakkos ), Loth RC. 41, 234; O.S. ōdan , O.E. ēaden , O.N. auđinn
“ granted from the destiny, grants “, O.N. auđna “ destiny, luck “, auđr “ wealth “, O.E. ēad “
possession, wealth, luck “,

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O.S. ōd “ possession, prosperity “, O.H.G. al-ōd “ full and free possession “ (M.Lat.
allodium ), M.H.G. klein-ōt “ jewel “, Goth. audahafts “ makes happy “, audags “ blessed,
fortunate “, O.H.G. ōtac “ happy, rich “.
2. O.N. vüđ f. “ fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net “, pl.vüđir “
gowns, clothes “, O.E. wæ ̄ d (*wēđi -) f. “ clothes, rope “, O.S. wüd “ clothes “, O.H.G. wüt,
gen.- i “ clothes, armament “;
O.N. vađr m. “ rope, string, fishing line “, Swe. Nor. vad n. “drag net” (O.N. vǫzt f. “ spot
for fishing at sea from * wađa -stō), M.H.G. wate , wade f. “drag net, trawl net “, M.H.G.
spinne-wet “ spinning web “.
References: WP. I 16 f., WH. I 88.
See also: Maybe here u̯ebh - “to weave ”, u̯edh - “ bind, connect “ (wherefore as nasal form
probably u̯endh -),see there; also perhaps u̯ei- “ twist, spin “, (a)ueg - “to weave etc ” (u̯er- ““
twist, spin “?), u̯es- “ wrap “.
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au̯-6, au̯ed-
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen”
Material: Gk. Hom. αὖε Imperf. “ (he, she) called (out), shouted “, ἄβα τροχὸς ἤ βοή Hes.
O.Ind. vádati “ lets the voice resound, talks “ (perf. ūdima ́ , participle uditá -), vádanam “
the sounds, talking, mouth “, úditi-ḥ f. ‘speech”, vüdayati “ allows to sound, plays (a music
instrument), allows to speak “, vüditram “ musical instrument, music “, vüda - “ sound letting,
m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words “;
in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next O.C.S. vada “ calumny “,
vaditi “ accuse “;
nasalized O.Ind. vandate, - ti “ praises, praises, greets with respect “, vandanam “ praise,
price, reverential greeting “, vandüru - “ appreciative, praising “; see still Uhlenbeck O.Ind.
Wb. under vallakī “ a kind of sounds “, vallabha- ḥ “ minion, favourite “.
Gk. γοδᾶν [i.e. Fοδᾶν] κλαίειν Hes., ΏΗσί(F)οδος “qui ἵησi Fόδαν , i. e. ἀοιδήν”, γοδόν [i.e.
Fοδόν] γόητα Hes.;
zero grade ὑδέω , ὕδω (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) “ sings, glorifies “,
ὕδη φήμη, ᾠδη (Theognostos καν. 19, 26) ( ὕμνος “ ballad, song “ rather to the wedding call
ὑμήν : other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.2 under suō, Boisacq s. v., again different
Risch 50).
Lith. vadinù , vadìnti “ shout, call “.
au̯-ē-d- in ἀ(F)ηδών “ nightingale “ (ἀβηδόνα ἀηδόνα Hes., Eol. ἀήδων and ἀήδω, the
zero grade ἀυδ- in αὐδή “ sound, voice, language “ (Eol. αὔδω Sappho), αὐδάω “ shouts,
speaks “, αὐδήεις , Dor. αὐδά̄εις “ speaking with human voice “.

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au̯-7, au̯ē-, au̯ēi-
English meaning: to like; to help, *desire
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gern haben ”; daher einerseits “verlangen ”, andrerseits
“begũnstigen, hilfreich sein ”
Material: O.Ind. ávati “ desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes “ = Av. avaiti “
provides, helps “ = O.Ir. con-ōi “ protects “; Messap. αFιναμι “ I bid (s.o.) farewell? (to wish
s.o. to be strong to be healthy) “;
O.Ind. ávas- n. “ satisfaction, favour, assistance “ = Av. avah - n. “help” (in addition probably
O.Ind. avasá - n. “nourishment ”), compare Gk. ἐν-ηής “favorable ” (*εν-ᾱFής); O.Ind. ōman - “
favorable, helping “ = Av. aoman- “ supporting, helping “, O.Ind. ōma ́ n - m. “ favour,
assistance, protection “,
ōma-ḥ “ comrade “; O.Ind. avitár - m. “ patron, sponsor, patronizer “ (from which 2-syllable
root form as Fut. avišyati , perf. 2. sg. üvitha , as well as participle ūta ́- and:) ūtí-ḥ “ delivery,
help”;
Arm. aviun “ violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate passion,
lust “ (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);
Gk. -ᾱFονες in 2. part of Greek family names ( ᾽Ιάονες )? compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232
f., different Schwyzer Gk. I 487, 3; 521; ἀί̄τᾱς (Theokrit) “ friend, lover “;
Lat. aveō , -ēre (basis au̯ē[i]- as in preceding ) “ be eager, have a wild desire, long for,
desire “, avidus “ desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious “ (therefrom
audeō, -ēre “ to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to “), avürus “ covetous, greedy “;
O.Ir. con ōi “protects”, Welsh ewyllys “favor, wish desire ”, Corn. awell “ desire”, abr. a-iul
“unaided, wantonly, voluntarily ”, M.Bret. eoull, youll “ favor, wish desire “, as a name

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component in Gaul. Avi-cantus (=O.Bret. Eucant ), O.Welsh Euilaun under likewise, also in
O.H.G. names as Awileib, Awo ; compare Goth. awi-liuÞ “χάρις , εὐχαριστία” ; M.Welsh ri-m-
aw “ he grants to me “, Welsh ad-aw (with negat. at-) “ leave “, O.Bret. di-eteguetic
“abandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute ” (*di-at-aw-etic).
Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: O.H.G. ōdi, O.S. ōthi, O.E. adj. īeÞe, adv. ēaÞe “ easy,
comfortable “, O.H.G. ōdmuoti , O.S. ōthmōdi “modest”, O.E. ēaÞmōd “modest”, O.N.
auđmjūkr “ to move easily, willing, modest “,
auđkendr “ to recognize easily “; basic meaning is “ willing “, from which “ to make easy “;
formal Gmc. to-participle-formation to awi- (example Gmc. auÞia - “ deserted; flat; waste;
empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull; tedious
“?). Rather uncertainly.
If also O.Lith. auštis “ refresh oneself “, ataušimas “ refreshment “, Ltv. ataust “ recover,
refresh “, ataũsêt “ invigorate, refresh “ are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus - of in
O.Ind. ávas- , Gk. ἐν-ηής present as a basis es-stem . Or = Lith. áušti “ get cold “, áušyti “
cool “?
Toch. B au-lüre, A olar “ comrade “; as dubious В omaute “ longing “, w-är(īn) - “ crave,
long for”, A w-aste “ protection “ with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- “ give “, A
1.sg. wsü (Pedersen Tochar. 186).
References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.
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au̯o-s (*ḫuḫḫaš)
English meaning: grandfather
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Großvater mũtterlicherseits”
Note:
The original root was Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) “grandfather ” branched into Root au̯o-s:
grandfather in centum languages and Root sūs- (*ghus ): parent : Alb. (*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh
“grandfather ” in satem languages; old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: Arm. hav, gen. havu “grandfather ”, Lat. avus “ grandfather; poet., in gen., an
ancestor “; fem. Lat. avia “grandmother ” (see finally Leumann-Stolz5 204), dubious Gk. αἶα
as “ primordial mother earth “ (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 473;
Lat. also -hu̯- > -v- phonetic mutatIon.
different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avītus “ of a grandfather,
ancestral “ is probably shaped after marītus , older i-stem in Lith. avūnas “ brother of the
mother “;
differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avītus “ large-scale
fatherly, angestammt “ is formed probably after marītus, old i-stem in Lith. avýnas “ brother
of the mother “;
i̯o-derivative O.Pruss. awis “uncle”, O.C.S. * ujь ds. ( ujka “aunt”), O.Ir. ( h)áue “ a grandson,
a nephew “, M.Ir. ó(a), úa ds.; en-stem: Goth. awō “grandmother ”, O.N. afi “grandfather ”, üi
“ great-grandfather “, O.E. ēam, O.Fris. ēm, O.H.G. ōheim ,
Ger. Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz “ the one (he) who lived in
grandfather ’s home “), after R. Much Gmc. 205 from * auhaim < IE *au̯os k̂oimos “ dear
grandfather ”, compare Welsh tad cu [*tatos koimos ] “grandfather ”),

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Lat. avunculus “ brother of the mother “ (probably caressing diminutive an * avō, -ōnis);
Welsh ewythr , O.Corn. euitor , Bret. eontr “uncle” (*au̯en -tro-).
The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the
words for “uncle or aunt on the maternal side “ probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f.
Da Arm. hav could go back also to * pap-, would be au̯os only north - West IE On account
of here Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) “grandfather ”? Lyc. *χuga “ grandfather on the maternal
side “ appears to speak rather for Asia Minor origin.
References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lyc. under Hitt. 25 f., Risch Mus. Helv. 1,
118 ff.
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ā̆bel-, ā̆bōl-, ab el-
English meaning: apple
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Apfel”
Note: Root ü̆bel-, ü̆bōl-, ab el- : “apple” derived from Root om- (*ḫamel ): “raw, bitter, *sweet ”.
Material: Maybe O.Ind. : abalá - m. “the plant Tapia Crataeva ” {“Crataegus roxburghii ” (H.
Ebel KZ VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].
Lat. Abella (Osc. town, city in Campanien) malifera “apple-bearing ”, after Verg. Aen. 7, 740,
might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic form
*ablonü . The apple is not named possibly only after the town.
In the Celt. the names are to be distinguished for “apple” (*ablu ) and “ apple tree “
(*abaln- ). Gaul. avallo “ fruit “, Aballō (n-stem) PN, Fr. Avallon , O.Brit. PN Aballüva , Gallo-
Rom. * aballinca “ Alpine mistletoe “ (Wartburg);
Maybe Illyr. PN Aulona
O.Ir. ubull (*ablu ) n. “apple”, Welsh afal, pl. afalau , Corn. Bret. aval m. “apple”, but M.Ir.
aball (*abalnü ) f. “apple tree ”, O.Welsh aball , M.Welsh avall pl. euyill (analogical) f.,
O.Welsh aballen , Welsh afallen “apple tree ” (with singulative ending).
The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:
KrimGoth. apel (Goth. *apls ?), O.H.G. apful , afful, M.H.G. apfel , O.E. æppel (Eng. apple ),
O.N. epli n. (apal-grür “apple-gray ”) “apple”. Gmc. probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu- . Further O.N.
apaldr “apple tree ”, O.E. apuldor , æppuldre , O.H.G. apholtra (compare Ger. Affoltern PN),
M.H.G. apfalter “apple tree ” (*apaldra- ).
The Baltic shows clear tracks in IE completely isolated l- declension *übōl , G. sg. *übeles .

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lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for “apple”: E.Lith. obuolỹs , Ltv.
âbuolis (-ii̯o-stem), WestLith. óbuolas , Ltv. âbuols (o-stem) from IE *übōl -;
Normal grade mostly in the word for “apple tree ”; Lith. obelìs (fem. i-stem), Ltv. âbels (i-
stem), âbele (ē-stem) from IE *übel -; but O.Pruss. woble f. (*übl-) “apple”, wobalne (*übolu -)
f. “apple tree ”.
O.Bulg. ablъko, jablъko, Pol. jabɫko, Slov. jábolko , Russ. jábloko “apple” (*ablъko from
*üblu-) etc; O.Bulg. (j)ablanь, Sloven. jáblan , O.Cz. jablan , jablon , Russ. jáblonь “apple
tree”, from IE*üboln - (influences the sound form of *ablo “apple”).
Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both Lat. Celt. Gmc. Bal.-
Slav. forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing act. With respect
to Lat. abies “ fir” etc. very uncertain.
Note: The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *šamlu(wa) - “apple-(tree) ”; Attestations: [HittErgSg]
ša-ma-lu-wa-an-za: 145 iii 18. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR -an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 26. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR -lu-wa-an-za:
XLIV 4+ Vo 28.
Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luwian nt. nom.-
acc. sg. šamluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.
From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *šamlu(wa) - > Root ü̆bel-, ü̆bōl-, ab el- :
“apple” in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon Illyr.
Alb. sa > zero, phonetic mutation Luvian *šamlu(wa) - “apple-(tree) ” > Lat. malum -i n. “an
apple, or other similar fruit ”; Alb.Gheg mollë “apple”.
Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemel ъ; jьmela; jьmelo {2} [ Page in Trubac ̌ ev : VI 26-
27]: Russ. oméla “mistletoe ” [f ü], Old Russ. imela “mistletoe ” [f ü], Czech omela (dial.)
“mistletoe ” [f ü]; omelo (dial.) “mistletoe ” [n o]; jmelí , melí (dial.) “mistletoe ” [f iü], Slovak
jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) “mistletoe ” [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) “mistletoe ” [n o], Pol.
jemioɫa, jamioɫa “mistletoe ” [f ü]; imioɫa (dial.) “mistletoe ” [f ü], Upper Sorbian jemjel

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“mistletoe ” [m o], Lower Sorbian jemjoɫ, hemjoɫ “mistletoe ” [m o], Serbo-Croatian òmela
(dial.) “mistletoe ” [f ü]; ìmela , mèla “mistletoe ” [f ü], Slovene jemę́la (dial.), omę́la (dial.)
“mistletoe ” [f ü]; imę̄la , mę̄la “mistletoe ” [f ü], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel -; Lith.
ãmalas , ẽmalas “mistletoe ” [m o] 3b, Latv. amuols ; ęmuols (BW); amuls ; ümals ; ümuls
“mistletoe, clover ” [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) “mistletoe ”.
Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135
NOTE s: {1} The forms with ü- may show the influence of âbuõls “apple, clover ”. {2} This
plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The
Slavic forms with *jьm- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe ’s sap is used to
produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati “to take”. An etymological connection with PIE *h1m- “to
take” is doubtful, as is the connection with *H3eHm- “raw” .
maybe Gk. Compounds : ἁμάμηλίς plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree,
“medlar”, = ἐπιμηλίς .
Probably Tocharian B: müla * “a kind of intoxicating drink ”; Paradigm : [-, -, müla//]
Examples : se s ̣ a [müne ] mot müla trikelyesa s ́ akse yokäm ̣ püyti “whatever monk drinks
alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, püyti” [müla = BHS
maireya ] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumeṃ pärwettsai mülasa yokalle “then it
[is] to be drunk with an aged drink ” (W-33a5).
Derivatives: mülatstse* “drunken”: arän ̃ cacu epreta Mürä [nts]= üdan ̃ c mülatsai ...
ṣpyarkatai -me “O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Müra ’s drunken bite ”
(241a2/3).
References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.
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ā̆ĝher -, ā̆ĝhen -, ā̆ĝhes - (or ōg ̂ her etc) (*dā ̆ g ̂ hen )
English meaning: day
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tag”
Grammatical information: Heteroclite NeutRom.
Material: O.Ind. áhar, áhaḥ , gen. áhn-as, Av. gen. pI. asn-ąm “day”. In Gmc. is found
anlaut. d- by influence from Proto-Gmc. *đü̆ʒwaz (IE *dhō ̆ gʷho -, s. *dhegʷh - “ burn “) “ warm
season “ (: Lith. dãgas “ summer heat “): the o-stem Goth. dags ,
O.Ice. dagr, O.H.G. tac m. “day” is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (Goth. PN Δαγίσ -θεος =
*Dagis -Þius, O.H.G. Dagi-bert etc), also in ablaut, O.E. dæ ́ g (*dōʒiz), pl. dōgor n. “day”
(Goth. fidur-dōgs “fourth day “), O.Ice. døgr n. “day or night “ besides there is n-stem aDan.
døgn n. “day and night ”.
Note: From Root dhegʷh -: “to burn, *day ” derived Root ü̆ĝher -, ü̆ĝhen -, ü̆ĝhes - (or ōg ̂ her
etc): “day” the same as Root ak̂ru : “tear” derived from Root dak̂ru - : “tears”. The phonetic
shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : “long”: Balt
with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv.
“long” : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”.
This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-
Debrunner III 310 f.
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ā̆ĝ-
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziegenbock, Ziege ”
Note: Root digh- : “goat” derived from a zero grade of Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ”. From the
older root Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ” derived Root aiĝ- : “goat” and Root ü̆ĝ- : “goat”
[common Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate
derived from Proto-Illyr.
Material: O.Ind. ajá-ḥ “he-goat”, ajü ́ “ she-goat “, M.Pers. azak “goat”, Pers. azg ds.;
Alb. dhī́ “goat” (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from * adhi, as
sii “eye” from asii);
Note:
Maybe a zero grade in Alb. (*ü̆ĝhi) dhī́ “ goat “ [the common Alb. shift -ĝh- > -d-], older
Alb.Gheg (*ü̆ĝhi) edha “goats, sheep ”.
Lith. ožy ̃ s (*üg ̂ i̯os ) “he-goat”, ožka ̀ “goat”, O.Pruss. wosee “goat”, wosux “he-goat”;
O.Ind. ajína -m “fur, fleece ”;
Lith. ožìnis “ belonging to he-goat “, ožíena “ billy goat ’s meat “;
Church Slavic ( j)azno (*azьno) “ skin, leather “.
References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aiĝ-.
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ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-
English meaning: day, morning
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tag, Morgen ”
Grammatical information: n.
Note: Root ü̆ier-, ü̆ien- : “day, morning ” derived from a reduced Root ü̆ĝher -, ü̆ĝhen -, ü̆ĝhes -
(oder ōg ̂ her etc.) : “day”.
Material: Av. ayarǝ , gen. ayąn n. “day”.
Gk. loc. * ἀ(ι̯)ερι- in ἄριστον (from *ai̯eri-d-tom , to ed- “eat”) “ breakfast “ (uncontracted
ἀέριστον still produceable Hom. Ψ 124, π 2); lengthened grades * ἀ̄(ι̯)ερι in the derivative
ἠέριος “ early morning “, contracts in ἦρι “in the morning “. Different Risch 105.
Goth. air, O.Ice. ür, adv. “ early “ (likewise loc. *ai̯eri), in addition compar. Goth. airiza “
earlier “, adv. airis = O.E. ǣr, O.H.G. ēr, Ger. eher, ehe; superl. O.E. ǣrest , O.H.G. ērist,
Ger. erst.
Maybe Alb. (*ēherst ) herët “ early “; it seems that Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.
Maybe to ü̆i-4.
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ā(i)ĝh- : īg ̂ h-
English meaning: to need
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedũrfen, begehren”
Material: Av. üzi-š m. “ desire “, Pers. az ds., Av. üza-š m. “ striving, eagerness, zeal “;
changing through ablaut Av. izyati “ strives, striving for “ and ī̆žü “ striving, zeal, success,
prosperousness “ O.Ind. īhü “desire”, īhatē “ strives whereupon ”;
Gk. ἀ̄χήν “poor” = ἠχ῅νες κενοί , πτωχοί Hes. (by support of words, with ἀ- privative out of
it ἀεχ῅νες πένητες Hes., and ἀχενία “ lack, poverty “), κτεανηχής πένης Hes., changing
through ablaut ἰχανάω “longs for “, ἶχαρ “ desire “;
Toch. A ükül, В akülk “ wish, longing “. Different Pedersen Toch. 42.
References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BAL.-SLAV. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae
IF. 5, 215.
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ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂-
English meaning: spear, pike
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spieß; with einer spitzen Waffe treffen”
Note: Both Root ak̂-, ok̂- : ‘sharp; stone ” and Root ü̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : ‘spear, pike ” are reduced roots
of an older root * heĝʷ-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa. This older
root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla “needle” [f ü]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older Baltic-
Germanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon.
Compare Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv.
il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long” : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-
ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”.
Hence from Root dhelg - : “to stick; needle ” derived the alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna
**helĝʷa from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla “needle” [f ü], then Both Root ak̂-, ok̂- :
‘sharp; stone ” and Root ü̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : ‘spear, pike ”.
Finally Alb.Gheg gjilpanë n. f. “needle” is a compound of * gjil- “needle” + peni “thread”; Alb.
common zero grade *ilga > *gil- “needle” phonetic mutation corresponds to zero grade in
Lower Sorbian: gɫa “needle” [f ü].
Material: Gk. αἶκλοι αἱ γωνίαι τοῦ βέλους Hes., Gk. ἰκτέα ἀκόντιον Hes., Cypr. ἰκμαμένος or
ἰχμαμένος (in the latter pitfall from * ἰκσμαμένος ) “ wounds “, Gk.αἰχμή ‘spear, spit “ (*aik-
smü), O.Pruss. aysmis “ spit, broach “, Lith. iẽšmas , jiẽšmas “ spit, broach “, (basic form
*aik̂mos or Gk. exact congruent *aik̂-smos ); from moreover O.Pruss. ayculo , Church Slavic
igla etc “needle”, with g instead of ž (compare S.181)? Lat. īcō (analogical īciō), -ĕre “ hit,
wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain “, ictus “ slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat “,

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probably also Av. išarǝ “ instant, (very short space of time) “ = Gk. ἴκταρ “ near “ (as “
adjoining, adjacent “) and ἴγδη, ἴγδις “ mortar “ (also ἴξ, ἴκες “ worms damaging the vine “,
from which ἶπες ds. could be reshuffled after the related to meaning κνῖπες, σκνῖπες , θρῖπες;
different Schwyzer Gk. I 299.
Here possibly O.N. eigin n. “ a sprout that has just emerged from a seed “ (“point, cusp ”),
Swe. dial. äjel m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and nd. īne “ awn, ear of corn ” (Bezzenberger Federal
Railway. 27, 166).
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ahel) halë “needle, fishbone, awn, ear of corn “ [common Alb. -
k- > -h- phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.
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ā̆i-4
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, leuchten ”
Material: from O.E. üfor “ sharp, violent “, O.H.G. eibar , eivar “ harsh, bitter, pungent, rough,
shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage; unpolished, uncouth; frightful,
horrible “ derived from *aibhro- not is to be connected certainly .
Maybe but here Gk. ἰαίνω “warms up “ from * i(i̯)-ani̯ō; see under eis-1 “ move, shake
violently “.
See also: S. under ai-dh-, ü̆i̯er-, ai̯os-, aisk -, ai-tro-.
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ā̆l-3
English meaning: to wander, roam
Deutsche Übersetzung: “planlos umherschweifen, irren; also geistig irre sein ”
Material: Gk. ἄλη “the vagrancy, the wandering about “, ἀλάομαι (horn. Pf. ἀλάλημαι ),
ἀλαίνω “ wanders about “*, ἀλήτης “ beggar “,
ἀλητεύω “ wander, begging around “, ἅλιος “ in vain “ (Spiritus asper admittedly, still
unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the assumption of anl. F-);
from a basis alu-, aleu- Gk. ἀλύω “ I”m beside myself “**, ἀλύσσω ds. (Hom.; Fut. ἀλύξει
Hippocr.), ἀλύκη “ restiveness, worry, concern, fear, alarm “, ἄλυσις (from ἀλύω) “ angst “,
ἄλυς , -υος (Plut.) “ “ idle hanging around, boredom “; common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic
mutation;
with the concept “ wander around, around a dangerous place or thing not to come near to “,
also ἀλεύομαι , ἀλέομαι “ avoids “, ἀλύσκω (*αλυκ -σκω, compare Aor. ἤλυξα ) “ escapes “,
ἀλυσκάζω “ avoid, flee “, ἀλεείνω ds., ἀλεωλή “ defense “ (*ἀλεFωλή formation as φειδωλή ).
-------------------
*) ἀλαζών “ fibber, boaster, bragger “ (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank),
derives after Bonfante (BAL.-SLAV. 37, 77) from Thrac. VN ᾽Αλαζόνες.
**) ἀλύ̄ω , ἀλυίω from *ἀλυʒι̯ω vergleichen Schulze Qunder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. Gk.
Lautg. 89 with O.Ind. roṣati , ruṣyati “ be cross with, be angry “, but from Uhlenbeck O.Ind.
Wb. 256 is placed more right to Lith. rústas “ unfriendly, unkind “.
--------------------
With ü-: ἠλάσκω “ wanders around “, ἠλαίνω “be demented “, Med. “ wander around “,
ἠλέματος (Dor. ἀ̄λέματος Theokr.) “ foolish, futile, vain “, ἠλίθιος “trifling, in vain, brainless ”,

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ἠλεός “ confuses, beguiles; bewildering “, (besides Eol. equivalent ἆλλος an *ά̄λιος in:)
Hom. ἆλλα φρονέων “φρένας ἠλεός” “ dazed, unconscious “ (from Dor. * ᾱλεός derives Lat.
ülea “ a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck “).
Lat. ambulō “to walk, go for a walk, travel, march ” (Umbr. amboltu “a walk, a stroll ”); (Lat.
alūcinor “to wander in mind, dream, talk idly ” is probably borrowed from ἀλύω under formal
support in vüticinor ).
In addition Ltv. aluôt , aluôtiês “ wander around, get lost “, with ü Ltv. üla “ half-mad
person “, ül”uôtiês “ behave foolish, gestures clownish “.
Toch. AB ül- “ distinguish, remove “.
References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambulō to Gk. ἐλαύνω , stem el-).
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ālu-, ālo-
English meaning: a bitter plant
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bittere Pflanze? ”
Material: O.Ind. ülu ́-ḥ, üluka ́ m - “ bulb, onion, round esculent radix “; Lat. ülum, ülium “ garlic
“, Osc. *allō from *ali̯ü probably as foundation of Gk. ἀλλᾶς “ sausage (*stuffed tubular
casing)”; Lat. ülum or ülus “ Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort “ a plant
appreciated for its roots (perhaps Gaul. word? s. Thesaurus).
Maybe Alb. helm “bitter; poison ”
Note: Alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.

References: WP. I 90 f., WH. I 30, 33.
See also: Probably to alu-.
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āmer - (āmōr , āmr ̥)
English meaning: day
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tag”
Material: Gk. horn. ἦμαρ , -ατος, Att. ἡμέρᾱ (Asper probably after ἑσπέρα, Sommer Gk. Ltst.
123), otherwise ἀ̄μέρα “day” (with Lenis, hence not to IE *sem - “ summer “;
Lith. bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Fick KZ. 43, 147); Arm. aur “day” (from *ümōr about
*amur , *aumr ; Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt pl. 195 f., to
Ion. μεσᾰμβρίη “ midday “ Boisacq under μεσημβρίᾱ . Van Windekens (Lexique 80) places
here Toch. A omäl , В emalle “hot”, from IE *ümel -.

References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gk. I 305, 481, 518.
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āpero -
English meaning: shore
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ufer”
Material: Gk. ἤπειρος , Dor. ἄπειρος f. “ shore; mainland “; O.E. ōfer, M.L.G. ōver, M.H.G.
(md.) uover , Ger. Ufer; but Arm. ap”n “ shore “ requires IE ph and hence, stays away.
Maybe Alb. (*ἄπειρος ) afër “near, close, related, neighboring, in the area of ” : O.Ind. ápara -
“ back, later “.
relationship to *apo ‘since, from, ex ”, O.Ind. ápara - “ back, later “ as lengthened grade
formation becomes adopted by Specht Decl. 23.
References: WP. I 48.
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ā̆p-2
English meaning: water, river
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wasser, Fluß”
Note: It seems that from Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : “water, river ” [through the
shift gʷ > b, kʷ > p attested in Greek, Illyrian and Celtic languages] derived Root ab- :
(water, river) and Root ü̆p-2 : “water, river ”.
Material: O.Ind. ü̆p- f. “water”, e.g. pl. Norn. ǘpaḥ , acc. apáḥ , gen. apü ́ m , Av. nom. sg. üfš,
acc. sg. üpǝm , instr. sg. apü(-ca), O.Ind. ǘpavant - “watery”, in older contraction with
reduplication-stem in - i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137
f.) pratīpa ́ - “ directed against the stream “, nīpa ́- “ low lying, deep-recumbent “, anūpa ́ - “
situated, lying in water “,

dvīpa ́ - “ island, sand bank in the river “, antarīpa - “island”; the same contraction with in -o
ending 1. part in Gk. river names ᾽᾽῝᾽Iνωπός , ᾽Ασωπός ( : ἰνόω, ἄσις; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62);
Gk. “Ᾱπία “Peloponnes ”, Μεσσ -απία ds., lokr. Μεσσ -άπιοι , Illyr. Μεσσά̄πιοι (different Krahe
ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation and u̇puli of Lower Italy,
river names ᾽Απιδών (Arcadia), ᾽Απιδανός (Thessaly), Thrac. ῎Απος (Dacia),

Illyr. ῎Αψος, Apsus , Apul. PN Sal-apia (‘saltwater “); here as vestiges Ven.-Illyr. immigration
part of the West German apa- names, as Erft (*Arnapia ), and all FlN with - up-, as Ger.
Uppia -Bach (Tirol), Fr. Sinope (Manche), Brit. harbour Rutupiae , Sicil. Κακύπαρις (compare
Lith. Kakupis ), compare the Thrac. FlN ῝Τπιος , ῝Τπανις ;

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O.Pruss. ape “river”, apus ‘spring, fountain, stream, brook ”, Lith. ùpė, Ltv. upe “water” (u is
perhaps reduplication-stem from IE o, a, Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 11; or belongs up-
rather to O.C.S. vapa ‘sea”?). Here Ach- (*aps-) in Welsh FlN, Gaul. Axona?
Besides Celt.-Lat. ab-, see below ab-.
Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the b-form from through ᾽Απιδών , ᾽Απιδανός
as well as by O.Ind. ábda -ḥ m. “cloud” and with üpah ̣ paradigmatic welded together instr.
dat. pl. O.Ind. adbhiḥ , adbhyaḥ , presumed stem *ap(ǝ)d - (perhaps “ giving water “, with dō-
“ give “ belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abdō(n) , gen. *abdnés , from which * abnés ; from
obl. case arose from Lat. amnis , was compensated during in Celtic * abdō (n) : *abnés to
*abü (M.Ir. ab), *abonü (hence M.Ir. abann ).
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130
f., Krahe Wũrzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.
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ā̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h) -
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, glũhen”
Material: O.Ind. ǘsa-ḥ “ cinder, dust “ (about ásita -ḥ “ black “ s. *n̥si- “ dirt-color, dark color
“); Lat. üra “ altar; hence refuge, protection; “arae”, plur., name of certain rocks at sea “ (=
Osc. aasaí “in the altar ”, Umbr. are “ altars “ etc), üreō, -ēre “to be dry ”, üridus “dry, arid,
dry, parched, thirsty ” (therefrom ardeō “ to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to gleam;
of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze “, participle pass.
assus “ dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath “), ürea “ a level or open space, site,
courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play “ (lit. “ burnt-out, dry place
“); O.H.G. essa f., Ger. Esse (*asi̯ōn ), Run. aRina , O.Ice. arinn “ exaltation, elevation,
hearth, fireplace “, O.H.G. erin “ floorboard, ground, bottom “ (*azena ); Toch. AB as-
present, üs- perf. and causative “ dry up “, A üsar “ to dry “; Hitt. ḫa-aš-ši-i (ḫaši) loc. “ on
the hearth “ (ḫašaš ).
Perhaps here M.Ir. ün “ igneous, radiant, noble “ (*üs-no-). About Gk. διψά̄ω, πεινά̄ω s.
Schwyzer Gk. 1, 724.
Because r in Hitt. a-a-ri (üri) “ becomes hot “ does not belong to the stem, it must be
distinguished Lat. üreō “to be dry, be parched ” not from üra “a structure for sacrifice, altar ”.
Formant extensions:
azd- in Gk. ἄζω (*az-d-i̯ō) “ parch, dry “, ἄζα f. “ dehumidifier, dirt “, ἀζαλέος “ dry,
inflaming “, ἄδδαυον ξηρόν . Λάκωνες Hes. (-δδ from - zd-); Cz. O.Pol. ozd “ a device for
drying malt or a room for drying malt “, Cz. Slov. ozditi “ to dry malt “.

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azg- Arm. ačiun “ash” (Meillet Esquisse 29), Gk. ἄσβολος (*ἄσγ-βολος ) ‘soot” (“ash -
throw “), Gmc. *askōn in O.Ice. aska , O.E. asce , æsce , O.H.G. asca , Ger. Asche .
Maybe zero grade Lat. cinis -eris m. f. “ashes” < Arm. ačiun “ash”; Alb. (*aski) hi “ash”
[common Alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].
Note: Root ken-2, kenǝ -, keni-, kenu - : “to rub, scrape off; ashes ” must have come from zero
grade of an extended Root ü̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h) - : “to burn” into ü̆sk-en with the suffix
-en. This assumption is proved by Alb.Gheg (*askini ) hini “ash” [common Alb. ski- > hi-
phonetic mutation].
azgh -? in Arm. azazim “dries” (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), Goth. azgo “ash” (*azgōn ).
About the difficult relation from Gmc. *askōn : *az-gōn s. Feist 72b; again different Specht
Decl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness Arm. examples are not quite flawless .
References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.
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āt(e)r -
English meaning: fire, *blow the fire
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Feuer”
Note: Root üt(e)r - : “fire, *blow the fire ” derived from a suffixed Root au̯(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-, u̯ē- :
“to blow” with common IE formant -ter.
Material: Av. ütarš (gen. üϑrō) m. “fire”, wherefore O.Ind. átharvan - “ fire priest “, Lw. from
Av. aϑaurvan- , aϑaurun (das ϑ from üϑrō) ds.;
Arm. airem “ burns, lights “ (due to from *air from *ütēr); Serb. vȁtra “fire”, Clr. vátra “ fire,
stove “, Pol. vatra ‘straw cinder “ are borrowed after Jokl WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from Rom. vatră
“ stove “, these again from Alb. (Gheg votrë , votër with v-suggestion before Alb. ot- from
*üt-, viell. Iran. Lw.).
Note: Alb.Tosk vatra , Gheg votër “hearth” proves that Slavs borrowed prothetic v- before
bare initial vowels from Illyr. This phonetic mutation in Alb. took place before the invasion of
Slavs into the Balkans because Alb. and Rom. share the same cognate.
Perhaps as “burnt” also Lat. üter “ dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark,
gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous “ = Umbr. atru, adro “ black, coal-black, gloomy, dark “;
but Lat. u̇tella = Osc. Aderl [ü] (*u̇trolü , e.g. v. Planta I 551), Lat. u̇trius = Osc. Aadíriis (v.
Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1 А. 4, 38, Schulze Lat. Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly Etruscan
origin .
Maybe Illyr. Adria “deep, dark water, sea ”, zero grade in Alb. (*üter) terr “ dead black, dark ”.
Possibly affiliation from Ir. áith (gen. átho) f., Welsh odyn f. “ oven, stove “, s. Fick II4 9.
References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.
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ā̆tos, atta (ḫatta)
English meaning: father, mother
Deutsche Übersetzung: Lallwort “Vater, Mutter ”
Material: O.Ind. attü “mother, older sister “, atti-ḥ “ older sister “, Osset. äda, Gk. ἄττα “ old
man, old fellow, father “, dial. acc. ἄτειν , ἄττειν “grandfather ”, Lat. atta m. “father; term of
endearment of the children towards the father “, Goth. atta “father” (Dimin. Attila , O.H.G.
Ezzilo ), O.Fris. aththa ds., O.H.G. atto “father, forefather, ancestor ” (tt by running always
besides unpostponed neologism), O.C.S. оtьcъ (*attikós ) “father”; Alb. at “father”, joshë “
(on the maternal side) grandmother ” (*üt-si̯ü?), Hitt. at-ta-aš (attaš ) “father”.
Note:
Alb. and Slav use prothetic j- for lost old laryngeal ḫ-.
A similar *ü̆to-s in Gmc. *aÞala , *ōÞela appears the basis from O.H.G. adal “ sex, gender
“, Ger. Adel, O.S. athali , O.E. æđelu n.pl. “ noble parentage “, O.Ice. ađal “ (the rudimentary
basis of an organ or other part, esp. in an embryo) anlage, sex “, adj. O.H.G. edili, O.S.
ethili, O.E. aeđele “ noble, aristocratic “, lengthened grade O.H.G. uodal , O.S. ōthil, O.E.
ēđel, O.N. ōđal “(fatherly) genotype “ (compare also O.H.G. fater- uodal , O.S. fader-ōđil “
property inherited from a father, patrimony “);
here Goth. haimōÞli n. “ genotype “, compare with the same vocal length O.H.G. Uota
(actually “ great-grandmother “), O.Fris. ēdila “ great-grandfather “; Toch. A ütäl “ man “;
here also Av. üϑwya- “ name of the fathers Θraētaona ’s” as “ from noble parentage “?

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The affiliation from Gk. ἀταλός “ in a juvenile manner, childish “, ἀτάλλω “ gathers, waits
and is in habit “ and “ jumps cheerfully like a child “, red. ἀτιτάλλω “ draws up (Redupl.
under influence from τιθήνη “ nurse “?), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154.
One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word
(e.g. Elam. atta, Hung. atya “father”, Turk. ata, Basque aita ds.). Similarly tata.
References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16.
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ā
English meaning: interjection
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausruf der Empfindung
Note: often new-created
Material: O.Ind. ü exclamation of the meditation;
Gk. ἆ exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; ἆ, ἀά exclamation of the
surprise and complaint; in addition ἄζειν “ groan “;
Lat. ü, üh exclamation of pain, the displeasure;
Lith. à, aà exclamation of the surprise, the reprimand or mockery, ü exclamation of the
astonished question (of loud new creations);
Goth. ō exclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; O.H.G. ō exclamation of pain;
M.H.G. ō exclamation of pain, the admiration, suspended thus to the vocative.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.
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baba -, (*bal-bal-)
English meaning: barbaric speech
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwort, Lallwort for unartikuliertes undeutliches Reden
Note: also bal-bal-, bar-bar- with multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words
Material: O.Ind. bababü -karōti from the crackle of the fire ; Gk. βαβαῖ , παπαῖ “ upon my soul,
damn it all! “ (out of it Lat. bаbае, pаpае ds., as babaecalus perhaps “ fop, dandy “ from
*βαβαίκαλος), βαβάζω “ chats, talks indistinctly “ (different is the sound conceivability from
βαβράζω “ chirps “);
Lat. babit (glO.S.S. ) “he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless ”, babiger (glO.S.S. ) ‘stupid”;
Ital. babbo “father” (Welsh baban “kid, child ” is Eng. Lw.);
Maybe Alb. baba “father” : bebe “child”
Alb. bebë “ the newborn kid, child ”; Eng. baby “kid, child ”, Swe. dial. babbe “kid, child, small
boy “ (see also unter büxmb- “ swell “), M.H.G. bübe, bōbe “ missis; old woman, mother ”
(about buobe “ boy “ see under bhrütēr “brother”); Lith. bóba , O.C.S. baba “ old woman “;
Serb.-Church Slavic bъbl”u, bъbati “ stammer “, Serb. bòboćem , bobòtati “ clatter with the
teeth “ etc; Ltv. bibinüt “ babble, murmur “, O.Pruss. bebbint “ mock “.
balbal - (babal -, bambal -, from which bam-b-, bal-b- under likewise):
O.Ind. balbalü -karōti ‘stammers ”; Bulg. blаbо́l”ъ, bъlból”ъ “ chats “, Lith. balbãsyti “
babble “, Ser.-Cr. blàbositi “ stammer “, Russ. bolobólitъ “ chat, drivel “, Cz. beblati
‘stammer”; Lat. babulus “ chatterbox, a babbler, fool “; Ger. babbeln , pappeln , Eng. babble ,
Nor. bable , Swe. babbla , O.Ice. babba “chat”;
Lat. balbus “ stammering, babbling “, balbūtiō “ to stammer, stutter; hence in gen.to
speak obscurely “, O.Ind. balbūtha ́ -ḥ name (actually “ stammerer “);

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Mayne Alb. (*balbus ) belbëzoj “babble”
Cz. blb “ gannet, gawk “, blblati , bleptati ‘stammer, stutter ”; Serb. blebètati , Lith. blebénti
“babble”; Gk. βαμβαλύζω (out of it Lat. bambalō ), βαμβακύζω “ my teeth are chattering ”,
βαμβαίνω “ stammers “.
With -r-: O.Ind. barbara -ḥ “ stammering “, pl. name of non-Aryan people (provided that
here r on IE r and O.Ind. l in balbalü goes back to IE l), Gk. βάρβαρος “ not Greek, speaking
an unintelligible / incomprehensible language “ (from which Lat. barbarus ) “βαρβαρόφωνος
“ from incomprehensible language “ (barely after Weidner Gl. 4, 303 f. from babylon.
barbaru “ stranger, foreign, alien “), Serb. brboljiti, brbljati “babble” (see also under bher- “ to
drone, buzz, hum “), Lat. baburrus “ foolish, silly “, Gk. βαβύρτας ὁ παράμωρος Hes. (about
Lat. burrae “trifles, nonsense ” s. WH. I 124).
Here perhaps also O.Ind. büla-ḥ “ young, childish, simple “, possibly also Slav.
relationship from Russ. balákatь “ twaddle “, balamútь “ babbler, stunner, head turner “. -
Unredupl. presumably also Gk. βάζω “ talks, patters “, βάξις ‘speech”, βάσκειν λέγειν,
κακολογεῖν Hes.;
But Gk. βάσκανος “ invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading
malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous “, βασκαίνω “ bewitches,
envies “ has derived as magic word through borrowing from Northern language, perhaps
Thrak. or Illyrian, from to bhü- “ speak “ belonging to present *bha-skō “ speaks, discusses “
(φάσκω ; this also in Hesychs βάσκω ?) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);
Lat. fascinum “ giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (?)); the male
member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched “, fascinüre “ enchant,
bewitch, envy “ are borrowed from Gk. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fürī etc.
After Specht Decl. 133 here Lat. Osc. bl-ae-sus “ lisping, babbling “; different WH. I 107 f.
Maybe Alb. (*phlas ) flas ‘speak” not from Lat. fübula “a narration, narrative ”.

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badi̯os
English meaning: gold, brown
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gelb, braun ”
Note: (only Lat. and Ir.; maybe from one, at most not IE, language of ancient Europe?).
Material: Lat. badius “ brown, chestnutcolored, bay “; O.Ir. buide “gold, yellow ” (compare to
Lautl. O.Ir. mag “field”, gen. muige ; Gaul. Bodiocasses because of о rather for boduo- ,
about which under *bhaut- “ hit “). Gk. βάδιος , βάδεος derives from Lat.
References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.
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baxmb-, bhaxmbh-, paxmp-, phaxmph-
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”
Note: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from
bахmb-, bhaxmbh- as unmittelbarer imitation eines gehörten dumpfen onomatopoeic words
Schalles different.
Material: O.Ind. bimba -ḥ -m ‘scheibe, ball, Halbkugel ”, bimbī f. “momordica monadelpha ”
(eine Cucurbitacee; bimba -m “deren rote fruit ”); Gk. βέμβιξ “Kreisel, Wasserstrudel;
bumblebee ”, wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen βάβαξ “ babbler “: βαβάκτης
“ὀρχηστής”; with bh (or ph): Gk. πέμφιξ , -ῖγος “breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister ”, πομφός
“blister, shield boss “;
Lith. bámba “navel”, bam̃balas “Dickbauch ”, bum̃bulas “knot am stick, in Garn ”,
bum̃bulas , bur̃bulas “vesicle, blister ”, bum̃bulỹs ‘steckrũbe” , bũmburas , pum̃puras “bud”;
Ltv. bãmba , bum̃ba “ball, sphere ”, bemberis “Tannenzapfen ”; bimbul”i “Kartoffeln ”,
bumbulis , bur̂bulis “knot, knag ”, bum̃burs ‘sphere, ball, Kartoffel ”;
Russ.-alt. bubulja “Regentropfen ”, nowadays búblikъ (*bąbъ l-ikъ) “ pretzel, Kringel ”, Clr.
búben ‘small Junge, toddler ”, Ser.-Cr. bùban “kind of bean ”, bȕbla “clump”, Cz. boubel ,
bublina “vesicle, blister ”, Pol. bąbel “vesicle, blister ”.
Unverschobenes *baxmb- or verschobenes bhaxmbh- in Swe. dial. bamb “paunch”, Nor.
dial. bamsa “ greedy devour, pampfen ”, Dan. (Jũt.) bams “ thick person ”, Ger. Bams “thick
porridge, mash ”, M.H.G. bemstīn “die einen dicken Bauch hat ”.
Verschobenes baxmb- or unverschobenes paxmp- in Swe. dial. pampen “aufgedunsen ”,
Dan. dial. pampe ‘sich brũsten, brag, boast” , Nor. dial. pempa seg (*pampjan) ‘sich with

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Trank fũllen” , M.L.G. pampen ‘sich stuff “ (Ger. pampfen ), Ger. pampe “thick porridge,
mash”.
With Tenuis: Lat. pampinus “(*bud, *eye) fresh Trieb of Weinstockes, vine-layer “; Lith.
pampstù , pampaũ , pam̃pti ‘swell up”, pamplỹs “Dickbauch ”, pùmpa “ knob, handle, button,
pommel, Teichrose ”, pim̃pilas m. “penis”, Ltv. pàmpt , pempt , pumpt “to swell”, pampali
“Kartoffeln ”, pimpala “das männliche limb, member” , pumpe “ hump, hunchback, swelling,
blister” (die u-forms are as contamination with * pup-aufzufassen);
O.Bulg. pupъ “navel”, Russ. pup “navel”, púpyš “bud, bulge “, Pol. pęp “ spigot “;
O.Ice. fīfl “ giant; rogue, Einfaltspinsel ”, fimbul - verstärkendes prefix, O.E. fīfel
‘seeungetũm, giant “ (*pempelo- ), O.Ice. fimbul-, fambi “Erztropf”.
Besides with auslaut Gmc. Tenuis Dan. fomp , Nor. dial. fump , famp “thick fool “.
With Tenuis asp. Arm. p”amp”ušt “ bladder”.
References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.
See also: see also * baxb- ds.
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baitā or paitā?
English meaning: goatskin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziegenfell, out of it gefertigter Rock ”
Material: the relation from Gk. βαίτη “ tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur “ to Goth. paida f. “
body skirt, petticoat “, O.S. pēda ‘skirt”, O.E. püd “ mantle “, O.H.G. pfeit “ shirt, shirtlike
vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel “ is decided there, that Gmc. word is borrowed from Gk.
words ;

from dem Gmc. again finn. paita and perhaps Alb. petkë , petëk “ clothes “; Gk. βαίτη is
probably Thrac. Lw. or goes back to Alb. forms in Illyr. * paitü ?

References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BAL.-SLAV. 36, 141 f.
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bak-
English meaning: stick, to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stab as Stutze ”, also ‘stechen, stoßen, schlagen” ?
Material: Lat. baculum “ a staff, walking stick “ from * bac-(c)lom , older * bak-tlom; vestiges of
-cc- in Dimin. bacillum , for which repeatedly delivers baccillum , compare also imbēcillus
“(without support) weak, frail “ from -baccillos. Pisani (REtIE. 3, 53) places baculum as *bat-
lo-m to battuō , that he considers as Osc.- urMod.Bret. Lw. (from * bakt-).
Maybe Lat. baca (bacca ) -ae f. “a berry, fruit; a pearl ”, bacalis, bacale “berry-bearing
(designation of the female laurel), MFr. (* bacale ) Bacoule , n.f. Belette “weasel” : Alb. buklë
“weasel”, bukur, bukurosh “good, pleasing, beautiful, slender (like a weasel) ” : Rom.
bucuros “glad”.
Note: In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root.
Gk. βάκτρον , βακτηρία , βακτήριον “ a staff, walking stick “, βάκται ἰσχυροί Hes. (Contrast
from imbēcillus ), probably also βακόν πεσόν Hes.
Gk. βάκλα τύμπανα (i.e. “ club “) Hes., otherwise “ club, shillelagh, stick “, is probably
borrowed from Lat.
M.Eng. pegge , Eng. peg “ pin, peg “, Ger. pegel “pole”; but M.L.G. pegel “ mark in a
vessel for liquids (from a ring or small existing plugs ) “, O.E. pægel m. “ wine pot “, Eng. pail
“ bucket “ from M.Lat. pagella “ col, column, yardstick “.
Lith. bàkstelėti “ bump, puff “, Ltv. bakstît “ poke “ (or to onomatopoeic word Lith. bàkst ?).
Against it O.Ir. bacc (Ir. bac) “ stick, a crook “, Welsh bach “ corner, hook “, Bret. bac”h “
heel, stick “ (from “ clutch, crutch of the stick “), are in the Island-Celtic or already in the
occurred through Latin back-formations from baculum .

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bal-, balbal -
English meaning: to shake, dance
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wirbeln, sich drehen ”
Note:
It seems Root bal-, balbal - : “to shake, dance ” derived from Root baba- , (*bal-bal-):
“barbaric speech ” through an Old Indic intermediary (see above).
Material: O.Ind. balbalīti “ whirls “, balvá - “ crooked “; Gk. (in Sicily ) βαλλίζω “ dances “, out
of it borrows Lat. ballüre “ dance “.
Maybe Alb. (*bal-) valle “ dance” [common Alb. b > v shift]
References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel O.Ind.-Gk. I 181.
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band - (*gʷheid-)
English meaning: drop
Note: Considering Phryg. βεδυ “water” : nasalized Illyr. Bindus “water god ”, Root band -
(*gʷheid- ): “drop” : Root oid- (*gʷheid- ): “to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water ”
derived from a zero grade of Root au̯(e)-9, au̯ed -, au̯er- (*aku̯ent -): “to flow, to wet; water,
etc.”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tropfen”?
Material: O.Ind. bindú-ḥ “drop” (probably for * bandú-ḥ under influence of índu-ḥ “drop”),
related to Corn. banne, banna , Bret. banne “drop” (from which is borrowed M.Ir. banna,
bainne “ drop, milk “), really Irish buinne “ to gush forth, spring up, flood “; Illyr. FIG Bindus
(*Bendus ), Apul. fons Bandusiae ?
Note: O.Ind. bindú-ḥ “drop” : Illyr. FIG Bindus prove that Illyr.- Phryg. were the
intermediaries of satem and centum languages.

References: WP. II 110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., А. Мауе r Gl. 29, 69 ff.
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bata-
English meaning: murmur, babble
Deutsche Übersetzung: onomatopoetisch for läppisches Lallen or Erstaunen
Material: O.Ind. bata interjection of the astonishment “ oh, blow “, batá-ḥ “ weakling? “;
O.Bret. bat, Bret. bad “ numbing, dizziness “, bada, badaoui “ talk thoughtlessly “, bader,
badaouer “mouth monkey ”, O.Corn. badus “ moonstruck “, Gk. βατταρίζω “ stammers “,
βαττολογέω “ chats pointless stuff “ (compare Blaß-Debrunner7 p. 40 appendices).
References: WP. II 105.
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bau
English meaning: sound of barking
Deutsche Übersetzung: Nachahmung of Hundegebells, Schreckwort
Material: Gk. βαὺ βαὺ “ dog barking “, βαΰζω “ barks, blasphemes “, Βαυβώ “ bugbear,
Hecate “, Lat. baubor , -ürī “ to bark gently or moderately “; a little bit differently uses Lith.
baũbti “ bawl, bellow “ from ox, baũbis cattle God as “ bawler “, Serb. bau bau “ fright word
“, baùkati “ get a fright “ etc
Maybe Alb. (*baubi ) bubi “ dog”.
Gk. βαυβάω ‘sleep” is, like βαυβών “ penis”, folklike code word.
References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.
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baxb-, bhaxbh-, paxp-
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”
Note: (as baxmb-, s.d.)
Material: O.Ind. pippala-ḥ “ berry, paradise fig tree “, pippalaka- ḥ “ brost nipple “. piplu -ḥ “
pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witch ’s tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a witch
could use to suckle a demon) “ (probably eig. “ blister, vesicle “); Lat. papula “ a pimple,
vesicle “, papilla ds. “ nipple, teat, brost “; Lith. pãpas “ nipple, teat, brost, tit “, popà “ ulcer “,
pupuolo “ thick bud “ (u can be Reduct.-stem to a, or assimilated in following uo, but also
the root derived form pup- ).
Unchanged or neologism Swe.-Nor. dial. pappe “ women’s brost “, M.Eng. pappe , Eng.
pap “ nipple, teat, brost “; besides u- forms see under p(h)ū̆- “ inflate, swell “.
Also besides under baba- combined babble and child words, like Eng. baby , stand
M.H.G. buoben pl. “ feminine brosts “, West Flem. babbe “growth, swelling, lump “ (IE bh or
in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will belong from the image of the inflated
cheeks in our circle.
References: WP. II 107.
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baxmb-
English meaning: a kind of noise
Deutsche Übersetzung: Nachahmung for dumpfe, dröhnende Schalleindrũcke
Material: Gr βόμβος m. (out of it Lat. bombus ) “ a boom, deep hollow noise “, βόμβῡξ , -ῡκος
“ fleas “, βομβύκια “ humming insects “, βομβύλη “ narrow-necked vessel “ (as “ gurgling “),
βομβυλιός or -ύλιος “ bumblebee “ (and “ narrow necked vessel “); about βαμβαίνω “
clatters with the teeth; stammer, lisp “ see under baba- ;
Alb. bumbulit “ it thunders “;
maybe Alb. bumballë “Blatta orientalis ”, also dial. “ bumblebee ” : Lith. bim̃balas , bim̃bilas “
gadfly, horsefly “.
Gmc. with by neologism prevented sound movement O.Ice. bumba “ drum “, Dan. old
bomme , bambe “ drum “, Du. bommen “to drone “ (compare also Ger. bum bum ; a little bit
similarly Ger. bammeln , bimmeln “ ring, sound “);
Lith. bambe ́ti “ hum “, in ablaut bim̃pti ds., bim̃balas , bim̃bilas “ gadfly, horsefly “; R.C.S.
búbenъ , bubonъ “ drum “, Russ. bubnítь “chat, babble ”, Pol. bęben “ drum “.
References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. I 111.
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bdel-
English meaning: to suck
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘saugen, zullen ”?
Material: Gk. βδάλλω “ sucks “, βδέλλα “ leech “; Ger. zullen “ suck in a sucking sac “, zulp “
piece of cloth used for soaking up liquid “, Dutch tullen “ drink, booze, sup “, Ger. tulken “
suck, drink with large gulps, quaff “? Kretschmer KZ. 31, 423;
Very uncertain because of more similar Gmc. words like Nor. tūna “ drink a lot “ under
likewise (see Falk-Torp under tylde ). If the connection applies, was IE initial sound bd-, or it
is Gk. β - perhaps in child language? - from πι-= ἐπὶ shortened prefix ( be- ‘suck”?).
References: WP. II 119.
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bed-
English meaning: to swell?
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”?
Material: O.Ind. badva -m “ troop, heap; a certain high number “; O.C.S. (etc) bedro “ thigh “;
Arm. port (*bodro -) “ navel, belly, center “.
Maybe here Swe. dial. patte “ woman’s brost, nipple “, Ice. patti “ small child “, Eng. pat “
small lump (from butter) “; the forms standing besides with Gmc. b-, älterDan. arsbatte
“buttock”,
Swe. dial. batt “ of small heaps “ then showed the same auslaut fluctuation as b(h)eu- ,
b(h)ū̆- “ inflate, swell “, wherewith root b(h)ed- (:b(h)u-d- , -t-) had the origin from the image
of the inflated cheeks together.
Lat. bassus “ stout, fertile, fat “, roman “ low, menial “, stays away.
References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f.
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bel-1
English meaning: to cut off
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausschneiden, graben, höhlen” ??
Material: Perhaps Arm. pelem “ excavates, digs “, at most also M.Ir. belach “ cleft, gap,
pass, way “ and Celt. *bolko- , -ü in Welsh bwlch m. “ fissure “, Bret. boulc”h ds., M.Ir. bolg f.
(das g after tolg ds.)?

References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes O.Ind. büra “Öffnung” s. Wackernagel
under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f.
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bel-2
English meaning: strong
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stark”
Material: O.Ind. bála-m n. “ force, strength, power “, bálīyün “ stronger “, báliṣṭha -ḥ “ the
strongest “; Gk. βελτίων, βέλτερος “ better “, βέλτιστος , βέλτατος “ best “ (this -τ- by
reorganization from * βελί̄ων, *βέλιστος after φέρτερος etc);
Lat. dēbilis “ feeble, weak “; O.C.S. boljьjь “greater”, bolje adv. “ more, rather, to a greater
extent, plus “ and “ very, more “. Uncertain Dutch-N.Ger. -Fris. pal “ motionless, steadfast “.
With lengthened grade O.Ind. büla ́-ḥ “ young, childish “, m. “ boy, kid, child ”, f. “ girl “.
Maybe in i- grade Alb. (*büla ́) bila “ girl “, bir ‘son, boy” : O.Ind. büla ́-ḥ, where l/ r are
allophones.
References: WP. II 110 f., WH. I 326 f.
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bend -, bn̥d-no-
English meaning: spike, needle, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vorspringende Spitze ”
Note: perhaps in following Celt. and Gmc. words:
Material: M.Ir. benn “ horn, summit “ (*bn̥d-no- or *bend- no-?), bennach “ pointed “, Welsh
bann m. “ hill, summit, horn ( *bn̥d-no-)”, M.Bret. ban “ eminence, overhang, haughtiness,
pride “, Gaul. *ande-banno- > Fr. auvent “ (*protection roof) canopy, shield, shelter “ (eig. “
big horn “), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., Gaul. dial. lacus Bēnücus , if for Bennücus , “ the horned “
(Sirmione), from * benno- (IE *bend- no- or*bn̥d-no-);
West-Flem. pint “ cusp, point “, M.L.G. pint “penis”, M.H.G. (M.L.G. ) pinz “ awl “, O.E. pintel
“penis” (Eng. pintle also still “ peg “), Nor. pintol “penis”, wherefore probably with ablaut
Ger.-Bav. pfouzer, pfunzer “ sharpened cudgel, club “;
With Celt. forms to suitable n-suffix (* penn - from * bend-n- ) and. pin “ wooden pin, peg,
small stake “, M.L.G. pin, pinne “ pin, point, nail, peg “, M.H.G. pfinne f. “ nail “, O.E. pinn “
peg, staff, stick ”, Late O.Ice. pinni m. ds., ablaut. * pann - in E.Fris. penne = pinne , N.Ger.
pennen “ latch a door (with a bolt) “, O.E. on-pennian “ open (*the pen) ”, Eng. pen “ enclose
so as to prevent from escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen) “, O.E. penn m. “ pen, fold “.
Maybe Alb. pendë “pair of oxen tied together ” [common Alb. n > nd shift] homonym to Alb.
pendë “feather” : Lat. penna “feather”.
References: Johansson KZ. 36, 347 f. (also against borrowing of Pinne from Lat. pinna, in
which Kluge11 sticks).
WP. II 109 f.
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b(e)u -1, bh(e)u -
English meaning: expr. sound of hitting
Deutsche Übersetzung: schallnachahmend for dumpfe Schalleindrũcke, e.g. Uhuruf,
dumpfer Schlag among others
Material: Pers. būm “owl”; Arm. bu, buēč “owl” (without consonant shift in onomatopoeic
word), Gk. βύᾱς m., βῦζα f. “eagle owl “, βύζειν “ cry like an “eagle owl “, Lat. būbō “ eagle
owl “, Bulg. buh “ eagle owl “, Russ. búchatь “ shout vaguely and persistently long “;
Maybe Alb. (*buph ) buf “owl” : Rom. bufniţů; buhů “owl”
Lith. baublỹs “ great bittern “, baũbti “ roar, bellow “, bubenù “ drones vaguely “; Lat. būtio “
great bittern “, būteo “ a falcon ’s kind “; Gk. βοή “ call, cry, shout “, βοάω “ shouts, cries “
(out of it Lat. boüre “ shout, cry “), βωστρέω “ call, cry for help “ (*βοFαστρέω ), seem to be
shaped from such bū ̆- as rhyme words to γοή, γοάω (see root gō ̆ u-).
With ending in a guttural sound: O.Ind. búk-küra-ḥ “ roar of the lion “, bukkati “ barks “ (Av.
bučahin - “ he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing “, buxti - “ howl, hissing “?), Gk.
βύκτης “ howling “.
Maybe Hung. bagoly “owl (*horned bird?) ”
Perhaps M.Ir. bōchna ‘sea” (“*roaring breaker ”; basic form *boukaniü ); Lith. bùkčius “
stammerers “, Ltv. bũkšk̨êt “ resound vaguely “; Slav. buk- (from zero grade of *bouk- ) in
R.C.S. bučati “drone, roar “, Serb. bûčēm , búkati “ roar “, búčīm , búčati “ roar (from the sea)
“;
Maybe Alb. (*bučati ) buças “ roar (from the sea) “
*būk- in Russ. etc byk “bull (*roar of the bull) ”; about angebl. *bŭk- in O.C.S. bъčela, bьčela
“bee” (compare Russ. byča ́ tь “ hum, from bees “) see under bhei- and WH. I 555; nasalized

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Pol. bąkać “ talk in a low voice, murmur “, bąk “ great bittern “, old “cry like a great bittern
(bird that booms/ roars like an ox during mating “; in the application to vague blow push
Russ. búkatь , búchatь (*bouk-s -) “ bump, hit that resounds “, buch “ fall! “, Serb. búhnuti “
break out ”, bušiti “ hit, throw, fall, fall with noise “, Lith. bukùoti , Ltv. baũkš “ description of
sound produced by a strong blow “, presumably also buka “punch” (also Lith. bukùs “ dull”
here as “ become dull through hitting “?); M.H.G. buc “ blow, push “ (without sound
movement by continual running beside neologism), puchen , buchen , Ger. pochen , Dutch
beuken “ hit, bump “, Swe. boka , bauka , buka ds. (however, also “ dig, spade, thrash about
“, as O.Ice. bauka ; this versch. word? see also WH. I under faux), Eng. to poke “ bump,
sting “, Nor. pok, pauk “ crude cudgel, club “, perhaps M.Ir. būalaim “hit” (*bougl ..., or to
bhüu -d- “hit”).
Maybe from the extended Root b(e)u -1, bh(e)u - : “expr. sound of hitting ” derived Root bheg -
, bheng - : “to break” in: Alb. (*beuka ) buka “bread” : Phryg. βεκός “bread”, actually “crumb”.
References: WP. II 112 f., WH. I 111, 119, 124, 470.
Page(s): 97-98

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b(e)u -2, bh(e)ū̆-
English meaning: to swell, puff
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufblasen, schwellen ”
Note: Explosive sound of the inflated cheek, like pu-, phu see d .; running beside primeval
creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. Gmc. forms with pu- from IE
bu-, but from unpostponed IE or new pu- are explainable. From the concept of the inflated
cheek the meaning “ swell, plump bloated (then convex) of the most different kind “, also “
make bulge, stuff, darn “ and “ blow, cough under likewise “. Originally differently the
onomatopoetic words b(e)u -1 for vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu- “ lip, kiss “.
Material: Gk. βῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου ἐλέγετο καὶ ΢ώφρων βύβα, ἀντὶ τοῦ μεστὰ καὶ πλήρη καὶ
μεγάλα ΕΜ; presumably here also βουνός “ hill “ (dialect), βουνιάς “ a turnip kind “, βουvίζω
“ piles up “, βούνιον “ any plant of the Umbelliferae family “; redupl. βουβών “ the groin,
glands near the genitals, part. in morbidly swollen state “; Mod.Ice. pūa “ blow, breathe “.
Reduplicates as βύβα, βουβών also Lith. bubsù , bubse ́ti “ throw up bubbles “ (from water
or fermenting dough), M.L.G. bubbeln “ throw up bubbles, surge “, Swe. bobba “ bombast,
grandiloquence, fin, insect “, bubba “ louse “ and “ Trollius europaeus “ under likewise (with
IE bh or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of b), O.N. bȳfa (*bhūbhiōn -) “ big,
lumpy foot “, Nor.dial. būve , būva “ thicker, uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word
for male member “.
With certain bh-: O.Ind. bhū ́-ri-ḥ “ rich, a lot, immense “, compounds bhū ́ yas -, bhávīyas -,
superl. bhū ́ yišṭha -ḥ, Av. būiri- “ plentiful, full, complete “, compounds-adv. baiyō “ (more,
timewise =) longer, on longer than “, superl. bōištǝm “ most, greatest number of things, very

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much, most possible “; Arm. bavel , bovel “ suffice “; Lith. būry ̃ s “ heap (houses), amount
(sheep, birds, also rain) ”, Ltv. bũra “ heap (people) ”;
without r-suffix: O.C.S. bujь (*bhou̯i̯o -) “ wild, cruel, brainless “, Russ. bújnyj “ growing
vehemently, wildly, excessively “; from here N.Ger. bö, böje, Dutch bui “ gust, gust of wind,
shower “?;
maybe Alb. bujë “fuss”
Gk. φόα ἐξανθήματα ἐν τῶ σώματι Hes.; with lengthened grade *bhōu - Gk.-Ion. φωΐδες, Att.
φῶδες “ blisters “; Gk. φαῖσιγξ, φαῦστιγξ “ blister, bubble “ (with abl. ǝu besides ōu).
Also the root bheu - “ become, originate “ is probably developed from “ swell “, compare
the meaning of O.Ind. prábhūta -ḥ “ rich, numerous “ (: bhávati ) with that of bhū ́ ri -ḥ.
extensions with l are perhaps: O.Ind. buri-ḥ, buli-ḥ (unbel.) “ buttock, vulva “ = Lith. bulìs
(also bùlė, bule ̃) “ buttocks “, Gk. βυλλά βεβυσμένα Hes., M.L.G. poll “ head, point, treetop “
(*bulno- ), M.L.G. pull, poll “(bloated) shell, pod “, Eng. pulse “ legume “; changing through
ablaut M.L.G. puyl “ bag “, puyla ‘swelling, lump, growth ”; with bh-: Goth. ufbauljan , only in
participle ufbaulidai “ (*inflated), conceited, haughty “, O.H.G. paula f. “ a pimple, bubble “,
O.E. bȳle, O.H.G. pūlla , M.H.G. biule ‘swelling, blister ”, O.N. beyla “ hump, outgrowth “,
O.S. bolin , bulin “ swollen “; O.Ir. bolach ‘swelling, blister ” (*bhulük -, at most bhol- to bhel-
“to swell”); Arm. boil, gen. pl. bulic̣ “ crowd, amount, herd “, Serb. búljiti “ open the eyes
wide in a stare, to goggle “.
Dental extensions : Gk. βύτανα κόνδυλοι , ὁι δε βρύτανα Hes. (but βυτίνη λάγυνος ἤ ἀμίς.
Tαραντινοῖ Hes., origin Gmc.-rom. kinship of Ger. Bũtte , Lat. buttis “ barrel, cask, keg,
cask”, corresponds Gk. πῡτίνη “ demijohn, wickerbottle, carboy “, see pū ̆- “ inflate, bloat “);
here probably Pol. buta “ pride “, bucić się “ brag, boast “.
O.Ind. budbuda -ḥ “ blister, bubble “, Gk. βυζόν πυκνόν , συνετόν , γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα Hes.
(*budi̯o -, perhaps “ distended, bloats “? Yet see under βύζην S. 101); Nor. pūte “ pillow,

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cushion “, pūta “ bulky woman “, Swe. puta “ be inflated “, puta “pillow, cushion ” (dial. “
female pudenda “; with the same application perhaps Gk. βύττος γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον Hes.),
Eng. to pout “ push the lips forward, usu. as an expression of displeasure, sullenness, or
flirtatiousness; show displeasure, sulk “ (“*to swell ”), pout “ a young domestic fowl, a
chicken, a young turkey, pheasant, pigeon, guinea-fowl “, O.E. æle-pūte ds. (capitō ,
actually “ big-head “), Dutch puit “ frog “;
with Gmc. - d- (-Þ-): N.Ger. puddig “ swollen “, O.E. puduc ‘swelling, lump, growth, wart “,
M.Eng. N.Ger. podde “ toad “ with not yet cleared meaning development O.E. pudd “ water
ditch “, M.Eng. podel ,Eng. puddle , Ger. dial. Pfudel “ a small pool of muddy water, esp. one
formed on a road or path after rain “, as also (with Gmc. t) Nor. dial. pøyta , West f. pōt
(*pauta ) “ slop, puddle, pool “; as a convex curvature in addition perhaps O.E. pott, O.Fris.
M.L.G. pot “ pot, pan “ (different Kluge11 under Pott);
compare Arm. poytn , gen. putan “ pot, soup pot, jug “ from * beud-n- or *boud-n- .
With Gmc. b-: O.H.G. būtil, M.H.G. biutel ‘sac, bag, pocket ”; Ice. budda ‘sac, bag, purse ”,
O.E. budda “ dung beetle “, M.Eng. budde “ bud “ and “ beetle, chafer “, budden “ redound “
(“*to swell” ), Eng. bud “bud”, to bud “redound”, M.L.G. buddich “ thickly inflated “,
Mod.N.Ger. budde “ louse, cock chafer grub; fright picture “; M.L.G. buddelen, bod(d)elen “
throw bubbles, foam “, Nor. dial. boda “ roar, bubble, from the water “; O.N. bođi “ breaker,
surge, breakers, surf “; M.H.G. butte , Ger. Hagebutte ;
besides with Gmc. -tt-: M.L.G. botte , Dutch bot “bud”, M.H.G. butze “ lump, mucus;
goblin, fright figure “, Ger. Butze(n), Butz “ fright figure; lumps, mucus, crowd; cores “, etc,
N.Ger. butt “ clumsy, dull, coarse “, M.H.G. butzen “to swell”;
besides with -t- after long vowel or diphthong M.H.G. buzen “ swell, jut out, bulge (from
the belly, the eyes) “, O.H.G. bōzo “ a bundle of flax “, M.H.G. bōze “ ds.; ridiculous person ,
knave, boy “;

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perhaps Lith. budėle ̃ “ a kind of mushroom “, Slav. * bъdъla in Cz. bedla “ a saprophytic
fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrella-like cap with gills on the underside “,
bedly pl. “ oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity “; from Arm. here besides poytn (see
above) also ptuɫ, gen. ptɫoy “ fruit “ and ptuk, gen. ptkan “ green branch, young shoot “ and
“ brost, nipple, teat “.
O.Ir. buiden “troop, multitude, crowd ”, Welsh byddin , O.Bret. bodin ds. has root-like u and
belongs likewise here.
Labial extension: O.E. pyffan “blow out, puff out ”, Eng. puff “ puff, blow, be inflated “, Nor.
puffa , N.Ger. puffen .
Guttural extensions:
Lat. bucca “ the cheek, esp. when puffed out. Transf., a declaimer, bawler; a parasite; a
mouthful “; M.H.G. pfūchen , Ger. (p)fauchen (can contain unpostponed IE p, compare Lith.
pũkšti “ pant, gasp, wheeze “); Swe. puk “ swelling, lump, growth, tubers “, O.N. poki m.
‘sac, bag, sack, bag ”, Eng. poke ds., Ger. dial. Pfoch ‘sac, bag”, O.E. pohha , pocca ‘sack,
bag, sac, bag ”, Eng. pocket “pocket”, M.N.Ger. Mod.N.Ger. pogge , pugge “frog, toad;
swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares “, O.E. pocc “blister”, Ger.
(actually N.Ger. ) Pocke , dial. Pfoche “blister”; O.N. pūki m. “ devil “, O.E. pūca , pūcel , Eng.
puck “ fairy demon, ghost “ (from Gmc. derived Ir. pūca “ ghost “, perhaps also Ltv. pūk”is
“dragon”); zero grade N.Ger. pōk “ subnormal person in growth “, Nor. dial. pauk “ small,
weak person, knave, boy “ (about Goth. puggs ‘sac, bag, purse ”, O.N. pungr , O.E. pung ds.
and scaz-(p)fung “purse” s. though Feist 385).
With Gmc. b: M.Eng. nEng. big (*bugja- ) “thick, big, large, conceited “; Nor. dial. bugge “
mighty man “, M.Eng. bugge (Eng. bug) “ a lump of (semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger;
chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman “, Ger. dial. bogg(e) “ booger, the core in fruit
or the carpels of an apple or a pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman “.

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Here presumably Gmc. * buh- (IE *bhuk -) in O.H.G. buhil “ foreland, hill “, O.Ice. bōla f.
‘swelling, blister, shield boss “ (*buhlōn -) and *bū ̆ k- (IE *bhū ̆ g -) in Swiss Bũcki “ keg “, Eng.
buck “ bucket, pale “ and O.Ice. būkr “ belly, body “; O.E. būc “belly, crock, pitcher ”, O.H.G.
būh, Ger. Bauch , in addition Ltv. bugarains “ tubercular “, buga “ hornless cow “, budzis
‘swelling, blister, unripe Fruit “; but Lith. baũžas “hornless ”, bužỹš “ scarecrow, bogie,
spectre “, būžy ̃ s “bedbug, louse ”, búože “ club, mace, joint, pinhead “ (úo probably from ōu,
compare above S. 99 φωΐδες) can contain Balt ž as single-linguistic forms and are based
on the unextended root.
s-extension:
Gk. βῡνέω > (*βῡνέσω, to υ: s. Schwyzer Gk. I 692), βύω (*βυσω ), βεβυσμένος , βυστός “
to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up “, βύστρα , βύσμα “ bung, clot, thrombus “, βύζην (βυσ-δην)
“ crushed, thrusted, thronged, full “; Alb. mbush “ fill “; M.Ir. būas “ sac, bag, pocket, belly ”
(*bhousto -, compare O.Ice. beysti “ ham “),
Note:
Alb. mbush “ fill “ [common Alb. shift b > mb ]
O.N. pūss “pocket, sac, bag ”, Ice. pose , O.E. pusa , posa , O.H.G. pfoso ‘sac, bag”; with the
more originary meaning “ blow, inflate, bloat, to swell ”, O.S. pȳsa “ pant, sniff, snort “,
M.H.G. pfūsen “pant, sniff, snort, sneeze “, sich pfūsen “ self inflating, inflated “, Ger. dial.
pfausen , O.E. pos “ catarrh, waterfall “, Eng. pose “ a cold in the head, catarrh “, M.N.Ger.
pūsten “pant, sniff, snort ”, pūster “ bellows “, Ger. pusten (actually N.Ger. ) dial. pfausten ,
O.N. pūstr “ slap in the face, box on the ear “ (as Fr. soufflet to souffler ); Nor. pūs ‘swelling,
lump, growth ”, peysa, pūsna “ to bloat, bulge, swell “, Swiss pfūsig ‘swollen”, Ger.
Pfausback , with N.Ger. anlaut Pausback (besides Bausback with Gmc. b-, see under); Nor.
dial. pusling “ toddler, fairy demon, ghost , goblin “, Swiss Pfosi “toddler, clumsy, stupid
person “ (‘short and thick ”); Nor. pūs, pøysa “ mud puddle “, O.N. pyss ds. (in place names).

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With Gmc. b (= IE bh, partly perhaps unpostponed or the new b): O.E. bōsom
(Gmc.*būs-mo(n)- ), O.H.G. buosam , M.H.G. buosem , buosen , Ger. Busen , M.H.G. būs “
vanity, arrogance, pomposity, flatulence, bloatedness, inflatedness, bumptiousness,
conceitedness, vaingloriousness, swelling fullness “, būsen “ indulge oneself “, Ger. bausen
“ to booze, bouse, quaff, tipple, carouse, swell ”, Baus “ abundance, tumor, inflation “,
Bausback , Bausch “ swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion , stuffed brost “, M.H.G. būsch “
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper “, O.N. busilkinna “ woman (
with chubby cheeks), a chubby-cheeked woman “, Nor. baus “ proud, rollicking, wanton,
violent, quick-tempered “, O.H.G. bōsi “ stonyhearted, bad “, Ger. böse , M.Eng. bōsten ,
nEng. to boast “ brag, boast “ (“*blow up “), Ger. beysinn “ thick, wide and large (from
clothes)”, būstinn ds., O.Ice. beysti “ham”, Ger. dial. Baust “ bulge; bead; lip; torus;
wreath; roll; bulb “, bauste(r)n “to swell”, O.H.G. biost, Ger. Biest-milch (actually “ fat milk
“), O.E. bēost , bȳsting , Eng. beastngs , biestings ds., Nor. dial. budda (*buzdōn -) ds.
(insecure is, whether Swe. dial. buska “ fresh, fermenting beer “ and associated with it as
*beuza- is to be added O.H.G. bior, O.E. bēor “ beer “ as “ frothing at the mouth, foaming,
bubble-throwing, blistering “; about other interpretations of beer see Kluge11 and Weigand-
Hirt).
Russ. búchnutь “to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up ”, sloven, bûhnem , búhniti “to bloat,
bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat ”, búhor “ vesicle, blister “, kasch. bucha “ pride, hauteur “
(*bauṣü ).
There is used probably the following group which meaning “ blasting forth, sallying forth “
from ‘swell” can be developed: O.Ice. bysia “ stream out with big power “; Nor. dial. bøysa “
storm forth “; Swe. busa “ dismay, hurtle out “; E.Fris. būsen “ be violent, roar, make a
noise, attack “ (and “ live the high life, high on the hog / or high off the hog, have a
luxurious lifestyle “, compare above M.H.G. būsen “indulge oneself ”), būsterig “ stormy “,

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bē, bā
English meaning: sheep’s bleating
Deutsche Übersetzung: Nachahmung of Schaflautes
Material: Gk. β῅, Lat. bēbō , -üre “ bleat, shout, from a young deer ”, bülüre and V.Lat. bēlüre
“ bleat “, Ger. bäh, Slav. (e.g. Clr. ) békati “ bleat “, Ltv. bę̃, bęku , biku Interj. “ bleating,
grousing, blatant “, O.Ice. bekri “ Aries, ram “, Swiss bäckeln “(*from the alpine chamois) ”;
similarly O.Ir. béiccithir “ bellow, roar “, Welsh beichio “bellow”, perhaps also O.Ind. bēkurü
“voice, sound, tone ”, all single-linguistic neologisms. Similarly O.Ir. béiccithir “roars”, Welsh
beichio “mugire”, perhaps O.Ind. bēkurü “ voice, tone “, all single-linguistic new formations.

References: WP. II 121, WH. I 95, 99.
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bhabhā
English meaning: bean
Deutsche Übersetzung: and anklingende words for “Bohne”, under zw. “broad bean ”
Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn Kltpfl.8 221, 570,
Schrader RL.2 159 f.
Material: Lat. faba (fal. haba ) “ the broad bean “ (in addition the PN Fabius, Fabidius etc
and the island Fabüria ),
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
Russ. etc bobъ, O.Pruss. babo ds. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as “inflated,
bulged pod, tumescence “ related to Gk. φακός m. “lentil”: Alb. bathë f. “broad bean ”
(*bhak̂ü ).
Note: common Alb. shift -kh > - th also -gh > - dh
Also O.Ice. baun , O.E. bēan , O.H.G. bōna “bean” (Baunonia Frisian island by Plinius) have
originated probably through dissimilation from *baÞnü to *ƀaunü .
Note:
The assumption of a duplicated Root bhabhü (bha-bhü) seems to be wrong. Common Lat.
kʷ > p phonetic mutation corresponds to common Gk. gʷ > b phonetic mutation : Gk. φοῖβος
“clean, gleaming ”, φοιβάω , φοιβάζω “clean”, ἀφοίβαντος “ smudges “ (*bhoigʷ -o-), ἀφικτός ,
ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ -) “impure, unclean ”. That means Gk. φακός m. “lentil” and Alb. bathë f.
“broad bean ” derived from an intermediary root ( *bhak̂ʷü ) and that one from Root bheigʷ - :
“to shine”.
Obviously Germanic forms *baÞnü derived from Illyr. * bathna (Alb. bathë f. “ broad bean “);
common Alb. nasalization t > nt > n .
References: WP. II 131, WH. I 436.

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bhag -1
English meaning: to divide
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zuteilen; as Anteil bestimmen or (originally medial?) as Anteil, as
Portion erhalten ”
Material: O.Ind. bhajati “ allocates, apportions, divides “ = Av. bag- (bažat̃ ) “ be determined
as an interest “, O.Ind. bhaga -ḥ “ property, luck “, Av. baga- , baγa- n. “ favorable interest,
attractive lot “; O.Ind. bhaga -ḥ “ allocator , master , mister , epithet of Savitar and another
u̇ditya “ = Av. baγa- “ master, mister, god “, Pers. baɣ “ god “ : O.C.S. bogъ “god” (formal
also = Gk. -φάγος );.
Maybe suffixed Alb. (*baɣ-) bagëti ‘sheep (animal god) ”
ur-ind. (Withanni) PN Bagarriti (= *bhaga- rīti- “ blessing stream “), GN Bagbartu (= *bhaga -
bhr̥t- “ blessing donator “), kleinaswe. VN Βαγαδά (F)ονες (= *bhaga -dü-u̯on- “ making a
donation “), Kretschmer KZ. 55, 95, Gl. 18, 232;
O.Ind. bhaktá -m “repast, meal ” = Av. baxta- participle “as alloted lot “. n. “ assigned lot, fate
determination, esp. bad luck “; O.Ind. bhakšati “ enjoys, consumes “ = Av. baxšaiti “ has or
gives lot “, Desid. O.Ind. bhikšate “ requests “;
Phryg. Βαγαῖος Ζεὺς Υρύγιος Hes. (perhaps of Iranian origin); or from to Gk. φηγός “ oak
“? S. under bhügo ́ -s;
Gk. φαγεῖν “eat”, στο-φάγος “ eating grain “, etc; because of Gk. φαγόνες σιαγόνες,
γνάθοι Hes. perhaps here (Much Zfdt Wtf. 2, 283) O.S. ( kinni- ) bako , Ger. Backe ;
Slav. *bogъ “lot” in O.C.S. ubоgъ, nеbоgъ “ poor “, bogatъ “rich”, O.C.S. bogъ “god”
(Proto-extension or Iran. Lw.); GN Daždi -bоgъ “ bestowing wealth “;
Toch. A pük, В püke “deal, portion ”, A püc ̨ im ̣ “treasure, tribute ”.

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bhag -2
English meaning: sharp
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf, also vom Geschmack ”??
Material: Kret. φάγρος “ whetstone “, ἀκόνη , φοξός “ pointy heads, pointedheads,
pointheads “ (from *φαξός after λοξός “ crooked *(with a pointed angle ”?) would compare
from Lide ́ n Arm.-stem 57 ff. with Arm. bark (could be = φάγρος ) “ bitter, sharp from taste;
violent, angry “ compared, yet bark could belong also to IE *bhorgʷo -s .

References: WP. II 128.
Page(s): 107

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bhardhā
English meaning: beard
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bart”
Note: Root bhardhü : “beard” derived from the fussion of suffixed Root gʷer-1, gʷerǝ - : “to
devour; throat ” + zero grade gʷ(h)i - ‘snake, worm, fish ” Root angʷ(h)i - : snake, worm, *fish ”.
Material: Maybe Alb.Gheg (*gʷer- gʷha) verza “ (*throat), gill of fish ” Latvian bürda “gill of
fish” : Latvian: bü ̀ rda “beard” [f ü]; bürzda (dial.) “beard” [f ü] : Greek βράγχια, βαράγχια “ gill
of fish” = Root gʷer-1, gʷerǝ - : “ to devour; throat “ + zero grade of Root angʷ(h)i - (*egʷhi -,
ogʷhi - and eĝhi-): ‘snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater) ”
Lat. barba “beard” (assimil. from * far-ba);
O.H.G. bart, O.E. beard “beard” m., therefrom O.H.G. barta , O.S. barda , O.Ice. barđa “
hatchet, beards “, because the iron stands like a beard in the handle; from the Gmc. O.C.S.
brady “ axe, hatchet “;
O.C.S. brada “beard”, Russ. borodá ds., also “chin”, Ser.-Cr. bráda , acc. brâdu “beard”
etc;
O.Pruss. bordus “beard” (unclear after Trautmann 27);
Ltv. bü ̀ rda and (see to zd under) bürzda , Lith. barzdà , acc. bar̃zdą “beard”;
Lat. barbütus , O.C.S. bradatъ, Lith. barzdótas “having a beard, bearded ”.
Maybe Rom. bůrbat “man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded man?) ” : Alb. burrë “ man,
jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded man?) ”
Lith. and partly Ltv. - zd- is probably through the analogy the Balt correlation ( *barzdü )
caused from O.C.S. brazda , Russ. borozdá “ furrow “.
maybe Alb. brazda “ furrow “

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bharekʷ - or bh erekʷ-
English meaning: to stuff
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vollstopfen, zusammendrängen”
Material: Gk. φράσσω , φράττω (*φρακι̯ω from *bhr̥kʷ-) “ encloses, crams into, crowds
together “, common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
φρακτός “ locked in “, with secondary γ: Aor. ἐφράγην (Schwyzer Gk. I 760), φραγμός etc,
epid. φάρχμα from *φάρκσμα , δρύ-φ[ρ]ακτος “ wooden shack, shed “, in addition φύρκος
τεῖχος Hes.;
Lat. farciō, -īrе “ to fill full, stuff full, cram “, fartus “ stuff, fill up, gorge oneself, cram into “,
perhaps frequ-ēns, -tis “crowded, numerous, full; of places, full, frequented, populous; of
time, repeated, frequent, constant; of persons, often doing a thing; of things, often done or
used “;
Note: common Lat. ph > f shift
M.Ir. barc f. “onrush (esp. the waves, billows) ”; whereas derives M.Ir. barc f. “ fortress “
probably from Gallo-Rom. *bar(i)ca “ framehouse, a wooden house “ (compare Bollelli L ”It.
dial. 17, 147 f.);
Toch. A prükär , В prükre “ firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable “ (Van
Windekens Lexique 100).
References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f., Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.
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bhares - : bhores -
English meaning: point, stubble (with formants)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Emporstehendes, Spitze, Borste ”
Note: With s-extension
Material: bhars -
Lat. fastigium (*bharsti -) “ the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or
down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank,
dignity; principal point in a subject “, here perhaps fastus , -ūs m. “ pride, haughtiness,
arrogance “ (tu-stem), in addition fastīdium “ loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike;
hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain “ (from * fasti-tīdium , to taedium ); s. also Pisani Rc. R. Ist.
Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;
O.Ir. barr “ top, point, summit, foliage “, Welsh Corn. bar, Bret. barr ds., O.Brit. PN Cuno-
barros “ fierce, furious like a battle dog “, Gaul. *barros “ bush, treetop “ (M.-L. 964).
bhors -
M.Ir. borr ‘stout, proud, swollen ”, M.Welsh bwrr ds., Corn. bor “fat”;
O.H.G. parrēn “ stand up stiffly “, parrunga “pride”, O.Ice. barr- “needle, conifer “, O.E.
bærs , bears , M.H.G. bars, Ger. Barsch , O.H.G. bersich “ barse, perch “; ablaut. Swe. agh-
borre (*borzan , IE *bhr̥s-) ds.;
N.Ger. (out of it Ger. ) barsch (*bhors-ko- ) “coarse, stern, rough ”; M.Eng. burre , borre “
burdock, roughness in the throat “, Eng. bur(r) ds., Dan.-Swe. borre “burdock”, Swe. sjö-
borre “ hedgehog “, Nor. dial. borren, byrren ‘stout, proud ”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg burrë “man, valiant man, proud man ”, burrni “pride, bravery ” mburr “be
proud, boast ” [common Alb. b > mb phonetic mutation].
Note:

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Maybe Alb.Gheg burrë “man, valiant man, proud man ”, burrni “pride, bravery ” mburr “be
proud, boast ” [common Alb. b > mb phonetic mutation] proves that Root bhares - : bhores - :
“point, stubble ” derived from an extended Root bher-1 : “to bear, carry ” (see below).
bhr̥sti -, bh orsti-
O.Ind. bhr̥ṣṭí -ḥ f. “ prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point “ = Gmc. *bursti- in O.Ice. burst f.
“bristle, ridge of the roof “, O.E. byrst f. “bristle”, O.H.G. burst, borst m. n., bursta f. “bristle”,
M.H.G. burste “ bristle brush “ (from dem pl. from burst “ bristle mass “); Slav. * bъrsti̯o - in
Russ. borščь “ acanthus “, boršč “ red turnip soup “, etc
With formants -dho-, -dhü-:
bhrezdh -
O.E. breord, breard m. “edge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area “ (*brerdaz ),
besides briord (*brerdia ), O.S. brædder ds., Mod.Swe. brädd , etc
Maybe Alb. (*bhrez ) brez “hillside, (*border) strap, belt ” the same in Rom. ??? similar to
Russ. brozdé “ bridle, rein “.
bhrozdh -
Alb. breth , bredhi “fir”; O.Ir. brot “ sting, prick “, O.Corn. bros, Bret. broud ds., compare
M.Ir. brostaim “ spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse “ from * bhros -t- (Loth RC. 42, 70),
mistakenly O ”Rahilly E ́ riu 13, 169 f.; O.H.G. brart “edge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post
“, Swe. dial. bradd .
bhr ezdh-, bhr ozdh-
M.Ir. brataim “ loots, robs “ (in addition bratán “ salmon “) = Welsh brathu “ sting, bite, drill
through “; *bhr ozdh- or *bhr̥zdh - to Gmc. * bruzd - in O.H.G. brort “edge, border ”, O.E. brord
m. “cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf “, wsächs. brerd (*brozdi -),

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O.E. bryrdan “ sting, goad, stir, tease, irritate “, O.Ice. broddr “ cusp, peak, grain germ,
cutting edge “, O.H.G. gibrortōn “ to hem, gird, border “; = Bal.-Slav. *bruzdü - in O.C.S.
brъzda, Russ. brozdé “bridle, rein ”,
Lith. bruzdùklis , old “bridle, rein ”, currently ” peg, plug, toggle “. Whereas is Lith. brìzgilas ,
O.Pruss. bisgelan “bridle, rein ” probably borrows from Proto-Gmc. ƀriʒđila- (O.E. brigdels
“bridle, rein ”, bregdan “ flax, wattle, braid “). Different Specht Decl. 142.
References: WP. II 131 ff., WH. I 461 f., 546.
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bhares -
English meaning: barley
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gerste”
Material: Lat. far (eig. farr), farris n. “ spelt, grain, meal “ from * far(o)s, *far(e)zes
(respectively * fars, *fars-es) = Osc. far, Umbr. far; Lat. farīna “ meal, flour “ (from *farrīna),
farreus = Umbr. farsio , fasiu “ made of spelt or wheat, meal “;
Note: common Alb. ph- > f- shift
maybe Alb. farë ‘seed, barley seed ”
Goth. bariz-eins (= Lat. farīna ) “from barley ”, O.Ice. barr m. “ corn, grain, barley ”, O.E. bere
“barley” (*bar(a)z-, respectively * bar(i)z-); but Slav. *barsina- in O.C.S. brašь no “
nourishment, food “, Ser.-Cr. brȁšno “meal, flour ”, Russ. bórošno “ rye flour “, after Jokl
Miletič -Festschr. (1933) 119 ff. rather to bher-1 “ bear, carry “.
Maybe Alb. bar “ grass, pasture, fodder ” : O.Ice. barr m. “corn, grain, barley ”.

References: WP. I 134, WH. I 455 f., 864.
See also: compare also bhares - S. 109.
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bharu -, -u̯o-
English meaning: fir-tree, tree, forest
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nadelbaum, Baum, Wald ”
Material: O.Ice. bǫrr m. “tree”, O.E. bearu , gen. bearwes m. “ wood, forest, shrubbery, bush
“, O.H.G. bara-würi “ forest ranger...a keeper of a park, forest, or area of countryside, priest
“; Slav. *borъ in R.C.S. borъ, pl. borove “ fir, spruce, spruce forest “, Ser.-Cr. bȍr, gen. bȍra
“ pine tree “, Cz. bor m. “ pinewood “.

References: WP. II 164, Trautmann 26 f., Hoops Waldbäume 362.
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bhar- : bhor- : bhr̥-
English meaning: bristle, stubble, sharp point
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hervorstehendes, Borste, Spitze, Borstenähre, Grannenkorn”
Material: With vokal. formant:
Goth. baíra -bagms “ mulberry tree “, Eng. black bear-berry “uva ursi” , Nor. bjørneber
“rubus caesius ” are reinterpreted after the bear ’s name *bara- “ shrub, bush “ = “ briar “;
from Proto-Slav. . *bъrъ (*bhor-) derive Russ. dial. borъ, kIr. bor, gen. bru “kind of millet,
sorghum ”, Ser.-Cr. bȁr ds.
Other formations with g are:
O.Ir. bairgen f. “bread” (*barigenü or *barigonü ), Welsh etc bara m. ds. (* barag -, compare
Lat. farrügō “ mixed fodder for cattle, mash; a medley, mixture “).
With formants -ko-:
M.Ir. barc “ spear shaft “, Welsh barch f. ‘spear, javelin ”, Slav. bьrkъ in Ser.-Cr. brk “cusp,
peak, germ, sprout, whisker, moustache “, Cz. brk “ keel, pinion of birds, primary feather,
quill-feather “, also probably Russ. bérce , bérco “ shinbone “, dial. “pole” (Berneker 119).
Perhaps here (with consonant increase ) *brokko- “ badger “, M.Ir. brocc , Welsh mbr.
broch ds., whether originally “ pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking, spiky “ to
Lat. (Celt. ) broccus “ to with protruding teeth “, Gaul. *broccos “cusp, peak, spiky ”, Fr.
broche ‘spear” etc Unclear is, to what extent M.Ir. brocc “ smut “, Gael. brocach “ mottled,
speckled, *tabby “, Welsh broch “ rage, fury, din, fuss, noise, scum, froth, foam “, Mod.Bret.
broc”hed “ mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten) ” are to be owed to secondary semantic
change or belong to different stems .
It is striking Pol. (Ven.-Illyr.). FlN Brok , perhaps signifies “ river badger ”.

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bhasko - (*bhedh -sko)
English meaning: bundle, heap
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “Bund, Bũndel”
Note: Root bhasko - : “bundle, heap ” is a truncated formation of an older root * bhedh- sko
from which derived both Root bhedh -2 : “to bow, bend ” and Root bhasko - : “bundle, heap ”
(see below). The alledged root * bhedh -sko derived from bhegh- [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh-
phonetic mutation].
Material: Maked. βάσκιοι δεσμοὶ φρυγάνων and βασκευταί φασκίδες (these genuine Gk.
vowel form), ἀγκάλαι Hes.; perhaps here Gk. φάσκωλος “ leather sack “;
Lat. fascia “ bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe “, fascis “ alliance, bundle,
parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power “;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
Maybe Alb. bashkë “together, bound ”, bashkonj “put together, unite ”, bashkë “fleece (a
bundle of wool) ”.
Note:
Alb. proves that from an early root * bhegh - [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
derived Root bhedh -2 : “to bow, bend ” and Root bhadh- sko- : “bundle, heap ” (see below).
M.Ir. basc “ collar, neckband “, O.Brit. bascauda “ brazen rinsing boiler “ (perhaps
originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket),
Welsh baich “ burden, load “, M.Bret. bech , Bret. beac”h ds.; Gallo-Rom. *ambi -bascia
“load”, O.Leon. ambaissi “ kneader for the sheaves “ (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.).
References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.
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bhā ̆ d -
English meaning: good
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gut”
Material: O.Ind. bhadrá -ḥ “ joyful, gratifying, lucky, good “, n. “ luck, salvation ”, sú-bhadra- ḥ
“ lovely, superb, pretty, splendid “ = Av. hu-baδra- “ lucky “;
Goth. batiza “better”, batista “best”, O.Ice. betre , betstr , O.E. bet(e)ra, betst , O.H.G.
bezzir (o), bezzist , Ger. besser , best; in addition das adv. of compar. O.Ice. betr, O.E. bet
(*batiz ), O.H.G. baz (*bataz , congealed Neutr. “ benefit “);
O.Ice. bati m. “ improvement, salvation ”, O.Fris. bata m. “ benefit, advantage “, M.H.G.
bazze ds.; Goth. gabatnan “ acquire benefit “, O.Ice. batna “ become better “, O.E. batian ,
O.H.G. bazzen ds.;
with ablaut Goth. bōta f. “benefit”, O.Ice. O.E. bōt “ improvement, replacement “, O.H.G.
buoz(a) f. “improvement, penance, atonement “.
References: WP. II 151 f., Feist 83, 103, 174, J. Weisweiler Buße (1930).
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bhāghu ́ -s
English meaning: elbow, arm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ellbogen and Unterarm ”
Material: O.Ind. bühú-ḥ m. “arm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot “, Av. büzüu -š “arm”,
gen. büzvō (Arm. bazuk from dem Iran.);
Gk. π῅χυς , Eol.-Dor. πᾶχυς “ elbow, forearm “, O.Ice. bōgr, acc. PL bōgu “arm,
shoulder ”, O.E. bōg ‘shoulder, arm; twig, branch ”, O.H.G. buog (Ger. Bug) ‘shoulder, hip,
haunch, point of shoulder of animals “;
Toch. А В poke , В pauke “arm”.
References: WP. II 130.
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bhāgo ́ -s
English meaning: beech
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Buche”
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Gk. φηγός , Dor. φᾱγός f. “oak” (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); Lat. fügus f. “ beech
“; Gaul. bügos in PN Bügücon, Bügono -; O.H.G. buohha “beech” (bōkōn -, compare silva
Bücenis “ resin “ by Caesar and M.Lat. Bōcōnia “ Rhön -an area in Germany “),
O.Ice. bōk f., O.E. bōc, bēce (bōkjōn -), in addition Goth. bōka f. “ alphabetic letter “, O.Ice.
bōk, O.E. bōc, O.H.G. buoh f. n. “ book (as the wood of rune-tablets) “, O.H.G. buohstap
“alphabetic letter ”, actually “ beech stick for scratching “.
Ice. beyki n. “beech forest ” is (because of bæki ds.) writing variant from *bӧ̥̄ki, a late
collective to bōk; also is to define perhaps Mod.Ice. beykir “ cooper “. Unclear is mir O.Ice.
buđkr, bauđkr “ first aid kit, medicine box “, after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a Lw. from M.Lat.
apotheka “ bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket “ is soil?
Slav. * buza - : *bъzъ- “ elder “ in Russ. buz m. : Slov. bɛz, Russ. dial. boz stay away
probably; also kurd. būz “ a kind of elm “, goes back to older vūz (from IE *u̯igós ).
M.H.G. būche , biuche “ lye “, biuchen , būchen “ boil or wash in lye “ belongs rather to root
bheug(h)- “ clean, sweep “.
IE side by side from bhüug - (: bhǝug -: bhū ̆ g -) and bhüg - is extremely unlikely; compare
W. Schulze KZ. 27, 428 = Kl. Schr. 55.
Perhaps after E. Leumann (KZ. 57, 190) to Av. baga - “ interest, portion, lot, fate “, also “
fortune cookie tree “, because marks were scratched into it by pilgrims .

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bhā-1, bhō -, bhǝ -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, leuchten, scheinen”
Material: O.Ind. bhü (in compound) “ shine, light, lustre “, bhü ́ ti “ shines, (he) appears “,
bhü ́ ti -ḥ “light”, bhü ́ na -m n. “ the shiners, apparition “ (compare O.Ir. bün “white”, O.E. bōnian
“polish”), bhünú-ḥ “light, ray, sun ” (: O.S. banu -t), bhü ́ ma -ḥ “light, shine ”;
Av. bü- ‘shine, appear, seem ” only with ü- (avü ̊ ntǝm “ the resembling, the similar “), frü
(fra-vüiti “ shines out “) and vi- (vi-bü- “ gleam, shine “, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 32, 86 f.),
vīspō -büm(y)a - “ all gleaming “, bümya - “light, gleaming “, bünu - m. “light, ray ”;
Arm. banam (*bhü-n-) “ open, reveal, divulge, uncover, expose “ (if actually “ point, allow
to become visible “), Aor. ba-t’si, compare Gk. φαίνω and Alb. bâj;
Gk. πεφήσεται “ will appear “, *bhǝ-n- in present φαίνω (*φανι̯ω instead of * φά-νω
Schwyzer Gk. I 694) “ makes visible, points “, φαίνομαι “ appear, seem, shine, gleam “
(ἐφάνην , Aor. ἔφηνα );
φᾰνερός “ obvious, apparent, clear “, φανή “ torch “; φάσις “ rising of a star “ (see also under
bhü-2), φάσμα , -ατος “apparition, face, omen, sign “ (compare πεφασμένος );
ἀμφαδόν, ἀμφάδιος “ apparent, manifest, obvious “ (ἀνα-φ-); φάντα λάμποντα Hes. (to
*φᾱμι = O.Ind. bhü ́ ti ); compare ἀργύ-φεος , ἄργυφος “ glossy white ”;
Alb.Gheg bâj, Tosc bënj (= φαίνω) “ make, seem “ (originally probably “ bring to an
apparition “);
Note:
Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate.
O.Ir. bün “white”, oíb f. (*opi-bhü) “apparition, beauty ”;

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O.S. banut “ touchwood, tinder “; O.E. bōnian “polish” (i.e. “make gleaming ”), N.Ger. (and
out of it Ger. ) bōnen “ scour, rub, clean, beans “, M.H.G. bũenen “ beans (*white) “ (from
Goth. bandwa, - wō “ mark, token, sign “, bandwjan , O.Ice. benda “ give a mark, token, sign
“ here belong - perhaps as u̯-derivative of participle bhü-nt- “ shining, seeming “ -, is
doubtful. Lith. by Feist 79 f.);
O.Sor. baju, bać so “ burn indiscernibly, gleam “, nsorb. bajom , bajaś se “gleam, flicker ”;
Toch. A paṃ “clear, bright ” (*bhǝno -), pañi “beauty”, В peñijo ds. (Duchesne-Guillemin
BAL.-SLAV. 41, 164); A pükär , В pükri , a-pükärtse “open, distinct ”; A pü-tsänk , В pa-tsän k “
window “ (-tsänk etc “gleam, shine ”), Van Windekens Lexique 78 f.; В pate, A püt (in
compound) “apparition ” (*bhü-ti-), Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lornb. 78, 2, 28.
s-extension bhō-s-: O.Ind. bhü ́ s - n. (ved. also disyllabic), instr. bhüsü ́ “light, shine, glory,
magnificence, power “, subhü ́ s - “ having beautiful shininess “, bhü ́-sati “ glares, gleams “,
bhü ́ sant - “gleaming ”, bhü ́ sah ̣ n. “light”;
Gk. φώσκει διαφάνει Hes., διαφώσκω “ begins to shine ” are perhaps (from πι-φαύσκω )
reshaped after φ῵ς, also φωστήρ “lustre, shine, shiner ”
Doubtful is, whether M.Ir. basc “red”, O.E. basu , baso “purple” (*bhǝs -ko-, -u̯o-) are to be
connected, to Goth. weina- basi “ grape “, O.H.G. beri “ berry “, actually “ red berry “? In
addition the full grades MN O.H.G. Buoso , O.Ice. Bōsi etc?
u̯-extension bhü-u-: O.Ind. vi-bhü ́ va -ḥ, vi-bhü ́ van - “ radiating, shining, seeming ”;
Gk. Hom. φάε (*φαFε) “ gleamed, appeared “, φαέθων, -οντος “gleaming ”, φαεσί -
μβροτος , Pind. φαυσί -μβροτος “ for the bright people shining “,
φάος (Eol. φάυος , pamph. φάβος ) Att. kontr. φ῵ς, gen. φωτός , φάους , “light, salvation ”,
whereof * φαFεσ-νός in Lesb. φάεννος , Ion. φαεινός , Att. φᾱνός “gleaming ”,
Hom. φαείνω “ gleams “; πιφαύσκω “ allows to shine; points, shows, evinces; make known
“. Different Specht KZ. 59, 58 f.

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bhā-2
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen”
Material: O.Ind. probably in sabhü “ congregation, meeting “ (“*conversation, discussion ”;
bhü- in O.Ind. indeed otherwise - up to bhánati , see under - only in the meaning ‘shine,
appear, seem, shine ”);
Arm. ban (*bhü-nis), gen. -i “word, speech, reason, judgement, thing ”, bay, gen. bayi
“word, verbalism “ (*bhǝ-ti-s = Gk. φάτις); bay particle “ (he, she) says “ (= φησί, also bam =
φημί, bas = Lesb. φαι from *bhüsi );
Gk. φημί, Dor. φᾱμί ‘say”, φήμη, Dor. φάμᾱ “ knowledge, shout, call, revelation “ (= Lat.
füma “a report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition ”; ἀφήμονες ἄρρητοι , οὐκ ὀνομαζόμενοι Hes.
and only with Apuleius meeting affümen “ harangue, speech “ needs to be no old equation);
φάσκω “ say, believe “ (also βάσκανος , Lat. fascinum , see under * baba onomatopoeic
word), φάτις f. “ rumor “, φάσις “ language, speech, assertion, announcement “; with ablaut
φωνή “voice”;
Lat. for, fürī (from *fü-i̯ō(r) = Church Slavic baju, O.E. bōian ) ‘speak”;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift.
Maybe Alb.Gheg me folë “to speak ”, fjalë “word”, Tosc flas “I speak” : Lat. for ‘speak” [r/ l
allophones].
Lat. fücundus “ eloquent, fluent, ready of speech “, fütum “ an utterance, esp. a divine
utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god “, füma “ a report, rumor, saying, talk,
tradition “ (Denom. Osc. faamat perhaps “ calls “), fübula “ talk, conversation; a tale, story,
fable, drama, myth “ (*bhü-dhlü), füs actually “divine command or law; sometimes fate,

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destiny; in gen. right, that which is allowed, lawful ”, probably from (ne)füs is with infinitive
füs (s-stem) “ it is (not) to be pronounced “ (different EM 333);
in addition diēs füstus “ day on which the praetor could administer justice, court-days.
Transf. a list of these days, with festivals, etc., the Roman calendar; a register, record; a list
of magistrates “, füsti “ the list of these days, calendars “; as derivative of a participle *bhǝ-
tó-s, Lat. fateor, -ērī, fassus “ to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known “ = Osc.
fatíum “ speak “, Lat. Fütuus ‘speaking by inspiration ”, epithet of “ foretelling Faunus ”;
Maybe Alb. (*fateor ) fajtor “guilty (*confess, admit guilt) ”, then truncated Alb. faj “guilt”.
O.Ice. bōn, bøn “ request, prayer “, O.E. bäen “ request, soccage “ (*bhü-ni-s; or with ō-
gradation as Gk. φωνή ?); O.E. bōian “brag, boast ” (as Lat. fōr from *füi̯ōr, Slav. bajǫ);
Russ.-Serb.-Church Slavic baju, bajati “tell, discuss, heal, cure ”, Church Slavic basnь “
fable, spell, charm “, O.C.S. balьji, gen. -ьję “ physician, medicine man, magician “.
At a present * bh-en- based on O.Ind. bhánati “ speaks “; auf *bhǝn -u̯- (or auf Gmc.
reshuffling after spannan ) O.H.G. bannan redupl. verb. “ summon by proclamation (esp. to
arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon “, O.E. bannan redupl. verb “
summon, order “,
O.Ice. banna schw. Verb. “ forbid “, whereof O.H.G. ban, PL banna “ order under penal
threat “ (Ger. Bann , Bannwald ), O.E. gebann , O.Ice. bann n. “ forbid, ban “.
Toch. A pü-, pü-c̨- “ beg “ (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.).
After Kuiper ( АО. XII 262) here ( *bhǝ-s-) O.Ind. bhiš ̣ a ́ kti “heals”, bhiš ̣ a ́ j - “physician,
medicine man, magician ”, jAv. - biś- “ healing “; about Av. bišazjüt̃ compare Kuiper
NasalprO.S. 44 f.
References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 674 f.
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bhāt- : bhǝt -
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, stoßen”
Material: Lat. fatuus “ foolish, idiotic, silly, awful, tasteless from taste “ (*from beaten the
head, dull); Gaul. Lw. Lat. battuō , -ere, more recently battō “ to beat, knock “, out of it back-
borrowed Welsh bathu “ strike coins, mint “,
Illyr. Batto “appellation for rebellion leaders ”, Alb. batoj “rock the boat ”
compare also Gaul. anda-bata “ blind combatant, gladiator fights with a helmet without
openings “ with ü: Russ. batъ “ oaken stick, cudgel, club “, Ser.-Cr. bátati “ hit, knock “,
perhaps also (with ů) Russ. bótatь “ trample, swing “ etc;
perhaps older Dan. bad “ fight, struggle, damage, pity “, M.L.G. bat “damage, pity,
misfortune ”, Ger. Blutbad .
Unclear is the relationship to * bhüu -t- (see under); it must be assumed instead of *bhüt -
is perhaps *bhu̯üt -, or lies a root *bhü- with variant formant the basic, which is perhaps
present in Lat. fümex, -icis “ a bruise, contusion, bloodshot “ (*haematoma, effusion of
blood resulted from blow)?
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
References: WP. II 126 f., WH. I 46, 99, 452, 464.
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bhā ̆ u -1 : bhū ̆-
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, stoßen”
Material: a) With present formation -d-:
Lat. fūstis (*bhūd -sti-s) “ a knobbed stick, cudgel, staff, club “ (= Gaul. būstis in aprov.
bust “ tree stump “ etc), fūsterna “ knot, burl, burr, stump, snag “;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift, maybe Alb. fut, fus “hit, insert, copulate ”
O.Ir. bibdu “culpable, fiend “ (*bhe-bhud -u̯ōts), M.Ir. búalaim “hit” from *bhüud -l- ... (or
*boug-l- ... to Ger. pochen above S. 98); probably also O.Ir. bodar “deaf, stuns, dazes,
deafens, baffles ”, Welsh byddar “deaf” (*budaro -);
O.Ice. bauta (-ađa) “hit, bump, poke ”, O.E. bēatan (bēot), O.H.G. boz(z)an (biez or schw.
Verb) ds., M.H.G. boz, bōz, būz m. “blow, knock ”, Ger. Amboß , O.E. būtel “hammer”,
M.L.G. botel ds., M.H.G. bæzel “beetle, hammer ”, O.Ice. bøytill “ penis of horses “; O.Ice.
butr “ short piece of a tree trunk “; with expressivem tt: N.Ger. butt “dull, clumsy ” (in addition
the fish name Butte ),
M.H.G. butze “ truncated piece, clump “, O.E. buttuc “bottom, piece land ”, Nor. dial. butt
‘stump, clot, chunk ” (also wood skid). But O.E. bytt “ flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp.
for wine, ale, or beer “ derives from Lat. buttis “ barrel, vat, cask “, also Welsh both “flask”;
O.Ice. beysta “knock, hit ” (*bhaud -sti-, compare Lat. fūstis ); with - sk-suffix perhaps
M.H.G. būsch “cudgel, club, blow, knock ” (*bhūd -sko- ), perhaps different from būsch “ wad,
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb “, see above S. 101.
b) with t-formants:

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Alb. mbũt , mbũs ‘suffocate, drown ”, skut. mũs ‘slay, kill”, compare përmismë “ downfallen
“;
Note:
Common Alb. b > mb phonetic mutation
Lat. confūtō, -üre “ to check, repress; by speech, to put down, silence “, refūtō, -üre “ to
drive back, check, repress; to refute, disprove “ (mit ū from previously au), probably also
fūtuō, -ere “ have sexual relationshs with (a woman), to sleep with ”;
maybe Alb. (*fūtuō ) fut “have sexual relations with (a woman), penetrate, insert, cheat ”
O.Ir. fo-botha (*butüt ) “threatens ”, Verbaln. fubthad ; Goth. bauÞs “deaf, dumb, mute ”.
References: WP. II 125 ff., WH. 1 259 f., 573 f.
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bhedh -1
English meaning: to pierce, dig
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen, especially in die Erde stechen, graben ”
Material: Lat. fodiō, -ere, fōdī “ to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod, jog
“, fossa “ditch, trench, channel ”, fodicüre “ sting repeatedly, dig, jog “;
Gaul. bedo - “canal, ditch, trench, channel ” (Wartburg I 313), Welsh bedd , Corn. bedh ,
Bret. béz “ grave “; Gaul. *bodīca “ fallow field “ (M.-L. 1184);
Goth. badi n. “bed”, O.E. bedd ds., O.H.G. etc betti “bed, a garden-plot (to be) filled with
plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown “, O.N. beđr m. “ bedspread,
eiderdown “ (IE *bhodhi̯o -), originally “ a bed burrowed in the ground “, compare Ger.
Flußbett, Beet , Eng. bed also “ garden bed, garden plot “;
Lith. bedù , bedžiau ̃ , bèsti “prick, bore, dig ”, badaũ , badūti “prick, bump, poke ”, bãdas
“hunger”, bẽdrė f. “ pit, pothole “, O.Pruss. boadis “ prick, sting “, em-badusisi “ he/she
sticks “;
O.C.S. bodǫ , bosti (s-Аor. basъ) “prick”, bodl” m. “thorn, backbone “ (*bod-lь);
Toch. A pat-, püt- “to plough ”;
Perhaps also Hitt. píd-da-i (can also be read pádd -da-i ) “ makes a hole into the earth “,
compare Pedersen Hitt. 77.
Perhaps here Gk. βόθρος , βόθῡνος m. “pit, pothole ”, Schwyzer Gk. I 262, Zus. 2.
Different Petersson Heterokl. 128 ff.
Probably in addition Celto-Gmc. bodu̯o -, -ü “fight, struggle ” in Gaul. PN Ate-boduus , -uü,
Boduo-gnütus , O.Ir. bodb f. “crow, battle goddess in the form of a crow “;

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bhedh -2
English meaning: to bow, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krũmmen, beugen, drũcken, plagen”
Material: O.Ind. bü ́ dhatē “throngs, presses, plagues ”, Desid. bī́bhatsatē “ is shy of
something, feels disgust “, jñu-bü ́ dh - “ bending knee “;
Alb. bint, med. bindem “ be bent (*be convinced, pressured) “, bashkr “ together “,
bashkonj “ unite, assemble “;
Note:
Alb. proves that from an early root * bhegh - [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
derived Root bhedh -2 : “to bow, bend ” and Root bhadh- sko- : “bundle, heap ” (see above).
Goth. bida “prayer”, O.H.G. beta f. “request”, Goth. bidjan (sek. -bidan ) “ bid, beg, ask,
pray “, O.Ice. biđja , O.E. biddan , O.H.G. bitten , O.Ice. knē-beðr m. “ knee pad “, O.E.
cnēow -gebed n. “prayer” (compare O.Ind. jñu-büdh -);
Maybe Alb.Gheg me u betu “to vow”, Tosc betohem “I vow, swear ”
Lith. bodùs “ unsavory, distasteful “, bode ́tis “ nauseate before “;
Toch. В peti, A poto “ worship, veneration “.
References: WP. II 130 f., 140, 185, WH. I 461, 495, Feist 89 b; different Kluge12 60.
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bheg -, bheng -
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerschlagen, zerbrechen ”
Material: O.Ind. bhanákti , perf. babháñja “break, rupture ” (only afterwards after reshuffled
the 7th class), bhaŋga -ḥ “break; billow ” (compare Lith. bangà “billow”), bhañji -ḥ “ diffraction,
declension, crooked way, sale, step, wave “;
Arm. bekanem “break”, bek “broke”;
but Phryg. βεκός “bread”, actually “ crumb “ (?)has unexplained k;
With -u- grade: also Alb. (*beuka ) buka “bread” : Phryg. βεκός “bread”, actually “ crumb “
Note:
From an extended Root b(e)u -1, bh(e)u - : “expr. sound of hitting ” derived Root bheg -,
bheng - : “to break”, Root bhenĝh -, bhn̥ĝh - (adj. bhn̥ĝhú -s) : “thick, fat ”, Root bheug-1 : “to
flee, *be frightened ”, Root bheug -2, bheugh - : “to clear away, free ”, Root bheug-3, bheugh - :
“to bow”, Root bheug -4 : “to enjoy, *consume, bite ” as taboo words.
O.Ir. bongid, -boing “breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains) “ verbal noun búain (*bhog- ni-
), enclitic - bach , -bech (*bhogo-m ), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461; pass. preterit - bocht ,
perhaps = bocht “ poor “;
dropping the nasal the preterit buich has probably secondary u (compare O.Ir. mag “field”,
dat. muig < *mages ), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *bheug(h)- “bend” ;
M.Welsh di-vwng “ inflexible “; to meaning “defeat, conquer ” compare O.Ir. maidid “ break
out” = “defeat”. Toо grade point at also M.Ir. boimm “morsel, bite, mouthful ” from * bhog -
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Lith. bangà “billow, heap, lashings, pelting rains “, prabangà “ excess “, Ltv. buogs “ a
dense crowd “, in addition Lith. bangùs “rash, hasty, violent ” (from brooks and downpours),
bingùs “ gamy “ (of horses), bengiù , bengiaũ , beñgti “ finish “, pabangà f. “termination ”;
pr. pobanginnons “ moves, weighs “; in the meaning “finish, end ” come into being through
ablaut derailment forms with ei, ai (compare Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 60) in Ltv. beĩgas pl. “ end,
inclination, slope “, Lith. pabaigà ds., beigiù and baigiù “end”, Ltv. bèidzu ds.;
here Ltv. buoga also stands for ‘stony place ”, here belongs probably also Russ. búga “
flooded tract of forest “; different about beig- (to bhei- “hit”) Kuiper Nasalpräs. 184.
The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of
meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:
Gmc. *bang- “hit” in O.Ice. banga “hit”, bang “din, fuss, noise ”, Eng. bang “knock, hit ”,
with ablaut M.H.G. M.L.G. bungen “drum”; N.Ger. bengel “ club, cudgel, boor “ = Ger.
Bengel , Eng. dial. bangle “ gnarled stick “, O.N. epithet bǫngull .
In addition with intensive consonant increase:
Gmc. *bank- in O.S. banka , abl. bunka “hit, knock ”, obd. bunken “knock, bump, poke ”,
M.L.G. bunken , Dutch bonken “hit, thrash ”.
Ltv. bungã “drum”, bunga “blow, knock ” derive probably from M.N.Ger.
Maybe Alb. bungë, bunga pl. “kind of oak, Quercus sessiflora (stick for beating?) ”
References: WP. II 149 f., WH. I 503, 541, Trautmann 26.
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bhegʷ -
English meaning: to run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “davonlaufen ”
Material: Hindi bhüg - “flee”;
Gk. φέβομαι , φοβέομαι “flee, be afraid “, φόβος “escape, fear ”, φοβέω “ startles”, φοβερός
“frightening, timorous ”;
lengthened grade Lith. be ́gu , be ́gau , be ́gti “run, flee”, bėgas , be ̃gis m. “escape, run ”, Ltv.
bêgu , bêgt “flee”, with ablaut kausat. boginù , bogìnti “ flee something, to get there quckly “;
Slav. *běgǫ in Russ. běgu (Inf. běžátь ), Clr. bihú (Inf. bíčy) “run”, in addition as neologism
O.C.S. priběgnǫ , priběgnǫti etc “flee”, as well as O.C.S. běžo ̨, bežati “flee” etc;
Toch. A pkänt (pkät) “remote, distant, apart, separated ” (Van Windekens Lexique 96).
References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun2 220, 235, Schwyzer Gk. I
717.
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bheidh -1
English meaning: to advise, force
Deutsche Übersetzung: “jemandem zureden, zwingen ”, med. ‘sich einreden lassen,
vertrauen ”
Material: Gk. πείθομαι “ lets me persuade, follow “ (Aor. ἐπιθόμην , Hom. πεπιθεῖν , πιθέσθαι ;
perf. πέποιθα “trust”), Akt. (sek.) πείθω, Aor. ἔπεισα “persuade, convince ”, πειθώ , -οῦς “
persuasion “, πιστός (for *φιστος ) “reliable, loyal, faithful, relying ”, πίστις , -ιος, -εως “loyalty,
reliance”, Hom. ἐν πείσῃ “in reassurance “ (*πειθ-σ-);
Alb. bē f. “oath, vow, pledge ” (*bhoidhü = O.C.S. běda “need” ), E.Gheg per-bej “curse,
hex” (in addition neologism bese f. “faith, belief, pact, covenant, loyalty ”);
Note: Alb. bē f. “oath” derived from a truncated Alb. betim “oath”
maybe TN Illyr. Besoi : Alb. besoj “believe, have faith ”
Lat. fīdō, -ere, fīsus sum “ to trust, believe, confide in “ (fīsus is to- participle), fīdus
“reliable”; foedus (*bhoidhos ), by Ennius fīdus (*bheidhos ) n. “ trusty, true, faithful, sure “,
fidēs “ trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith “, Dius Fidius “ the god of faith, a surname of
Jupiter “; Umbr. combifiatu (*bhidhiü -) “you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be
assured”; about Osc. Fiisiais , Umbr. Fise, Fiso, Fisovio- s. WH. I 494;
Note:
Alb. Alb. fē, fēja “religion”, fejonj “perform engagement ceremony (marriage vows?) ” : AN
fed, OFr. feid, feit : Lat. fides ;
Goth. baidjan “constrain, oblige ”, O.Ice. beiđa , O.E. bædan , O.H.G. beitten “urge, press,
push, arrogate ” = O.Bulg. causative běždǫ, běditi “constrain, oblige ”, poběditi “defeat,
conquer”, běda f. “need”;

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bheid -
English meaning: to prick, pierce
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spalten”
Material: O.Ind. bhinádmi (participle bhindánt - = Lat. findēns , bhinná -ḥ besides bhittá -ḥ =
Lat. fissus ), bhē ́ dümi ‘split, carve, rupture etc ”, bhidyátē “ is split “;
probably Gk. φείδομαι (redupl. Aor. Hom. πεφιδέσθαι ) “ with which are stingy, avoid
sparingly; spare; avoid a thing “ (basic meaning partly perhaps “ separate myself from
something = take myself away “, above all but “ pinch off, stingy, from what cut off oneself
only a little “);
Lat. findō , -ere, fidī (probably Aor. as O.Ind. Opt. bhidēyam , O.E. bite, O.H.G. bizzi “ to
split, cleave, divide, halve “), fissum “ split, cloven “, fissum n., fissūra f. “cleft, fissure ”;
Goth. beitan “bite”, O.Ice. bīta “bite; penetrate (from sword under likewise) ”, O.S. O.E.
bītan , O.H.G. bīzzan “bite” (= O.Ind. bhē ́ dati , Gk. φείδομαι ); Kaus. O.Ice. beita “ allow to
bite, allow to graze “, O.E. bætan “rein, curb, restrain, hunt, chase ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. beizen
“ds., corrode ”, O.Ice. beizl “ set of teeth, bridle, rein ” (*baitislan ), O.E. gebæ ̄ tu N. pl. ,
gebæ ̄ tel n. “ set of teeth “; O.Ice. biti m., O.E. bita m. “morsel, mouthful ”, O.H.G. bizzo m.,
bizza f. “morsel, mouthful, nip ”; Goth. baitrs “bitter” (“bitting from taste “);
changing through ablaut O.Ice. bitr “biting, sharp, painful ”, O.E. biter, bitter , O.S. O.H.G.
bittar “biting, sharp, bitter ”; O.Ice. beiskr “ sharp, bitter ” (*bait-skaz ); Goth. beist “ sourdough
“ (*bhei[d]-sto-); O.E. bitela “biting”, bitel “beetle, chafer ”, Eng. beetle ;
Maybe Alb. bisk “branch, twig (*beam?) ”

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O.Ice. beit n. ‘ship” (originally “ hollow dugout canoe “ to O.Ice. bite “balk, beam ”), O.E. büt
m. “boat”, M.Eng. bōt, out of it borrows Ger. Boot and perhaps O.Ice. bütr ds.; M.L.G. beitel ,
bētel “chisel” , M.H.G. beizel ‘sting, prick ” (: O.Ind. bhēdura ́ -ḥ, bhēdira ́ -ḥ “thunderbolt ”).
The fact is that bheid- extension to * bhei(ǝ) - “hit” seems possible.
References: WP. II 138 f., WH. I 500 f.
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bhei(ǝ)-, bhī - (*bher -)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Material: Av. byente “ they fight, hit ” (H. Lommel KZ. 67, 11);
Arm. bir “ big stick , club, mace, joint ” (*bhi-ro-);
Gk. φῑτρός m. “tree truck, wooden log ”, φῑμός m. “toggle, muzzle ”;
maybe Alb. (*bheir ) bie “hit, strike ”, bie “fall, die”, sub. bjeri ‘strike”, bie (*bjer) bring : Illyr.
TN Boii
Alb. and Arm. prove that Root bhei(ǝ) -, bhī- : “to hit” derived from Root bher-1 : “to bear,
carry” through an Illyr. -r > -j phonetic mutatIon.
Ven. PN φohiio-s -, Illyr. VN B οιοί “ the combatants, fighters “ (: Russ. boj), Gk.-Illyr. PN
Bοῖον ὄρος , VN Βοιωτοί , Celt.-Illyr. VN Boii; Messap. βίσβην δρέπανον ἀμπελοτόμων ,
βισβαῖα κλαδευτήρια Hes.;
Lat. perfinēs “ break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter “ Hes.;
O.Ir. ben(a)id “hits, knocks ” (*bi-na-ti), ro-bīth “ was hit “, bīthe “beaten”, fo bīth “ weel “ (=
“ under the blow “), M.Bret. benaff “ cut, bite ”, O.Welsh etbinam “ to mangle “, without n-Infix
O.Bret. bitat “ cut loose, cut off “, Welsh bidio “ cut a hedge “, bid “ thorn hedge “, M.Ir.
fid(h)b(h)a ‘sickle” = O.Welsh uiidimm “ lignite “, Welsh gwyddyf ‘scythe, pruning knife ” =
gallo-Lat. vidubium “hack, mattock, hoe “ (*vidu-bion “ wood hoe “), compare M.Ir. PN Faíl-
be “ (*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer ” (*vailu-bios ); O.Ir. binit f. “rennet,
cleaver” (“incisive”, *bi-n-antī), M.Ir. bian ‘skin, fell, fur ”, O.Ir. bīa ́ il “hatchet”, O.Welsh bahell ,
Welsh bwyell , bwyall ds., M.Bret. bouhazl ds. ( *bhii̯ǝli-), O.Ir. bēimm n. “blow, knock ” (*bhei-
smn̥), Corn. bommen ds., Gaul. *biliü “tree stump ”, Fr. bille;

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O.Ice. bīldr “ head of the arrow, bloodletting iron “ (*bhei-tlo- ); O.H.G. bī(h)al “hatchet”
(*bheiǝ-lo-), hence probably Gmc. *bilja- and not *biÞla - in O.H.G. O.E. bill n., O.S. bil
‘sword”, M.H.G. bil, billes ‘stone mattock “, Ger. Bille f. “hack, mattock, hoe ”, M.H.G. billen “
to hoe, chip, trim “, O.H.G. bilōthi, bilidi , Ger. Bild; O.H.G. billa f. ‘sourdough ”; with formants
-li- O.E. bile m. “bill, beak, neb ”, additional form to Eng. bill;
O.C.S. bijǫ (bьjǫ) biti “hit”, Ser.-Cr. bȉjêm bȉti, Russ. bьju bitь ds., therefrom with formants
-dhlo-: R.C.S. bilo n. “ a louse rake or comb “, Ser.-Cr. bȉlo “ the transverse piece of wood at
the front of a wooden rake (to rake leaves with) “, Cz. bidlo “ shaft, pole ”, Russ. bíɫo “beetle,
hammer”; bítva “fight, struggle, blow, knock ” (: Messap. βίσβη ), O.C.S. bičь “whip, scourge ”
(from Slav. Ger. Peitsche ); in ablaut O.C.S. u-bojь m. “murder”, Ser.-Cr. bôj, gen. bȍja
“battle”, Russ. Cz. boj ds. (: Illyr. Boii).
References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Lidén KZ . 61, 12, Karstien KZ.
65, 154 f.
See also: S. above under bheid -.
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bheigʷ -
English meaning: to shine (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen” ?
Material: Apers. *bigna- “lustre, shine ”? in den PN Bagü -bignа-, ᾽Αρια -βιγνης ;
Gk. φοῖβος “clean, gleaming ”, φοιβάω , φοιβάζω “clean”, ἀφοίβαντος “ smudges “
(*bhoigʷ -o-), ἀφικτός , ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ -) “impure, unclean ”.
Note:
Typical gʷ > b Gk. phonetic mutation
About Υοῖβος ᾽Απόλλων compare Kretschmer Gl. 15, 199.
References: WP. II 138, Schwyzer Gk. I 299.
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bhei-
English meaning: bee
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Biene”
Note: with n-, k- or t-extension
Material: The short form still in O.Ice. bӯ-fluga , Alem. bī, bO.Ir. beij; besides forms with n
(barely extracted only the weak Decl.), as O.H.G. bini n. “bee”, ablaut. bīa f. (*bī-ōn- = O.E.
béo, Eng. bee), bīna (Ger. dial. Bein);
O.C.S. bъčela, bьčela ds. (*bhikelü ); Welsh bydaf “ beehive “, O.Pruss. bitte, Lith. bìtė, bitìs,
Ltv. bite “bee”.
Gaul. *bekos “bee” (M.-L. 1014), O.Ir. bech m. “bee”, Gael. speach “prick, sting ”, Welsh
beg-eg(y)r “drone” deviate of vowel (taboo causing distortion?).
References: WP. II 184 f., WH. I 555 f., Specht Decl. 46.
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b(h)e1 and b(h)eĝh
English meaning: outside, without
Deutsche Übersetzung: ... “außer, außerhalb, ohne”
Material: O.Ind. bahiḥ (-š) “ outdoor, outward, outside from “ (m. abl.);
O.Pruss. bhe “without” (preposition m. acc.), Lith. bè “without” (preposition m. gen., and
nominal prefix), Ltv. bez “without” (preposition m. gen., and nominal prefix);
O.C.S. bez etc (dial. also be) “without” (preposition m. gen., and nominal prefix). Here also
Lith. be ‘still, yet “ (“*in addition “), bèt “ however, but ” (formation as ne-t “but”), be ̃s, Ltv.
bē ̆ st “ possibly, perhaps ” (*bhe + est, Endzelin Stud. Balt 7, 32 f.).
On account of here O.Ir. bés “ perhaps ”, vorton. from *béis < *bhe-esti?
References: WP. II 137, Trautmann 28, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 497 f.
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bh(e)lāg -
English meaning: weak, ridiculous
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa ‘schlaff, albern ”?
Material: *bhlüg - or *bhlōg - in wRuss. bɫáhyj “ evil, bad, nasty “ (hence borrowed Ltv. blügs ,
Lith. blõgas “ feeble, weak “), bɫažic ́ “ romp “, Gk., Russ. blagój “ obstinate, nasty “,
dial. blažno ́ j ‘stupid”, Pol. bɫagi “ bad, nothing worth “; barely to Gk. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεί , ληρεῖ
Hes., because in heavy Slav. word, which points Gk. light basis; see under (s)p(h)elg -.
Here (apparently with expressive Gemination), however, Lat. flaccus “ flabby; of men,
flap-eared “.
References: WP. II 183 f., 680, WH. I 507 f.
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bheld -
English meaning: to knock, hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: “pochen, schlagen ”
Note: perhaps originally d-present of the onomatopoeic word bhel-
Material: From Gmc. probably in addition M.L.G. bolte(n) “ bolt for a door, dart, arrow ”,
O.H.G. bolz, Ger. Bolz, Bolzen , O.E. bolt “ bolt for a door, dart, arrow ”, Swe. bult “ bolt for a
door “ (*bhl̥d-),
perhaps also Ger. Balz, Vb. balzen andbolzen , Nor. dial. bolt m. “ male forest bird; tomcat,
male-cat ”, Ger. Bolze “tomcat, male-cat ”; Nor. dial. bolta “rumble, storm ahead ”,
older Dan. bolte “ curl up, roll oneself “, Swe. bulta “knock”, Swe. dial. bultra “wallow, romp ”,
Nor. dial. bultra “rant, roister, romp ”, abl. Nor. dial. baltra “wallow, romp ”;
Lith. beldù , -e ́ti and béldžiu , bélsti “hit, knock ”, ablaut. bildu , bilde ́ti “din, drone, rumble ”,
báldau , -yti “knock, stark rumble ”, baldas “pestle”; Ltv. bel̂zt “hit” (perhaps contamination
from *belžu = Lith. béldžiu with telz- “hit”, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-dt. Wb. 278).
References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.
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bheleg -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: extension from bhel- ds.
Material: bhelg -: O.Ind. bhárgas - n. “radiative lustre, shine ” (*bhelgos ); Bhŕ̥gavaḥ , pl. “
mythical priests of the flash fire “; Ltv. bal̃gans “whitish”;
perhaps here O.C.S. blagъ “good”, Russ. (old and mtdarl.) bólogo adv. “good”, eig. “light”
(contrast “dark”: “mad, wicked, evil ”); Toch. AB pälk- “burn, gleam, shine, get hot “, A pälk,
В pilko “look”, A polküm ̣ ts ‘stars” (: Lith. bãlgans ), В empalkaitte “careless, neglectful ”
(Negation + * palk- “gleam, shine ” besides pälk-);
bhleg -: Gk. φλέγω “burn, singe, ignite “, φλεγέθω ‘singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in
flames”, φλέγμα n. “blaze; inflammation; mucus ”, φλεγμονή f. “inflammation, ignition;
ferventness, passion; rutting ”, φλεγύας ἀετός ξανθός Hes. (adj. “fiery red”) φλόξ, φλογμός
“flame”;
Lat. flagrō , -üre “to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with
passion; to suffer from “, wherefore probably flamma “ a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a source
of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring flame,
destruction “ as *flagmü , Osc. Flagiuí perhaps “ an interpreter of lightning “;
Maybe Alb. (*flagrō ) flegra “ (*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils ”, flakëroj “I shine”,
flakë “fire”;
besides flůg- (red.- grades *bhl egró-, *bhl egmü ́ or because of φλογμός , φλόξ rather
*bhl ogmü) stand zero grades bhl̥g-, Lat. fulg- in Lat. fulgō and fulgeō, -ēre, fulsī “ to flash, to
lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine “, fulgor, -ōris “

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lightning; in gen., glitter, brightness; fig., brightness, glory, lustre, shine ”, fulgus, -uris “ a
flash or stroke of lightning; sometimes an object struck by lightning; in gen., brightness “,
fulmen (*fulgmen ) ds.;
M.Ir. imblissiu “ pupil (of the eye); orb “ (*m̥bhi -bhl̥g-s-, Vendryes RC. 40, 431 f);
O.H.G. blecchen (*blakjan ), M.H.G. blecken “ become visible, allow to see “, Ger.
blecken “ show the teeth “; O.H.G. blecchazzen , M.H.G. blecken “ flash “, M.Du. nDutch
blaken “ flame, burn, glow ”, O.E. blæcern, blacern “ candlestick, flambeaux “, O.Ice. blakra
“blink, glitter, flash ”; here probably as “burnt (compare nd. blaken from blackening lamp
flame), sooty “, O.E. blæc “black”, n. “ink”, O.H.G. blah ds.;
nasalized Gmc. *blenk-, *blank - in M.H.G. Ger. blinken , M.H.G. blinzen (*blinkatjan ), Ger.
blinzeln (besides with Gmc. g older Dan. blinge “blink, glitter, flash ” under likewise, s. Falk-
Torp under blingse ); O.H.G. blanch , M.H.G. blank “blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white ”,
Ger. blank , O.E. blanca m. ‘steed” (eig. from bright color, compare:) O.Ice. blakkr ‘sallow,
paled”, poet. ‘steed” (“dun horse, grey, *white horse “), O.S. blakker ‘sallow, paled, dun
(horse)”, but also “black, dark ” (from Gmc. borrows Fr. blanc , Ital. bianco ). From this nasal
form also pr. blingi s “ pallid “;
Lith. blágnytis “ sober oneself up; lighten up ”, O.Lith. blinginti ‘shine”.
A variant on -ĝ- perhaps in Ltv. blãzt “ shimmer “, blãzma (blüg ̂-ma) “ reflection of
moonlight on the water “.
References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Toch. 162, 218, Van Windekens
Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.
See also: Beside bheleg- stands synonymous to bhereĝ -, see there.
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bheleu -
English meaning: to hit; weak, ill
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, durch Schlagen kraftlos machen, schwach, krank ”
Material: O.Corn. bal f., pl. -ow “disease, malady ”, mbr. baluent ;
Goth. balwa-wēsei “ wickedness, malice, cowardice “, balwjan “torment, smite ”, O.E.
bealo “evil, mad, wicked, evil ”, O.Ice. bǫl, dat. bǫlve “misfortune ”, O.H.G. balo, gen.
balawes “ ruin”; Goth. bliggwan (*bleuu̯an ) “hit”, O.H.G. bliuwan , Ger. bleuen ds., M.Eng.
blowe “blow, knock ”, O.Ice. blegðe m. (*blauu̯iðan -) “wedge”;
O.Bulg. bolъ ‘sicker”, bole ́ti “ be ill “.
About Ger. Block etc see under bhel-5.
References: WP. II 189, Hirt IE Gk. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Decl. 133.
See also: Besides a root form bhlēu -: bhlǝu - : bhlū-, see there.
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bhelĝh -
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen; Balg (aufgeblasene Tierhaut), Kissen, Polster ”
Note: (extension of bhel- “inflate, bloat ” etc)
Material: O.Ind. barhíš - n. “ sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw) “ = Av. barǝziš - n.
“cushion, pillow, cushion ”, Pers. büliš “pillow, cushion ”; O.Ind. upa-bárhaṇa -m, upa-bárhaṇī
f. “cover, cushion ”;
Note:
Clearly Alb. bar “grass, straw ” derived from Indian languages. Hence Alb. is a direct
descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly Alb. belongs to satem family.
Whether with Asp.-Diss. against forms - ha- here O.Ind. bárjaha -ḥ “udder”?
Ir. bolgaim ‘swell”, bolg f. “bubble”, bolg m. ‘sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser “, M.Ir.
bolgach f. ‘swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox ”, bolgamm “gulp”, Welsh bol, bola, boly
“belly, sack, bag ”,
bul “ seed capsule, seminal shell “ (PL. of boly), Bret. bolc”h “ linen pod “, Vann. pehl-en
(from * pehl-) ds., Gaul. bulga “leather sack ” (out of it O.H.G. bulga “ water container made
of leather “); Gaul. Belgae “ the angry (*a warlike people in the north of Gaul) “;
Goth. balgs m. “hose”, O.Ice. belgr m. “ stripped animal skin, bag, belly ”, O.H.G. M.H.G.
balg “bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard “, O.E. bielg , byl(i)g ‘sac, bag”, Eng. belly “belly”,
bellows “bellows” (Gmc. *ƀalʒi- m., compare O.Pruss. balsinis ; perhaps hat also O.Ind.
barhiṣ -, Av. barǝziš - IE -i-s- as extension dieses i-stem);
O.Ice. participle bolginn ‘swollen”, Kaus. belgja “make swell up ”, O.S. O.E. belgan stem-
V. “ be angry “, O.H.G. belgan ‘swell up”, refl. “be angry with ”, O.Fris. participle ovirbulgen
“angers”;

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O.Ice. bylgja “wave”, M.L.G. bulge ds.; *bul(h)stra- in O.Ice. bolstr m. “pillow, cushion ”,
O.E.bolster n. “pillow, cushion ”, O.H.G. bolstar ds., Dutch bolster “fruit skin, husk ”;
O.Pruss. balsinis “pillow, cushion ” (*bholĝhi -nos), pobalso “ feather bed “, Ltv. pabàlsts
m. “ pillow “ (and “pad”, see above S. 123); Slov. blazína “pillow, cushion, mattress, a
downy or feather bed; pad, ball of the foot or ball of the thumb, heel of hand [anat.] “ (and
“roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion ”, see above S. 123), Ser.-Cr. blàzina
“pillow, cushion, feather- bed”; Russ. bólozenь m. “ weal, callus, swelling, blister, clavus,
corn” (but Russ. dial. bólozno “thick board ”).
Here probably as Ven.-Illyr. Lw. O.Pruss. balgnan n., O.Lith. balgnas , Lith. bal̃nas ‘saddle”
(probably from “pillow, cushion ”). Further Bal.-Slav. forms see above S. 123.
References: WP. II 182 f., WH. I 122. compare about Gk. μολγός “leather sack ” Vendryes
BAL.-SLAV. 41, 134 f.
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bhel-1, bhelǝ -
English meaning: shining, white
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzend, weiß”, also von weißlichen Tieren, Pflanzen and
Dingen, as Schuppen, Haut etc
Note: to bhü-1 standing in the same relationship, as stel- to stü- ‘stand”, del- ‘split” to *dü(i)-
“divide”
Material: O.Ind. bhülam n. “lustre, shine, forehead ”, sam-bhülayati “glances” (lengthened
grade); balükü “ a crane’s kind “ with b- after baká -ḥ “ a heron’s kind “;
Arm. bal “ pallidness, paleness “;
Maybe Alb. balë “badger (animal with white spots in the snout) ”, balo “a dog with white spot
on the forehead ”.
Gk. φαλός “white” Hes., φαλύνει λαμπρύνει Hes., φαλι(F)ός “gleaming, white, white-
fronted “, φαληρός , Dor. -ᾱρός ds., φαληρίς , Dor. -ᾱρίς “ coot (*bald-headed) “, φαλακρός “
bald-headed “,
Note: Dor. φαληρός -ᾱρίς “ coot (*bald-headed) “, φαλακρός “ bald-headed “ related to Alb.
Alb. balë “forehead, (*shining forehead, *bold as a coot) ”
Dor. παμφαλάω “look shyly around ”; βαλιός “white, it is white-mottled “ is probably Illyr. Lw.;
Illyr. *balta ‘swamp, marsh, white clay ”, out of it Lat. blatea f., “excrement lump ”, adalm.
balta “ sea swamp “; ligur. *bolü ‘swamp, marsh ” (M.-L. 1191b), FlN Duria Bautica (from
*Baltica ), perhaps here mare Balticum (Ven.-Illyr.?) “Baltic Sea “ (Einhard, 9. Jh), compare
Bonfante BAL.-SLAV. 37, 7 f.;
Note: clearly Illyr. Albanoi TN derived from the IE root * bal “white”

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Alb. balë “forehead, (*bold as a coot?) “ (= O.Pruss. ballo ds.), balásh “ white horse or ox
“, baltë f., balt m. ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay ”;
maybe Alb. (*balakha ) balluke “hair fringe ”
Lat. fulica (compare O.H.G. belihha ) and fulix f. “coot” (*bholik- with dial. u); but whether
fēlēs , -is f. “ a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief “ here belongs, is dubious because of
mēlēs , -is f. “marten, badger ”;
Celt. belo- “luminous, white ” in Welsh beleu (*bheleu̯o -) “marten”, O.Ir. oíbell m. “blaze,
glow, heat ” (f. ‘spark, glowing coal ”) = Welsh ufel m. ‘spark, fire ” (*opi-bhelo -), M.Ir. Bel-tene
“ festival of 1st May “ (= beacon), Gaul. GN ( Apollo ) Belenos , (Minerva ) Belisama
(SuperLat.), FlN Belenü > Fr. Bienne , Swiss Biel; aFr. baille “ paleness “ (out of it
M.Bret. baill ds.) could on ablaut. Gaul. * bali̯o - go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil < *Bali̯o -
i̯alon ; Gaul. belsa “field” from *belisü ;
Goth. bala m. “ bald horse, horse with a blaze “ (from Belisar ’s steed [Belisar was a
Byzantine commander]), Eng. dial. ball “ horse with white paleness “ (out of it Welsh bal ds),
M.Eng. balled , Eng. bald, Dan. bældet “ naked, bald, bleak “, O.H.G. belihha (compare Lat.
fulica ), Ger. Belche “coot”, BergN Belchen (to suffix s. Brugmann Grundriß II 1, 511, Specht
Decl. 213 f.), lengthened grade O.Ice. bül “flame”, O.E. bæ ́ l “ pyres, funeral piles “ (*bhēl-).
Whereas are Gmc. * pōl- in O.E. pōl, Eng. pool, O.H.G. pfuol “pool”, ablaut. Dutch peel
(*pali-) “morass”, O.E. pyll, Eng. pill (*puli̯a -, older *bl̥i̯o-) probably from Ven.-IH. borrows
(see above *bolü) ; different Petersson Heterokl. 205;
Lith. bãlas “white” and “ snowdrop “, balà f. “white anemone ” and m. ‘swamp, marsh,
moor, fen, pool ”, balù, balaũ , bálti “become white ”; Ltv. lengthened grade bãls “ pallid, pale,
wan “; O.Pruss. ballo f. “forehead ” and * balo ‘swamp, marsh ” in PN;

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O.C.S. lengthened grade bělъ “white” (*bhēlo -), f. ‘splint in wood ”, Pol. dial. biel f. “
marshy wood, forest ”, Russ. dial. bil ‘swamp, marsh ”; ablaut. bala (*bhōlü ) in Russ. bala-
ružina “ puddle, slop “, Clr. balka “ marsh “;
Lith. báltas (*bholǝtos ), Ltv. bal̃ts “white”, North Sea Baltin̨a ezers ;
Slav. substant. neutr. adj. *bolto- (*bholǝto -) ‘swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea ” in O.C.S.
blato ‘sea”, Ser.-Cr. blȁto ‘sea, ordure ”, Russ. boɫóto ‘swamp, marsh ”;
Lith. bá”lnas “white” (with glottal stop, IE *bholǝnos ), balañdis “ baptism “, balánda “
orache “, Russ. lebedá , Serb. lobòda ds.;
Slav. *bolna f. (with trail tone, IE *bholnü ) in Cz. Slov. blána “ membrane, skin,
cutaneously ”, Russ. boɫoná “ sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood, (dial.) lump “, bóɫonь f.,
‘splint in wood ”, originally identical with Cz. blana “meadow, grassland ”, Pol. bɫoń f., bɫonie
n. ds., Russ. boɫonьje n. “ deeply situated meadows “;
perhaps Toch. В palsk-, pälsk , A päl(t)sk “ cogitate “ (*see, compare O.Ind. sam-
bhülayati );
whether here Gk. φελλός (*bhel-so- ), “cork, oak cork “, φελλεύς “ rocky ground “, ἀφελής
“even (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height) “, φολίς “
scale, flake (ones of reptile) ”?
References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schulze Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr.
111, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Decl. 116 f.
See also: Here further bhel-2; bheleg-; bhlei- , -g-, -k-; bhlendh-; bhles-; bhleu- , -k-, -s-;
bhlēu ̯ o -; bhl̥ndho -; bhlǝido -.
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bhel-2
English meaning: in names of henbane
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Bezeichnungen of Bilsenkrautes
Note: probably with bhel-1 identical
Material: Gaul. (Illyr. ?) belinuntia f., βελένιον n. “ hyoscyamus “, to names of Apollo
Belenos (see above bhel-1);
O.E. beolone (*bhelunü ), O.S. bilene , zero grade older Dan. bylne (Gmc. * bul-n-), bølme ,
Swe. bolmört , Ger. dial. bilme ; but O.H.G. bil(i)sa is probably Celt. Lw. (compare aprov.
belsa );
Slav. * belena -, *belenü in R.C.S. belenъ m., Russ. belená f., Slav. * belnъ m. in Slov.
blèn, O.Cz. blén, zero grade Slav. * bьlnъ in Ser.-Cr. bûn.
References: WP. II 180, WH. I 99 f., Trautmann 30, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 97, Specht Decl.
140.
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bhel-3, bhlē -
English meaning: to grow, spread, swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufblasen, aufschwellen, sprudeln, strotzen ”
Material: O.Ind. bhün ̣ d ̣ a - n. “pot, pan, vessel ” (*bhüln -da?); after Thieme (ZDMG. 92, 47 f.)
here Av. barǝ-s-man- “ bundle of branches “, O.Ind. bársva m. pl. “ bulge; bead; lip; torus;
wreath; roll; bulb, gums ” (Lw. from Av. * barsman “cushion”); compare under O.H.G. bilorn.
Arm. beɫun “fertile” (: Gk. φάλης ), beɫn-awor ds. (: Gk. φαλλός ), Adontz , Mél. Boisacq 9.
Gk. φαλλός , φάλης “penis” (φαλλός from *bhl̥nós or *bh elnós; compare O.Ir. ball, Ger.
Bulle );
Maybe Alb.Gheg pallosh “penis” : Gk. φαλλός “penis”
in addition φάλλαινα (formation as λύκαινα ), φάλλη “whale” (compare that probably
borrowed through Illyr. mediation Lat. ballaena ; also M.H.G. bullich calls big fish kinds;
identical is φάλλαινα “moth”, about ἀφελής and supplementary see above Z. 1; about
ὄφελος see below phel-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also φλόμος (φλόνος) Great mullein, plant
with thick woolly leaves, as * bh(e)lo-mo-s?
Probably Phryg. βάμ-βαλον , βά-βαλον “αἰδοῖον” Hes., also βαλλιόν “penis”; Thrac. VN
Σρι-βαλλοί .
Lat. follis “ a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek “ (*bhl̥nis or
*bholnis , compare the Gmc. words with - ll- from - ln-);
Welsh bâl f. “elevation, rise , mountaintop “ (*bhl̥ü);
zero grade O.Ir. ball m. “limb, member, part, body part “, then “deal, portion, place, spot,
mark” (also in the body), hence perhaps also Welsh ball “epidemic ”, balleg ‘sack, bag ”;

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changing through ablaut bol, boll in Welsh dyrn-fol “ glove “, arfolli “ become pregnant “,
ffroen-foll “ with swollen nostrils “ (: φαλλός );
Maybe Alb. bole “testicle”
zero grade with formants -ko- and meaning as O.H.G. bald (see below): Ir. bale ‘strong”,
Welsh balch , Bret. balc”h ‘stout, proud, hubristic, overbearing ”.
bhl̥- (bhel-) in O.S. bulin , bolin ‘swollen”, bulde, bolde, byld “ hump, ulcer ”; O.Ice. bulr, bolr
m. “tree truck, trunk ”, M.L.G. M.H.G. bole f. “plank” (Ger. Bohle ); O.Ice. boli “bull”, O.E. bula
ds., bulluc “young bull ”, Eng. bull, M.L.G. Ger. Bulle (as *bull-ōn = Gk. *φάλλων from a stem
*bulla- = φαλλό -ς); hess. bulle “vulva”; O.Ice. bolli m. drinking bowl “ (“*spherical vessel ”;
M.Ir. ballán “ drinking vessel “ probably from Nord.), O.E. bolla m. “bowl”, hēafodbolla “
brain box, cranium “, O.Fris. strotbolla “larynx”, O.S. bollo “drinking bowl ”, O.H.G. bolla f.
“vesicle, blister, fruit skin or knot of the flax “, M.H.G. bolle f. “bud, spherical vessel ”, O.H.G.
hirnibolla “cranium”, Ger. Bolle , Roßbollen , M.H.G. bullich, bolch “ big fish among others
cod “ (compare φάλλαινα ), compare also O.H.G. bolōn , M.H.G. boln “roll, throw, toss, fling ”
and with the meaning swollen = “thick, big, large ”, Swe. dial. bål, bol “ thick and large,
strong, very daring “, O.Ice. poet. bolmr “bear”; here probably O.Ice. bulki ‘ship load”, Swe.
Dan. bulk “ hump, nodules, tubers ”;
in heterokl. paradigm (?) * bhelr̥ , gen. *bhelnés interprets O.H.G. bilorn m. f. “gums”
(*bilurnō ‘swelling, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb “), whether not from
*beluznō ;
Gmc. * bel-n- also in hess. bille “penis” (: bulle ), M.L.G. ( ars-)bille, Dutch bil “buttock”, Swe.
fotabjälle “ball of the foot ”;
also Alb. bili “penis”, bole “testicle”
changing through ablaut O.H.G. ballo , balla , Ger. Ball, Ballen , O.H.G. arsbelli m. pl.
“buttocks”, O.E. bealluc m. “testicles” (*bhol-n-), O.Ice. bǫllr “ball, sphere, testicle ”; O.Ice.

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bali “elevation along the the edge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level “; with
formants -to- and the meaning ‘swollen, inflated ” = “ arrogant, bold “, Goth. bal-Þaba adv. “
boldly “, balÞei f. “ boldness “, O.Ice. ballr “dreadful, dangerous ”, baldinn “defiant”, O.E.
beald “bold, audacious ”, O.H.G. bald “bold, audacious, quick, fast ”, Ger. bald adv.; in
addition O.E. bealdor “prince, lord, master, mister ”, O.Ice. GN Baldr .
With coloring gradation * bhōl- probably Nor. bøl “in heat, rutting, of the sow “ (changing
through ablaut bala “ rutting, be in heat “).
root form bhlē-:
Gk. φλήναφος “gossip, talkative ”, φλην -έω, -άω “be talkative ”; ἐκωφλαίνω as φαίνω
from bhü-, Aor. ἐκφλ῅ναι “bubble out ”;
Lat. flō, flüre “ to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instru- ments; transit., to blow,
blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin “ (probably from * bhlǝ-i̯ō), but
flēmina “ varicoses “ is probably Lw. from Gk. φλεγμονή ; Nor. dial. blæma “ bleb on the skin,
skin vesicle “; O.S. blæmma ds.; O.H.G. blüt(t)ara , O.S. blüdara “blister, bubble ”, O.E.
blæ ̄ dre ds., reduplication-stem O.Ice. blaðra “vesicle, blister, bubble ”, O.H.G. etc blat “leaf”;
O.Ice. blü- in Zs. “excessive, very ”; with prevalent meaning “blow” O.H.G. i̯o-present blüjan,
blüen “blow, swell, blow out ”, O.E. blüwan “blow” (here w from perf.), O.H.G. blüt, O.E.
blæd “blow, breath, breeze, gust of wind ”, O.Ice. blæ ̄ r “gust of wind ”; with -s- Goth. ufblēsan
“inflate, bloat ”, O.Ice. blüsa “blow, pant, gasp, inflate, bloat; uPers. : ‘swell up”, O.H.G.
blüsan “blow”, blüsa “bubble”, blüst “blast, breath, breeze ”, O.E. blæ ̄ st , O.Ice. blüstr
(*blēstu -) “blast, breath, breeze, snort, rage, fury ”;
Maybe Alb. plas “blow”
Ltv. blèn̨as “prank” derives from Russ. Lw. blèdis “confidence trickster, swindler “.
Maybe Alb.Gheg blenj “I buy, bargain, strike a deal) ” similar meaning shift as Lat. īcō -ĕre “
hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain “

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bhel-4 and bhlē -, bhlō -, bhlǝ -
English meaning: leaf; bloom
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Blatt, Blũte, blũhen; ũppig sprießen”
Note: probably from bhel- “to swell” in sense of “vegetable lushness “ and ‘swelling = bud ”
Material: Gk. φύλλον “leaf” (*bhul̥i̯om), Lat. folium ds.; M.Ir. bileóc “leaf” (from * bile < *bheli̯o -
); moreover probably O.Ir. bile n. “tree”;
Maybe Alb. (*φύλλον ) pyll “forest” [common Alb. shift u > y ]
bhlē-, mostly bhlō- in: Lat. flōs, -ris m. “ a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of
anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down “; flōreō , -ēre “ to bloom, flower.
Transf., to be in one ’s prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in, swarm
with “; Osc. Fluusaí “ the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on the 28th of
April, often with unbridled license “, Fluusasiaís “ of the festivals of Flora “, sabin. Flusare “
of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia “.
M.Ir. blüth m. “bloom, blossom, flower ”, Welsh blawd , O.Corn. blodon “bloom, blossom ”
(*bhlō -t-), M.Bret. (with - men-suffix) bleuzven , Bret. bleun̄ (v)enn ds., with s-derivative
M.H.G. bluost “bloom, blossom ”, Ger. Blust , O.E. blōstma, blōsma, blōstm “flower,
blossom”, O.N. blōmstr ds., Dutch blōsen “bloom” (= M.L.G. blōsen “blush”, see below
bhles- ‘shine”);
Goth. blōma m., O.H.G. bluomo m. “flower, blossom ”, O.Ice. blomi m. ds., blōm collective
“flower, blossom ”; O.H.G. bluojen, bluowen , O.S. blōjan , O.E. blōwan “bloom”; O.H.G. bluot
f. “ blossoming, bloom, blossom ” = O.E. blēd f. ‘scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom,
fruit”; but Goth. blōÞ n., O.Ice. blōð, O.S. O.E. blōd, O.H.G. bluot “blood” probably to
*bhelē - “effervesce ”.

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bhel-5 , mostly with -ĝ- (-k̂-): bh elǝg ̂-, bh elǝ-n-ĝ-, bheleĝ -;
bhl̥k̂-
English meaning: balk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bohle, Balken ”
Material: Basic bhel- in O.Ind. bhuríjüu Du.” arms, arms or shafts of the cart ’s pole”; Gaul.
*balükon “(wall) projection “, Welsh balog “pinnacle” (M.-L. 890).
With guttural extensions:
Gk. φάλαγξ , -γγος f. ‘stem, balk, beam; battle row, array “, φάλαγγαι “planks, planking ”
(if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in - γξ, so *φαλαγ - = O.Ind. bhurij- ;
yet perhaps with bhelǝ-ĝ- only parallel ĝ-extension from a n-stem *bh elǝn- from); with -k-:
φάλκης m. “balk, beam plank in ship ”.
Lat. fulciō , -īre, fulsī, -tum (*bhl̥ki̯ō ) “ to prop up, support; to strengthen, secure; morally,
to support, stay, uphold “ (eig. “through balk, beam ”); fulcrum (*fulc-lom? ) “ the post or foot
of a couch (prop, rack, rest camp) “.
Perhaps also sufflümen “ a brake, drag, hindrance “ (*flůg- = IE *bhlǝg ̂ -smen );
O.Ice. bialki (*belkan-) “balk, beam ”; ablaut. ( *balkan- ): O.E. balca, bealca ; O.H.G. O.S.
balko “balk, beam ”; O.Ice. balkr “partition wall, dividing off, partitioning off ”, bǫlkr “dividing
off, partitioning off ”;
zero grade O.E. bolca m. “gangplank ”; but O.H.G. bloh(h), M.H.G. bloch , Ger. (N.Ger. )
Block “clot, chunk, balk, plank ” contains IE u, also from IE *bhluko- or, whether with Gmc.
consonant increase, from * bhlugo- , to M.Ir. blog “piece, fragment ”, further perhaps to Goth.
bliggwan , O.H.G. bliuwan , Ger. bleuen “hit”, from IE *bhleu̯ -ono-; see under bheleu- .

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Whereas belong probably to *bhelĝh - “to swell” from a meaning mediation “thick,
tumescent ” from:
Lith. balžienа “ long beam in the harrow “, balžíenas “crossbar, crossbeam ”, Ltv.
bàlžiêns , bèlziêns m. “prop”, E.Ltv. bòlgzds m. “ props connected in the wood sledge level “,
Ltv. pabàlsts m. “prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow “, bàlzît , pabàlstît “prop, sustain ”;
Russ. dial. (Gouv. Olonez) bólozno “thick board ”, Slov. blazína “roof beam, crossbeam of
the sledge, stake, stanchion ”; kašub. bɫozno “the runners connecting the sledge skids “.
References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.
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bhel-6
English meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schallen, reden, brũllen, bellen” ; Schallwurzel
Material: O.Ind. bhaṣá -ḥ “barking, baying ” (*bhel-s-), bhüs ̣ atē “talks, speaks, prattles ”;
bhaṇḍatē (Dhatup.) ‘speaks, jeers, rebukes ” (*bhel-n-dō), bháṇati “talks, speaks ” (*bhel -nō)
are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. nicht IE
O.Ice. belja “roar, bellow ”, M.Du. belen “bark, bay ”; O.Ice. bylja, bulda “threaten, drone,
roar”, bylr “gust of wind ”, O.E. bylgan “roar, bellow ”, M.H.G. boln “cry, roar, bellow ”;
With Gmc. ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words), O.H.G. bellan “bark, bay ”,
O.E. bellan “roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt ”; O.H.G. bullōn “howl ( from the wind), bark, bay,
roar, bellow ”, Ice.-Nor. bulla “babble, chat ”; O.Ice. bjalla , O.E. belle , Eng. bell, M.L.G. belle
“bell”, Ger. (lit. N.Ger. ) Bellhammel “bellwether (with bell) ”;
With Gmc. ld (probably from a present dh- and perhaps with Lith. bìldu to compare,
because latter contains most probably IE dh) Dan. baldre , Nor. dial. baldra , schwed dial.
ballra “rant, roister” M.L.G. Dutch balderen ds., Dan. buldre , Swe. bullsa , M.L.G. Dutch
bulderen, bolderen , M.H.G. buldern , Ger. poltern ; O.Pruss. billit ‘say, speak ”, Lith. bìlstu ,
bilaũ , bìlti “to start to talk “, bīlu, biloti “talk”, bilóju , -óti ‘say, talk”, byl-aũ, -óti ds., bylà
‘speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment ”, Ltv. bil̂stu , bil̂žu, bil̂st (in Zs.) “talk,
address, speak to ”, bil̂dêt “address, speak to ”; Ltv. bil̨̃l̨ât (from *bil̨n̨a ) “weep, cry ”; with
formants -so- Lith. bal̃sas “voice, sound, tone ”;
Toch. AB päl-, pül- “praise, laud ” (Van Windekens Lexique 89).
References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.
See also: From this derived * bhlē- “bleat”.

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bhendh -
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden”
Material: O.Ind. badhnü ́ ti , only later bandhati “binds, fetters, captures, takes prisoner, put
together “, Av. bandayaiti “binds”, participle O.Ind. baddhá -, Av. ap. basta- , O.Ind.
bándhana - n. “ ligation “, bandhá -ḥ m. “ ligation, strap ”,
Note:
Probably from Av. ap. basta- n. “ ligation “ derived Alb. besë “pact, covenant, faith, belief,
armistice ”, previously Illyr. TN Besoi [common Alb. shift st > s ]; clearly Illyr. displays
simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the split of Indo
European family. Because the institution of besa is the most important pagan medium that
surpasses monotheistic religions in Alb. psyche, that means Alb. are the descendants of
Illyr. Only Alb. and Indic languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The institution of besa
marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or the blood line of
the father.
Av. banda- m. “band, manacle ” (: O.Ice. O.S. bant, O.H.G. bant n., Ger. Band ; Goth. bandi ,
O.E. bend f. ds.; Lith. bandà “cattle”, see under); O.Ind. bándhu -ḥ m. “kinsman, relative ” (as
πενθερός ).
Gk. πεῖσμα “rope, hawser, rope, cable ” (from *πενθσμα , Schwyzer Gk. I 287, compare
Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for πέσμα and πάσμα ), πενθερός “father- in-law” (*”linked by
marriage “);
Here after Pedersen (REtIE. 1, 192) also πάσχω ‘suffer” as “ is bound, is entrapped “, as
also Lat. offendō “to strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend,
displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give

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offence (with dat.); also to take offence ”, dēfendō “ (*release from the entanglement) to
repel, repulse, ward off, drive away (2) to defend, protect; esp. to defend in court; in
argument, to maintain a proposition or statement; to sustain a part “; πάθνη (covers late, but
old), with sound rearrangement Hom. Att. φάτνη “crib” (*bhn̥dh-nü; under a basic meaning “
twisted, woven basket ” as Celt. benna “ carriage basket “);
Thrac. βενδ- “bind” (vgl Kretschmer Einl. 236); Alb. besë “pact, covenant, faith, belief,
armistice ”;
Illyr. TN Besoi
Lat. offendimentum, offendix “ the knot of a band, or the band itself, chin strap under
priest’s cap, apex ( a Roman priest ’s cap), fastened with two strings or bands ”;
Gaul. benna “kind of vehicle ”, gaLat. Ζεὺς Βέννιος , Welsh benn “wagon, cart ” (out of it O.E.
binn, and through romO.N. mediation Ger. dial. benne “carriage boxes ”, Dutch ben “basket,
trough”; basic form *bhendh- nü); M.Ir. buinne ‘strap, bangle “ (*bhondhiü );
Goth. O.E. bindan , O.Ice. binda , O.H.G. bintan “bind”, Goth. andbundnan “is unfastened
“, Goth. bandi etc see above;
Lith. beñdras “partner, comrade ” (formant associated with Gk. πενθερός ), bandà “ herd of
cattle “ (eig. “the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle “).
Here also Goth. bansts m. “barn” (*bhondh-sti ; compare in other meaning O.Fris. bōst “
matrimonial union ” from * bhondh-stu- “bond”;
N.Ger. banse “ silo, garner, barn ”, O.E. *bōs, Eng. boose “cattle shed ”, O.E. bōsig “crib”,
O.Ice. büss m. “room for keeping, cattle stall ” (*band-sa- );
Jũt. bende “ divided off room in cattle shed ” erases probably every doubt about the
relationship of above group with binden .
References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.
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bhend -
English meaning: to sing, rejoice
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa ‘singen, schön klingen, jauchzen”
Material: O.Ind. bhandatē “receives cheering shout, is praised, glares, gleams ”, bhándiṣṭha -
ḥ “ in loudest cheering, shrilly, screaming, best of all praising “,
bhandána -ḥ “cheering ”, bhandánü “merry tintinnabulation, cheer ” (doubts the meaning
partly); zero grade O.Ir. M.Ir. bind “melodic”, O.Bret. bann “melodious, harmonious ”.
References: WP. II 151 f.
Page(s): 126-127

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bhenĝh -, bhn̥ĝh - (adj. bhn̥ĝhú -s)
English meaning: thick, fat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dick, dicht, feist ”
Material: O.Ind. bahú - “dense, rich, much, a lot of ” “compounds Sup. baṁhīyas -, baṁhišṭha -
(= Gk. παχύς );
bahulá - “thick, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of ” (= Gk. παχυλ῵ς adv.
by Aristot., if these not newer formation); báṁhatē (uncovered) “ increase, multiply “,
bháṁhayatē “ clamps, fastens, strengthens ”;
Av. bązah - n. “height, depth ”, bąšnu - m. ds., Bal. büz “much, a lot of ”, baz “dense”;
Gk. παχύς “thick, dense, fat, obese ” (compounds πᾰσσων ), πάχος n. “thickness,
fatness” (occurs after παχύς for *πέγχος = Av. bązah -), πάχετος “thick; thickness, fatness ”;
O.Ice. bingr “heap”, O.S. binge ds., O.H.G. bungo “tuber, bulb ”, Ger. Bachbunge ; in
addition with intens. consonant-sharpening O.Ice. bunki “ stowed away shipload ”, Nor.
bunka (and bunga) ‘small heap, swelling, blister ”, Dutch bonk “clump, lump ” under likewise;
Note:
Alb. bungë “ kind of edible oak fruit “ : with -u- grade Alb. (*beuka ) buka “bread” : Phryg.
βεκός “bread”, actually “ crumb “ prove that from an extended Root b(e)u -1, bh(e)u - : “expr.
sound of hitting ” derived Root bheg- , bheng - : “to break ”, Root bhenĝh -, bhn̥ĝh - (adj.
bhn̥ĝhú -s) : “thick, fat ”, Root bheug -1 : “to flee, *be frightened ”, Root bheug-2, bheugh - : “to
clear away, free ”, Root bheug -3, bheugh- : “to bow”, Root bheug -4 : “to enjoy, *consume,
bite” as taboo words.
Ltv. bìezs “dense, thick ”, bìezums “thickness, fatness ”;

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Lat. pinguis “ fat; oily; rich, fertile; n. as subst. fatness, fat. Transf. thick, dense; heavy,
stupid; easy, quiet “ has perhaps originated through hybridization of *fingu- is = παχύς ,
bahú - with that to opīmus , πίων respective words;
Toch. В pkante, pkatte “greatness, bulk, extent ” (Van Windekens Lexique 96);
Hitt. pa-an-ku- (panku- ) “ all, in general “.
References: WP. II 151 , Couvreur H ̯ 177.
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bhen -
English meaning: to hit, wound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, verwunden ”; also von durch den Schlag böser Geister
bewirkter Krankheit (avest.; compare to diesem Aberglauben Havers IF. 25, 380 f.)
Material: Av. bąnayǝn “it makes me sick ”, banta - ‘sickens, waste away ”;
Goth. banja “blow, knock, wound, ulcer ”, O.Ice. ben, O.E. benn f., O.S. beni-wunda
“wound”; O.Ice. bani m. “death; murderer ”, O.E. bana , O.H.G. O.S. bano “killer, murderer ”,
O.H.G. bano , M.H.G. bane , ban “death, ruin ”; perhaps also M.H.G. bane , ban f. and m.
“pathway, way, alley ” as “* by all means through an wood, forest ” or “* a (well-) beaten
track, a way used often “; M.Ir. epit f. ‘scythe, pruning knife ” from * eks-bhen- tī; Corn. bony
“axe”; but Welsh bon-clust ‘slap in the face, box on the ear ” contains bon ‘stick”.
Av. bata- , if “ ground coarsely, from the grain “, could be related as * bhn̥-to-, but because
of the uncertain meaning is only to name with reservatIon.
References: WP. II 149, Feist 80.
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bheredh -
English meaning: to cut; board
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Note: Root bheredh - : “to cut; board ” derived from Root bhereĝh - : “high; mountain, *sharp ”
[common Illyr. - balt -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].
Material: O.Ind. bardhaka- ḥ “cutting, clipping ”, m. “carpenter ”, śata-bradh- na-ḥ “ having 100
metal points “; perhaps Gk. πέρθω “destroy, smash ”, πορθέω “destroy, smash, devastate ”;
bhredhos - in O.S. O.E. bred “board”, O.H.G. bret n., therefrom O.H.G. britissa , Ger.
Pritsche ;
bhr̥dho - in Goth. fōtu-baúrd n. “ splint “, O.Ice. bord n. “board, table, desk ”, O.E. bord n.
ds., O.H.G. bort ds. = Umbr. forfo- ds. in furfant “ they lay on the board “; probably with it
identical O.Ice. borð “edge, border, ship ’s rim “, O.H.G. M.H.G. bort ds. (Ger. Bord from
N.Ger.), O.E. bord “board, edge, shield ”; O.E. borda m. “edge, ornament, decoration ”,
O.H.G. borto , Ger. Borte ;
bhordho - in O.Ice. barð “edge, border ”, Nor. dial. bard ds.
From Gmc. * burð- derive Ser.-Cr. bȑdo, Russ. bërdo etc “ weaver’s reed “ and Ltv. birde
f. “ weaver’s rack “.
References: WP. II 163 , 174, Devoto Me ́ l . Pedersen 227 f., Meillet Slave commun2 75.
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bhereg -
English meaning: expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten “brummen, bellen, lärmen under likewise”
Note: compare bher- ds. as well as that by bhreg- “break, rupture ” and “crack, creak ”
encountering onomatopoeic sounds
Note: Root bhereg - : “expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice ” derived from Root
bhereĝh - : “high; mountain, *sharp ”.
Material: O.E. beorcan stem-V., bearkian (*barkōn ), Eng. bark “bark, bay ”, O.Ice. berkja
“bark, bay, rumble, rage, clamor ”;
Lith. (žem.) burge ́ti “drone, grumble, quarrel, squabble, be unfriendly “, burgèsus “
crosspatch, grouch “; presumably also Ser. -Cr. br̀gljati “mumble, murmur, chat ”, brgalica
“turtledove ”.
Besides similar bhereq -: Ltv. brę̀cu , brèkt “cry”, Russ. brešu ́ , brechátь “yelp, cry,
quarrel, squabble, lie ”, brechnjá “empty gossip ”, Ser.-Cr. brȅšēm , brèhati “pant, gasp, loud
cough” (*bhreq-s -), brȅkćēm , brèktati “pant, sniff, snort ”.
Somewhat different because of the clear onomatopoeic words are the following words,
which in their partial i- and u-vocalism in these by bher(e)ĝ- “roast” remind present vocal
differences , which are explained from different sound imitation :
Gk. φρυγίλος “a small bird ” (transposition from * φριγύλος : Lat. frig-? );
Lat. frigō, -ere ‘squeak (of small children) ”, friguttiō, -īre “chirp, twitter (from birds), lisp ”,
later fringuliō, fringultiō ds., frigulō, -üre “cry (from the jackdaw) ”, fring(u)illa “finch, sparrow ”;
maybe Alb. (*fringuilla ) fërgëlloj ‘shiver, tremble (like a bird?) ”

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bhereĝh -
English meaning: high; mountain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hoch, erhaben ”
Note: Root bhereĝh - : “high; mountain ” derived from Root bherǝg ̂ -, bhrēg ̂ - : “to shine; white,
*ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm ”
Material: O.Ind. Kaus. barháyati “increases ”, br̥ṁháti “makes fat, obese, strengthens,
uplifts”, presumably barha-s, -m “tail feather, tail of a bird, esp. from a peacock ”; br̥hánt -
“big, large, high, convex, elevated, noble, sublime ”, also “high, loud (of the voice) ”, fern.
br̥hatī (= Ir. Brigit , Gmc. Burgund ), Av. bǝrǝzant - (Pers. buland ), f. bǝrǝzaitī “high”, in
compound bǝrǝzi - (: *bǝrǝzra -), bǝrǝz - “high” and “height, mountain ” (= Pers. burz ds., Ir. bri
́; the nom. Av. barš Subst. could contain ar. - ar-, but also ar. - r̥-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261),
zero grade Av. uz-barǝzayeni “I shall allow to grow up “ (in addition ΢ατι-βαρζάνης “
improve luck “, Iran. *barzana- ), barǝzan - m. barǝzah- n. “height”, barǝšnu - m. “elevation,
height, sky, heaven, head ”, barǝzyah - “higher”, barǝzišta - “ the highest, the most suitable “;
Pers. bül-ü “height” (*barz-), burz (see above);
O.Ind. br̥hánt - stands for also “big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive ” and br̥ṁhati “makes
fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers ”, bŕ̥háṇü adv. “dense, tight, firm,
strong, proficient; very, absolutely ”, paribr̥ḍha -ḥ ‘standing firm, dense, solid ”.
Arm. berj “height” in erkna- , lerna-berj ‘sky-, mountainous ” (*bherĝhos ), barjr “high”
(*bhr̥ĝhú-), (ham-)baṙnam (*barjnam , Aor. barji) “lift up” etc.
Berg- in PN the Mediterranean countries : Thrac. Βεργούλη , Maced. Βέργα , Illyr.
Berginium (Bruttium: Bergae ), Lig. Bergomum , Celto-Lig. Bergusia , Hisp. Bergantia etc

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about p- in kleinaswe. Πέργη , Πέργαμος , Maced. Cret. Πέργαμος suppositions by
Kretschmer Gl. 22, 100 f., Krahe ZNF. 19, 64.
Lat. for(c)tis , aLat. forctus , dial. horctus , horct is “ physically, strong, powerful, robust;
morally, brave, courageous, steadfast, bold, audacious “ (from * forg-tos , IE *bhrĝh -tos =
O.Ind. br̥ḍháḥ ).
Welsh bera “heap” (= Ger. Berg ), O.Corn. Bret. bern ds. (-rĝh-n-? s. Pedersen KG. I
105), Gaul. PN Bergusia , zero grade M.Ir. brí, acc. brig “hill” (see above), Welsh bry “high,
above”, fem., Welsh Corn. Bret. bre “hill”, Gaul. Litano-briga among others PN; Gaul.
Brigantes , Βρίγαντες people’s name (either “the sublime, noble ” or “ troglodyte, cave
dweller, cliff dweller “; O.Ind. br̥hant -), Brigantia PN “Bregenz (Western Austria) ” and name
of a feminine divinity, O.Ir. Brigit (*bhr̥ĝhn̥tī ) “name of a famous saint and generally women ’s
name” (also O.Ind. br̥hatī́ is used as woman ’s name, also O.H.G. Purgunt ), Welsh braint
“privilege, prerogative ” (eig. “highness ”), pl. breiniau , in addition M.Welsh breenhin , Welsh
brenin “king”, Corn. brentyn, bryntyn ds. (*brigantīnos ).
Goth. baírgahei “ mountain range, mountainous region “, O.Ice. bjarg and berg, O.H.G.
O.S. berg “mountain ”, O.E. beorh , beorg “height, burial mound ”, Eng. barrow “burial mound ”
(compare Arm. -berj, Welsh bera, O.Ind. barha -);
Gmc. *burgundī (= O.Ind. br̥hatī , Celt. *brigantī , Ir. Brigit ) in Burgund , oldest name of
Bornholm (Danish island) (eig. “ the high-rising “) and name Danish and Nor. islands,
O.H.G. Purgunt women’s name, in addition Burgundiōnes , family name .
Goth. baurgs f. “town, city, tower ”, O.H.G. burg etc “castle” is genuine Gmc. equivalent
of Av. bǝrǝz -, Celt. brig- with the meaning “fortified height as refuge ”; With it is coincident
though Lat. burgus “castle, fort ”, that is borrowed from Gk. πύργος “tower”, an oriental
loanword from urart. burgana “palace, fortress ” derives (820 v. Chr., s. Adontz REtIE 1,

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465), whereof would have also derived Arm. burgn , aram. burgin, burgon “tower” etc. after
Kretschmer though πύργος Gmc. Lw.
Maybe Alb. burg “prison”
This contemplates *berĝhō ‘save, hide, shelter ”, originally ostensibly “ providing
sancturay for someone at a refuge “ as retrograde derivative to *bherĝh - “mountain ” (Gl. 22,
113); s. above S. 145.
O.C.S. brěgъ “bank, border, shore, slope ”, Ser.-Cr. brȉjeg “hill, bank, border, shore ”,
Russ. bēreg ds., is probably not Gmc. Lw., but rather Ven.-Illyr. origin; Brũckner KZ. 46,
232, Persson Beitr. 927;
Maybe Alb. bregu “bank, border, shore, slope ”.
from latter with brěgъ as genuine Slavic words related Clr. o-boříh , Cz. brah “haystack ” etc
belongs rather to O.C.S. brěgǫ “care” (*preserve, save, hide, shelter), as stogъ : στέγω.
Maybe Alb. brengë “care, sadness, sorrow ”, brengos ‘sadden, worry ”
With other vowel gradation *bhregh- perhaps in O.E. brego, breogo “master, mister, ruler,
prince, lord ”, O.Ice. bragr “best, most exquisite , most distinguished, leader, chief, prince ”,
M.H.G. brogen “ rise, direct upwards, wanton brag ”.
Toch. AB pärk- “ rise “, A pärkünt , В pirko “ the rising “, A pärkär , В parkre , pärkre “tall”;
perhaps A prükär , В prükre “tight, firm, solid ” (compare Lat. fortis ); Hitt. pár-ku-uš (parkus )
“high” (: Arm. barjr).
Maybe Alb. (*parkus ) pragu “threshold, elevation before the door ” : Hitt. pár-ku-uš (parkus )
“high”
References: WP. II 173 f., WH. I 124, 535 f., 853, Feist 75 f., 85 f., Trautmann 30 f., Van
Windekens Lexique 90, Couvreur H ̯ 178.
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bherem -1
English meaning: to stick out; edge, hem
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hervorstehen, eine Spitze or Kante bilden; Kante, Spitze ”?
Material: bhorm -:
O.Ice. barmr “edge, hem ”, ey-barmr “ the edge of an island “, Nor. dial. barm “ extremity,
border, brim, edge, rim “ (e.g. in the sail), N.Ger. barm , berme “ a ledge at the bottom of a
bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank; a
narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch “.
bhrem- : bhrom - :
Perhaps Lat. frōns , frondis f. “ a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves “
(*bhrom- di-, as glüns from * glan-di-);
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
O.N. brum n. “leaf buds “, O.H.G. brom , brum ds., Swiss brom “ flower bud, young twig,
branch”, ablaut. brüme ds.
In a basic meaning “bristly, thorn ” go back : O.E. brōm m. “broom” (*bhrēmo -), M.L.G.
brüm “ blackberry bush, broom ”, O.H.G. brümo m., brüma f. “briar, blackberry bush “,
brümberi , Ger. Brombeere , O.E. brēmel , Eng. bramble (Proto-Gmc. * brümil ), ablaut. mnl.
bremme , O.H.G. brimma “broom” and M.L.G. brēme , brumme ds.
With the meaning “edge, border ”: M.H.G. brëm n. “border, edging, edge ”, Ger.
verbrämen , changing through ablaut M.Eng. brimme , Eng. brim “edge”.
References: WP. II 102.
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bherem -2
English meaning: to buzz, drone
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brummen, summen, surren ”
Material: O.Ind. bhramará -ḥ “bee”;
Gk. φόρμινξ , -γγος f. “zither”, because of suffixes loanword? Initial sound variant *brem -
probably in βρέμω “boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster ”, βρόμος m. “noise, crackling
“, βροντή f. “thunder” (*βρομ -τᾱ);
Lat. fremō , -ere “ roar, murmur, growl; with acc. to murmur out something, grumble,
complain “; frontēsia “thunder and lightning “ is Lw. from Gk. βροντήσιος (to βροντή );
Maybe Alb. frymë “breath, exhalation ”, frynj “blow”
Welsh brefu “bleat, roar, bellow ”; O.H.G. breman “drone, grumble, roar, bellow ”, O.E.
bremman “roar, bellow ”, brymm n. “flood, sea ”, M.H.G. brimmen ds., ablaut. brummen
“drone, grumble ” (in addition brunft “ heat, rut, rutting season “); M.L.G. brummen and
brammen ds., O.H.G. O.S. bremo “gadfly, brake ”, M.H.G. breme , O.S. bremmia , O.H.G.
brimisse , Ger. Breme and (from dem N.Ger. ) Bremse ;
Pol. brzmieć ‘sound, clink, buzz ” (*brъm-), Bulg. brъmčъ́ “buzz, drone, hum ”, brъ́mkam
ds., brъ́mb-al, -ar, -ъr “bumblebee, beetle, chafer ”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg diminutive (* brum- el) brumull , Tosc brumbull “ bumblebee, beetle, bug ”
[common Alb. m > mb phonetic mutation]
As extensions *bhrem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: O.Ind. bhr̥ŋga -ḥ “giant
black bee ”; Pol. brzęk ‘sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake ”, Russ. brjákatь “clang, clink,
clatter”, Cz. brouk “beetle, chafer ”; Lith. brį́nkterèti “ fall chinking “ etc;

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bheres -
English meaning: quick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnell”
Material: Lat. festīnō , -üre “ to hasten, hurry; transit., to hasten, accelerate “, Denom. von
*festiō(n) -, -īn- “haste, hurry ”, Erweit. to * festi- (from * fersti- ) in cōnfestim “ immediately,
without delay “ (from * com festī “with haste, hurry ”);
M.Ir. bras “quick, fast, stormy ” (*bhr esto-), Welsh brys ds. (*bhr̥sto -), M.Bret. bresic ,
brezec “hasty”;
Lith. bruz-g-ùs “quick, fast ”, bruz-d-ùs “movable, nimble ”, besides burz-d-ùlis ds., burz-
de ́ti “ run to and fro “;
Slav. *bъrzъ in O.C.S. brъzo adv. “quick, fast ”, Ser.-Cr. br̂z “quick, fast ”, Russ. borzój
“quick, fast, fiery ”, besides *bъrzdъ in wRuss. bórzdo adv. “quick, fast ”, Ser.-Cr. brzdìca f.
“rapids, speed in stream ”.
Perhaps here ligur. FlN Bersula , Swiss FlN Birsig (Krahe ZONF 9, 45).
Maybe Alb. (*bersul ) vërsul, “rush forward, attack ”, truncated (* vërsul ) sul “rush, attack ”
[common Alb. b- > v- shift].
References: WP. II 175, WH. I 259, 488 f., Trautmann 40, Specht Decl. 192.
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bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū ̆-
English meaning: to boil, to be wild
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich heftig bewegen, wallen, especially vom Aufbrausen beim
Gären, Brauen, Kochen etc”
Note: extension from bher-2 .
Material: A. ablaut bheru- (bheru-), bhrū ̆-:
O.Ind. bhurváṇi -ḥ “restless, wild ”, bhurván - “uncontrollable movement of water ”.
Arm. bark ‘sharp, sour, cruel, savage ” (barkanam “ I get angry “), which is very much
ambiguous , it is constructed here from Dume ́ zil BAL.-SLAV. 40, 52 as * bhr̥-u̯-, likewise
berkrim “ I am glad “ as *bher-u̯-; very doubtful!
Gk. φαρυμός τολμηρός , θρασύς Hes. ( *bh er-u-) and φορυτός “mixture, rubbish, chaff,
crap, muck ”, φορύ̄νω, φορύσσω “knead, jumble, mingle, sully, besmirch ”, probably also
φρυ-άσσομαι “ gestures, behaves impatiently (esp. from wild horses); be rollicking, wanton “
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutatIon.
Thrak. βρῦτος (see below).
Alb. brum m., brumë f. ‘sourdough ”, mbruj , mbrũnj “knead”.
Lat. ferveō , -ēre, fervō , -ĕre “to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick
movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage “ (about fermentum s. bher-2);
dēfrū ̆ tum “ leaven, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion “ (: Thrac. βρῦτος, βρῦτον,
βροῦτος “ a kind of barley beer “; from Thrac. * brūti̯ü (Gk. βρύτια), derives Illyr. brīsa ‘skins
of pressed grapes ”, Proto-extension Alb. bërsí ds., from which Serb. bersa , bîrsa , bîrza “
mould on the wine ”; Lat. brīsa from dem Venet. or Messap.).
Note:

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Not only Alb. is the direct descendant of Illyr. but Albans in Alba Longa brought their beer
formula from Illyricum ( Albanoi Illyr. TN) to Italy. Slavic languages borrowed their cognates
from Illyr.
M.Ir. berbaim “cook, simmer, seethe ”, Welsh berwi , Bret. birvi ‘simmer, seethe, boil ”,
bero, berv “cooked, boiled ”, Gaul. GN Borvo (from spa, mineral spring), compare with other
suffix Bormō above S. 133; perhaps also Fr. bourbe ‘slime, mud ” from Gaul. *borvü “mineral
water”; O.Ir. bruth “blaze, glow, fury ”, M.Ir. bruith “cook”, enbruithe “broth, meat broth ” (to
en- “water”, see under pen-2), O.Welsh brut “ courage, spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance
“, Welsh brwd “hot” (cymmrwd “mortar” from * kom-bru- to-, compare M.Ir. combruith
‘simmer, seethe, boil ”), brydio ‘seethe, froth ”, O.Corn. bredion “dealer, broker ” (Umlaut),
O.Bret. brot “ jealousy “, Bret. broud “hot, fermenting ”.
About Gmc. bru-forms see under B.
B. ablaut bhrē ̆ u - and (partially again) bhrū ̆-:
At first in words for “wellspring ” = “ bubbling over “ (r/n-stem, perhaps bhrēu ̯ r̥ , bhrēu ̯ n -,
bhrun -); Arm. aɫbiur, aɫbeur (gen. aɫber) “wellspring ” (from *bhrēw(a)r =) Gk. φρέαρ, -ᾱτος
‘stream, brook ” (*φρ῅Fαρ-, -ατος, Hom. φρήατα , consigns φρείατα ); M.Ir. tipra f. “wellspring ”
(maybe from O.Ir. *tiprar < *to-ek̂s-bhrēu ̯ r̥ ), gen. tiprat (*to-ek̂s-bhrēu ̯ n ̥ tos ); O.Ir. -tiprai “
streams against... ” (*to-ek̂s-bhrēu ̯ -īt?); from stem bhrun - the case obliqui from as en-stem
Proto-Gmc. *brunō , *brun(e)n-, Goth. brunna , O.H.G. brunno , O.E. brunna , burna “ well,
water hole, spring “ (O.Ice. brunn ), with metathesis Ger. (N.Ger. ) Born.
Maybe Alb. buronj ‘spring, originate ”, burim “origin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if
boiling)” : Russ. brujá “current”; also Alb. (*bruth ) burth “Cyclamen europaeum (burning of
donkey’s mouth)” where -th is a diminutive Alb. ending.
Note:

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Alb. shows that Root bh(e)reu - : bh(e)rū ̆- : “to boil, to be wild ” is an extended Root bher-2 :
“to boil, swell; to get high ” (see below) while the latter root evolved from Root bher-1
: “to bear, carry ”.
With similar meaning Russ. brujá “current”, bruítь “ rapidly flowing, streaming in “, wRuss.
brújić “urinate, pass water ” (this meaning also in M.H.G. brunnen and in Ger. dial. brunzen ,
bO.Ir. brunnlen “urinate, pass water ” from Brunnen ), formal next to Lith. br(i)áujs, br(i)áutis “
push forward with brute force “ (*bhrēu -), Ltv. braulîgs “horny, lustful ”; also O.Pruss.
brewingi “conducive, helpful ”?
bhre-n-u- (present with nasal infix, compare Ger. brennen ) with with respect on licking
flames lies before in Goth. O.H.G. O.S. brinnan , ais. brinna , O.E. beornan , birnan “burn”,
Kaus. Goth. brannjan , O.Ice. brenna , O.H.G. brennan , O.E. bærnan “burn”, wherefore
among others O.H.G. brant “blaze”, brunst “ burn, blaze ”, O.Ice. bruni , O.E. bryne “blaze”,
O.H.G. bronado , O.E. brunaÞa “itchiness, heat in the body “, Swe. brånad “rutting”;
bhréu̯ - : bhruu̯ - in: O.H.G. briuwan , O.E. brēowan “brew”, O.S. bryggja (from * bryggwa )
ds.; Gmc. *bruđa - in: O.Ice. O.E. brođ, O.H.G. prođ “broth” (: defrūtum , O.Ir. bruth , Thrac.
βρῦτος; M.H.G. brodelen , Ger. brodeln );
Gmc. *brauđa - in: O.Ice. brauđ , O.E. brēad , O.H.G. brōt “bread” (from the ferment); about
O.H.G. wintes prūt “ storm; tempest, whirlwind “ s. Kluge11 692.
References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.
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bherǝg ̂ -, bhrēg ̂ -
English meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, weiß”
Note: equivalent with bherē ̆ k ̂ -, s. d. the groups bhereĝ -, bherek̂ - shine, appear, seem to be
extensions to bher- “bright, brown ”. Similar to extension bheleg- besides bhel- ‘shine”.
Material: O.Ind. bhrüjatē “glares, gleams, shines ”; O.Pers. brüzaiti ds. (*bhrēg ̂ ō ), Pers.
barüzīdan ‘shine”, barüz “jewellery ”;
Bal.-Slav. *brēsk - from bhrēg -sk- in Lith. bre ́kšta , bre ́ško , bre ́kšti “break, (dawn), (from
the day) ”, apūbrėškis “ time around daybreak “; Slov. brę̂sk , Cz. břesk , Pol. brzask
“daybreak, dawn ”, Pol. obrzasknąć “ become bright “, brzeszczy się “it dawns, the day
breaks “, with Assimil. of auslauts -sk- to the sounding word anlaut O.C.S. pobrězgъ “dawn,
twilight, daybreak ”, Russ. brezg , Pol. brzazg ds.
With gradation bh(e)rōg ̂- probably Swe. brokig “varicolored ”, Nor. dial. brōk “ a young
salmon with transverse bands ( “, also as brōka f. “ large-scale mottled animal “.
With lengthened grade the 1. syllable: Goth. baírhts “bright, gleaming, distinct ”, O.H.G.
beraht , M.H.G. berht “gleaming ” (also in names O.H.G. Bert- , -bert, -brecht ), O.E. beorht
“gleaming, radiating ” (Eng. bright ), O.Ice. biartr “light, bright ”; Welsh berth “gleaming,
beautiful ”, PN Bret. Berth-walart , Ir. Flaith-bertach ; Lith. javaĩ béršt “ the grain becomes
white “; probably also Nor. dial. bjerk “very bright ” (compare noch berk “ white trout “, Swe.
björkna “Abramis blicca ”).
reduction grade Alb. barth (bardh -i) “ white “ (*bhǝrǝg ̂ o-).
Note:
Common Alb. -ĝ- > -dh- phonetic mutation

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Illyr. Bardhylus “Illyrian king ” a compound of Illyr. barth (*bherĝ -) “white” + Illyr. hyllus ‘sun,
star”.
In names of the birch (Slav. partly elm, Lat. ash tree ):
O.Ind. bhūrja ́ -ḥ m. “a kind of birch ”; Osset. bärz “birch”; dak. PN Bersovia ; Lat. farnus
“ash tree ”(*fár[a]g-s-no-s, originally stuff adj. “ashen”, as well as:) früxinus ds. (to begin
probably with ü, *bh erǝg ̂-s-enós ); twofold development of -erǝ- in farnus and früxinus would
be caused by old accent difference as in palma = Gk. *πάλαμᾱ , παλάμη compared with
lütus = τλητός ;
Maybe Alb.Gheg frashën “ash-tree” : Lat. früxinus “ash-tree”;
O.H.G. birihha (*bherǝg ̂ -i̯ü), O.E. beorc, birce , O.Ice. bjǫrk (*bherǝg ̂ ü ) “birch”;
Lith. béržas m., pl. béržai “birch”, ablaut. bìržtva f. “ birch forest “; bir̃žliai “ birch twigs “,
Ltv. bęr̃zs m., O.Pruss. berse “birch”; Russ. berëza , Ser.-Cr. brȅza , аčеch. břieza “birch”
(the old color meaning still in Bulg. brěz “ white spotted “ = Nor. bjørk s. о., Slov. brę́za
“name of a white spotted cow or nanny goat ”);
Maybe Alb. brez ‘stripe”
with formants -to- (= Goth. baírhts ) and intonation change Slav. *berstъ in Russ. bérest m.
“elm, framework “, Ser.-Cr. brȉjest , Cz. břest ds., but with the meaning “birch” against Russ.
berësta f., berësto n. “ birch bark “, Cz. břesta “ upper birch bark “.
O.H.G. - brecht could, if this vocalization instead of - ber(h)t not a innovation is, are
applied to bherek̂ -, as also in Goth. baírhts , Welsh berth , Hitt. parkuiš.
References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Decl. 57.
Page(s): 139-140

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bherǝk ̂ -, bhrēk ̂ -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: equivalent with bherǝg ̂ -, bhrēg ̂ - ds. (see there, also because of ambiguous words)
Material: O.Ind. bhrü ́ s ́ atē “blazes, shines ” (uncovered);
Gk. φορκόν λευκόν , πολιόν , ῥυσόν Hes., compare but S. 134;
perhaps here O.Ir. brecc “mottled, speckled, *tabby ”, Welsh brych ds., Gaul. PN Briccius
(from *bhr̥k̂-, with expressive consonant stretch);
uncertain suppositions about the origin of Welsh breuddwyd “dream”, M.Ir. bruatar ds. by
Pedersen Litteris 7, 18, Pokorny IF. Anzeiger 39, 12 f.; whether from * bhrogʷhdh -eiti-, -ro-?
M.H.G. brehen ‘sudden and strong flash ”, O.Ice. brjü, brü (*brehōn ) “flash”, braga ,
bragða ‘sparkle, glitter, flame, burn ”, bragð “(*blink) moment “, with originally bare präs. -dh-
also O.Ice. bregða , preterit brü “quick, fast move, swing, reproach ”, O.E. bregdan, brēdan
st. V. “quick, fast move, swing ”, Eng. braid “flax, wattle, braid ”, upbraid “reproach ”, O.H.G.
brettan , M.H.G. bretten “pull, tear, twitch, weave ” (in addition O.H.G. brīdel , O.E. brīdel ,
older brigdels “bridle, rein ”);
with formants -u̯o- Goth. braƕ in in braƕa augins “ἐν ῥιπῆ όφθαλμοῦ , in a flash, at the
moment “ (compare O.Ice. augnabragð n. “blink, winking the eyes “) and lengthened
gradees *brē ́ hwü, *brēʒ wü ́ in O.Ice. brü f. “eyelash”, O.E. bræ ̄ w, brēaw, brēg m. “eyelid”,
O.S. brüha “eyebrow ”, slegi-brüwa “eyelid”, O.H.G. brüwa f. “brow”, wint-prüwa “eyelash”
(the meaning “brow” oriented from *ƀrū- “brow”, IE*bhrū -); that in spite of Schwyzer Gk. I.
350, 4636 and Specht Decl. 83, 162 O.H.G. brüwa could go not back to *bhrēu ̯ ü , is proved
through the grammat. variation in O.E., the form with - ku̯- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200).

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bherĝh -
English meaning: to hide, keep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bergen, verwahren ”
Material: Goth. baírgan ‘save, store, keep ”, O.Ice. bjarga , O.E. beorgan , O.H.G. bergan ,
O.S. gibergan ‘save, store ”; changing through ablaut O.E. byrgan “bury”, byrgen
(*burgiznō ), byrgels ,
O.S. burgisli “burial, funeral ” and O.H.G. bor(a)gēn ‘spare, look after, entrust, borrow ”, O.E.
borgian “look after, watch over, keep, borrow ”.
Note:
Alb.-Illyr. and celt.- Slav. languages prove that from a zero grade of Root bhereĝh - : “high;
mountain ” derived Root bherĝh - : “to hide, keep ”. Cognates deriving from those two roots
mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in Europe.
Maybe Alb. nasalized (* bergo ) brengë “concern, sadness (for a dead person?) ”, brengos
‘sadden” : O.C.S. brěgǫ , brěšti “care, worry ”.
Slav. *bergǫ in O.C.S. brěgǫ , brěšti “care, worry ” in nebrěšti “neglect”, Russ. beregú ,
beréčь “beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare ”, Ser.-Cr. older bržem , brijeći
“guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities ”; changing through ablaut Clr.
oboŕíh , gen. oboróha “haystack ”,
Cz. brah “haystack, heap ”, Pol. bróg “barn, haystack ” (out of it Lith. brãgas ds.); zero grade
Cz. brh “cave, cottage, tent ”; E.Lith. bir̃ginti ‘spare”.
Perhaps here Gallo-Rom. (rhät. -Illyr. ) bargü “covered thatched hut “, whether from
*borgü ; Tagliavini ZrP. 46, 48 f., Bonfante BAL.-SLAV. 36, 141 f.
References: WP. II 172, Trautmann 31, Feist 76.
See also: compare above S. 141.

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bher-1
English meaning: to bear, carry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tragen, bringen ” etc (also Leibesfrucht tragen; med. “ferri”), also
“aufheben, erheben ”
Grammatical information: The root bher- , forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat.
present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor perf. in IE
Note: Beside bher- , with them. vowel bhere -, sees a heavy basis bherǝ : bhrē-.
Material: O.Ind. bhárati “carries”, Av. baraiti ds. (and “ride”), O.Pers. barantiy 3. pl. ds. (=
Arm. berem , Phryg. αβ-βερετ , Gk. φέρω, Lat. ferō, O.Ir. biru, Alb. bie, Goth. baira ,
O.C.S. berǫ); O.Ind. bhárti (also as Gk. φέρτε , Lat. fert old unthem. form), bibhárti , bíbharti ,
bibhr̥máḥ , bibhrati (compare that probably with πίφραμεν = bibhr̥me derived ἐσ-πιφράναι
“bring in, take in ”), them. abibhran , bibhramün ̣ a -ḥ and Av. -bībarümi ;
perf. babhüra and jabhüra (hybridization of babhüra with jahüra from hárti);
participle O.Ind. bhr̥tá -ḥ, Av. bǝrǝte -; Supin. O.Ind. bhártum ; Kaus. O.Ind. bhüra ́ yati =
Iter. Av. büraya -;
Sup. Av. bairišta - “he cherishes best, cares, looks after ” (= Gk. φέριστος “ most superior ,
best”, probably “ he carries the richest, most fertile “);
O.Ind. bhr̥tí-ḥ “carrying, sustenance, livelihood, food, wage “ = Av. bǝrǝtis “carrying” (=
Lat. fors, Goth. gabaúrÞs , Arm. bard); O.Ind. bhr̥tyǘ “food, nourishment, care, cultivation ”
(compare Goth. baúrÞei );
O.Ind. bhárman - n. “preservation, nourishment, care, cultivation; load ” (= Gk. φέρμα ,
O.C.S. brěmę ), heavy basis in bharīman - n. ds.; bharítra -m “arm” (“*wherewith one carries
“);

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O.Ind. bhára -ḥ “acquiring, carrying off, profit, gain, booty; burden ”
Maybe Alb. barrë “burden” : O.Ind. bhüra ́ -ḥ “bundle, work, load ”;
Pers. bar “fruit” (= Gk. φόρος , O.C.S. sъ-borъ); O.Ind. -bhará -ḥ “bearing, carrying, bringing
etc”, Av. -barō ds. (= Arm. -vor, Gk. -φορος , e.g. δύσφορος = O.Ind. durbhara- ḥ);
maybe Alb. bar “grass, herb ” related to Pers. bar “fruit”.
O.Ind. bháraṇa -m “carrying, bringing, providing, support ” (= Inf. Goth. baíran ); O.Ind.
bhártar -, bhartár - “ bearer, provider “, prábhartar - “carrier (of the sacrifice) ”, Av. fra-bǝrǝtar -
“ carrier of things, secondary priest “ (compare Lat. fertōr -ius, Umbr. arsfertur) , fem. O.Ind.
bhartrī́ , Av. barǝϑrī “ supporter, upholder, mother ”; lengthened grade O.Ind. bhüra ́ -ḥ
“bundle, work, load ”, bhürin - “bearing, carrying ”, bhü ́ rman - (n.) “bringing, attendance ”,
bhürya -ḥ “to bear, carry, support, nourish ” (== O.H.G. büri or = *bhōrio - in Gk. φωριαμός );
ba-bhrí-ḥ “bearing, carrying, borne ”.
Arm. berem “bear, bring ” (Aor. eber = ἔφερε , ábharat ), beṙn, gen. beṙin “burden, load ”
(compare Gk. φερνή “dowry”), ber “yield, fruit, fertility ” and “movement, run ”, -ber “bringing,
bearing, carrying ”, e.g. in lusaber “ light-bringing, morning star ”, secondary instead of -vor,
e.g. lusa-vor “ light-bringing “ (compare Lat. Lūci-fer, Gk. λευκο -φόρος ); bari “good”, barv- ok
“good, best ”; bard “heap; compound ”, lengthened grade *bhōr - in buṙn “hand, fist; force,
might”;
Phryg. ( κακουν ) αββερετ (also αββερεται ) “( injury, evil) cause, carry “;
gr φέρω “bear” (only present system, once participle φερτός ; Ipv. φέρτε ), med. φέρομαι “
moves me fast “ (also O.Ind. bharatē , Lat. ferrī, compare above Arm. ber and under Alb.),
Iter. φορέω “bear etc” (= Alb. mbaj ); about φέριστος “the best, noble “, compar. φέρτερος
see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gk. I 3002, 535, 538; about ὄφρα s. Boisacq s. v. and S.
132;
Note:

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common Alb. b- > mb- > m- phonetic mutation as in Alb.Gheg maj “bear”
φέρτρον , with them. voc. φέρετρον “bier, stretcher “ (Lat. feretrum “a litter, bier ” from dem
Gk.); φέρμα “fruit, field crop, agricultural crop, unborn child; fruit of one ’s womb, fetus “;
φερνή “dowry”, Eol. with them. vowel φέρενα f. ds.; φόρος “yield, tax ”, -φόρος “bearing,
carrying”, φορά: “carrying, plentiful yield, fullness, wealth ”; ἀμφ[ιφ]ορεύς “ means:
container/vessel with two grips/handles “; φόρτος “burden, load, cargo ”; φαρέτρᾱ “ quiver “;
δί-φρος “ the charioteer ’s and the combatants ” holding part of the war chariot “; φώρ “thief”
(= Lat. fūr), ἴσφωρες λησταί , κλέπται . Λάκωνες Hes.; from φώρ derived φωράω “ spy on the
thief “, then generally ‘spy on, track “, φωpά: “ house search “; φωριαμός “ box for the
storage of clothes “ due to *bhōrios “wearable, bearable ”.
From the heavy basis bh(e)rē - (?): Fut. - φρήσω, Aor. -έφρησα , -φρ῅ναι joined together
(with δια- “let pass”, with εἰσ- “ let in, put in “, with ἐκ- “ bring out, let out, unburden “);
paradigmatic with ( ἐσ)-πι-φράναι (see above to O.Ind. bibhr̥máḥ ).
Ligur. FlN Porco-bera “ guiding fish “, Gando-bera “ guiding scree “.
Mess. ma-beran , beram etc, tabara “priestess ” (*to-bherü ), Dor.-Illyr. βερνώμεθα
κληρωσώμεθα . Λάκωνες , Hes. (to Gk. φέρνη “dowry”), doubtful ἀβήρ οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον,
Hes.
Note:
Illyr., Mess. and later Alb. display satem characteristics the same as O.Ind. and Av. Not
only Illyr. shares with O.Ind. and Av. the cognates for “bear” but also the institution of
priesthood and earth fertility: Mess. ma-beran , beram etc, tabara “priestess ” : Av. fra-
bǝrǝtar - “carrier of things, secondary priest ” (compare Lat. fertōr -ius, Umbr. arsfertur) , fem.
O.Ind. bhartrī́ , Av. barǝϑrī “ supporter, upholder, mother ”;
Alb. [causative bjer] bie (*bherō ), 2. pl. biṙni “bring, bear, lead, guide ”, also “fall, fail, hit “,
ber, beronje “dart, arrow ”; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjer etc “fall, lose, destroy ”, ndzjer “bring out

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“, zbjer “fall, lose”; also bie in the meaning “fall” (compare φέρομαι etc), wherefore dzborë ,
vdorë etc ‘snow” (prefix dz-, dë- and *bhērü eig. “ the falling down, falling off “);
iterative *bhoréi̯ō in Tosc mbanj, mbaj , older mba, Gheg mba, mbaj “keep, tend, look after,
observe, bear ”, N.E.Gheg also used from carrying pregnant animals, with restored r also
mbar , bar “bear, drag ”; [common Alb. b- > mb- phonetic mutation]
Note:
Alb. (*ndë-borë) dëborë , dzborë , vdorë , bdorë , xborë , borë ‘snow” is a translated Germanic
cognate.
Albanian ndë- “below, low ” + (*bherō ) “fallen” = Swedish nederbörd ‘snowfall” (nedan
“below” + börd “descent, fall (birth, descent, ancestry, lineage, parentage) ” = German
niederschlagsmenge (nieder-schlagsmenge ).
Alb. abbreviated (* nde-bor) zborë ‘snow”: Rom. zbura “ fly, fly out, flight, flit, tower, flash,
career, sweep, hover, sail, dart, dash, flee, fleet, slip, glide “, zbor “ flight, soar, soaring, fly,
flying, race, volitation, gliding, towering “.
Latvian birt “to snow (*fall, descend) ” : Latvian: bē ̀ rt ‘scatter” from O.C.S.: bьrati “gather,
select” [verb], berǫ : Polish zbór “(church) gathering ” : Russian sobór “ church, assembly,
meeting “
Also Alb. borë “(fallen) snow ” : Latvian birt “to pour, fall, rain, snow, hail ” : Hungarian porhó
n. ‘snow”.
Altaic etymology :
Protoform : *pŏ̀ru
English meaning: “to snow, rain ”
Turkic protoform: *bora-
Mongolian protoform: *boru ɣa
Tungus protoform: *pur-

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Korean protoform: *pora
Japanese protoform: * pùr-
Note: Poppe 21, Ozawa 288-289, ОСНЯ 1, 188-189, АПиПЯЯ 69. Cf. *boru, a
contamination with which should explain Mong. *b- (one would expect *h- with low tone and
shortness).
Kaus. *bhōrei̯ō in Gk.-Alb. bonj, pass. bonem from mating of the mares and cows, eig.
“make bear, make pregnant ”, and dzbonj (etc) “ chase away, drive out, drive away ” (*”make
fall away, make flee ”); mbarë “good, lucky ”, barrë “load” (*bhornü , compare Goth. barn n.
“kid, child ”); mberat “pregnant ”, bark “belly” etc, bar “grass, herb ” (*bhoro- “yield”);
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*brauk ) barku “belly” derives from Root bhreu -s-1 : “to swell” (see below).
bir ‘son” (*bh er-, compare Goth. baur ‘son”), bijë, Gk. cal. bilë “daughter ” (with diminutive
suffix -ëlë, -ëjë) : O.E. byre ‘son”;
Note:
Maybe Alb. l/r are mere allophones as in Alb. gjarpën, gjalpër ‘snake”.
burrë (*baur) “man, husband ” (compare to meaning O.H.G. baro “man, husband ”; Alb.
basic form *bh ornos, reduplication-stem besides Goth. barn); presumably also mburr
“praise”, mbur̄em “boast, brag, be proud “.
Maybe kurd. bere “offspring ”
Lat. ferō, ferre “to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a
person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motIon.
Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend “ (as Gk. φέρω only
present system), Umbr. fertu “ you shall bear “ etc, volsk. ferom “ bear, carry “, marruc.
ferenter “ they are carried, they are born “ (compare from compound ad-, afferō : Goth.
atbaíra ; efferō : ἐκφέρω, O.Ir. as-biur); ferüx “fertile”;

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Lat. ferculum “ a frame, litter, bier, tray; of food, a course or dish “, praefericulum “wide
offering vessel ”; *fertor “the bearer “, assumed from fertōrius “a sedan which serves for
carrying” and = Umbr. ař-fertur , arsfertur “ the priest of some particular god “; fertilis “fertile”,
päl. fertlid abl. sg. ; -fer in compound secondary instead of -for “bearing, carrying, bringing ”;
forda f. “pregnant ” (do- extension of adj. *bhoró -s “bearing, carrying ”, s. WH. I 527); fūr
“thief” (= Gk. φώρ, s.o.; to Lat. ū s. WH. I 569);
fors nom. (= IE *bhr̥tis ), forte abl. “ chance, luck “ = päl. forte pl. “chance, hap, luck, fate,
fortune “;
fortūna “ chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life;
property, possessions “ (from tu-stem *bhr̥-tu-s).
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift.
O.Ir. 1. sg. biru, -biur, 3. sg. berid “bear, carry ”, as-biur “tell”, do-biur “give”, Welsh
cymeraf “take” etc; M.Ir. bert m. “bundle, load ”, f. “feat, dead, act, plan, birth ” etc, birit ‘sow”
= O.Ind. bháranti “bearing, carrying ”;
O.Ir. M.Ir. breth and (eig. dat. acc. ) brith, breith (gen. brithe “carrying, parturition (Verbaln.
to biru); birth; judgement ” (*bhr̥tü ); Welsh bryd “thought, notion ” (rather *bhr̥tu - as *bhr̥ti-, s.
Lewis-Pedersen 345), Corn. brys “thought, notion ”, brys “womb”; Gaul. uergo-bretus Office
title, whether for *-britos ;
Ir. barn “judge”, Welsh Bret. barn “judgement ” (probably *bh ornos, compare above Alb.
burre ; Pedersen KG. I 51 nimmt -r̥̄-, i.e. erǝ, an);
O.Ir. brüth , gen. -o “court”, Welsh brawd “judgement ”, Corn. bres ds., Bret. breut “
address to the jury; summation; summing up; plea “, pl. breujou “ the assizes of justice,
judgments of a court of law “, Gaul. Brütu -spantium PN, βρατουδε “ from judgment “ (*bh erǝ-
tu-); Gaul. *com-boros “ the amassed “, out of it M.H.G. kumber “ rubble, heap of rubble “,
Ger. Kummer .

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Goth. baíran “bear, carry, bring, beget, spawn, to give birth to children “ (bērusjōs
“parents”);
O.Ice. bera “bear, carry, bear, endure, bring, produce, give birth to children “, O.E.
O.H.G. beran “bear, carry, beget, spawn, to give birth to children “, Ger. gebären ;
Goth. O.Ice. O.H.G. O.S. barn, O.E. bearn “kid, child ”; Goth. barms “brost”, Swe. dO.N.
barm “brost, lap ”, O.Ice. baðmr “bosom”, O.H.G. O.S. barm “lap”, O.E. bearm ds. (= Gk.
φορμός ? s. S. 137); O.H.G. baro “man, husband ”;
Swe. dial. bjäre (*ƀeron -), bare (*ƀaron -) “( carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical creature “;
O.Ice. pl. barar , barir, bǫrur “barrow, bier ”, O.E. bearwe , Eng. barrow , E.Fris. barwe , Dutch
berrie “barrow, bier ”;
lengthened grade O.H.G. - büri, Ger. -bar (e.g. fruchtbar = bearing fruit, bearing,
carrying), O.E. bæ ̄ re (wæstmæ ̄ re “fertile”), O.Ice. bæ ̄ rr “ capable for carrying, bearable ”;
O.H.G. O.S. büra, O.E. bæ ̄ r f. “barrow, bier ” (also O.Ice. büra, M.Eng. M.L.G. büre “wave”?
perhaps here as “ the lifting one “, compare below the group from O.H.G. burian ‘soar,
rise”);
zero grade Goth. baúr “ the born “, O.Ice. burr, O.E. byre ‘son”; Goth. gabaúr n. “money
collected from people, ( φόρος ), tax”, gabaúr m. “feast, festival “ (to gabaíran “ collect,
gather “), M.H.G. urbor , urbar f. n. “ interest of a property “, m. “ tax-payer ”; O.H.G. bor f. “
upper space, height “, O.H.G. in bor(e) “at the height, upwards “, M.H.G. enbor(e) , Ger.
empor , O.H.G. burian , M.H.G. bũrn “raise, uplift ”; here obd. borzen “overhang ” = O.E.
borettan ‘swing” (Gmc. *-ati̯an ), in addition Ger. Bũrzel under purzeln ; O.H.G. giburian ,
M.H.G. gebũrn “ occur, happen , close juridically , to be due ”, O.S. giburian , O.E. gebyrian ,
O.Ice. byrja “ be proper, befit, be suitable ”, O.Ice. byrja also “begin”, eig. * “lift, raise”;
Maybe Alb. buronj “begin, gush, spring, originate ”

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O.E. byre, gebyre m. “ favorable occasion, opportunity “, Goth. gabaúrjaba adv. “willing,
fain, yearning “, gabaúrjōÞus “ lust, desire “; from the concept of “aroused, lifted, high ”
arose from the strengthening sense of O.H.G. bora- , e.g. in bora-tall “very tall, very high ”,
next to which o-grade O.S. bar- in barwirdig “very solemn, honorable, noble ”; presumably
also O.Ice. byrr m., O.E. byre “favorable wind ”, M.L.G. bore-los “without wind “ as “(the
ship) bearing, carrying ”.
Goth. gabaúrÞs f. “birth, parentage, ancestry, gender, sex ”, O.Ice. burðr m. “ carrying ,
parturition, birth ”, byrð f. “birth”, O.E. gebyrd f., O.H.G. giburt , O.S. giburd “birth”, also “fate,
destiny” (=O.Ind. bhr̥tí-ḥ, Lat. fors); Goth. baurÞei “burden, load ”, O.H.G. burdī f. “burden”,
*bhr̥ti̯ōn -: -tīn; O.Ice. byrdr , O.E. byrÞen, byrden ds.
O.C.S. berǫ, bьrati (bъrati) “gather, collect, take ”, Ser.-Cr. bȅrēm brȁti ds., Russ. berú
bratь ds. etc (Slav. * bъrati derived from an older * bъrti after the preterite stem Bal.-Slav.
*birü-), O.C.S. brěmę “load, burden ”, Ser.-Cr. brȅme , Russ. dial. berémja, ač. břiemě
(*bherǝ -men- ), O.C.S. sъ-borъ “congregation, meeting ”; Church Slavic brěždа “pregnant ”,
Russ. berëžaja “pregnant (from the mare) ”, Ser.-Cr. brȅda ds. from cows ( *bherǝ -di̯ü), in
forms similarly Lat. forda ; O.C.S. brašь no “dish, nourishment, food ” see under bhares -
“barley”.
Lith. bérnas “ youngling; farm laborer ”, O.Lith. “kid, child ”, Ltv. bē ̨̀rns “kid, child ”; probably
Ltv. bars “heap, bulk, mass ”.
Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive Lith. beriù , bėriaũ , ber̃ti
‘strew, distribute ” (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), Ltv. beṙu, bèrt ds., in
ablaut intransitive Lith. byrù, biraũ , bìrti ‘strew, distribute, fall out ”, Ltv. bir̃stu , biru, bir̃t “fall
out, fall off, drop “, etc.

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Toch. А В pär- “bear, carry, bring, get, fetch ”, perhaps also in A kos-preṃ “how much? ”
ku-pre “if”, täprem ̣ “if”, tüpär (k) “yet”, whether to Gk. ὄ-φρα ... τό-φρα “ as long as “
(see129).
About Hitt. bar-aḫ-zi “hunts, scuds, chases ” s. Pedersen Hitt. 185.
Specht will restore here also (Decl. 148), with i- and u-forms, O.E. bri-d, bird “young bird ”,
Gmc. brū-tis “wife, woman, bride ”, O.Ind. bhrūn ̣ a ́ - “embryo”, Ltv. braũna, čеch. brnka
(*bhru-nka ) “ placenta, afterbirth “. S. but under bh(e)reu - “gush, well up, soak “.
References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann
Stud. Bait. 3, 65 f.
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bher-2
English meaning: to boil, swell; to get high
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “aufwallen ”, von quellendem or siedendem Wasser (also vom
Aufbrausen beim Gähren, Kochen, as well as vom fire) ‘sich heftig bewegen ”
Note: often with m- forms; also as heavy basis bherǝ - : bhr̥̄-, bh(e)rēi -, bh(e)rī̆-. compare
bher-6.
Material: O.Ind. bhuráti (*bhr̥̄-é-ti) “ moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders ”, Intens. jár-
bhurīti ds.; also: “ flickers, from fire ”; bhuraṇyáti ‘shrugs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent
movement , stirs, stirs up ” with m-forms O.Ind. bhramati, bhrümyati “ wanders around, turns
round “,
bhramá -ḥ “ whirling flame, whirlpool ”, bhŕ̥mi -ḥ “movable, nimble; whirlwind ” (see under
O.Ice. brimi etc); bhū ́ rn ̣ i -ḥ “violent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager ”, might be based as
*bhr̥̄ni - likewise on the heavy basis;
here probably Av. avabaraiti ‘streams from ”, uzbarǝnte “they stream forth (?) ”, barǝnti
ayąn “ during one day , where it squalls, storms ”.
From Gk. πορφύ̄ρω (*πορφυρι̯ (ω) “ boils up, surge up, be in restless stir “ (: O.Ind.
járbhurīti ); presumably also φύ̄ρω “mix up, mix ” (if originally from bubbling up from cooking;
basic form *bh ori̯ō with u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel),
wherefore φύρδην “ chaos, in a mess “, φυρμός “perplexity ”, φυράω “mix, mingle, stir
chaos, knead, bewilder” .
About Lig. and Ven. names see under.
Alb. burmë “ fully ripe “ (*fully cooked) from * bhormo-.
Maybe Alb. burim ‘spring, bubbling up ”, buronj “to spring, bubble ”

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From Lat. probably fretum -i “n. a strait, sound, estuary, firth, channel ; the sea in gen. ,
usually plur.; fig., disturbance, turmoil ”, fretus, -ūs m. “a strait; an interval, difference
(surging of the sea, esp. strait, stream, foaming, heat) ”, fretüle “ frying pan “;
fermentum “ leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion, “ (: O.E.
beorma , Eng. barm , nd. barme , from which Ger. Burme “ brewer’s yeast “); also fervēre S.
144;
O.Ir. topur , Ir. tobar “wellspring ” (*to-uks-boro- ), M.Ir. commar = Welsh cymmer
“confluence ” (*kom-bero- ); Lig. FlN Comberanea ; M.Ir. fobar “wellspring, subterranean
stream, brook ” = Welsh gofer ‘stream, brook ”, Bret. gouver ds. ( *u[p]o-bero- ), Welsh beru
“drip, trickle ”, M.Bret. beraff “flow”, Gaul. FlN Voberü , Fr. Woevre, Voivre etc; with m-forms
Celto-Lig. aquae Bormiae , GN Bormō , Hisp. PN Bormüte , FlN Borma , dak. PN Βόρμανον ,
Ven. FlN Formiō (but Gaul. GN Borvō belongs to bhereu- “boil”). Über M.Ir. brēo “flame”
see under.
O.E. beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *bh(e)rē - : bh(e)rō -: O.H.G. brüdam
m. “breath, breeze, heat ”, M.H.G. brüdem “haze, mist ”, Ger. Brodem , O.E. bræ ̄ ð “haze,
mist, breath, breeze, blow ” (Eng. breath ), O.Ice.brüðr ‘stormy, hot tempered, hasty ”, brüð “
tarred wood, creosoted “, brüðna “melt”, intrans., O.H.G. brütan , O.E. bræ ̄ dan “fry”; ablaut.
M.L.G. bröien ‘singe, brood ”, M.H.G. brũejen, brũen , Ger. brũhen , O.E. brōd f., Eng. brood
“brood, breed, breeding ”; M.H.G. bruot f. “heat, Brut”, O.H.G. bruoten “brood”; unknown
origin are O.H.G. brüto m. “ soft eatable meat “ (Braten previously are reinterpreted M.H.G.
time to “ roasted meat “), Ger. Wildpret , O.N. brüdo “calf”, late Lat. borrows brüdo “ham”,
O.E. bræ ̄ de m., O.Ice. brüð “raw meat ”.
Beside the very productive root form bhereu - (see there) has to be recognized probably
also bh(e)rē ̆ i-, bh(e)rī̆- . These are based on O.Ind. jar-bhurī -ti, Gk. *φυρι̯-ω, *πορφυρι̯ -ω
(see above);

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with m-formant presumably Gk. φριμάω , φριμάσσομαι “makes me anxious, spring, snort ”
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation;
O.Ice. brimi “fire”; M.Eng. brim “blaze, glow ”, probably also O.Ice. brim n. ‘surf, surge,
breakers ”, O.E. brim n. ‘sea”; in brũhen, Brodem, braten present meaning colouring turns
again in Nor. prim “a kind of cheese prepared from sour wheys under strong cooking “ (also
Ger. Brimsenkäse ), dial. also brīm “ds.; also crust, sediment of boiled down liquid “ (Ger.
bO.Ir. Brimsen, Brinzen “ what settles with the mush browned in the frying pan “); besides
with formant -u̯o- very probably O.H.G. brīo, M.H.G. brī(e), O.E. brīw “porridge, mash ” (as
“*south, hot; cooked ”), briwan “cook”; moreover also M.Ir. brēo “flame” (*bhri-u̯o-).
An s-extension perhaps in O.Ind. bhrē ́ s ̣ ati “wavers, staggers , sways “, Nor. dial. brīsa
“blaze, flare, shine, show off; set on fire ”, brīs “fire, flame ”, brisk “agile, lively, alert, awake,
smart”.
Maybe Alb. brisk ‘sharp, smart, keen; knife ”
References: WP. II 157 f., WH. I 482 f., 546, 865.
See also: compare the related root forms bhereg - “cook”, bhereu - “boil”, bhreus - “to swell”,
bhrīg -, bhrūg - “cook, fry ”
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bher-3
English meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten, ritzen, schneiden,
reiben, spalten ”
Material: O.Ind. (gramm.) bhr̥nüti (?) “injures, hurts, disables ” = Pers. burrad “cuts, slices ”;
Av. tiži-büra- “with with sharp edge “ (= Arm. bir, compare also Alb. boríg (ë); perhaps here
O.Ind. bhárvati “chews, consumes ” (Av. baoirya- “what must be chewed ”, baourva -
“chewing”) from * bharati is transfigured through influence of O.Ind. cárvati “chews up ”.
Arm. beran “mouth” (originally “cleft, fissure, orifice “), -bir- “ digging up “ in getna -, erkra- ,
hoɫa-bir “ digging up the ground, ransacking “ (*bhēro -), in addition brem (*birem ) “ digs out ,
hollows out , drills out “, br-ič ̣ “hack, mattock, hoe ”; bah, gen. - i ‘spade” (*bhr̥-ti-, perhaps
*bh orti- = Russ. bortь), bor, gen. - oy ‘scurf”.
Gk. *φάρω ‘split, cut up, divide ” (φάρσαι v σχίσαι EM), φαρόω “plow” = O.H.G. borōn ),
φάρος n. “plough, plow (?) ”, m. = φάρυγξ (*bh eros), ἄφαρος “ plowed up “, φάραγξ “ cliff with
gaps , gorge, ravine, gulch ” (in addition rom. barranca “gorge, ravine, gulch ”, M.-L. 693a),
jon. φάρσος n. “ ragged piece, deal, portion ”; here perhaps φάσκος m. “moss villus ” as
*φαρσ -κος. A k-extension in φαρκίς “wrinkle”, φορκός “wrinkly” Hes.
Perhaps here (IJ. 13, 157 n. 100) mak. βίρροξ δασύ (compare βιρρωθ῅ναι ταπεινωθ῅ναι
Hes.), basic meaning “wool villus “, Gk. Lesb. Thess. βερρόν δασύ , Dor. βειρόν ds.,
βερβέριον “ shabby dress “, Lat. burra f. “ straggly garment “, respectively “wool”, reburrus “
wool with bristling hair “.
Alb. bie (2. pl. birni, Imp. bierɛ) “ knocks, hits, plays an instrument; whether (hit there) “.

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Alb. brimë “hole” (*bhr̥-mü), birë ds. ( *bh erü), Gheg brêj, Tosc brënj “ gnaw, argue “;
britmë ‘september and October ” (if eig. “harvest, autumn ”, due to * bhr̥-ti- “ the reaping “);
bresë “bitter root, chicory ” (“bitter” = “incisive”; -së from -ti̯ü, boríg (ë)) ‘splinter, chip ” (*bhēr -
m. form. -igë).
Maybe Alb. mbresë “print, shock ” [common Alb. b- > mb- shift]
Lat. feriō, -īre “ to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat “
(see also WH. 1481 to ferentürius “ a light-armed soldier, skirmisher “). About forma “ form,
figure “ s. WH. I 530 f.
forō, -üre “ to bore, pierce “ (meaning as O.H.G. borōn , but in ablaut different;
denominative of * bhorü “ the drilling “), forümen “ hole, opening, aperture “; forus , -ī “ the
gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive “; but
forum (aLat. also forus ) “ an open square, marketplace “ not as “ space surrounded by
planks “ here (Umbr. furo, furu “forum”); see under dhu̯er -.
M.Ir. bern, berna f. “cleft, gap, slit ”, bernach “cleft”;
probably also M.Ir. bairenn “cliff piece “ (in addition bairnech “ mussel plate “); O.Ir.
barae , M.Ir. bara (dat. barainn ) “rage, fury ”, bairnech “angry, irate ”, Welsh bar, baran “rage,
fury”.
O.Ice. berja (preterit barða ) “hit, bump, poke ”, berjask “fight”, bardage “battle”, O.H.G.
berjan , M.H.G. berjen , bern “hit, knock, knead ”, O.E. bered “ low-spirited” (Gmc.*ƀarjan =
Slav. borjǫ ), O.Fris. ber “attack”; M.H.G. bü ̆ r f. “balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed
land” (: Lat. forus , -um), Eng. bar “bar, gate, barrier ”, O.Ice. berlings- üss “balk, beam ”; Gmc.
is probably (different Wartburg I 260) also M.H.G. barre “balk, beam, bar, bolt ” and rom.
family of Fr. barre , barrière etc ( -rr- from -rz-);

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*ƀaru -ha, -ga- “castrated pig ” (perhaps with Slav. *borv-ъ based on *bhoru-s “castrated
animal” and ending in - ha-: -ga- after *farha- “ pork, pig “ extended) in: O.H.G. barug, barh ,
Ger. Barg , Barch (Borg , Borch );
Maybe Alb. bariu ‘shepherd, herdsman (of pigs?) ” phonetically equal to Ltv. baṙu, bãru, bãrt
‘scold, chide ” (see below) not a truncated Gk. βώτωρ “herdsman, shepherd ”.
O.E. bearg, bearh , Eng. barrow , O.Ice. -bǫrgr “a castrated boar ” (in addition also O.Ice. val-
bassi “wild boar ” as * barh-s-an? s. Falk- Тоrp under basse N.); O.H.G. O.S. borōn , O.E.
borian , O.Ice. bora, -aða “bore” (see above); O.H.G. bora “borer” , O.E. bor, byres ds.;
O.Ice. bora “hole” (auga- , eyra-bora ).
Lith. bãras , Ltv. bars “ grain swath, strip of cut grain “; Lith. barù (and bariù ), bárti ‘scold,
chide, vilify ”, refl. “ be quarrelsome ”, Ltv. baṙu, bãru, bãrt ‘scold, chide ” (== sl. borjǫ );
Maybe Alb. (*bárti) bërtas ‘scold, yell, scream ”, mbaroj , “extinguish, finish, end, make
ashamed ”, Alb.Gheg (*bar-) mbare , marre ‘shame, sth to be scolded ”, [common Alb. b- >
mb- shift].
Lith. barnìs (acc. bar̃nį ) “quarrel” (=O.C.S. branь); Lith. burnà “mouth” = Bulg. bъ́rna “lip”
(basic form *bh ornü, compare above Ir. bern and to meaning Arm. beran ).
Here with Balt forms ž: Ltv. ber̂zt “rub, scour, rub, clean ”, intrans. birzt “ crumb, spall,
crumble “, bìrze “ sowing furrow “, Lith. biržìs f. “ field furrow “.
With of a basic meaning “notch”: Lith. bùrtai pl. “lot, fate, charm, spell ” = Ltv. burts “mark,
token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter ”, Lith. bùrti “conjure, perform magic ”, Ltv. bur̃t
“conjure, perform magic ”, bur̃tains “ perform wood-carving notch “; Gk. φάρμακον “remedy,
magical cure, magic potion; philtre “ (probably not IE ) has nothing to do with it .
O.C.S. borjǫ , brati “fight” (frequent reflexive), Russ. borjú , borótь ‘subjugate, prostrate ”,
refl. “fight”, Pol. dial. bróć się “wrestle, struggle ”; O.C.S. branь “fight, struggle ”, aRuss.

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boronь “fight, struggle ”, Russ. bóronь “forbid”, Cz. braň “weapon, armament, armor ” under
likewise, Russ. za-bór “fence, plank fence “;
maybe Alb. (*broń) mbronj “defend”, mburojë ‘shield, armour ” : Pol. brońić “defend”
[common Alb. b- > mb- shift]
(as Lat. forus on the concept “board” rejecting: compare Russ. alt. zaborolo “wooden town
wall, scaffold, trestle ”, Cz. zábradlo “handrail, parapet ” under likewise); Russ. boroná
“harrow”, and with Slav. - zda-forms Slav. *borzda in O.C.S. brazda , Russ. borozdá “furrow”;
maybe Alb. brazda “furrow” a Slavic loanword.
Russ. bórov “ hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull “, Ser.-Cr. brâv “ sheep, cattle
“, dial. “castrated pig ”, slovak. brav “castrated pig ”, Pol. dial. browek “ fattened boar, porker
“ (see above Gmc. *ƀaruha -); *bъrtъ “drilling, cavity ” (*bh orti-) in Russ. bortь “ the hollow of
the tree in what bees have nested “ etc.
References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, Mũhlenbach -
Endzelin 354.
See also: compare the related root forms bheredh- , bhrēi - (bhrēig -, -k-, see there also about
bherĝ -), bhreu-, bhreu-q- , -k̂- “cut, clip”, bhreus - “break, rupture ”, bherug- “gullet”.
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bher-4
English meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten “brummen, summen ” under likewise
Note: An extension at most in * bherem - “drone, grumble ” and treated onomatopoeic words
under bherg - “drone, grumble ”.
Material: Arm. boṙ, -oy “bumblebee, hornet ”, to redupl. O.Ind. bambhara- ḥ (unbel.) “bee”,
bambharülih ̣ (unbel.) “fly”, bambhü -rava-ḥ “ the bellow of the cows ”;
Gk. πεμφρηδών “kind of wasp ” (formation as ἀνθρηδών , τενθρηδών ); similarly also Ser.-Cr.
bȕmbar “bumblebee ”, Clr. bombàr “cockchafer ”.
Maybe Alb. (*bȕmbar ) bumballa “bumblebee ” [common Alb. r > l shift]
Here at least partly (with fractured reduplication) also the Bal.-Slav. group from Lith.
barbe ́ti “clang, clink ”, birbiù , -iaũ, bir̃bti “buzz”, burbiù , burbe ́ti “drone, grumble, bubble,
seethe” under likewise;
Maybe Alb. ( burbut -) burbuqe “ladybug” a compound * burbiù “bug” + kuqe “red” (Lat.
coccinus ‘scarlet-colored ”) = Ital. coccinella “ladybug, ladybird ”
Clr. borborósy pl. “ sullen talk “, Ser.-Cr. br̀blati “chat” under likewise, in which indeed the
meaning “ talk indistinctly, stammer “ would go back to the group of O.Ind. barbarüh ̣ etc
(see * baba ).
References: WP. II 161 f., Trautmann 39 f.
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bher-5
English meaning: shining; brown
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzend, hellbraun”
Note: extensions of bher- ‘shine, appear, seem ”, bhereĝ -, bherek ̂- ‘shine”.
Material: O.Ind. bhalla -ḥ, bhallaka -ḥ bhallū̆ka -ḥ “bear” (-ll- from - rl-); O.H.G. bero, O.E. bera
“bear” (*bheron -), O.Ice. biǫrn ds. (* bhernu -, whose u as like ū̆ from O.Ind. bhallū ̆ ka -ḥ from
the stem * bheru - derive might) = O.E. beorn “warrior, chieftain ”;
O.Ice. bersi “bear” (s as in Fuchs : Goth. fauhō , Luchs: Swe. lo); ablaut. Lith. be ́ras , Ltv.
bę̃rs “brown (from horses) ”;
Gk. φάρη νεφέλαι Hes.? (* φαρε [σ]a or *φάρεFα? If finally exactly to:) φαρύνει λαμπρύνει
Hes., φρύ̄νη, φρῦνος “toad, frog ” (* “ the brown one “ = O.H.G. brūn); if φάρη as “ blanket of
clouds “ to 7. bher-?
nep. bhuro “brown” (*bhrūro -); O.H.G. M.H.G. brūn “gleaming, brown ”, O.E. brūn, O.Ice.
brūnn ds.; Russ. dial. bryně́tъ “white, gray shimmer ”, changing through ablaut bruně́tъ ds.
(*bhrou- no-?) and (from * bhr-ono-, -eno- ) R.C.S. bronъ “white; varicolored (from horses) ”,
Russ. bronь (and dial. brynь), Clr. breńíty “become dun (of a dull or dingy brown colour, du ll
greyish-brown), ripen ”, O.C.S. brьnije (brenije ) “ordure, excrement “, Slov. br̂n “river mud “;
O.Ind. babhrú -ḥ “ reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind “, Av. bawra- , bawri- “beaver”;
Lat. fiber, fibrī “beaver” (also feber s. WH. I 491; probably i has changed for e, as also) Celt.
(only in names): *bibros , *bibrus in Gaul. PN and FlN Bibracte , O.Brit. VN Bibroci , M.Ir. VN
Bibraige (*bibru-rīgion ), PN Bibar (*Bibrus ) besides *bebros in Gaul. FlN *Bebrü , Fr. Bièvre ;
Bebronnü , Fr. Beuvronne , Brevenne etc; O.H.G. bibar , O.E. beofor (oldest bebr), M.L.G.
bever , O.Ice. biōrr ds. (urg. *ƀeƀru -); compare also Ger. FlN Bever , old Biverna ;

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Lith. bẽbras , bãbras , bẽbrus ds. (dissimil. debrùs under likewise), O.Pruss. bebrus ds.;
about Lith. bruĩšis etc “ roach ( Lat. Leuciscus rutilus) “, O.Pruss. brun-se ds. s. Specht Decl.
120;
Slav. *bebrъ in Pol. FlN Biebrza , Russ. etc bobr (zur o-reduplication s. Berneker 47;
besides perhaps *bъbrъ in Ser. -Cr. dȁbar “beaver” and aRuss. bebrjanъ “ from beaver fur
“). compare noch Lat. fibrīnus “ of the beaver, beaver “, volsk. Fibrēnus brook name , Av.
bawraini- “ of the beaver “; O.H.G. bibarīn , Gaul. bebrinus (Schol. Iuv.), Lith. bẽbrinis ds.;
Toch. B perne , A parno “luminous ”, therefrom B perne , A paräm ̣ “ majesty, grandeur “.
References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93.
See also: compare further bhel-1 with similar meaning.
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bher-6
English meaning: to roast, cook
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rösten, backen, kochen”
Note: with g-extensions, before partly i-, u- vowels; it derived from bher-2 “ move violently,
surge, boil, cook ”.
Material: 1. forms without - i- or -u-: bhereĝ-:
O.Ind. bhurájanta “cooking” (*bh ereg-); bhr̥jjáti “roasts”, bhr̥ṣ̌ṭa -ḥ “roasted”, bhrü ̆ š ̣ ṭra -ḥ
“frying pan ”, bharj (j)ayati “roasts, brät” , bharjana- ḥ “roasting”,
M.Pers. barštan ds.; presumably is *bhraž - (*bh oraž- in bhurájanta), *bharž - ar. root form
and ind. - jj only in present *bhr̥ĝ-skō, from which derived * bhr̥(ĝ)sĝō, as Gk. μίσγω from
*μιγ-σκω.
Lat. fertum “ a kind of sacrificial cake “, aLat. ferctum (firctum , s. Ernout E ́ l . dial. Lat. 165),
participle *fergō “bake”, Osc. fertalis “ the ceremonies where sacrificial cakes were needed
“.
Note:
common Lat. ph- > f- shift.
Maybe Alb. (**fergō ) fërgonj “bake”; also truncated Alb. (*fertalis ) fli ‘sacrifice”.
Lith. bìrgelas “basic, simple beer ”, Ltv. bir̂ga “haze, mist, fume, smoke, coal smoke “,
O.Pruss. aubirgo “ cookshop “, birgakarkis “ a big soup ladle “ (with Ven.-Illyr. g).
2. forms with i, ei:
Pers. biriš-tan “fry”, barēzan “oven”, Bal. brējag, brijag “fry”, Pers. biryün (*briĝüna -)
“roasted”, pam. (shifted) wirzam “roast” under likewise (Iran. * briǰ-, *braij- ).
Lat. frīgō, -ere “roast, dehydrate, desiccate ”, Umbr. frehtu “cooked, boiled ”.
3. forms with ū: bhrūg ̂ -:

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Gk. φρύ̄γω “roast, dry ”, φρῡκτός “roasted; fire brand ”, φρύ̄γανον “dry wood ”,
φρύ̄γετρον “ vessel for roasting barley “.
It is extraordinary that in the onomatopoeic words of Gk. φρυγίλος “a bird”, Lat. frigō “(*
roast, parch) squeak ”, Pol. bargiel “mountain titmouse ”, Russ. berglézъ “goldfinch ” the
distribution of the forms with u, with i, and without either, is the same like in the words for
cook .
References: WP. II 165 f., WH. I 486 f., 548 f.
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bher-7
English meaning: to weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, weben ”?
Material: Hom. φᾶρος = Att. φάρος n. (*φαρFος) “kerchief, cloth, canvas, fabric, velum,
cover”; φάραι (?) ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν Hes.; φορμός “ pannier, mat ”;
Lith. burva “a kind of garment ”, Ltv. burves pl. ‘small sail” (-u̯- suffix as in Gk. * φαρFος),
Ltv. buras ds., Lith. bùrė ‘sail”. S. to vocalism Walde Streitberg-Festschrift 176.
References: WP. II 164, Specht Decl. 182.
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bhes-1
English meaning: to smear, spread
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abreiben, zerreiben, ausstreuen ”
Material: O.Ind. bábhasti “chews up ”, 3. pl. bápsati ; bhásma - n. “ash” resulted through
verbal extensions of psü(i) -, psō/i/ -, psǝ(i) -, psī- in O.Ind. psüti “consumes ”, Gk. ψάω, ψάιω
“rub”, ψαίρω ds., ψαύ ω “touch”, ψηνός “ baldheaded “, ψ῅φος f., Dor. ψᾶφος “ pebble”,
ψήχω “ rub off”, ψώχω “ grind, pulverize ”;
Χόλος, φέψαλος ‘soot, smoke ”; ψάμμος f. ‘sand, beach, seaside ” from *ψάφμος,
compare ψαφαρό ς “frail, breakable ” (*bhsǝ -bh-) and Lat. sabulum “ coarse sand, gravel “
(*bhsǝ -bhlo-? );
with already IE sporadic alteration of anlaut. bhs- to s-: Gk. ἄμαθος ‘sand” (= M.H.G. samt );
through various contaminations ἄμμος and ψάμαθος ds., in addition ψῑλός “naked, bald,
bleak, bare ”, ψιάς “drop” etc;
Alb. fšin , pšin , mëšin ‘sweep, thresh ”;
Maybe Alb. fšeh, pšef, mšef “cover, hide, sweep away ” [common Alb. p- > mp- > m-
phonetic mutation].
Lat. sabulum ‘sand” (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares Arm. awaz ds.;
M.H.G. samt (*samatho -) besides O.H.G. sant ‘sand” (*samtho- , Gmc. sanda- , out of it
finn. santa );
Toch. A päs- “diffuse, sprinkle ” (?).
References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge11 s. v. Sand , Schwyzer Gk. I 328 f., 676;
Specht Decl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91.
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bhes-2
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hauchen, blasen ”
Note: probably onomatopoeic words
Material: O.Ind. bábhasti “blows”, bhástrü f. “bellows, hose ”, bhasát f. “rump”, bháṁsas n.
“abdominal part ”;
Gk. ψύ̄-χω “blow” (to suffix s. Hirt IE Gk. 3, 256), ψῡχή “breath, breeze, soul ”.
Here probably ψύ̄-χω “cools off” (originally through blast), ψῦχος “coldness ”, ψῡχρόs
“cold” etc in spite of Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gk. I 329
onomatopoeic, as also ψίθυρος “lisping”.
References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck O.Ind. W. 186, 198.
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bheudh -, nasal bhu-n-dh-
English meaning: to be awake, aware
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wach sein, wecken, beobachten; geweckt, geistig rege,
aufmerksam sein, erkennen, or andere in addition veranlassen (aufpassen machen,
kundtun, gebieten; darbieten) ”
Material: Themat. present in O.Ind. bō ́ dhati , bō ́ dhate “ awakened, awakens, is awake ,
notices, becomes aware “, Av. baoδaiti “ perceives “, with paitī- “ whereupon direct one ’s
attention “ (= Gk. πεύθομαι , Gmc. *biuðan , O.Bulg. bljudǫ); Aor. O.Ind. bhudánta (=
ἐπύθοντο ), perf. bubō ́ dha , bubudhimá (: Gmc. * bauð , *buðum ), participle buddhá -
“awakened, wise; recognized “ (== Gk. ἀ-πυστος “ignorant; unfamiliar ”);
maybe Alb. (*bubudhimá ) bubullimë “thunder (*hear?) ” [common Alb. : Lat. dh > ll shift].
O.Ind. buddhí - f. “understanding, mind, opinion, intention “ (= Av. paiti-busti- f. “noticing”,
Gk. πύστις “investigating, questions; knowledge, tidings “); causative in O.Ind. bōdha ́ yati “
awakens; teaches, informs “, Av. baoδayeiti “ perceives, feels ” (= O.Bulg. buždo ̨ , buditi ,
Lith. pasibaudyti ); of state verb in O.Ind. budhyátē “ awakes, becomes aware; recognizes “,
Av. buiδyeiti “becomes aware ”, frabuidyamnō “awakening ”; O.Ind. boddhár - m. “
connoisseur, expert “ ( : Gk. πευστήρ -ιος “ questioning “); Av. baoδah- n. “ awareness,
perceptivity “, adj. “ perceiving “ (: Hom. ἀ-πευθής “ unexplored, unacquainted; ignorant ”);
Av. zaēni- buδra- “ keenly watching “ (:O.Bulg. bъdrъ, Lith. budrùs ); Av. baoiδi- “ fragrancy “
(= O.Ind. bō ́ dhi - “ plenary cognition “);
Gk. πεύθομαι and πυνθάνομαι (: Lith. bundù , O.Ir. ad-bond- ) “ to learn; to find out,
perceive, watch ” (πεύσομαι , ἐπυθόμην , πέπυσμαι ), πευθώ “knowledge, tidings “; πύστις,
πεῦσις f. “question ”;

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maybe Alb. (*peus ) pyes “ask questions ”, pyetje “question ” : Gk. πύστις , πεῦσις f.
“question ”.
Proto-Slavic form: pytati: O.C.S.: pytati “examine, scrutinize ” [verb], Russian: pytát” “torture,
torment, try for ” [verb], Slovak: pytat” “ask” [verb], Polish: pytać “ask” [verb], Serbo-
Croatian: pítati “ask” [verb], Slovene: pítati “ask” [verb], Other cognates: Lat. putüre “cut off
branches, estimate, consider, think ” [verb].
Note:
From Root bheudh -, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : “to be awake, aware ” derived Root peu-1, peu̯ǝ - :
pū ̆- : “to clean, sift ” , Root peu-2 : “to research, to understand ” (see below).
Welsh bodd (*bhudhü ) “ free will, approval “, Corn. both “volition” (: O.Ice. boð), O.Ir.
buide “ contentedness, gratitude “; here also O.Ir. ad-bond- “ announce, promulgate “, uss-
bond- “ call off, cancel, refuse “ (e.g. Verbaln. obbad ); zero grade O.Ir. robud “
admonishment “, Welsh rhybudd “warning”, rhybuddio “warn” (: Russ. probudítь “ awaken
“);
Goth. anabiudan “order, dispose ”, faúrbiudan “forbid”, O.Ice. bjōða “offer, bid, give
recognition ”, O.E. bēodan , O.S. biodan , O.H.G. biotan “offer, bid, proffer “, Ger. bieten
“gebieten , verbieten , Gebiet lit. “ (area of) command “; O.Ice. boð n., O.E. gebod n., M.H.G.
bot n. “commandment ”, O.H.G. etc boto ‘summoner ”, O.H.G. butil (Ger. Bũttel ), O.E. bydel
‘summoner, court servant ”; Goth. biuÞs , -dis “table, desk ”; O.Ice. bjōðr , O.E. bēod , O.H.G.
beot, piot “table, desk; dish “, eig. “ which is offered on tray “ (in addition also O.H.G. biutta ,
Ger. Beute “ kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive “).
With ū (compare Hirt IE Gk. II 96): Goth. anabūsns f. “ commandment “ (*-bhudh-sni- ),
O.S. ambūsan f. ds., O.E. bȳsen f. “ model, example ”, O.Ice. bȳsn n. “wonder, miracle ”
(from “*warning ”), bȳsna “ foretoken, warn ”;

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Lith. bundù , bùsti “wake up, arouse ” and (without nasal infix) budù , bude ́ti “watch”,
bùdinu , -inti “waken, arouse, revive ”, budrùs “watchful, wakeful ”; causative baudžiu ̀ , baũsti
“punish, curse, chastise, castigate “; refl. “intend, mean, aim ” (*bhoudh -i̯ō), baũdžiava
‘socage, compulsory labour “,
Lith. bauslỹs “command, order ”, Ltv. baũslis “ command “, Ltv. bauma , baũme “rumor,
defamation “ (*bhoudh -m-), Lith. pasibaudyti “ rise, stand up, sally “, baudìnti “ to cheer up,
liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awaken one ’s lust “, O.Pruss. etbaudints “ to raise
from the dead, reawaken “.
Themat. present in O.Bulg. bljudǫ, bljusti “ look after; protect, beware, look out ”, Russ.
bljudú , bljustí “observe, notice ” (about Slav. - ju from IE eu s. Meillet Slave commun2 58).
causative in O.Bulg. buždǫ, buditi “waken, arouse, revive ”, Russ. bužú, budítь ds. (etc;
also in Russ. búdenь “workday”, probably eig. “ working day “ or “day for corv ée “); stative
verb with ē-suffix in O.Bulg. bъždo ̨ , bъděti “watch”, perfective (with ne-/no- suffix as in Gk.
πυνθ -άνο-μαι, wo -ανο- from -n̥no-, Schwyzer Gk. I 700) vъz-bъnǫ “awake” (*bhud- no-,
shaped from Aor. of type Gk. ἐπύθετο , etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;
Maybe truncated Alb. (*zbudzić ) zgjoj “awaken” : O.C.S.: ubuditi “awaken” [verb]; vъzbuditi
“awaken” [verb]; phonetically equal Alb. -gj- : Pol. -dzi- sounds budzić “awaken, arouse ”
[verb], perf. zbudzić “awaken, arouse ”.
also about Ser.-Cr. bȁdnjī dân “ Christmas Eve “, bȁdnjük “wooden log which one lays in
the in the fire of Christmas Eve ” etc), O.Bulg. sъ-na-bъděti “φυλάττειν” ; O.Bulg. bъdrъ
“πρόθυμος; willing, ready ”, bъždrь ds., Russ. bódryj “alert, awake, smart, strong, fresh ”,
Ser.-Cr. bàdar “agile, lively ”.
Toch. В paut- , A pot “honour”? (Van Windekens Lexique 87).
References: WP. II 147 f., Feist 41, 97, Meillet Slave commun2 202 f.
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bheug -1
English meaning: to flee, *be frightened
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fliehen”
Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to bheug(h)-2 (Av. baog- in the intransitive meaning “
escape “)
Material: Gk. φεύγω (Aor. ἔφυγον , perf. πέφευγα ) “flee”, φυγή f. (= Lat. fuga) “escape, a
fleeing, flight, running away “, Hom. φύζα (*φυγι̯α ) ds., acc. φύγα -δε “ to flight, to flee “ of
consonant-stem * φυγ-;
perhaps in Ven. PN Υεύγαρον (Westdeutschl.) “refuge, escape castle “;
Lat. fugiō , fūgī, -ere “ to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to flee
from, run away from, avoid; with infin., “fuge quaerere ”, do not seek; of things, to escape
the notice of a person ”, fuga f. “ flight, running away; esp. flight from one ’s country, exile,
banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.) ”;
Note: common Lat. ph- > f- shift
maybe Alb. fugonj “run”
Lith. bū ́ gstu , bū ́ gau , bū ́ gti intr. “be frightened ”, kaus. baugìnti “jemd. get a fright “, baugùs
“timorous ”.
References: WP. II 144, 146, WH. I 556 f., Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.
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bheug -2, bheugh -
English meaning: to clear away, free
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wegtun, reinigen, befreien ”; intrans. ‘sich retten ”
Material: Av. baog- , bunja - “loosen, escape, they escape before ” (bunjainti “release ,
escape”, būjayamnō “discarding ”, bunjayüt̃ “he escapes ”), būjim acc. “ cleaning, purification
“, ązō-buj- “ from need of releasing “, baoxtar- “liberator”;
Maybe Alb. (*bhujissa ) bujis, bujisa aor. “bloom” , bujë “fuss” : püli bhujissa- “released, free ”
pehl. paz. bōxtan “escape, release ”, sũd Bal. bōjag “ unbolt, loosen, unbind ”, as pers. Lw.
Arm. bužem “heal, save, relieve “, boiž “healing, deliverance “; püli paribhuñjati “purifies,
cleans, sweeps from ”; but püli bhujissa- “released (from previously slave) ” = O.Ind.
bhujiṣyà - “free, independent ” (Lex., in the Lith. as “ exploitable “, Subst. “ maid;
maidservant, servant ”), to bheug-4 .
Illyr. PN Buctor, Ven. Fuctor (: Av. baoxtar -), Fugonia, vhu χia, vhou- χontios, etc
Note:
Here Illyr. Buctor : Ven. Fuctor : Av. baoxtar - “liberator” proves that Av. a satem language
can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same Illyr. - Ven. pattern in -tor,-tar
suffixes. The tendency in Illyr. -g- > -ct- shows the intermediary phase from centum to
satem in later Alb. : common Alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the
word.
Goth. usbaugjan ‘sweep up, sweep out, sweep away ”, Ger. dial. Bocht “rubbish, crap,
muck”; moreover probably also M.H.G. biuchen “ cook in lye “, originally “clean”, būche f.
“lye” (with secondary ablaut).
The doubleness Gmc. gh : ar. g- also by bheugh- (Ger. biegen ): bheug- (O.Ind. bhujati
etc) “bend”. Probably identical with it.

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bheug -3, bheugh -
English meaning: to bow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: O.Ind. bhujáti “bends, pushes away “, bhugná -ḥ “bent, curved ”, bhúja -ḥ “arm”,
bhujü “ twist, arm ”, bhōga ́ -ḥ “ coil of a snake; ring ” (: O.H.G. boug ); niṣ-bhuj- “push”, pass. “
flunk, escape; to get away “;
perhaps bierher Alb. butë ‘soft, flexible ” from * bhug (h)-to- “pliable”;
common Alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- phonetic mutation in the middle of the word.
Ir. fid-bocc “wooden bow ”, probably also bocc “ tender “ (“*pliable”), Ir. bog ‘soft”
(from *buggo- ), KZ. 33, 77, Fick II4; for O.Bret. buc “ rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable,
flabby “, pl. bocion “ rotten, decayed “, Bret. amsir poug “ soft, mild weather “, allowed to
expect Brit. -ch- = Ir. -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Ir.
In Gmc. *bheugh-: Goth. biugan , O.H.G. biogan “bend” , O.Ice. participle boginn “bent,
curved”; ablaut. O.E. būgan “ be bent “, with fram “flee”;
Kaus. O.Ice. beygja , O.S. bōgian , O.E. bīegan , O.H.G. bougen , Ger. beugen ; O.Ice. biūgr
“ bent, curved “, O.H.G. biugo “curve”; O.Ice. bogi, O.E. boga (Eng. bow), O.H.G. bogo ,
Ger. Bogen (O.H.G. swibogo “ Christmas candle arcs (which literally means „an arched
buttress“) “ from * swi[bi-]bogo ); perhaps in addition Goth. bugjan “ let out, lend, buy “, O.Ice.
byggia “ obtain a wife ”, O.E. bycgan , O.S. buggian “buy” (compare Ger. dial. “ be bent by
something “ = “acquire, take ”); in addition probably Ltv. bauga and baũgurs “hill”.
Intensive (with intensification) Gmc. *bukjan in M.H.G. bũcken , Swiss bukche ; M.L.G.
bucken , O.Fris. buckia “ to stoop, bend forward, bend down “ (Wissmann nom. postverb.
171, 181).

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bheug -4
English meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite
Deutsche Übersetzung: “genießen”
Material: O.Ind. bhuṅktḗ (with instr. , newer acc. ) “enjoys”, compare bhunákti , bhuñjati
“grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes ”, bubhukṣü “hunger”, bhō ́ ga -ḥ “enjoyment ”;
about O.Ind. bhujiṣyà - see above under bheug-2 ;
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Alb. bungë f., bunk , bungu m. “ kind of edible oak fruit “ (as “ nourishing or nutritious tree
“, post-verbal = “food granter “);
Note:
Alb. bungë “ kind of edible oak fruit “ : with -u- grade Alb. (*beuka ) buka “bread” : Phryg.
βεκός “bread”, actually “ crumb “ prove that from an extended Root b(e)u -1, bh(e)u - : “expr.
sound of hitting ” derived Root bheg- , bheng - : “to break ”, Root bhenĝh -, bhn̥ĝh - (adj.
bhn̥ĝhú -s) : “thick, fat ”, Root bheug-1 : “to flee, *be frightened ”, Root bheug -2, bheugh - : “to
clear away, free ”, Root bheug -3, bheugh- : “to bow”, Root bheug -4 : “to enjoy, *consume,
bite” as taboo words.
Lat. fungor “ to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually with
abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer “, with acc., later abl. , dēfungor “ to
perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive “, perfungor “ to perform fully,
execute, discharge; to go through, endure “.
References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.
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bheu -, bheu̯ǝ - (bhu̯ā -, bhu̯ē -) : bhō ̆ u - : bhū -
English meaning: to be; to grow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ursprũnglich “ wachsen, gedeihen ”
Note: (probably = “to swell”), compare O.Ind. prábhūta -ḥ with O.Ind. bhūri -ḥ etc under
*b(e)u-, bh(e)u- “inflate, bloat, to swell ”,
from which “originate, become, be ”, farther “ where usually one is, live “; i̯o/ī- present bhu̯-
ii̯ō, bhu̯-ii̯e-si, bhu̯-ī-si etc as verb “be” supplies often paradigm of es- “be”; extended root
bheu̯ī -, bhu̯ēi -
Material: O.Ind. bhávati “is, there is, happens, prospers, becomes “ = Av. bavaiti “ becomes,
originates; happens; will be “, O.Pers. bavatiy “becomes ”; Fut. O.Ind. bhavišya ́ ti ,
Av. būšyeiti participle būšyant - “ will come into existence “ (latter = Lith. bū ́ siu , Church
Slavic byše ̨ šteje “τὸ μέλλον” ,
compare Gk. φύ̄σω); Aor. O.Ind. ábhūt (= Gk. ἔφῡ) and bhúvat , perf. babhū ́ va , participle
perf. Akt. babhūvü ́ n , f. babhūvu ́ šī (: Gk. πεφυώς , πεφυυῖα , Lith. bùvo , O.C.S. byvati ), Inf.
bhávitum , Absol. bhūtvü ́ (compare Lith. bū ́ tu ̨ passive “to be”, O.Pruss. būton Inf.);
O.Ind. bhūta ́ -ḥ, Av. būta- “become, being, O.Ind. bhūta ́ -m “entity” (: Lith. búta “ been “,
O.Ice. būð f. “dwelling”, Russ. bytъ “entity, way of life, lifestyle “; with ŭ Gk. φυτόν , O.Ir. -
both “ one was “, both f. “cottage”, Lith. bùtas “house”); prá-bhūta -ḥ “rich, numerous ”, Pers.
Inf. būdan “be”;
O.Ind. bhū ́ ti -ḥ, bhūtí -ḥ f. “being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing “ (Av.
būti- m. “name daēva”? = O.C.S. za-, po-, prě-bytь, Russ. bytь, Inf. O.C.S. byti, Lith. bū ́ ti;
with ŭ Gk. φύσις ).

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pass. O.Ind. bhūyate ; kaus. bhüvayati “ brings into existence; looks after and nurtures,
refreshes “, participle bhüvita -ḥ also “ pleasantly excited, in good mood “ (=O.C.S. iz-baviti
“free, release ”), with ders. lengthened grade bhüva ́ -ḥ “being, development, becoming,
affection “ (: Russ. za-báva f. “conversation, entertainment ”) besides bhavá -ḥ “
development, welfare, salvation ”;
bhavítram “world” (ablaut. with Gk. φύτλᾱ “nature, gender, sex ” and Lith. būkla ̀ “dwelling”
etc, and with Gmc. *buÞla - and *bōÞla -, next to which with formants - dhlo- Cz. bydlo );
bhavana-m “the development, becoming; dwelling, house (: Alb. bane , but M.Ir. būan
“unwavering, steadfast ” from * bhou- no-), ablaut. bhúvana -m “entity”;
O.Ind. bhū ́- f. “earth, world ”, bhū ́ mī , bhū ́ mih ̣ -, Av. ap. būmī -, Pers. būm “earth”, O.Ind.
bhū ́ man - n. “earth, world, being ” (= Gk. φῦμα), bhūma ́ n - m. “fullness, wealth, bulk, mass,
wealth “; pra-bhú-ḥ “mighty, salient “;
s-stem bhaviṣ -ṇu-ḥ “becoming, thriving ”, bhū ́ s ̣ ati “makes thrive, strengthens ”, bhūs ̣ ayati “
bedecks, blazons “, bhūs ̣ ana -m “amulet, jewellery ”.
The ī-basis *bh(e)u̯ī-, as it seems, in O.Ind. bō ́ bhavīti Intens. and bhávī -tva-ḥ “future”;
about Iran. bī-forms see under.
Arm. bois, gen. busoy ‘sprout, herb, plant ”, busanim “ burst forth, spring forth “, further
perhaps boin, gen. bunoi “nest” (*bheu- no-), zero grade bun, gen. bnoi ‘stem”.
Thrak. PN Κασί-βουνον .
Gk. φύω (Lesb. φυίω as Osc. fuia, see under), “beget” (Aor. ἔφυσα ), φύομαι “become,
grow” (compare Schwyzer Gk. I, 686), probably neologisms to Aor. ἔφῡν “was, became ”,
besides (neologism?) ἐφύην; φυτόν “growth, plant, kid, child, ulcer ”, φυή “growth; nature,
character ”, φῦμα n. “plant, growth, ulcer ”, φύσις “nature”, φῦλον n. ‘stem, gender, sex, kind
of”, φῡλή “ municipality and from it located department “ (:O.C.S. bylъ, l-participle bylьje);
lengthened grades *bhō[u]lo - perhaps in φωλεός , φωλειός “hiding place, nook, bolt-hole,

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den of wild animals ”, φωλεύω “ sleep in a cave “, φωλίς “ a sea fish which is hidden in the
mud “; but O.Ice. bōl n. “ a camp for animals and people “, is not from bōl (probably from
*bōÞla ) “dwelling” miscellaneous word; in addition zero grade Swe. dial. bylja, bölja ‘small
nest” from * bulja.
As 2. compound-part in ὑπερφυής , ὑπερ -φ[*F]ίαλος . About φῖτυ see under.
Illyr. VN Buni, PN Bοῦννος (: Alb. bunë ).
Messap. βύριον οἴκημα , βαυρία οἰκία Hes. (:O.H.G. būr);
Alb. buj, bûj (*bunjō ) ‘stay, stay overnight, spend the night “, burr, burrë (*buro- ) “man,
husband ”, banë “dwelling, abode, residence, half dilapidated house “ (*bhou̯onü : O.Ind.
bhavanam ), banoj ‘stay, dwell ”; bun(ë) “chalet” (*bhunü ); perhaps also bōte ̈ “earth, bottom,
world, people ” (*bhu̯ü -tü or *bhu̯ē -tü).
Note:
Clearly Alb. banë , Illyr. VN Buni, PN Bοῦννος , Messap. βύριον , Thrak. PN Κασί -βουνον
prove that Illyr. was indeed a satem language displaying also centum characteristics. The
common Alb. shift t > nt > n inherited from Illyr. and Thrac. proves the common origin of
those Balkan lang.
Lat. fuī (aLat. fūī) “I have been ” from *fū-ai, rearrangement of older Aor. *fūm (= Gk. ἔ-
φῡν, O.Ind. á-bhūt “ he was “), fu-tūrus “ future, about to be “, forem “would be ”, fore “ will
be “, aLat. Konj. fuam , fuat “be” (*bhuu̯üm ; compare Lith. bùvo “was” from * bhu-u̯üt),
besides - bam (*bhu̯üm : Osc. fu-fans “ they were “, O.Ir. -bü “ I was “) in legē-bam etc,
compare Lat.-fal. - bō (from *bhu̯ō ) in amü-bō, aLat. venī-bō, fal. pipafÞ etc with dem Ir. b-
future ( do-rīmiub “ I will enumerate “ from * to-rīm-ī-bu̯ō), intensive futüvit “ he/she was “;
Osc. fu-fans “ they were “, fu-fens “ they were “, fusíd = Lat. foret, fust (= Umbr. fust) “
he/she will be “ and “ he/she will have been “, fuid Konj.-perf. “ he/she will have been “; but
about futír “daughter ” s. Vetter Gl. 29, 235, 242 ff. against WH. I 557, 867;

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Umbr. fust “he/she is going to be ”, furent “ they are going to be “ (*fuset , *fusent ), fefure “
they will have been “, futu “ you will be “ (fuu̯etōd or fu-tōd).
A i̯o/ī- present to root *bhū ̆- : *bhu̯-ii̯ō lies before in Lat. fīō, fī̆erī “ of persons and things, to
be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be
valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen “, the ī instead of ĭ is correlated to fīs,
fīt (*bhu̯-ī-si, *bhu̯-ī-ti); Osc. fiiet (*bhu̯ii̯ent ) “ they become, they are made ”, Umbr. fito “ good
deeds, benefits? ”, fuia “ he/she will become, he/she will be made “, fuiest “ he/she will make
“ (*bhu-i̯ō besides * bhu̯ii̯ō as in Lesb. φυίω, see above);
Lat. nominal formation only in dubius “doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting;
uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful,
dangerous, critical “ (*du-bhu̯-ii̯o-s “ of double form, consisting of two parts “, compare
Umbr. di-fue “ split into two parts “ < *du̯i-bhui̯om ), probus “ good, excellent, fine; morally
good, upright, virtuous, right “ (*pro-bhu̯os : O.Ind. pra-bhú-ḥ “ salient, superb “), Osc. am-
prufid “ dishonest, lacking probity “, prúfatted “ has shown, marked, indicated, manifested,
proven “, Umbr. prufe “ upright, honest, proper “; Lat. super -bus “ haughty, exalted, proud;
arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid “.
About Lat. moribundus see Niedermann Me ́ l . Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.
O.Ir. baë “benefit” (*bhu̯ǝ -i̯om), būan ‘steadfast, good ” (*bhouno- , in addition Welsh bun
“queen, wife, woman ”); M.Ir. baile “home, place ” (*bhu̯ǝ -lii̯o-);
O.Ir. buith “be” (originally dat. of ü- stem both < *bhutü = Welsh bod, Corn. bos, Bret.
bout = O.Ir. both f. “cottage”, Welsh bod f. “dwelling”: Lith. bùtas “house”; moreover also
M.Ir. for-baid “ burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier ”), Fut. -bīa “ will be “ (= Lat. fiat), preterit 1.
sg. bü (*bhu̯üm ), 3. sg. boī (*bhōu ̯ e ), pass. preterit -both “ one was “ (*bhu- to-); the
paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es- and bheu- , e.g. hat 1.
sg. present Konj. O.Ir. bēu (*bh-esō) the anlaut related to bheu- ;

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O.Ir. -bīu “ I care to be “, M.Welsh bydaf , Corn. bethaf , M.Bret. bezaff ds. ( *bhu̯ii̯ō = Lat.
fīō, besides *bhu̯ī- in O.Ir. bīth, M.Welsh bit “ ([Imperative Future Tense] you will be “ = Lat.
fīt);
Gaul. PN Vindo-bios (*-bhu̯ii̯os ), compare Welsh gwyn-fyd “luck” (“weiße world” , byd),
O.Ir. su-b(a)e “pleasure, joy ” (*su-bhu̯ii̯o -), du-b(a)e (du = Gk. δυς-) “mourning, grief ”;
Goth. bauan ‘stay, dwell, inhabit ”, ald bauan “ lead a life “, gabauan “erect a house ”
(*bhōu ̯ ō , vocalism as in O.Ind. bhüvayati , bhüva -ḥ, Slav. baviti ),
O.Ice. būa (bjō, būinn ) ‘stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip “, O.E. būan and buw(i)an
(būde , gebūen ) ‘stay, dwell, farm” (besides O.E. bōgian , O.Fris. bōgia ‘stay, dwell ”, phonetic
type based on Goth. stōja from *stōwijō and ō as initial vowel), O.H.G. būan (būta, gibūan )
‘stay, dwell, farm ”, Ger. bauen ; O.Ice. byggja “ live at a place, farm, populate ”, later “
construct, build ” (from * buwwjan ?*bewwjan ?); O.Ice. bū n. “domicile, household “, O.E. bū
n. “dwelling” (pl. by n. of i-stem *būwi - = O.Ice. bȳr m. “dwelling, residential site, court “;
similarly Lith. būvis “ permanent stay, residence “), O.H.G. bū, M.H.G. bū, gen. būwes m.,
seldom n. “ tilling of the field , dwelling, edifice ”, Ger. Bau;
O.Ice. būð f. “dwelling, tent, cottage ”; O.S. bōÞ, M.L.G. bōde , M.H.G. buode and būde “
cottage, tent “, Ger. Bude (*bhō[u]-tü); M.L.G. bōdel “fortune”, bōl “estate”, O.E. bold and
botl n. “dwelling, house ”, *byldan , Eng. to build “to build”, O.Fris. bold and bōdel “house,
household utensil, household appliance, property ” (*bōÞla - from IE *bhō[u]tlo- and *buÞla -,
compare Lith. būkla ̀ and Westsl. bydlo ), also O.Ice. bōl n. “dwelling” [(see above also to bōl
“ den (of animals) “];
O.Ice. būr n. “ pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India) ”, O.E. būr m. “cottage,
room”, O.H.G. būr m. “house, cage ”, Ger. (Vogel-)Bauer , whereof O.H.G. nühgibūr , O.E.
nēahgebūr , Ger. Nachbar , Eng. neighbour and O.H.G. gibūr(o) , M.H.G. gebūr(e) , then būr,
Ger. Bauer “ farmer, peasant “;

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O.E. bēo “ I am “ (*bhu̯ii̯ō = Lat. fīō, O.Ir. -bīu), besides bēom , O.H.G. bim etc after * im
from * es- “be”, as O.H.G. bis(t) , O.E. bis after is.
Perhaps Goth. bagms , O.H.G. bōum , O.E. bēam “tree” from *bhou̯(ǝ)mo - “φυτόν” and
O.Ice. bygg n. “barley”, O.S. gen. PL bewō ‘sowing, seed, yield ”, O.E. bēow n. “barley”
(*bewwa- ) as “ the tilled, the sown “.
Maybe Alb. (*bēam ) bimë “plant”, Alb.Gheg ba “ripen, become ”, bafsh sub. “be! “
Lith. bū ́ ti (Ltv. bût, O.Pruss. boūt) “be”, bū ́ tu ̨ Supin. “to be” (O.Pruss. būton Inf.), participle
bū ́ tas “ been “, Fut. bū ́ siu (Ltv. bûšu ), preterit bùvo “he was” (compare also buvó -ju, -ti “
care to be “ and O.C.S. Iter. byvati) ; Opt. O.Pruss. bousai “he is”, preterit bēi, be “he was”
(from an expanded basis with -ēi-);
Lith. bū ̃ vis m. “being, life ”, buvine ́ti “ stay here and there a while “, O.Pruss. buwinait
“live!”;
Ltv. bûšana “being, entity, condition “, O.Pruss. bousennis ‘state, condition “; Lith. bùtas ,
O.Pruss. (acc. ) buttan “house”;
Lith. būklas (*būtla -) “ nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals “, pabū ̃ klas “ tool, utensil;
apparition, ghost ”, būkla ̀ , būkle ̃ “ presence (of mind), dwelling ”, E.Lith. búklė ds. (see above;
in addition buklùs “wise, sly, cunning ”);
O.C.S. byti “become, be ”, lo- participle bylъ “ been “ (therefrom bylьje “herb; healthy herb
“, compare to meaning φυτόν ), Aor. bě “was” (*bhu̯ē -t);
Imperf. běaše , Fut. participle Church Slavic byše ̨ šteje , byša ̨ šteje “τὸ μέλλον” , Kondiz. 3. pl.
bǫ (*bhu̯ü -nt), participle za-bъvenъ “forgotten ”, besides miscellaneous participle *byt e.g. in
Russ. zabūtyj “forgotten ”, compare in addition also Subst. Russ. bytъ “entity, way of life,
lifestyle “ under likewise, O.Pol. byto “nourishment, food ”, O.C.S. iz-bytъkъ “ affluence,
remnant “ under likewise, bytьje “ the existence “;

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maybe Alb. mbetje “residue, leftover ”, mbetet “is left”, mbeturinë “trash” [common Alb. b- >
mb- shift]
O.C.S. zabytь “ oblivion “, pobytь “victory”, prěbytь “abode, residence ”, Russ. bytь “entity,
creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact “; present O.C.S. bǫdǫ
“become, γίγνομαι”, as Fut.: “will become ” (if Lat. adj. in -bundus? );
maybe reduced Alb. (*bǫdǫ ) do Future: “will become ”
Kaus. O.C.S. izbaviti “free, release ” under likewise (: O.Ind. bhüva -yati, compare to
vocalism also Goth. bauan and O.C.S. zabava “ stay, activity, pastime ”); Cz. bydlo “
whereabouts, dwelling ”, Pol. bydɫo “cattle” (from *’state, prosperity, possessions “).
Maybe Alb. (*zabava ) zbavit “entertain, (*pastime) “
Perhaps here (Pedersen Toch. 2281) Toch. В pyautk- , A pyotk -, AB pyutk - “ come into
being “, med. “ bring about “.
From the basis bh(e)u̯ī-:
Pers. Imp. bī-d “be!”; O.Pers. Opt. bī-yüh is placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = O.Ind.
bhū-yü ́-ḥ, -t;
Gk. φῖτυ n. “germ, sprout, scion, shoot ” = φίτῡμα, φῑτύω “ produce, sow, plant ”;
Lith. alt. bit(i) “he was”, also Kondit. 1. pl. ( sùktum -) bime ; Ltv. biju, bija “I was, he was ”
(Ltv. bijü- extended from athemat. * bhu̯ī-); ablaut. O.Pruss. bēi, see above;
maybe Alb. bujis “germ, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom ”
O.C.S. Kondit. 2. 3. sg. bi “were, would be ” (*bhu̯ī-s, *bhu̯ī-t), wherefore secondary 1. sg.
bi-mь with primary ending .
References: WP. II 140 f., WH. I 375 f., 504 f., 557 f., 865, 867, EM. 812 f., 1004 f.,
Trautmann 40 f., Feist 83 f.

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bhēgh - : bhōgh -
English meaning: to resist
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘streiten”
Material: Gaul. bügaudae “ insurgent guerilla “ (suffix as in alauda , bascauda ), O.Ir. bügaid
“fights, brags, threatens “, büg f. “fight, struggle ”, M.Welsh bwyo (*bügi̯-) “hit”,
kymwy (: M.Ir. combüg ds.) “fight”, -boawc = M.Ir. bügach “ warlike “; whether Welsh bai
“fault, error ”, beio “rebuke” in addition belongs, it must contain IE *bhǝgh -;
O.H.G. bügan , (bügēn? ) ‘squabble, quarrel ”, O.Ice. büga , bæ ̄ gja “ oppose, resist ”, O.H.G.
büga “quarrel, fight ”, O.S. büg m. “ vainglory, boastfulness “, M.H.G. büc, -ges m. “ loud
yelling , quarrel “, O.Ice. büge , bügi “ adversary “, bügr “difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive ”; it
is presumed whether Gmc. family is not borrowed from Celt., ablaut Gmc. ē : Celt. ü (IE ō);
Ltv. buôztiês “ be angry “ (*bhōgh -), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118;
Russ. bazel “ bawler, crier “, bazgala “malicious ” (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242);
perhaps Toch. В pakwüre “evil, bad ” (Adverb), A pkänt “ hindrance “ (*bhǝgh -), Van
Windekens Lexique 85, 96.
References: WP. II 130.
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bhē ̆2, bhō ̆
English meaning: a kind of particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: Partikel especially the Beteuerung and Hervorhebung
Material: Av. bü, büt̃, bē, bōit̃ (the latter, as Lith. beĩ, probably with strengthening particle
*id) particles of the protestation and emphasis , büδa “ yea, in truth “ (“if O.Ind.
baḍham ?”Bartholomae Wb. 953);
Maybe emphasizing particle Alb. bah “absolutely not ” [Alb. preserved the old laryngeal -ḫ]
Arm. ba, bay emphasizing particle;
Goth. ba conditional particle (here i-ba, i-bai “ if, because? ” Konj. “ that not “, ni-ba, ni-
bai “ possibly not yet? ”, Konj. “if not”, ja-bai “if”, O.H.G. ibu, oba, M.H.G. ob(e) “if, whether ”
etc, s. Kluge11 422);
Lith. bà “yes, of course; certainly; sure “, ben “ at least, not only but also “, E.Lith. bè (=
O.Pruss. bhe), beĩ (see above) “and”, bè, bà, bès, baũ interrogative particle , O.Pruss. beggi
“for”; O.C.S. (etc) bo “for”, i-bo “καὶ γάρ”, u-bo “also”, ne-bo-nъ “for indeed “; changing
through ablaut Clr. ba “yes, of course; certainly; sure “, Cz. Pol. ba “ trusted, yea, in truth ”.
maybe Alb. po “if, whether, yes ” : Pol. ba “ yea, in truth ”.
References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.
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bhē- : bhō -
English meaning: to warm, fry, *bath
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wärmen, rösten”
Note:
From Root bhē- : bhō- : “to warm, fry, *bath ” : Root bhoso -s : “naked” derived from Ossetic:
bægnæg [adj] “naked” of Root nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o -, nogʷ-no- : naked” common Indo Iranian
m-/n- > bh phonetic mutation : Gk.-Illyr. βαγαρόν χλιαρόν.
Material: O.H.G. büen , büjan , Ger. bähen (*bhēi̯ō ) “ warm with covers, bake bread “, in
addition with IE-to-suffix O.Ice. bađ “ steam bath “, O.S. bath, O.E. bæÞ , O.H.G. bad ‘spa,
bath”; in addition also Nor. dial. bara “ clean with warm water “, Swe. bara “warm up “.
Note:
The cognates O.Ice. bađ “ steam bath “, O.S. bath, O.E. bæÞ , O.H.G. bad ‘spa, bath” are
created according to Alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d ; maybe euphemistic Alb. mbath “get
dressed, wear ”, zbath “get naked, get undressed (to have a bath?) ”
Root bhē- : bhō- : “to warm, fry, *bath ” : Root bhoso -s : “naked” as in : O.H.G. bar “naked,
bare” (*baza- ), Ger. bar, O.E. bær, O.Ice. berr “naked, bare ”; Lith. bãsas , Ltv. bass , O.C.S.
bosъ “ barefoot “; Arm. bok “ barefoot “ (*bhoso -go-).
thereof with g-extension bhōg-
in Gk. φώγω “roast, fry ”, O.E. bacan, bōc , O.H.G. bahhan , O.Ice. baka , -ađa ds., M.H.G.
sich becheln “ bask, get warm, lounge in the sun “; besides with intensive consonant-
sharpening O.H.G. backan , Ger. backen ;
Gk.-Illyr. βαγαρόν χλιαρόν ; Λάκωνες Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175);
In addition perhaps (as “ burning desire, ardent wish “) Russ. bažítь , baža ́ tь “ wish, want,
whereupon starve “, Cz. bažiti , perf. zabahnouti “ ask for something “.

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bhidh -
English meaning: vessel, cauldron
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Topf, Kũbel, Faß”
Note: From an early root * bhegh- [common Illyr. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation] derived Root
bhedh -2 : “to bow, bend ”, Root bhadh -sko- : “bundle, heap ” and in - i grade Root bhidh - :
vessel, cauldron (see above).
Material: Gk. πίθος n. “barrel, vat, cask, wine cask “, πιθάκνη , Att. φιδάκνη ds., Lat. fidēlia
(*fides-liü) “ earthenware vessel, pot, pan ”; presumably O.Ice. biða f. “milk tub “, Nor. bide
n. “butter tub ” (*bidjan -), bidne n. “vessel”.
There from Lat. fiscus “ a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under
the empire, the emperor ’s privy purse “, fiscina “ a small basket “ (from * bhidh-sko- ) may be
reconstructed for its family a basic meaning “ twisted vessel “, it belongs probably to a root
bheidh- “bind, flax, wattle, braid ”.
References: WP. II 185, WH. I 492 f., 506.
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bhili-, bhilo -
English meaning: harmonious, friendly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ebenmäßig, angemessen, gut, freundlich”
Material: M.Ir. bil (*bhi-li-) “good” , Gaul. Bili- in PN Bili-catus , Bilicius etc, O.H.G. bila- “kind,
gracious ”, newer bili-, bil- in 1. part of people ’s name ; O.E. bile-wit ‘simple, just, innocent ” =
M.H.G. bilewiz, bilwiz “fairy demon, ghost ” (lit. “good ghost”); O.H.G. bil-līch “proper”;
abstract noun * biliÞō in O.S. unbilithunga “ unconventionality “, M.H.G. unbilde, unbilede n.
“ wrong; injustice, the incomprehensible “, Ger. Unbilde , to adjective M.H.G. unbil “ unjust;
unfair “, substantivized Swiss UnbIllyr. About Ger. Bild see under bhei(ǝ) - “hit”, wherefore
R. Loewe (KZ. 51, 187 ff.) will place also Unbilde .
Gk. φίλος “ dear, friend “ etc places Kretschmer (IF. 45, 267 f.) as pre Greek to lyd. bilis
“be”; against it Loewe aaO., which explains the stress of the first syllable from the vocative .
References: WP. II 185, Kluge11 under Bild, billig, Unbill, Weichbild.
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bhlagh -men-
English meaning: priest
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zauberpriester ”; originally probably Neutrum “Opferhandlung ”
Note:
Root bhlagh -men- : “priest” derived from the extended Root bhlaĝ - : “to hit”, meaning Aryan
priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through immolatIon.
Material: O.Ir. brahmán - m. “magic priest ”, bráhman - n. ‘spell, charm, devotion “; Messap.
βλαμινι “priest”; Lat. flümen , -inis m. “the priest of some particular god, sacrificial priest ” (not
the old *- ēn).
Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and
Indic this is equation of the preferred explanation of flümen from *bhlüd -(s)men , angebl. “
sacrifice, immolation “ (to Goth. blōtan “ worship “, O.N. blōta , O.E. blōtan , O.H.G. bluozan
‘sacrifice”, O.N. blōt n. ‘sacrifice, oblation ” [-es-stem, compare finn. luote “ chant,
incantation “ from Proto-Gmc. *blōtes ], O.H.G. bluost ar n. ds., etc). compare also Dume ́ zil
REtIE. 1, 377, still compares Arm. baɫjal “ strive after “.
Maybe Alb. lut “chant, pray ” : finn. luote “ chant, incantation “
References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a.
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bhlaĝ -
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Material: Lat. flagrum “whip, scourge ”, flagellum ds. “a whip, scourge; the thong of a javelin;
a young sprout, vine-shoot; plur. the arms of a polypus; fig. “the sting of conscience ”, with
lengthened grade probably flügitō, -üre “ to entreat, ask, demand earnestly; to demand to
know; to summon before a court of justice “ (originally probably with blows and threats),
flügitium “ a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace; meton., scoundrel, rascal
“ (originally “ public castigation and suppression “; conflages “ places exposed to all the
winds, place blown by the winds ” Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil for conflūgēs );
Maybe Alb. flak “hurl”
O.Ice. and nNor. dial. blaka, blakra “ strike back and forth, fan, flutter, flap “, O.Ice. blak
“blow, knock ”, O.Ice. blekkja (*blakjan ) “hit” (Nor. “flicker”), Swe. dial. bläkkta (*blakatjan ),
M.Du. blaken “fan, flutter, shiver ” (in Gmc. phonetic coincidence with the family of O.Ice.
blakra “blink, glitter, flash ” etc, see below * bheleg- ‘shine”; so is e.g. Nor. blakra “fan” as
well as ‘shine”).
Lith. blaškau ̃ and bloškiu ̀ (-šk- from -ĝ-sq-) “ fling sidelong, travel here and there, run
around here and there “.
References: WP. II 209, WH. I 511 f.
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bhlei -2
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufblasen, schwellen, strotzen, ũberfließen”
Note: extension from bhel - ds.
Material: Nor. dial. bleime , O.S. blēma “ bleb on the skin “ (compare Nor. bläema ds. under
bhel-, bh(e)lē-); Dan. blegn (e) “vesicle” (*blajjinōn ), O.E. blegen f., Eng. blain , M.L.G.
bleine , older Dan. blen(e) , O.S. blena “vesicle” (*blajinōn ).
That Gk. φλῑά: “ door pillar, door post “ eig. “(* tumid =) thick balk, beam ” is required only
of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz2 and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *bhlī-u̯ü or -sü); τὰ φλιμέλια
“haematoma, effusion of blood ” is corrupted from Lat. flēmina “a bloody swelling or
congestion of blood about the ankles ”.
bhleis -: O.Ice. blīstra “blow, whistle ”? (compare Goth. -blēsan under bhel-, bh(e)l-ē-; new
variation with i to the imitation of the bright tone?); perhaps Serb. blîhüm , blíhati “flood; spit;
have diarrhea ”; blîhnēm , blíhnuti ‘splash, spray ”, Bulg. bličъ́ , blíknъ , blíkvam “ pours out of
me, flows out “ (if not as Proto-Slav. *blychajǫ to u-variant from Gk. φλύω etc).
bhleid - (presumably d-present * bhli-d-ō).
Gk. φλιδάω “ overflow of humidity, thereof swell up “, ἔφλιδεν διέρρεεν Hes.,
διαπέφλοιδεν διακέχυται Hes., πεφλοιδέναι φλυκτανοῦσθαι Hes., φλοιδάω , -έω, -ιάω
“ferment, seethe, boom, blaster ”, ἀφλοισμός ‘scum, froth, foam, slobber ” (α- = n̥ “ἐν”);
presumably also φλοῖσβος “ surging of the sea, the tumult of fighting ”, πολύφλοισβος
θάλασσα (*φλοιδσβος , forms after onomatopoeic words as κόναβος , ἄραβος ?); common
Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
perhaps here M.Ir. blüed “ bellowing, braying, roar “ (out of it Welsh bloedd ds.);

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bhleiq -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: extension from bhlē ̆ i- (: bhel-) ds., as bhlē ̆ ig ̂ -.
Material: O.E. bæ ̄ lge (*blaigi̯ōn -) “ gudgeon (type of freshwater fish) “; mnl. M.L.G. blei(g)
and bleger , Ger. Bleihe, Blei “fish names “; besides M.H.G. blicke “ carp “,
Ger. Blicke (Nor. dial. blekka , Ger. Blecke “dace (*white fish) ” from the e-root bhleg-? ); in
other meaning change ( ‘shine : glance, look ”) O.Ice. blīgr “ looking staringly and rigidly “,
blīgja ‘stare”
In addition Russ. blëknutь “bleach, fade, wither, wilt ”, blëklyj ‘sallow, paled, faint, languid,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “, blëkotъ “ fool’s parsley, Aethusa cynapium “, Pol. blaknąć “
fade, expire “.
References: WP. II 211.
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bhlendh -
English meaning: pale, reddish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fahl, rötlich” ; “undeutlich schimmern ”; “trũbe sein or machen” (also
durch Umrũhren of water etc); “ irren, schlecht sehen ”; “Dämmerung”
Note: It belongs probably to bhel-1.
Material: O.Ind. bradhná -ḥ (*bhl̥ndh -no-) “reddish, dun ”;
Gmc. *blundaz (*bhl̥ndh -o) in M.Lat. blundus , Ital. biondo , Fr. blond , from which M.H.G.
blunt , Ger. blond ;
Goth. blinds “blind”, O.Ice. blindr “blind, undistinguishable “, O.S. O.E. blind , O.H.G. blint
“blind”, also “dark, cloudy, dull, not obvious ”; Goth. blandan sik “ mingle, diffuse, intermingle
“, O.Ice. blanda “mix” (blendingr “ mixture “), O.S. O.E. blandan , O.H.G. blantan , M.H.G.
blanden “mix, tarnish “ (Ger. Blendling “ hybrid, mongrel, half breed “); to Gmc. a compare
the iterative-causative: O.H.G. blendan (*blandjan) “darken, blind ”, O.E. blendan “blind” (:
blandūtis , O.C.S. bląditi ); O.Ice. blunda “close the eyes ”, blundr “ slumber “, M.Eng.
blundren ‘stir, bewilder ”, nEng. blunder “ be grossly mistaken, wander “;
Lith. blendžiu ̀ , blę̃sti ‘sleep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy “, Ltv.
blendu , blenst “ have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted “; Lith. blandaũ̃s , -ūtis “ low the eyes
down, be ashamed “, Ltv. bluôdîties “ds.; roam, be ashamed “,
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*flenj) flê, Tosc fle “die, sleep ”; [rare Alb. ph- > f- phonetic mutation, found
in Gk. and Lat.]
Lith. blañdas ‘sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness “, blandùs “ dim, cloudy, thick (soup),
murky; dark ”; Lith. blį́sta , blíndo , blísti “ dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark; become cloudy,
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prūblindė (and prieblandà ) “dusk, twilight ”; here also bliñdė , blendìs , blùndė “ sallow “;
maybe Alb.Gheg blî, blini , Tosc bliri “linden tree ” n/r stem
O.C.S. blędǫ , blęsti “err; wander; πορνεύειν” , blędь “gossip, prank ”, Slov. blé-dem, blésti
“maunder, drivel , fantasize ”, O.Cz. blésti (2. sg. bledeš ) “maunder, drivel “; O.C.S. blǫdъ “
debauchery, depravity, adultery ”, Pol. bɫąd “ mistake, delusion “, O.C.S. blǫždǫ , blǫditi “ err,
indulge in debauchery “, Ser.-Cr. blúdīm , blúditi “err, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress “
etc.
maybe Alb.Gheg blê, Tosc blenj “(*cheat), barter, buy ” similar shift of the meaning in Gk.
ἤπαφον “ cheat, barter, exchange “.
References: WP. II 216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Decl. 58, 117.
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bhles -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: : up to now only in the Gmc. provable extension from bhel- ‘shine”
Material: M.H.G. blas “naked, bald, bleak, pallid ” (Ger. blaß) n. “torch, burning candle ”, O.E.
blæse “torch, fire ”, Eng. blaze “blaze, glow; white forehead spot “,
O.H.G. blas-ros “horse with with a bright spot” (with a bright spot on the forehead), M.L.G.
bles, blesse (*blasjō ) “paleness ”, O.Ice. *bles- in blesōttr “ marked with a white spot “ and in
compound on -blesi.
References: WP. II 217.
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bhleu -(k)-, (-s-)
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen”
Note: extension from bhel- ‘shine”.
Material: *bhleu-s - in Gk. περι-πεφλευσμένος πυρί “ blazed by the fire “, ἐπέφλευσε ,
περιφλύ̄ω “ sear all around “; O.Ice. blys n. “flame”, O.E. blȳsa m. “flame, torch ”, M.L.G.
blūs “torch”, O.E. blyscon “blush”, Eng. blush.
*bhleu -k- in M.H.G. bliehen “ burning luminously “, O.H.G. bluhhen.
The WestSlav. forms as Cz. blūštěti ‘shimmer”, blūskati ‘shine” (besides O.C.S. blъštati
etc, see below *bhleiĝ -) are against it probably reshuffling after *lyskati , Pol. ɫyskać “flash,
shine” etc - meaning not direct accordingly, respectively only from a primordial meaning
‘shine” to justify, Trautmann GGA. 1911, 245 compares with M.H.G. bliehen: Lith. blunkù ,
blù̀kti “ become pale, lose one ’s color “.
References: WP. II 214.
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bhleu -
English meaning: to blow; to swell, flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufblasen (schnauben, brũllen), schwellen, strotzen, ũberwallen,
fließen”
Note: extension from bhel- “(inflate, bloat), swell up ”
Material: Gk. φλέ(F)ω “ to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
brimful “, Υλεύς (*Υληυς, lengthened grade), ephes. Υλέως (*ΥληFος) epithet of Dionysos
as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also Att. φλέως, jon. φλοῦς “
reed plant “;
φλοίω (*φλοFι̯ω) ‘swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be in
bloom, blossom ”, ὑπέρφλοιος “ growing excessively “ or “ exceedingly succulent “, Υλοῖος,
Υλοία “epithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities “ probably also φλοιός ,
φλόος “bark, husk ”;
changing through ablaut φλύω “ surge up , bubble, chat; be fruitful “, ἀποφλύειν
ἀπερεύγεσθαι Hes. φλύος m. “gossip”, φλύᾱξ “gossip, prank; buffoon “;
Lith. bliáuju , blióviau , bliáuti “roar, bellow, bleat ”, bliū ́ vauti “roar, bellow ”, Ltv. bl”aûnu ,
bl”aût ds.; O.C.S. bl”ujǫ, bl”ьvati ‘spit, vomit ” (based on old preterite stem, compare Lith.
bliùvo from IE *bhluu̯ü -); in addition perhaps also O.Pruss. bleusky “reed” (would be correct
in the meaning to Gk. φλέως!).
With a s-extension nd. blũstern “violent blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort ”, Eng. bluster
“boom, blaster, rant, roister ” and Ser.-Cr. bljuzgati “ stream noisily, chat silly stuff “; also
Ser.-Cr. blíhati etc? (see under bhlei-s -).

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With dental formant: M.H.G. blōdern “chat, prate ”? (rather new onomatopoeic word;
compare Kluge11 under plaudern ); rather Swiss bloder “big bubble etc ”, blodern “effervesce,
surge, boil ”, Ger. Pluderhosen ; perhaps Ser.-Cr. blútiti “ speak absurd, speak inappropriate
“, Berneker 62; about O.H.G. blüt(t)ara “bubble” (*blē-drō-) s. S. 121;
with -d- (originally present forming?): φλυδάω “ flows about, dissolves, become soft ”,
φλυδαρός “ muddy, sludgy, slushy, squashy, squishy, slobbery, sloppily ”, ἐκφλυνδάνειν “
break open, from ulcers “.
g-extension bhleugʷ - (compare the root form bhlegʷ -):
Gk. οἰνό-φλυξ “ wine-drunken “; φλύζω “ to bubble up, boil up, surge up, overflow, also
with words ”; φλυκτίς, φλύκταινα “bubble”; but πομ-φόλυξ “blister, shield hump “ stays away;
Lat. fluō, -ere, flūxi, flūctum , newer flūxum “to flow; of a solid object, to flow, drip with any
liquid, stream, pour; of abstr. things, to proceed, issue, spread; of circumstances, to tend; of
language, to flow; to sink, droop ”, flūctus , -ūs “current, wave, a streaming, flowing. Transf.,
commotion, disturbance ”, flūmen (*fleugsmen ) “ flowing water; hence a river, stream” ,
conflūgēs aLat. “confluence of two stretches of water ”, fluvius “river” (from present fluō
from), flustra nom. PL “ calm (at sea) “ (*flugstrom ); if here (with nasalization) Welsh blyngu
“ become angry “, blwng “angry, irate ”, Bret. blouhi “rebuke”?
References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372.
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bhlē ̆ d -, bhl̥d-
English meaning: to boil; to chatter, boast
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufsprudeln, heraussprudeln, also von Worten ”
Material: Gk. φλέδων “ babbler “, φλεδών “gossip”; φληδ῵ντα ληροῦντα Hes.; παφλάζω
“bubble, seethe, foam ”; moreover also Aor. φλαδεῖν (intrans.) “tear”; compare to meaning
Lat. fragor “a breaking; a noise of breaking, crack, crash ”;
with varying lengthened grade bhlōd - O.Ir. indlüidi “brags, boasts “, indlüdud “ boasting “
(*ind-blüd- “ puff oneself up or make inflated words “) and Ltv. blüdu , blüzt “chat”;
zero grade O.H.G. uz-ar-pulzit “ boil, bubble out “;
Ger. platzen , plätschern are probably certainly of new onomatopoeic word formatIon.
References: WP. II 210, 216, WH. I 515, 518.
See also: to bhel-3.
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bhlē ̆ ig ̂ -, bhlīg ̂ -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: extension from bhlē ̆ i- ds., as bhleiq -
Material: O.E. blīcan ‘shine”, as, blīkan ‘shine”, O.H.G. blīhhan st.-V. “ become pallid “,
M.H.G. blīchen st.-V. ‘shine, blush ”, O.Ice. blīkja , bleik “appear, gleam, shine ”;
O.Ice. bleikr , O.E. blüc, O.H.G. bleih “pallid, pale, wan ”; O.H.G. bleihha “ dace, roach “, Nor.
bleikja and blika ds.; O.Ice. blik n. “bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating “,
O.H.G. bleh “(*shiny) thin metal panel “, Ger. Blech , M.L.G. blick ds.; O.E. blike m. ( *bliki- )
“bare place “; O.H.G. blic, -eches “ quick highlight, flash, lightning ”, M.H.G. blic, -ekes
“lustre, shine, look, lightning ”, Ger. Blick , O.H.G. blecchazzen (*blekatjan ), M.H.G. bliczen ,
Ger. blitzen ; O.S. bliksmo “lightning”, O.S. blixa “blink”, Mod.Swe. also “flash”.
Lith. blizgù , -e ́ti “flicker, shine ”, blūškiu , blyške ́ti ‘sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine ”, blykštu ̀ ,
blyškau ̃ , blỹkšti “blanch, pale ”, ablaut. blaikštau ̂ s , -ūtis “clear up, of the sky ”; Ltv. blaiskums
‘spot, mark ”, meln-blaiskaińš “dark grey ”.
R.C.S. blěskъ “lustre, shine ” (*bhloiĝ -sko- ); changing through ablaut O.C.S. bliskъ
“lustre, shine ” and *blьskъ in Cz. blesk , gen. old blsku “lightning”, O.C.S. blьšto ̨, blьštati
‘shine”, Iter. bliscajǫ, bliscati sę.
References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun2 133, Specht
Decl. 144.
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bhlē ̆ i -1 : bhlǝi - : bhlī -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen” , also von Narben
Note: extension from bhel- ds.
Material: Gmc. *blīÞia - (*bhlei-tio- or rather *bhlī-tio- ) “light, cheerful, fair (of sky, heaven,
then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful “ in Goth. bleiÞs “ merciful, mild ”,
O.Ice. blīðr “mild (of weather), friendly, pleasant ”, O.E. blīÞe “cheerful, friendly ”, O.H.G. blīdi
“cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly ”, O.S. blīthōn , O.H.G. blīden “ be glad “.
As. blī n. “paint, color ”, adj. “ coloured “, O.Fris. blī(e)n “paint, color ”, bli “beautiful ”, O.E.
blēo n. “paint, color, apparition, form ” (probably * blīja-).
On account of Gmc. *blīwa “lead” (O.H.G. blīo, -wes, O.S. blī, O.Ice. blȳ) with Lith. blývas
“purple, mauve, violet-blue “ corresponding color adj. with formants -u̯o- of our root (to
accept Ger. blau congruent, indeed unoccupied Celt. *blīu ̯ o - from *bhlē-u̯o- as wellspring,
was conceivable), would be debatable, but the most likely .
Here (after Specht Decl. 117) Russ. bli-zná “ thread break, flaw in fabric “, Cz. Pol. bli-
zna ‘scar”; because of the parallel forms under bhlēu -1 barely with WH. I 517 to bhlīg ̂ -.
Lith. blūvas “purple, mauve, violet-blue “; perhaps Lith. blaĩvas ‘sober” (if not as * blaid -
vas to related *bhlǝido -s), blaivaũs , -ūtis “ clear up, become sober “; perhaps Ltv. blīne ̂ t “
lurk, a furtive (glance), blink ”.
Toch. A. plyaskeṃ “meditation ”?? (Van Windekens Lexique 97).
References: WP. II 210.
See also: see also under bhlēu -1 and bhlǝido -s.
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bhlēu -1 : bhlǝu - : bhlū -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”, also von weißem Hautausschlag, Narben, Schinn etc
Note: derivatives to bhel-1 .
Material: Russ. blju-šč “ivy” (Specht Decl. 117); Pol. bɫysk (*bhlū -sk-) “lightning”; sorb. bl”u-
zná ‘scar”, wRuss. blu-zná “ weaving flaw “; Ltv. blau-zgas, blau-znas , Lith. blù-zganos “
dandruff “, Ltv. blū-zga “ peeling skin “, blu-zga “ small particles, drill dust “ etc
Maybe Alb. bluanj “ grind, mill “
References: Specht Decl. 117.
See also: compare the parallel formation under bhlēi -1.
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bhlēu -2 : bhlǝu - : bhlū -
English meaning: bad
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwach, elend ” (probably from “geschlagen ”)
Note: bh(e)lēu- is apparent, manifest, obvious parallel formation to bheleu - “hit”.
Material: Gk. φλαῦρος , φαῦλος (both dissimil. from * φλαῦλος ) ‘slight, evil, bad ”;
Goth. blauÞian “abolish” (lit. “make weak ”), O.Ice. blauðr “timorous ”, O.E. blēað “ daft,
shy”, with i̯o-suffix O.S. blōdi “ shamefaced “, O.H.G. blōdi , M.H.G. blæde “frail, breakable,
shy, timid ”, Ger. blöde ;
besides IE *bhlǝu -to- stands a d- extension in O.Ice. blautr “ mushy, softish, delicate,
mollycoddle, timorous ”, O.E. blēat “arm, woeful, wretched, miserable “, M.N.Ger. blōt,
M.H.G. blōz “bare”, Ger. bloß (O.H.G. bloß with strange meaning ‘stout, proud ”);
lengthened grade bhlēu - in O.E. un-blēoh “fearless” (suffix -ko-), with gramm. variation;
O.Ice. bljūgr “timid”, blygð “the genitals ” (*ƀleugiÞō ), changing through ablaut O.H.G. blūgo
adv., M.H.G. blūc, bliuc ‘shy”, O.H.G. blūgisōn , blūchisōn “doubt”, O.E. blycgan (*blugjan )
“frighten” (trans.); compare Lith. blúkštu , -šti “ become limp “.
References: WP. II 208 f., Hirt IE Gk. II 150, Feist 99, Specht Decl. 133.
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bhlē-u̯o-s
English meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)
Deutsche Übersetzung: von lichten Farben “blau, gelb, blond ”
Note: also bhl̥̄-u̯o-s, bhlē-ro-s, bhlō-ro-s, derivatives from the root bhel-1 , bhelǝ -
Material: Lat. flüvus “ golden brown, red-yellow, blond “, Osc. Flaviies G. sg. “of or
belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family ” (from IE *bhl̥̄-), besides fulvus “
red-yellow, brown-yellow “ from *bhl̥-u̯o-s; flōrus “ yellow “, also PN, from * bhlōros = Gaul.
*blüros (Wartburg), M.Ir. blür “ forehead with white spot, spot, field “, Welsh blawr “gray”,
besides *bhlē -ro- in M.L.G. blüre “paleness, blessige, white spotted cow ”.
Maybe Alb. bl̃erónj “ blossom, be green ” (see below Root bhlǝido -s : “pale”)
O.H.G. blüo, Ger. blau (M.H.G. blü also “gold, yellow ”), O.E. *blüw or *blæ ̄ w , O.Ice. blür
“blue” from *bhlē-u̯o-s; s. also S. 155;
O.Ir. blü “yellowish? ” is late O.E. Lw.? About Gmc. *blīwa - “lead” see under bhlei-1 .
Lith. blãvas , Ltv. blãvs “ bluish, gold, yellow ” are Gmc. Lw.
References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.
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bhlē-
English meaning: to howl, weep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heulen, laut weinen, blöken”
Material: Lat. fleō, flēre (*bhlēi̯ō ) “ to weep; to drip, trickle; transit., to weep for, lament,
bewail; flendus, to be lamented “;
Ltv. blêju , blêt “bleat”;
R.C.S. blěju , blějati “bleat” (besides Ser.-Cr. bléjīm , bléjati “bleat” etc, with ĕ);
M.H.G.blæ ̄ jen “bleat” (Gmc. *blējan = Lat. fleō); O.H.G. blüzan , nnd. blässen , O.E. blæ ̄ tan ,
Eng. to bleat “bleat”, O.E. blagettan , blæ ̄ gettan “cry”, N.Ger. blage n. “kid, child ”; M.H.G.
blēren , blerren “bleat, cry ”;
Maybe Alb. (*blæ ̄ ge -) blegërij “bleat”
Ger. plärren , plären (also “weep, cry ”), Dutch blaren “bleat”, Eng. to blare “roar, bellow ”;
changing through ablaut M.H.G. blũrjen , blũelen (*blōljan ), dissimil. brũelen “roar, bellow ”;
zero grade M.H.G. bral ‘shriek”, schwäb. brallǝ “cry”.
References: WP. II 120, WH. I 516.
See also: compare bhel-6 and the onomatopoeic words blē-.
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bhlǝido -s
English meaning: pale
Deutsche Übersetzung: “licht, blaß”
Note: to bhlēi - ‘shine”, from extension root form *bhlēi -d-
Material: O.C.S. blědъ “pallid, pale, wan ” = O.E. blüt “pallid, livid ”; O.H.G. bleizza
“paleness ”. Perhaps Lith. blaĩvas ‘sober” (if from * blaid-vas ; or from the an extension root
bhlei -, s. d.),
blaivaũs , -ūtis “ become sober; clear up, from the sky “. Alb. bl̃erónj “ blossom, be green ”
from adj. *bl̃erë from * bled-rë (e = IE ai or oi), bl̃éhurë “pale, wan, pallid ”.
In addition probably the Illyr. PN Blaedarus.
Note:
Alb. is one of Illyr. dialects.
Alb. also shows that Root bhlǝido -s : “pale”, derived from Root bhlē-u̯o-s : “a kind of colour
(blue, gold) ”.
References: WP. II 217, Trautmann 34, Specht Decl. 197.
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bhlīg ̂ - (: *bhlēig -)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, schmeißen”
Note: also bhlīg ̂ u ̯ - (Gk. Celt.), to indicate from u̯o- present *bhlīg ̂ -u̯ō.
Material: Äol. Ion. φλί̄βω “push, press, squeeze ” (about θλί̄βω see under dhlas - “contuse,
squeeze “); Welsh blif m. “catapult, pallista ”, blifaidd “quick, fast ”;
Lat. flīgō, -ere “hit, beat or dash down ” (*bhlīg ̂ ō , or at most with through flīxi, flīctum
assesses u̯- loss from * fligu̯ō );
maybe Alb. ( *bhlēīg ̂-) mbledh “ squeeze (the hand into a fist) ” [common Alb. -ĝ > -dh shift]
Ltv. blaîzît ‘squeeze, clash, hit ”, bliêzt “hit”; O.C.S. blizь, blizъ adv. “ nigh, near “ (lit. “
adjacent “).
References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.
See also: about Russ. blizná see under bhlē ̆ i -1.
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bhog -
English meaning: running water
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließendes Wasser, Bach”
Material: M.Ir. búal f. “running water ” (*bhoglü ), búar m. “diarrhoea ” (*bhogro- ); Proto-Gmc.
*baki- , O.H.G. bah, Ger. Bach , besides *bakja- in O.Ice. bekkr , O.E. becc m. ds.
With regard to O.Ind. bhaŋga ́ -ḥ, Lith. bangà “billow” could be related to the root bheg - “
shatter, break, rupture ”.
References: WP. II 149 f., 187.
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bholo -
English meaning: smoke, steam?
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “Dunst, Dampf, warm aufsteigender Geruch ”??
Material: it is associated perhaps O.Ir. bolad , Ir. boladh and baladh ‘smell, odor ” and Ltv.
buls, bula “ misty muggy air, height smoke, dryness “;
it could form the basis IE bhol- (Irish): bhel- (Ltv.); perhaps is with above etymology also
Peterssons Etym. Miszellen 34 connection of buls with combinable Arm. bal “ fog, mist,
darkness “ (if originally “haze, mist ”)?
References: WP. II 189.
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bhorgʷo -s
English meaning: unfriendly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “barsch, unfreundlich ”
Material: Arm. bark “violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste ” (*bhr̥gʷos ); O.Ir.
borb, borp “crazy”; M.Ir. borb (*burbo- , IE *bh orgʷo-) “raw, ignorant ”, Ltv. bar̂gs ‘stern, hard,
unfriendly, pitiless “; Swe. dial. bark “ willful, unfriendly person “, barkun “rough, harsh ”.
References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.
See also: compare also bhag-2 .
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bhoso -s
English meaning: naked
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nackt”
Note:
From Root bhē- : bhō- : “to warm, fry, *bath ” : Root bhoso -s : “naked” derived from Ossetic:
bægnæg [adj] “naked” of Root nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o -, nogʷ-no- : naked” common Indo Iranian
m-/n- > bh phonetic mutatIon.
Material:
Avestan: LAv. maɣna- [adj] “naked” (< PIr. *magna- )
Khotanese: būnaa - [adj] “naked” (< PIr. *bagnaka- )
Sogdian: (Buddh.) βɣn”k [adj] “naked”, (Chr.) βɣny [adj] “naked”
Middle Persian: brahnag [adj] “naked” (with secondary -r-)
Ossetic: bægnæg [adj] “naked”
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. βɣnn”k [adj] “naked”
O.H.G. bar “naked, bare ” (*baza- ), Ger. bar, O.E. bær, O.Ice. berr “naked, bare ”; Lith.
bãsas , Ltv. bass , O.C.S. bosъ “ barefoot “; Arm. bok “ barefoot “ (*bhoso -go-).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*bhas- ) zbath- “barefoot”, mbath “wear shoes ” [common Alb. -s > -th shift]
: Ltv. bass “ barefoot “.
As Gk. ψ-ιλός probably to bhes- “abrade, scrape “ (and “ grind “), also originally from
barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414.
References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.
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bhōi- : bhǝi- : bhī- (bhii̯ǝ -)
English meaning: to fear
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich fũrchten”
Material: O.Ind. bháyatē “be afraid “ (from *bhǝi̯etai = Slav. bojetъ), Av. bayente , byente
“they are in fear ”, M.Pers. bēsünd “ they are in fear “ (urIran. *bai-sk̂-); O.Ind. bibhē ́ ti “ be
afraid “, sek. to initial perf. m. Präsensbed. bibhü ́ ya “I am in fear ” (bibhīyüt , bibhītana ,
abibhēt , participle bibhīvün = Av. biwivü ̊ “ were afraid “); O.Ind. bhiyüna ́ -ḥ “ were afraid “;
bhī́-ḥ f., bhīti-ḥ f. (: Ltv. Inf. bîtiês ) “fear”, bhīma ́ -ḥ “dreadful”, bhīta ́ -ḥ “ were afraid, horrified “,
bhīru ́ -ḥ “timorous, shy, coward ” (if r = IE l, changing through ablaut with Lith. báilė , bailùs );
Pers. bük “fear” (from *bháyaka -); with IE simplification of üi to ü before consonant here
O.Ind. bhü ́ ma -ḥ perhaps “fierceness, fury ”, bhümita ́ -ḥ “fierce, grim ”.
Gk. πίθηκος , πίθων m. “ape” (from *πιθος “ugly”, zero grade *bhidh -).
Lat. foedus (*bhoidhos ) “ foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting “.
O.H.G. bibēn , O.S. bibōn , O.E. beofian , O.Ice. bifa, -aða and bifra (these in ending
directed after * titrōn “tremble”) to urg. *ƀiƀai -mi; *ƀiƀōn is probably only after to the other
coexistence from -ōn- and -ēn- secondary verb besides one from the Perfect form
developed grade *ƀiƀēn .
Bal.-Slav. originally present *bhǝi̯̯ō -, preterit-stem * bhii̯ü -, Inf. *bhītēi ; O.Pruss. biütwei
“fear, dread ”, kausat. pobaiint “punish, curse ”; Lith. bijaũs , bijótis (also not reflexive) “be
afraid”, Ltv. bîstuôs , bijuôs , bîtiês and bijüjuo ̂ s , bijâtiês “be afraid ”; Lith. baijùs “dreadful,
terrible, hideous ”; baidaũ , -ūti “frighten”, Ltv. baĩdu , baĩdŷt and biêdêt “daunt, scare ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg mbajt “be afraid ”, nuk ma mban “I am afraid ”

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in addition Lith. baisà “fright” (*baid-s -ü), baisùs “terrible, horrid ”, baisióti ‘smudge, besmear ”
(and O.C.S. běsъ “devil” , *běd-sъ); Lith. báimė “fear”; báilė ds. ( bailus “timorous ”).
O.C.S. bojǫ, bojati se ̨ “be afraid ”.
Further formation *bhii̯-es-, *bhīs - in O.Ind. bhyásatē “ be afraid “, udbhyása -ḥ “be
afraidd”, Av. perf. biwivü ̊ ŋha (i.e. biwyü ̊ ŋha ) “ stimulated fright, was dreadful ”; O.Ind.
bhīs ̣ ayatē “frightens ”, bhī́s ̣ an ̣ a -ḥ “causing fright ”;
O.H.G. bīsa “north-east wind ”, bisōn “ run around madly “, bēr “boar” etc lead to a
Gmc. *bī̆s-, *bī̆z- “ storm ahead jumpily “; compare Wißmann nom. postverb. 78.
References: WP. II 124 f., 186, WH. I 522 f., Trautmann 24, Kluge11 under Biese.
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bhrag - (better bhrǝ -g-)
English meaning: to smell, scent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “riechen”
Material: Lat. fragrō, -üre “to emit a smell, esp. a sweet smell ”, denominative *bhrǝg -ro-s “
smelling “; O.H.G. bracko (Ger. Bracke ), M.L.G. mnl. bracke “ beagle, sleuth, harrier, track
hound” (out of it Ital. bracco etc), in addition M.Lat. barm-braccus “lap dog”; compare
M.H.G. bræ ̄ hen ‘smell” (*brē-i̯ō); also anything for root bhrē, above S. 133.
It remains remote Gaul. brüca “ trouser “; see under bhreĝ -1 “break, rupture ”.
References: WP. II 192, WH. I 540, Kluge11 under Bracke.
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bhrā ́ ter -
English meaning: brother
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Angehöriger der Großfamilie, Bruder, Blutsverwandter ”
Material: O.Ind. bhrü ́ tar -, Av. O.Pers. brütar- “brother”; Osset. ärva ́ d “brother, kinsman,
relative”; Arm. eɫbair, gen. eɫbaur ds.; (*bhrütēr , *bhrütro ́ s );
Maybe Etruscan (* ärvád) ruva “brother” from Osset. ärvád “ brother, relative “
Illyr. bra “brother! (vocative) ” > Alb. bre “brother! (vocative) ”
maybe Kurdish bira “brother” : turk. birader “brother”.
neuPhryg. βρατερε “ brother “; mys.-Phryg. braterais = φράτραις ?, Gk. φρήτηρ (Ion. )
ἀδελφός Hes., Att. φρά̄τηρ , φρά̄τωρ “member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood) ”;
Ven. vhraterei “ brother “;
maybe Alb. vëlla “brother” : Estonian veli “brother” : Lithuanian: brólis “brother” [m io] 1;
brotere ̃lis “brother (dim.) ” [m io]; Latvian: brãlis “brother” [m io]; brütarītis “brother (dim.) ” [m
io]; O.Pruss. : brüti (Ench.) “brother”; brole (EV) “brother”; bratrīkai (Ench.) “brother (dim.) ”
[Nomp];
Also Alb.Tosk (*vhraterei ) vllazëri “member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood) ”;
Lat. früter “brother”, Osc. fratrúm , Umbr. fratrum , fratrom “ brothers “ etc around
LateesLat. frütruēɫ is s. WH. I 542);
O.Ir. brüth(a)ir “brother, member of a big family ”, Welsh sg. brawd, brodyr , O.Corn.
broder , M.Bret. breuzr , Bret. breur , pl. breudeur ds.;
Goth. brōÞar , O.Ice. brōðir , O.H.G. bruoder , O.E. brōÞor “brother”;
Short forms in addition O.H.G. MN Buobo , M.H.G. buobe “boy”, O.E. MN Bōfa, Bōja (>
Eng. boy), Nor. dial. boa “brother” etc; further O.H.G. MN Buole , M.H.G. buole “kinsman,

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relative, lover “, M.L.G. bōle “kinsman, relative, brother ” etc (see Kluge11 under Bube,
Buhle) ; O.Pruss. brüti (voc. brote ) “brother”, Lith. brotere ̃lis , short form brožis, batis , brólis ,
Ltv. b(r)ãlis “ baby brother “, brütarītis “ dear brother! ”;
O.C.S. bratrъ, bratъ “brother”, short form Serb. baća , аčеch. bát”a ds., Russ. bátja , báčka
“father, priest ”.
Also Alb.Gheg bacë “father, leader ” : Serb. baća “father, priest ”.
compare noch O.Ind. bhrütra ́ -m “ brotherhood “; Gk. φρά̄τρᾱ, jon. φρήτρη ds.; O.Ind.
bhrütrya -m : Gk. φρᾱτρία, O.C.S. bratrьja, bratьja ds., Lat. frütria “wife, woman of brothers ”.
Toch. A pracar (Dual pratri ), В procer.
References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtIE 2, 6 f., Risch
Mus. Helv. 1, 118.
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bhred(h?) -
English meaning: to wade, wander
Deutsche Übersetzung: “waten”, in Bal.-Slav. also “plantschen, die Zeit vergeuden; Unsinn
schwatzen ”
Material: Thrak. PN B ρέδαι ; Lig. VN Brodionti ; compare Gaul. FlN Bredanna , Fr. La Brenne ,
PN Bροδεντία (Bayern).
Alb. breth , Aor. brodha “ (*wade) wander “.
Lith. bredù (E.Lith. brendù ), bridaũ , brìsti “wade”, Iter. bradaũ , -ūti “wade”, brastà , brastvà
“ford (miry) ”, bradà ‘slime, mud ”, brãdas m. “fishing” (= Slav. brodъ), with sek. ablaut brỹdis
m. “ wading, way in the water “, Iter. braidaũ , -ūti “ wade around continuously “; Ltv. brìenu
(dial. brìedu = E.Lith. brendù ), bridu , brist, Iter. bradât “wade; tread with feet; speak foolishly
“, braslis m. “ford”, brìdis m. “ while, short time ”; O.Pruss. Chucunbrast “ through the devil ’s
way “; zero grade ir = *r̥ noch in Lith. birdà “wet ordure ”, O.Pruss. Birdaw , sea name .
R.C.S. bredu , bresti “ wade through a ford “ (zero grade present *brьdǫ in neprěbrъ domъ
“ not wading through water “, Aor. pribrьde, compare O.Cz. přěbrde “ will wade “, Pol. brnąć
“wade” from * brьdnǫti ), Russ. bredú , brestí “ go slowly , fish with the train net “, bréditь “
chat nonsense, fantasize ”, bred, bredína “ willow “ (‘standing there often in the water “),
R.C.S. , Russ. (etc) brodъ “ford”, iter. R.C.S. broditi “wade”, Russ. brodítь “ go slowly, slink,
wander around; ferment, seethe ”, Ser.-Cr. bròditi “wade”.
References: WP. II 201 f., Trautmann 37, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin 332 f.
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bhreĝ -1
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brechen, krachen ”
Material: O.Ind. giri-bhráj- “ bursting out from the mountains “;
Lat. frangō, -ere, frēgi (: Goth. *brēkum ), früctum “ break in pieces, dash to pieces,
shiver, shatter, fracture “, fragilis “frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile “ etc ( *bhr eg-
), fragor m. “ a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din “; with ü
(after früctus etc): suffrügium “ a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to
vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support ”; suffrüginēs f. “ the hollows of the knee
(suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur, that is,
they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm) “, lit. “bend, kink “;
M.Ir. braigid “ farts “, Verbaln. braimm , Welsh Corn. bram m. “breaking wind, fart ”, M.Ir. t-
air-brech “crash, blast ”; but Gaul. brüca “breeches ” (compare βράκκαι αἴγειαι διφθέραι παρὰ
Κελτοῖς Hes.) is Gmc. Lw., O.Ir. brōc “ trouser “ is O.E. Lw.
Maybe Alb. (*brüca ) brekë “underwear ”;
Goth. brikan , O.S. brekan , O.E. brecan , O.H.G. brehhan “break, rupture ” (Lat. frēgimus =
Goth. *brēkum , Ger. brachen ), ablaut. Goth. brakja “ wrestling match “; lengthened grade
M.H.G. brache f. “ breaking in the ground, unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the
harvest “, O.E. ü-brücian “press in ”, O.H.G. prahhen, brahhen , M.H.G. braechen , Ger.
prägen (*brēkjan ), Causative to brechen ; zero grade Goth. gabruka f. “piece, fragment,
gobbet “ (*bhr eg-) == O.E. bryce m. “ the break, lump “, O.H.G. bruh “break, cracked “; O.E.
brocian “press”, broc “ woefulness “; with gemination O.H.G. brocco “ broken “, Ger.
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here perhaps Nor. brake m. “ juniper “ (as brisk ds. to bhres - “break, crack, cracking “),
M.H.G. brake m. f. “twig, branch ”, Eng. brake “ brushwood, thorn bushes , fern “, ablaut.
Nor. burkne m. “ fern “, compare also Nor. bruk n. ‘shrubbery, bush ”;
a nasal. form in Nor. dial. brank n. “ affliction , defect ”, branka “ injure, break, rupture ”;
with the meaning “din, fuss, noise ” here O.Ice. braka “crack, creak ”, brak n. “row, din, fuss,
noise”, M.H.G. O.E. brach m. ds., O.H.G. M.H.G. O.S. braht “din, fuss, noise, clamor ”, with
changed meaning Ger. Pracht ; O.E. breahtm m. “argument, quarrel ”, O.S. brahtum “din,
fuss, noise, clamorous mass ”;
Gmc. *brōk - “rump”, newer “trouser” in O.E. brēc pl. “ buttocks “, Eng. breech ds., O.Ice.
brōk, pl. brøkr “thigh, trouser ”, O.E. brōc, O.H.G. bruoh , Ger. Bruch ds., Swiss bruech “
pubic region “; geminated O.E. etc braccas “ britches “;
here (rather to bhres- ) belong Lith. brašku ̀ , braške ́ ti “crack, creak ” (*bhr eĝ-sk̂ō), Ltv.
brakšk ̂ ēt , brakstēt ds.
A parallel root *bhre(n)gh- seeks Wood (KZ. 45, 61) in O.Ind. br̥háti “wrenches, tears from
“, O.Ice. branga “damage”.
O.Ind. br̥gala -m “piece, gobbet, lump “ is not IE (Kuiper Proto-Munda 49).
References: WP. II 200, WH. I 113 f, 539 f., 541, Feist 104 ff., 176, Wißmann nom.
postverb. 11, 58, 123, 181.
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bhreĝ -2
English meaning: to stick (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘steif emporstehen ”
Note: extension from bher- “ stand up, edge, bristle ” etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in:
Material: O.Ind. bhraj- ‘stiffness (of the member), rigor(?) ”; Ice. Nor. brok ‘stiff grass, grass
bristles “; quite dubious also in O.Ice. bǫrkr (*bhorĝu -s), M.L.G. borke ,
Ger. (eig. N.Ger. ) Borke “rough, outer bark ” (from the rough angularity? Similar is Gk.
φορί̄νη “hard, rough skin, esp. pig ’s skin “ to un extension to place root bher-).
An analoge g-extension from of a i-basis bhrei - could at most exist in Nor. brikja “ stick up
high, to show off, shine ”, brik “a tall woman keeping her head high “, briken “fresh, agile,
lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant ”, brikna “glory, magnificence, lustre, shine, pleasure, joy ”
(Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps ‘shine, shine out ” is the basis of this meaning .
Brikena Illyr. PN
A bhrēi -k- presumably in Gk. φρί̄ξ, -κός “ shuddering, quiver, stare ”, φρί̄σσω, -ττω,
πέφρῑκα “ stare up; shiver (*flicker?) ” common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation; Welsh
Bret. brig “ acme, apex “ (*bhrīko -).
Maybe Alb. (*φρί̄ξ, φρίκός) frikë “ shuddering, fear ”, older (* φρίκός) frikësoj “make shiver,
scare”.
References: WP. II 201.
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bhrendh -
English meaning: to swell, sprout
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufschwellen; schwanger, Fruchtkern ansetzend ”
Note: Only for Celt. to cover Toch. and Balt-Slav.
Material: O.Ir. probably in brenn- (*bhrendh- uü-) ‘spring up, bubble, effervesce ”, e.g.
bebarnatar 3 pl. preterit, with to-ess- : do-n-eprinn “ gushes forth “, M.Ir. to-oss- : toiprinnit “
interior flow, flow into “, Kaus. M.Ir. bruinnid “ allows to gush forth, streams out “ etc;
compare also Thurneysen Grammar 461;
Maybe Alb. brenda, përbrenda “inside, inward, (*inward inflow) ”, brendësi “inside, entrails “ :
O.Pruss. pobrendints “ weighted “
Lith. brę́stu , bréndau , brę́sti ‘swell, ripen ”, participle bréndęs “ripening”, brįstu , brìndau ,
brį́sti “gush, well up (e.g. from peas) ”, brandà “ ripeness, rich harvest “, brandùs “ grainy “;
Ltv. briêstu , briêžu , briêst “gush, well up, to swell, ripen ”, bruôžs “thick, strong ”; O.Pruss.
pobrendints “ weighted “, sen brendekermnen “pregnant ”, i.e. “ with body fruit “;
Slav. *brędъ in O.Cz. ja-břadek , O.Pol. ja-brząd “twig, branch of grapevine “ (besides one
verschied. Slav. *brědъ in kašub. břod “ fruit-tree “); relationship to bher- (bhren- )
“overhang, protrude “ is absolutely agreeable;
Toch. A pratsak , B pratsük - “brost”.
References: WP. II 205, Trautmann 35 f., Van Windekens Lexique 99.
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bhrenk -, bhronk -
English meaning: to bring
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bringen”
Material: Welsh he-brwng “bring, glide, slide, guide, lead ” (*sem-bronk -), hebryngiad “guide,
leader”, O.Corn. hebrenchiat “leader”, M.Corn. hem-bronk “will guide, lead ”, hem-brynkys ,
hom-bronkys “guided”, M.Bret. ham-brouc , Mod.Bret. am-brouk “guide, lead ”;
Goth. briggan, brühta , O.H.G. bringan, brühta , also O.S. (wo also brengian ), O.E. bringan
and breng(e)an preterit brōhte (from * branhta ) “bring”;
Toch. B praṅk -, AB pränk - “depart”.
Angebl. contaminated from den root bher- and enek̂ -; finally E. Fraenkel KZ. 58, 2861 f.;
63, 198.
Maybe Alb. geg me pru , aor. prura “to bring”
References: WP. II 204, Lewis-Pedersen 40, Feist 105, Van Windekens Lexique 99.
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bhre(n)k̂-
English meaning: to err
Deutsche Übersetzung: “to Falle kommen ”?
Material: O.Ind. bhráṁśate , bhraśyate “ falls, overthrows “, participle bhraṣṭá -ḥ, bhraṁśa -ḥ
“fall, loss ”, but in RV. only from nasal basis bhrüs ́ a ́ yan (Kaus.), mü ́ bhraśat (Aor.), áni-
bhr̥ṣṭa -ḥ “ not succumbing “; also bhraṁśa - with originally bare present, then further grown
exuberantly nasalization? or old double forms ? O.Ir. brēc “lie, falsity ” (*bhrenkü ) is the half
meaning not so certain with O.Ind. bhraṁsá -ḥ to compare, that chosen in the latter sense.
Kuiper (NasalprO.S. 141 f.) builds *bhrek̂ -mi next to *bhre-n-k̂ō; nevertheless, his
etymological comparisons are not persuasive.
References: WP. II 204.
See also: To bhreĝ -1?
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bhren -to-s
English meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geweihträger, Hirt”
Material:
Messap. βρένδον (from *βρέντον ) “ἔλαφον” Hes., βρέντιον “deer head ” Hes., brunda ds.,
short form (besides Brenda ) to PN Brundisium ,
older Βρεντέσιον “Brindisi”, Illyr. VN Βρέντιοι ; Ven. FlN Brinta “Brenta”; still today in Ital.
mountain names and plant names (Bertoldi IF. 52, 206 f.);
compare in addition Alb. brî, brîni “horn, antler ” (*bhr̥-no-), Plur. Gheg brîena ; raetorom.
brenta “ pannier “;
maybe Alb. brinja “rib, bone ”
Note:
Clearly Alb. is an Illyr. Dialect; Alb. bredh “wander” suggests that there is a link between
Root bhred(h) - : “to wade, wander ” and Root bhren -to-s : “herdsman, *wanderer ”.
Mod.Swe. dial. brind(e) , Nor. (with g from d) bringe “male elk “ (*bhrentós ), ablaut. Nor.
brund “baby male reindeer “ (*bhrn̥tós );
Ltv. briêdis “ deer, deer stag “, whether from of a IE additional form * bhrendis , must be
the origin of Lith. bríedis , O.Pruss. braydis m. “elk”; if Gmc. Lw.?
Note:
Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and Alb.
is of Illyr. origin.
Perhaps to bhren - “overhang, edge ”; different Specht Decl. 120.
References: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe
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bhren -
English meaning: to stick out; edge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hervorstehen; Kante under likewise ”
Note: as bher- ds.
Material: Ir. braine “ front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border ”, Corn. brenniat ds.
With formants t: Lat. frōns, -tis m., new f. “ the forehead, brow, front “; O.Ice. brandr “
sword “ (*bhron-tó-); in wider meaning ‘stick, board; sword ” against it probably from
*bhrondho- to bherdh- “cut, clip”.
With formants d: O.E. brant , O.Ice. brattr “high, sharp ” (*bhrondos ), Ltv. bruôdin̨š “ridge
of the roof ”.
bhren -q-: Gmc. * branha - in O.S. brü-, Mod.Swe. brå- ‘sharp” in PN; O.Ice. bringa “brost ,
thorax, brostbone of birds ”, Mod.Ice. bringr ‘small hill”;
maybe Alb. (*bhren ) brinjë “rib, chest bone, hillside ”
Note:
Alb. proves that from Root bhren -to-s : “herdsman, *wanderer, *horn ” derived from an
extended Root bhren - : “to stick out; edge ”.
Lith. brankà “the swelling ”, brankšo ́ ti , branksó́ti “ jut out stiffly (of bones, laths) ”; ablaut.
brìnkstu , brìnkti “to swell”; Slav. *bręknǫ , *bręknǫti in Russ. nabrjáknutь “to bloat, bulge,
swell” etc.
bhren -g- perhaps in O.Ice. brekka (*brinkōn ) “ steep hill ”, older Dan. brink , brank “ upright
“, M.Eng. nEng. brink “edge, border, bank, shore ”, M.L.G. brink “edge of a field, field
margin, meadow ”, M.Du. brinc , nDutch brink “edge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field
“.
References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.

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bhres -
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bersten, brechen ” and “krachen, prasseln ” (as beim Brechen)
Material: M.Ir. brosc , broscar m. “din, fuss, noise ”; compare also blosc under bhlos -q-;
O.H.G. brestan “break, crack, break, rupture ”, uPers. “lack, defect “, O.E. berstan ds.,
O.Ice. bersta “break, crack, creak ”; O.H.G. brest(o) “ disability, defect “,
Ger. Gebresten ; O.H.G. brust “break, defect “, O.E. byrst m. “damage”; O.H.G. brastōn “
crackle “, O.Ice. brasta “rant, roister, brag, boast ”; without - t- Nor. bras n. “clatter,
brushwood “;
with - k-: Nor. brisk “ juniper “; M.H.G. braschen “crack, creak, cry, brag, boast ”;
Lith. braške ́ ti etc, see under bhreĝ -1.
References: WP. I 206.
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bhreu -k̂- (-k-)
English meaning: to strike; to throw
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘streichen, streifen ”
Note: only balto-Slav., probably extension from bhrē ̆ u -1. For -k- compare above S. 18 Anm.
Material: Lith. braukiù braukiaũ braũkti “whisk, stroke; move slowly “; Ltv. bràucu brü ̀ uču
bràukt “move”;
ablaut. Lith. brukù brukaũ brùkti “ wave flax, wedge “, Ltv. brukt “ crumble “, brucinât
“abrade, stroke the scythe ”;
Iterat. Lith. braukūti , Ltv. braũcût ‘stroke” (with unoriginal intonation) and Lith. brũkis m.
‘stripe, line ”, Ltv. brùce f. “ scratch, scar ”, in addition Lith. brùknė , bruknìs f., Ltv. brùklene f.
“ cranberry “;
Slav. *brušo ̨ *brusiti (originally iterative) in Bulg. brúsja (brusich ) ‘shake off, get rid of,
beat off, chop, cut, reject ”, Ser.-Cr. brûsim brúsiti “whet”, Cz. brousiti ds., in addition O.C.S.
ubrusъ “ veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed by some to be miraculously
made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face as he went to his crucifixion;
the cloth used for this) “, Ser.-Cr. brûs (gen. brûsa ), Russ. brus (gen. brúsa ; mostly brusók )
“grindstone, whetstone ”; Russ. etc brusníka “ cranberry “ (“lightly strippable “); ablaut.
R.C.S. brъsnuti ‘scrape, shave ”, Russ. brosátь (dial. brokátь ), brósitь “throw”, brósnutь
“peel flax ”, bros “offal” etc in ablaut to Bulg. brъ́šъ “rub off”. With ū the iterative grade:
O.C.S. sъ-brysati “ scrape “, brysalo “a painter ’s brush or pencil; style “.
Perhaps here skR.C.S. brutъ “nail”, Bulg. brut ds. as *bruktъ, compare to meaning Lith.
brùkti “ put by force “, to form Ltv. braukts “knife for cleaning the flax ”.

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Maybe Alb. (*breuks ) pres “cut, peel ”, mpreh “whet, sharpen ”, mbreh “harness, yoke, put by
force “ [common Alb. p- > mp- , b- > mb- shift], mbres “bruise, beat ”.
Perhaps here the Illyr. VN Breuci , PN Breucus and the Gaul. PN B ρευκό -μαγος , today
Brumath (Alsace); in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) Illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι : Breones (from
*Breu̯ones ).
Note:
Illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι : Breones (from *Breu̯ones ) evolved according to Alb. phonetic laws -t > -nt
> -n hence * Breu̯ones < *Breu̯ontes . But only Alb. displays the common -k > -th, -t shift
found in Illyr. VN Breuci : Illyr. VN Βρεῦνοι (from *Breu̯ones ), hence Alb. is a dialect of Illyr.
Both Alb. and older Illyr. display centum and satem characteristics.
Finally Gaul. PN B ρευκό -μαγος , today Brumath (Alsace); has evolved according to Illyr. Alb.
phonetic laws -g > -th as Alb. ( mag- ) math “big”.
About Russ. brykátь “kick, reject ” etc s. Berneker 93.
References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119.
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bhreu -s-1
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen; sprießen”
Note: (compare above bhreu -)
Material: O.Ir. brū f., gen. bronn “belly, body ” (*bhrus -ō[n]: -n-os), brūach “ big-bellied “
(*brusükos ), Welsh bru m. “venter, uterus ” (*bhreuso -);
Maybe Alb. bark, barku (*bhrauk ) “belly” : O.Ir. brūach “ big-bellied “
O.Ir. bruinne “brost” (*bhrusni̯o -), O.Welsh Welsh bronn f. “brost”, Bret. bronn , bron ds.
(*bhrusnü ) in place names also “round hill ”, M.Welsh brynn , Welsh bryn m. ( *bhrusni̯o -)
“hill” (from Celt. derives Goth. brunjō f. “(brost)-armor ”, O.H.G. brunja , brunna “ coat of mail
“);
Maybe Alb. brinjë “rib, side, hillside ” : Goth. brunjō f. “(brost)-armor ”
Alb. proves that Root bhreu -s-1 : “to swell” derived from Root bhreu -k̂- (-k-) : “to strike; to
throw”. Hence centum languages predate satem language because of the -k > -h > -s
phonetic mutations.
O.Ir. brollach “bosom” (*bhrus- lo- with formants -üko-); M.Ir. brūasach “with large, wide
brost” (from bhreus- to- = O.S. briost ).
M.H.G. briustern ‘swell up”, O.Ice. ü-brystur f. pl. “ beestings “ (also broddr ds. from
*bruz- da-z), Swiss briescht ds. (besides briesch ds. from * bhreus-ko- ); O.S. briost N. pl. ,
O.E. brēost, O.Ice. briōst “brost”, zero grade Goth. brusts f. pl., O.H.G. brust , Ger. Brust ;
O.S. brustian “bud” (Slav. *brъstъ “bud”), Ger. Brös-chen (from md.) “mammary gland of
cows”, schwäb. Brũste , bO.Ir. Brũsel, Briesel, Bries ds., Dan. brissel , Swe. kalfbräss , with k-
suffix Dan. bryske , Eng. brisket “ brost of the animals “.

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O.Ice. briōsk “gristle”, M.H.G. brūsche , Ger. Brausche ‘swelling, blister ”, Ger. dial.
brausche, brauschig “ swollen; of style, turgid, bombastic, torose “, brauschen ‘swell up”.
Maybe Alb. (*brausch ) bark “belly”
Russ. brjúcho “lower abdomen, belly, paunch ”, dial. brjúchnutь “ yield, gush, well up, to
bloat, bulge, swell ”, Cz. alt. břuch , břucho , nowadays břich , břicho “belly” etc ( *bhreuso-s , -
m);
here also Clr. brost” f. dial. brost m. “bud”, Bulg. brъs(t) m. “ young sprouts ”, Ser.-Cr. br̂st
m. ds., br̀stina “foliage, leaves ”.
Maybe Alb. bisht(n)ajë “legume, pod ”, bisht “tail (shoot?) ”
here Clr. brost “ f. dial. brost m. “ bud “, Bulg. Brъs (t) m. “ younger shoots “, Ser.-Cr. br ̂ ^
st m. ds., br̀stina “ foliage “.
References: WP. II 197 f., Feist 107 f., 108 f.
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bhreu -s-2
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerbrechen, zerschlagen, zerkrũmeln under likewise”
Note: extension from bhrē ̆ u -1.
Material: Alb. breshën , breshër “hail”, if eig. “granule, mica ” (e = IE eu); Lat. frustum “ a bit,
piece, morsel, gobbet “ (from * bhrus -to-);
O.Ir. brūu ‘shatter, smash ” (*bhrū ̆ si̯ō , Gaul. brus-, Fr. bruiser ), M.Ir. brūire , brūile “piece,
fragment ”, bruan ds., bruar “fragment, broken piece ”, brosna (*brus-toni̯o -) “ faggot,
brushwood bundle “, Gaul. *bruski̯ü “ undergrowth, brushwood “, aFr. broce ds., M.Ir. brusc
“tiny bit” etc; O.Ir. bronnaim “damage” (*bhrusnümi ) (subjunctive robria from * bris- “break,
rupture” borrows, see under bhrēi -);
M.Welsh breu, Welsh brau “ frail, easily broken “, M.Corn. brew “ broken “ (*bhrōuso -);
M.Bret. brusun “tiny bit” (*brous -t-);
O.E. briesan (*brausjan ), brȳsan (*brūsjan ) “break, rupture trans., shatter ”, Eng. bruise
“injure”, probably also O.H.G. brōsma , M.H.G. brōsem, brōseme, brōsme “bit, flake, crumb ”;
O.E. brosnian “ molder “.
References: WP. II 198 f., WH. I 553.
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bhreus -3, bhrū ̆ s -
English meaning: to boil; to sound, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brausen, wallen, rauschen, hervorquellen or - sprießen, sich
bauschen, Bũschel, Gestrũpp under likewise”
Note: esp. in Gmc. words; perhaps to bhreu -s-1; also a new onomatopoeic word could have
helped (similarly akr. brújīm , brújiti “buzz, hum from an swarm of bees ”, Berneker 89).
Material: M.H.G. brūsen “boom, blaster, roar” , brūs “the boom ”, N.Ger. brūsen “boom,
blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty ( from people); spread out, grow new shoot (from
plants); sprinkle, besprinkle “ (compare Ger. Brause ) (out of it Dan. bruse ds.), Dutch
bruisen , previous bruischen “foam, froth, bubble, roar, boom, blaster ”, N.Ger. brūsken ds.,
M.H.G. brūsche “ douche, shower, spray, sprinkler “, O.S. brūsa “ storm ahead “, Nor. dial.
brŏsa “ storm gust “, O.Ice. brusi “he-goat, billy goat “, Ice. bruskr “ tussock, besom “, Eng.
brush “bristle brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes) ”, brushwood ‘shrubbery, bush,
shrubbery “, M.Eng. bruschen , Eng. to brush “comb with a brush ”, Nor. dial. brauska,
bruska and brausta, brusta “ make room, rush out forcefully “; Swe. bruska “rustle, rant,
roister”.
With Gmc. *bruska-z “ brushwood “, *bruskan “ crackle, rustle “ (-sk- could be IE zg) one
compares the Bal.-Slav. groups Lith. brũzgai pl. “ brushwood “, briauzgà “ babbler “, bruzgù ,
-e ́ti “rustle”, Russ. brjuzgáju , -átь “mumble, murmur ”, brjužža ́ tь “drone, grumble, murmur,
growl “ etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only Bal.-Slav. onomatopoeic word formatIon.
Because of the Gmc. meaning ‘spray” is perhaps on the other hand to be compared with
Russ. brūzgaju , -atь ‘spray, sprinkle, bubble “ etc.
References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.

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bhreu -, bhreu -d-
English meaning: to swell, sprout
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprießen, schwellen”
Material: Lat. frutex, -icis m. “ a shrub, bush; as a term of reproach, blockhead “ based on
probably on a participle * bhrūto ́ s “ sprouted out ”; O.Ir. broth “awn, hair ”; here d-present:
M.H.G. briezen , brōz “bud, swell ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. broz “bud, sprout “.
References: WP. II 195, WH. I 554.
See also: compare bhreu-s -1 “to swell”, bhrughno - “twig, branch ”.
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bhrēi -, bhrī̆-
English meaning: to pierce, cut with smth. sharp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, etc ”
Note: extension from bher-.
Material: O.Ind. bhrīn ̣ a ́ nti “be hurt” (Pf. bibhrüya Dhütup.), Av. pairibrīnǝnti “ be cut all
around “, brōiϑrō-taēža - “ dashing sharply “, M.Pers. brīn “ determined, fixed ”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg pre- “ pierce, cut ”
Thrak. (?) βριλών “barber”.
Lat. friō, -üre “rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble ”, fricō, -üre “to rub, rub down, rub off ”
(from *fri-co-s “rubbing, scraping ”), refrīva faba “ ground bean ”, frīvolus (from *frī-vo-s “
triturated “), “ breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pl. as subst. sticks of furniture “.
Maybe Alb. (**frico- ) fërkonj “rub” possible Lat. loanword.
With frīvolus to be compared Welsh briw “broke; wound ”; briwo “break, rupture, injure ”;
with s-extension here Gaul.-Lat. brīsüre “ break, shatter “, Fr. briser etc gallorom.
*briscüre “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, Swiss bretschi ds. (Wartburg), O.Ir. brissid “breaks”
(from participle Pert. * bristo -), M.Ir. bress f. “din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle ”, breissem ds.,
O.Ir. PN Bres-(u)al (*bristo-u̯alos ), Corn. M.Bret. bresel “fight”, Bret. bresa “quarrel”, M.Ir.
brise “frail, breakable ”, br. bresk ds.; compare the parallel formation under bhreus-2 .
Hereupon probably also Welsh brwydr “fight, struggle ”, O.Ir. briathar “word, *argument ” as
*bhrei-trü “ quarrel, argument “ (to Welsh brwyd “torn, perforates “), compare Lith. bárti
‘scold, chide ”, refl. “be quarrelsome ”, O.C.S. brati “fight”, s. bher-2 .
Maybe Alb.Gheg brit, Tosc bërtas “to scold, chide, quarrel, yell ” : Lith. bárti ‘scold, chide ”.

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Here presumably M.Du. brīne , nDutch brijn, M.Eng. brīne , nEng. brine “ salted water,
salt brine “ (from the sharp taste like partly Slav. bridъ).
O.C.S. britva “razor” , R.C.S. briju, briti ‘shave, shear ”, bričь “razor”; O.C.S. bridъ
“δριμύς” , Russ.-dial. bridkój ‘sharp, cold ”, Ser.-Cr. bridak ‘sharp, sour ”; O.C.S. brъselije
‘shards”, R.C.S. brъselije, br ъselъ ‘shard” (Proto-Slav.. also probably * brъselъ) as *bhri-d-
selo-.
Maybe Alb. brisk “razor”
ĝ-extension bhrei -ĝ- presumably in Lith. bre ́žiu , bre ́šti ‘scratch, scrape ”, Iter. braiž -, -ūti
ds., and O.Ice. brīk f. “board, low wooden wall, low bar ”; compare with *bhrei-ĝ- parallel ĝ-
extension the einf. root bher- in Ltv. beriu , berzu , berẑt “rub, scour, clean ” and Gk. φοργάνη
ἡἀραιότης Неs. and auf a k-extension *bhrei -k- traceable Gk. φρίκες χάρακες Неs.; bre ́šti
not better with IE b- to O.E. prica “point”, M.L.G. pricken , M.H.G. pfrecken “prick” etc,
besides that with other root auslaut Nor. dial. prisa “prick, stir, tease, irritate ”, preima , preina
“banter, stir, tease, irritate ” etc ( about age and origin Gmc. words nothing is certain).
References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.
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bhrē ̆ u -1, bhrū ̆-
English meaning: to pierce, break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, abschaben etc ”, especially
Gmc. “zerschlagen, brechen ”
Note: extension from bher-
Material: O.Ind. bhrūn ̣ a ́ -m “embryo” (named after the burst caul);
M.H.G. briune, brūne “lower abdomen, vulva ”; O.H.G. brōdi “frail, breakable ” (*bhrou-ti̯o-
), O.Ice. broma “piece, fragment ” (*bhrumōn ); a t-present in O.E. breoðan “break, rupture ”;
probably d- present based on Gmc. family of O.E. brēotan “break, rupture ”, O.Ice. briōta
“break, rupture ”, broti m. “ heap of felled trees, barrier “, braut f. “way, alley ” (compare Ger.
Bahn brechen , Fr. route from rupta ), breyta (*brautjan ) “ alter, change, modify “, breyskr
“frail, breakable, brittle “; O.H.G. bruzī , bruzzī “ fragileness “; O.Ice. brytia = O.E. bryttian
“divide, share, allot, distribute ”; O.Ice. bryti m. “ colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the
most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager, land agent “ = agsl. brytta m.
“ dispenser, distributer “.
To Gmc. *ƀreutan perhaps also O.Ir. fris-brudi “ reject “.
Ltv. braũna , braũṅa ‘scurf, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul, entrails ”
(basic meaning “ scrapings “, vgl Slav. brъsnǫti ‘scrape, stripe “ under bhreu-k̂-);
Cz. br-n-ka (*bhrun- ) “ placenta, afterbirth “.
References: WP. II 195 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.
See also: S. the extension bhreu-k̂-, bhreu-s -2.
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bhrēu -2, bhrū -
English meaning: edge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kante, scharfer Rand ”
Note: The group is extended from bher- ‘stand up; edge ”.
Material: O.Ir. brū “edge, bank, border, shore ”, bruach ds. (*brū-üko-);
O.Ice. brūn “edge”, whereof brȳna “whet”, brȳni “whetstone ”; O.E. M.H.G. brūn ‘sharp”
(from weapons).
Lith. briaunà “edge, border, cornice “ (*bhrēunü ), ablaut. with O.Ice. brūn.
References: WP. II 196 f., W. Schulze KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.
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bhroisqo -, bhrisqo -
English meaning: bitter
Deutsche Übersetzung: “herb von Geschmack ”
Material: R.C.S. obrězgnuti , obrьzgnuti “ become sauer “, Cz. břesk “ sharp taste ”, Pol.
brzazg “ unpleasant, sharp taste; bad mood ”,
Russ. brezgátь (old brězgati ) “ nauseate, feel disgust “;
Maybe Alb.Gheg ( prezi -) përzi “ to nauseate, feel disgust “
at first to Nor. brisk “bitter taste ”, brisken “bitter, sharp ”; probably to bhrēi - “cut, clip” (as
M.Du. brīne ‘salt water, brine ”).
Maybe Alb. brisk, brisqe pl. ‘sharp, bitter; razor ”, brisqe pl. “razors”
References: WP. II 206.
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bhrūg -
English meaning: fruit
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Frucht; genießen, gebrauchen”
Note: perhaps oldest “ to cut off or peel off fruit for eating “ and then to * bhreu - “cut, clip”
(compare there to meaning O.Ind. bhárvati “chews, consumes ”, also Bal.-Slav. *bhreu-q- , -
k̂- “graze over, chip ”)
Material: Lat. frūx, -gis f. “fruit” = Umbr. Akk pl. frif, fri “ fruits “, Lat. frūgī (dat. *” useful,
honest, discreet, moderate ” =) “ fruitful “, fruor, -i, frūctus and fruitus sum “ relish “ (from
*frūgʷor , which has entered for *frūgor ?), frūniscor “ relish “ (*frūg -nīscor ), frūmentum “
corn, grain “, Osc. fruktatiuf (*frūgetütiōns ) “frūctus” .
Maybe Alb. (*frūg-) fruth “measles, breaking of the skin (disease of fruit and humans?) ”, frut
“fruit” [common Alb. -k, -g > -th, - dh shift]
Goth. brūkjan , O.H.G. brūhhan , O.S. brūkan , O.E. brūcan “need, lack ”, Goth. brūks ,
O.H.G. brūhhi , O.E. brȳce “usable”.
References: WP. II 208, WH. I 552 f.
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bhrū-1
English meaning: brow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Augenbraue ”
Note: partly with initial vowel , IE o- or a- (full root form?); after Persson Beitr. 17 lies a dark
composition part *okʷ- “eye” (with. consonant-Assimilation) before.
Material: O.Ind. bhrū ́-ḥ f., acc. bhrúv -am “brow”, Av. brvat- f. (Du.) “ brows “, Pers. ebrū, brū
ds.(Hũbschmann IA. 10, 24);
Gk. ὀφρῦς, -ύος f. “brow”, figurative “ raised edge , hill edge “ (after Meillet BSL 27, 129 f.
with Gk. vocal prosthesis?); Maced. ἀβροῦτες “ὀφρύες” (changed from Kretschmer Einl.
287 in ἀβρού Fες; held on from Meillet, s.Boisacq 733 Anm. 3, because of the otherwise
stated form ἀβροτες and because of Av. brvat- );
Note:
According to Gk. phonetic mutations -kʷ > -p, -gʷ > -b; hence Root okʷ- : to see; eye > Gk.
ὀφθ-αλ-μός “eye”. From there derived Maced. ἀβροῦτες , Gk. ὀφρῦς, -ύος f. “brow”; common
Gk. l > r phonetic shift.
Maybe zero grade Alb. (*ἀβροῦτες : *vrenkula > vetulla f. “brow” : vrenjt (*vrenk- ) “frown”
common Alb. -kh > t phonetic mutatIon. : Khotanese: brrauka-lä “brow” : Sogdian: (Buddh.)
βr”wkh “eyebrow ” (*brū-kü-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (“)βrwc [pl.tantum] “eyebrow ”;
SO.N. vrīc “eyebrow ”.
M.Ir. brūad gen. Du., brüi, brōi nom. Du. f. “ brows “ (to diphthong s. Thurneysen
Grammar 199), O.Ir. forbru acc. pl. ( *bhrūns : acc. ὀφρῦς), forbrú gen. pl. “ eyebrows “;
unclear are M.Ir. pl. abrait (*abrant- es or *abrantī ) “ eyelids, brows “, likewise mbr. abrant
“brow”, Welsh amrant “eyelid”, Specht (Decl. 83, 162) would like to put to Lat. frōns “ the
forehead, brow, front “; but vocalism and meaning deviate ;

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O.E. brū, O.Ice. brūn, pl. brynn “brow” (conservative stem, from * ƀruwūn -).
Lith. bruvìs m. “brow”, žem. also brū ̆ ne s pl., O.Pruss. wubri f. “eyelash” (seems a
transposition from * bruwi );
O.Bulg. brъvь (originally nom. *bry, as kry : krъvъ), skR.C.S. obrъvъ, Ser.-Cr. ȍbrva etc
“brow”.
An e- abl. bhru̯ē - with syllabic become r regards Trautmann KZ. 44, 223 in Lith. birwe =
bruvìs .
Toch. A pärwün -, В pärwüne (Dual) “ eyebrows “.
References: WP. II 206 f., Trautmann 38.
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bhrū-2, bhrēu -
English meaning: beam, bridge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Balken, Prũgel” ; also as U ̈ bergang about ein Gewässer : “Brũcke”
Material: O.Ice. brū f. “bridge”; O.Ice. bryggia “ wharf, pier “ N.Ger. brũgge ds., O.H.G.
brucca , O.S. -bruggia , O.E. brycg “bridge”, bO.Ir. Bruck “ Bretterbank am Ofen “, O.E.
brycgian “ pave “ (originally with thrashed wood), Swiss brũgi (O.H.G. *brugī ) “ wood
scaffolding “, brũgel “wooden log ”, M.H.G. brũgel “cudgel, club ”, Ger. Prũgel (“bridge” is
also “balk, rod; track made of beams “);
Gaul. brīva “bridge” (*bhrēua );
O.Bulg. brъvъno “balk, beam ”, Ser.-Cr. br̂v f. “balk, beam, bridge made of beams “ (etc,
s. about Slav. forms Berneker 92).
Unclear is the guttural in the Gmc. forms: *brugī - from *bruu̯ī -, or k- suffix? S. Kluge11
under “Brũcke = bridge” and Specht Decl. 2113 f., accepts the connection with bhrū-1.
References: WP. II 207.
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bhudh -m(e)n
English meaning: bottom
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Boden”
Note: single-linguistic in part to *bhudh- mo-, partly to *bhudh- no-, besides with already IE
metathesis *bhundho- > *bhundo- ?
Material: O.Ind. budhná -ḥ “ground, bottom ”; Av. bū ̆ nō ds. ( *bhundhno- ), out of it borrows
Arm. bun ds., during Arm. an-dund-k ” “abyss” from * bhundh- seems assimilated. From
Proto-Iran. *bundhas derives tscherem. pundaš “bottom, ground “.
Gk. πυθμήν (*φυθ-) m. “bottom, sole, base of a vessel ”, πύνδαξ m. ds. (for φύνδαξ after
πυθμήν Schwyzer Gk. I 71, 333).
Maked. PN Πύδνα (*bhudhnü ), dissimil. Κύδνα ?
Lat. fundus, - ī m. “ ground; the bottom or base of anything; a farm, estate ” (*bhundhos ),
profundus “deep” = M.Ir. bond , bonn m. ‘sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad, prop “.
maybe Alb. (*fundus ), fund “bottom, end ”, fundos ‘sink (to the bottom) ”
O.H.G. bodam , Ger. Boden , O.S. bodom , O.E. *boðm > M.Eng. bothem m. besides O.E.
botm m. > Eng. bottom and O.E. bodan “bottom, ground ”,
Maybe Alb. ( bod-) botë “ bottom, ground, earth, world ”
O.N. botn “bottom”, O.E. byðme “ bilge, floor, bottom “ besides bytme, bytne ds., O.Ice.
bytna “ to come to the bottom “, with unclear dental change; it seems to lie a basic Proto-
Gmc. *buÞma - , probably is to be explained analogically; compare Petersson Heterokl. 18,
Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge11 under siedeln . About Ger. Bũhne , originally “ wooden floor
(made from floorboards) “, angebl. from Gmc. * bunī, IE *budhniü , s. Kluge11 under Bũhne.

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bhū ̆ g ̂ o -s, nickname bhukko -s
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bock”
Grammatical information: (fem. In -ü “goat, nanny goat “)
Material: Zigeun. buzni “goat”; Av. būza m. “he-goat”, Pers. buz “goat, he-goat; billy goat “;
Arm. buz “lamb”;
M.Ir. bocc , pocc , Ir. boc, poc, Welsh bwch , Corn. boch , Bret. bouc”h “ he-goat; billy goat
“, in addition M.Ir. boccünach “ghost, bogeyman “;
Gmc. * bukka - (after Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f. borrowed from Celt.?) in O.Ice. bukkr ,
bokkr, bokki , O.E. bucca , nEng. buck , O.H.G. M.H.G. boc, -ekes , Ger. Bock .
The aberrant consonant in O.Ind. bukka-ḥ “he-goat” (uncovered) is probably from bukkati
“ barks “ (see under beu-1 , bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *bhūja - = Av. būza -. Also
Pers. dial. boča “young goat ”, püm. buč, bũč seem to be a result of similar reorganizatIon.
References: WP. II 189 f., Pedersen Litteris 7 , 23 f., Martinet Ge ́ mination 182.
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bherug-, bhrug -, bhorg -
English meaning: throat
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlund, Luftröhre”
Material: Arm. erbuc “brost, brisket of killed animals “ (*bhrugo- ); Gk. φάρυξ, -υγος, later
(after λάρυγξ ) φάρυγξ , -υγγος “ windpipe, gullet ”; Lat. frūmen n. “(a gruel or porridge made
of corn, and used in sacrifices) larynx, gullet ” (*frū ̆ g-smen ); without u O.Ice. barki “ neck “
(bhor-g-, formally closer to φάραγξ “cleft, gap, abyss “)
Similar to Lith. burnà, Arm. beran “mouth” (lit. “ orifice “) to bher- “cut, clip” under
conception “cleft, gap = gullet ”.
References: WP. II 171 , WH. I 482, 551 f., 866, Lidén Mél . Pedersen 92, Specht Decl. 162.
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blat-
English meaning: to chat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “plappern under likewise Schallbedeutungen ” as well as ähnliche
Schallworte schwer bestimmbaren Alters
Material: Lat. blaterō, -üre “ chatter, babble, empty gossip; also from shout of the camel,
ram, frog ”, blatiō, -īre “babble, prattle “;
M.N.Ger. plad(d)eren “chat, prate ”, Mod.N.Ger. pladdern ‘splash, besprinkle “, Swe.
pladder “ loose gossip ”, Dan. bladre ‘spread lose gossip “, older also ‘splash”, lacking of
consonant shift in onomatopoeic word.
Similar to onomatopoeic words are N.Ger. plapperen (Ger. plappern ), M.H.G. plappen
and blappen , O.H.G.blabizōn “babble” and M.N.Ger. plūderen “babble” (M.H.G. plūdern ,
Ger. plaudern ).
compare with partly similar meaning bhlē ̆ d - “ to bubble up, chat ”, bhel- ‘sound” and bal-,
bal-bal- under baba - (e.g. Lith. blebénti with Ger. plappern similar formation).
References: WP. II 120, WH. I 109.
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blē-
English meaning: to bleat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blöken”
Note: imitation of the sheep sound with different guttural extensions; in the Gmc. with
consonant shift omitted as a result of continual new imitatIon.
Material: Gk. βληχάομαι “bleat”, βληχή “ the bleating “; Russ. (etc) blekati (old), blekotátь
“bleat”; M.N.Ger. bleken, blöken “bleat, bark, bay ” (out of it Ger. blöken ), Nor. dial. blækta
(*blēkatjan ) “bleat”; Alb. bl”egërás ds.
Note:
Common Alb. n > r rhotacism. Alb. shows that from Root bhlē- : “ to howl, weep ” derived
Root blē- : “ to bleat”; hence the support for the glottal theory bh- > b-.
References: WP. II 120 f., WH. I 95.
See also: compare also bhlē- “howl” etc
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blou- (bhlou -?), plou -
English meaning: flea
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Floh”
Note: With k- and s-suffixes and taboo transposition and anlaut alteratIon.
Material: With p: O.Ind. plúši-, Arm. lu (*plus- ), Alb. plesht , Lat. pūlex (*pusl -ex), IE*plouk- in
O.H.G. flôh, O.E. fléah .
Note:
Common Arm. (often Alb.) initial pl- > l- phonetic mutation also common Lat. plou- > pule-
phonetic mutation since Lat. prefers initial consonant + vowel order. Lat. phonetic shift can
be explainedt only through glottal theory phlou- > pule [ ph > pu ]
With b (or bh?): afgh. vraža , Gk. ψύλλα (*blusi̯ü ), balto-Slav. * blusü in Lith. blusà , Ltv.
blusa , pr. PN Blus-kaym , R.C.S. blъcha, Ser.-Cr. bùha , Russ. bɫochá .
References: Meillet MSL. 22, 142, 539 f., Trautmann 35, Specht Decl. 42 f., 203, 235.
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bol-
English meaning: tuber
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Knolle, runde Schwellung ”
Material: Arm. boɫk “ radish “, Gk. βολβός “onion, bulb ” (also βόλβιτος , dissimilated Att.
βόλιτος “crap, muck, dung “, , if possibly originally from nanny goats or horses?),
β῵λος , β῵λαξ “clod of earth ”; O.Ind. bálba -ja-ḥ “Eleusine indica, a type of grass ”, if “
nodules coming out from the root “?, Lat. bulbus “onion, bulb, tuber “ is borrowed from
βολβός.
Reduct.-grade or with Assimil. in voc. the 2. syllable Arm. palar “ pustule, bubble “.
References: WP. II 111 f., WH. I 122 .
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breuq -
English meaning: to jump, *throw, thrust, poke, touch, run
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, schnellen ”
Material: Perhaps combined so Gk. βροῦκος , βρεῦκος (βραῦκος ), βρύκος “ locust,
grasshopper “(βροῦχος probably after βρύ̄χω “ crunches with the teeth “, and Sloven.
br̂knem , bŕkniti , br̂kam , bŕkati , bŕcati “ bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the
fingers, touch “;
Maybe Illyr. TN Breuci : so Gk. βρεῦκος “ locust, grasshopper (mythological monster?) ”;
Alb. (*breuk ) prek “ touch, frisk, violate “, pres “ crunches with the teeth, cut “ [taboo word] :
Slovene: bŕsati “lead, touch ” : Lithuanian: brùkti “poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax) ” [verb];
Russian: brosát” “throw, (dial.) scutch flax ” [verb]; brokát” (dial.) “throw” [verb]; Serbo -
Croatian: bŕcati “throw” [verb];
Russ.brykátь “ kick with the back leg “, Clr. brykáty “ frisk mischievously, run “ etc
Note:
Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - Illyrian origin: Lithuanian: braũktas “wooden knife
for cleaning flax ” [m o], braũkti “erase, scutch (flax) ”, brùkti “poke, thrust, press, scutch
(flax)” [verb]

References: WP. II 119, Specht IE Decl. 251 f.
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bronk -
English meaning: to lock
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einschließen, einengen”
Material: Goth. anapraggan “press” to *pranga- “ restriction, constriction “ in O.S. prang
“narrow alley ”, M.Eng. prange “narrowness ”, Eng. dial. proug “ menu fork “,
Maybe Alb. pranga “ restriction, fetter, chain, handcuff ” : germ Pranger “ pillory “
M.N.Ger. prangen “press”, pranger “pole”, M.H.G. pfrengen “ wedge “, O.H.G. pfragina “bar,
gate, barrier ”, to Lith. brañktas m. “ pole for hanging (*gallows)”, Ltv. brankti (Lith. Lw.) “
fitting tightly “.
References: WP. II 119, 677 f.. Feist 43, Kluge11 under Pranger.
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bu-
English meaning: lip, kiss
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lippe, Kuß”
Note: as an imitation of the kiss sound, bursting of the sucking lip fastener from inside, thus
actually differently from bu-, bhu - “ inflate “ with normal spraying after outside.
Root bu- : “lip, kiss” derived from Root ku-, kus- (*kʷukʷh -): “to kiss” common Celtic - Greek
kʷ- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Pers. bōsīdan “kiss”; Alb. buzë “lip”;
Maybe Alb. (*pus) puth “kiss” [common Alb. -s > - th shift] : Swe. puss “kiss”.
M.Ir. bus, pus “lip”, busóc , pusóc “kiss” (in addition presumably Gaul. PN Bussumüros and
buđđutton “mouth, kiss ”);
Ger. Buss “kiss”, bussen “kiss”, Busserl “kiss”, Eng. buss , Swe. (with regular consonant
shift) puss “kiss”; Lith. bučiu ́ oti “kiss”, buč the onomatopoeic word, sound of the kiss dental
interjectIon. Pol. buzia “mouth, face; kiss ”.
Note:
The same phonetic construction for Pol. buzia “mouth, face; kiss ” : Alb. buzë , buza “lip” :
Rom. buzů “lip” : Ital. bacio “mouth, face; kiss ”, older Lat. basiatio -onis f. “kissing, a kiss ”.
References: WP. I 113 f., WH. II 98.
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dak̂ru -
English meaning: tears
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Träne”
Grammatical information: n.
Material:
Gk. δάκρυ , δάκρυον , δάκρυμα “tears”; out of it borrows altLat. dacruma , Lat. lacruma,
lacrima ds. (with sabin. l?);
Note:
Common Lat. dh- > ll- , d- > l- phonetic mutatIon.
Maybe Alb. (*lac-) lag “ to moist, damp, wet “ [taboo word as in Alb. lagen sytë “cry silently ”]
: O.Bret. dacr-(lon) “ moist, damp, wet “
Also Alb. (*lok-) lot “tear” [common Alb. -k > -th, -t phonetic mutation similar to Alb. (*mag- )
math “big”.
O.Ir. dēr n., Welsh deigr (could go back to pl. * dakrī the o-Decl.), pl. dagrau , O.Bret. dacr-
(lon) “ moist, damp, wet “, Corn. dagr “tears” (Island-Celtic *dakrom ‘see, look” Thurneysen
KZ. 48, 66 f); Gmc. *táhr- and tagr- : Goth. tagr n. “tears”, O.N. tür n. (from *tahr- ), O.E.
tæhher, tear, teagor m., O.H.G. zahar m. (Ger. Zähre from dem pl.; whether in Gmc. still
from old u-stem or it has changed out of it? o-stem has gone out, is doubtful).
IE *dak̂ru is probably from * drak̂ru dissimilated because of O.H.G. trahan , O.S. pl. trahni
“tears”, M.L.G. trün ds. and “( from fat of squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil ”,
M.H.G. traher ds. ( -er probably after zaher has changed) and Arm. artasuk “ tears “, sg.
artausr from *drak̂ur .
On the other hand one searches connection with O.Ind. áśru, aśra-m “tears”, Av.
asrūazan - “ pouring tears “, Lith. ašara ̀ , ãšara “tears”, Ltv. asara ds.; probably sheer rhyme

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word, so *ak̂ro- “ acer, sharp, bitter “ as epithet of the tears ( “bitter tears “) partially used in
place of dak̂ru , whereby it took over its u-inflection? compare also Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I
142 f.
Note:
From early Italic, Illyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: * lī́ga ̀ ( ˜ *ĺ-)
English meaning: to weep, cry
Turkic protoform: *jɨ̄g-(la-)
Tungus protoform: *ligi-
References: WP. I 769, WH. I 746 f.
See also: see above S. 23 under ak̂ru.
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dāiu ̯ ēr (gen. daiu̯rés )
English meaning: brother- in-law
Deutsche Übersetzung: “the Bruder of Gatten, Schwager ”
Material: O.Ind. dēva ́ r -, Arm. taigr, Gk. δᾱήρ (*δαιFηρ), Lat. lēvir (in ending reshaped after
vir; the l for d probably Sabine), O.H.G. zeihhur , O.E. tücor (presumably through
hybridization with an equivalent from Lith. láigonas “brother of wife ”), Lith. dieverìs (for
*dievė̃ = O.Ind. dēva ́ r -; older conservative gen. diever̃s ), Ltv. diẽveris , O.C.S. děverь (i-, i̯o-
and conservative stem).
Note:
The Baltic cognate Lith. láigonas “brother of the wife ” proves the Balkan origin of Baltic
languages inheriting Lat. d- > l - phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.
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dāu-, dǝu-, dū ̆-
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “brennen”, 2. “verletzen, quälen, vernichten, feindselig”
Note: uncertainly, whether in both meaning originally identical (possibly partly as “ burning
pain “, partly “ destroy by fire, burn down hostile settlements “?)
Material: O.Ind. dunō ́ ti “burns (trans), afflicts ”, dūna ́ - “burnt, afflicted “, pass. dūyatē “burns”
(intr.), kaus. düvayati “burns” (trans), düva ́ -ḥ (with ablaut change davü -ḥ) “blaze”, dū f.
“affliction, pain ”, doman- “blaze, agony ” (-ǝu- as in δεδαυμένος );
Note:
O.Ind. and Alb. prove that Root düu-, dǝu-, dū ̆- : “to burn” derived from Root dheu-4, dheu̯ǝ -
(presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-) : “to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke etc. ”.

Arm. erkn (to δύη) “throes of childbirth ”;
Note: common Balt-Illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation reflected in Arm.
Gk. δαίω (*δᾰF-ι̯ω) ‘set on fire, inflame ”, perf. δέδηε “be in flames, be on fire ” (: O.Ind.
dudüva ), participle δεδαυμένος (δαῦσαι ἐκκαῦσαι Hes., ἐκδαβῆ ἐκκαυθῆ Λάκωνες Hes.),
δάος n., δαΐς, -ίδος f. “torch” (to ᾳ: von Att. δᾱͅς, δᾱͅδός s. Schwyzer Gk. I 266), δᾱνός “
easily ignitable = to dry ” (*δαεινός from *δαFεσ-νός), δᾱλός “ burning piece of wood ”
(*δαFελός = lakon. δαβελός ); δήιος “hostile”, Dor. (Trag.) δᾱΐος, δᾳος “afflicted, woeful,
wretched, miserable ”; Hom. δηΐοω ‘slay, kill, murder ” (Att. δῃόω “ds., devastate ”), δηιοτής, -
τ῅τος “tumult of war, fight, struggle ”, Hom. δᾰΐ loc. “in the battle ” (to nom. * δαῦς, IE *düus
Schwyzer Gk. I 578), δαι-κτάμενος “ killed in the fight ”; probably δύη “affliction”, δυόωσι “fall
in the misfortune ” (ἀνθρώπους , Od.), δυερός “ unlucky “.

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About ὀδύνη (mostly pl.), Eol. ἐδύνας acc. pl. “pain”, ὀδυνᾶν “ cause pain, afflict, sadden ”
see under ed- “eat”; perhaps here δαῦκος ὁ θρασύς (‘stormy, hot tempered ”) Hes.
Alb. dhunë (*dus-n-) “affliction, pain, force, violence, horrible action; disgrace, insult ”
(dhunon “revile, violate ”; dhun “bitter”, originally “unpleasant ”? or as sl. gorьkъ “bitter”:
gorěti “burn”?) with *du-s - (presumably as zero grade of -es- stem = or as Gk. δά(F)ος);
Tosc derë “bitter” (*deu- no-);
Lat. presumably duellum, bellum “war, fight ” (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix.
Note: common Lat. dw- > b- phonetic mutation
O.Ir. dōīm ‘singe, burn ” (about O.Ir. dōīm “get, exert ” see under deu̯(ǝ) -), Verbalnom.
dōud = O.Ind. davathu- ḥ “blaze, fire “; atūd “kindle, inflame ” from * ad-douth , Welsh cynneu
“kindle, inflame ” under likewise, also Bret. devi, Welsh deifio “burn” (with v from w before i̯)
here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); O.Ir. gen. condid , M.Ir. connad, condud
“firewood ”, Welsh cynnud “ firing”, Corn. kunys , Bret. keuneud “firewood ” (Pedersen KG. I
108, II 39, basic form perhaps *kom-dauto- ); Welsh etewyn “ firebrand “ (*ate-dau̯-ino-),
Bret. collective eteo ds.
O.H.G. zuscen “burn”; after φρύ̄νη : braun here also O.E. tosca “frog”, Swe. dial. tosk ds.;
perhaps (with * eu, see under) O.N. tjōn n. “damage, wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule ”,
O.E. tēona m., tēone f. “damage”, O.S. tiono “evil, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity ”, whereof
O.N. tȳna “destroy, lose ”, O.E. tīenan “plague, anger, slander ”, O.S. gitiunean “ act wrong
against somebody “.*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) In spite of Osthoff IA. 1, 82 has kept away the family of Ger. zũnden , Goth. tundnan “is
ignited”, tandjan “ignite, set on fire ”, M.H.G. zinden , because of that i and a would not be
probably first ablaut neologism in u; after Thurneysen IA. 83, 32 as t-andjan to O.Ir. ad-and-
“kindle, inflame ”.

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dā-
English meaning: to flow; river
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flũssig, fließen”
Material: O.Ind. dü-na- n. “ liquid flowing from the temples of the elephant for the rutting “,
dü ́-nu- n. f. “ every dripping liquid, drop, dew ”, Av. dü-nu- f. “river, stream ”, Osset. don
“water, river ”; Russ. FlN Don, (Greek) skyth. FlN Σάναις ;
Also typical intensive reduplication Illyr. (*don-don) Dodona Epirus
Russ. FlN Dniepr and Dniestr , old Danapris and Danastius from skyth. *Dünu apara “ back
river” and *Dünu nazdya- “ front river ”;
Av. VN Dünavō pl. “ river inhabitant “ (become in R ̥ gveda water demons, fem. GN Dünu -),
skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence (?) Gk. VN Δαναοί, ägypt. Danuna ; with
formants -mo- Arm. tamuk “humid, wet, moist ”, tamkanam “ wet, mositen; of water, collect
in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet, moistened, soaked “ and presumably Gk. δημός
(Proto-Gk. ᾱ or η?) “fat of animals and people ”, wherewith Alb. dhjamë “fat, bacon, tallow,
suet” is not connected in a cleared way yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly
growing ones (compare O.C.S. loj “ soft fat, lard, grease “ : lijati “pour”). Here also Celt.
Dünuvius “ Danube river ”,
Gaul. ON Condüte “ the confluence of two rivers; as a place-name Confluentes “; six Eng.
Fl Don (*dünu -), Welsh FlN Donwy (*dünuu ̯ iü ).
Benveniste places to Arm. tam-uk yet Hitt. dame(n)k- “fall like rain ” (BSL 33, 143).
References: WP. I 763, M. Förster Themse 145 f., Kretschmer Gl . 24, 1 ff., 15 ff., Mél.
Pedersen 76 ff., Benveniste BSL 33, 143.
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dā : dǝ - and dāi- : dǝi- : dī̆-
English meaning: to share, divide
Deutsche Übersetzung: “teilen, zerschneiden, zerreißen”
Grammatical information: originally athemat. Wurzelpräsens.
Material: O.Ind. dü ́ ti, dyáti “clips, cuts, mows, separates, divides ”, participle diná-ḥ, ditá-ḥ,
composes ava-ttaḥ “ cropped, truncated, cut off “, díti-ḥ “the distributing ”,
dü ́ nam “the abscission, trimming ”, düna ́ m n. “distribution, deal, portion ”, dü ́ tu n. “deal,
portion”, düta ́ r - m. (= δαιτρός ) “reaper, mower ”, dütra ́ m “ allotted share “, dü ́ tram n. ‘sickle”,
Pers. düra “ remuneration “, düs ‘sickle”; O.Ind. dayü ́ “ communion, concern, commiseration
“ = dáyate (*dǝi-etai) “divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs “.
Maybe nasalized form in Alb. (*dáyate ) ndanj “cut, separate, allot, share ”.
Gk. δαίομαι med. “divide, allot, share ” with probably after Fut. δαίσω and and the
following words preserved ι (phonetic laws δάηται Konj. Ф 375 “ is destroyed “); δαίς, -τος,
δαίτη,
Hom. also δαιτύς , -ύος ‘share, meal, sacrifice, oblation ” (: O.Ind. dü ́ tu); δαιτυμών “guest” (as
‘serving the meal ”), δαιτρός “ colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. “ (: O.Ind. düta ́ r -), δαιτρόν
‘share” (: O.Ind. dütra ́ m ; this αι of these Gk. words is partly according to phonetic laws - üi,
ǝi - partly analogical, as in Cret. perf. δέδαισμαι to δατέομαι , compare also Cret. δαῖσις
“division”, καρποδαισταί “ distributor of fruit “), δαίνῡμι “host”, probably also δαίμων m. “god,
goddess; fate, destiny, person ’s lot in life ” (actually “ prorating; or “god of the dead as a
corpse eater ”, Porzig IF. 41, 169 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 14, 228 f.; about of Archilochos δαίμων
“δαήμων” see below *dens - “ high mental power “); δαί̈ζω, Fut. -ξω, Aor. -ξα “divide, carve,

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slit, destroy ” (due to * δᾰFό-ς “ sliced, destructed ”), ἄ-δατος ἀδιαίρετος Hes., δάνος n.
“interest, usury ” (due to a participle *dǝ-nó-s = O.Ind. diná-ḥ, compare δάνας μερίδας );
Gaul. arcanto-danos “ minting “ as “distributing silver ”.
With formants -mo- : dümos f. “people”: Gk. δ῅μος , Dor. δᾶμος m. “( people’s division)
people, area; the single region in Athens “, O.Ir. düm f. “ retinue, troop, multitude, crowd ”,
O.Welsh dauu “ boy, serf, servant “, Welsh daw, dawf ‘son-in-law”; apparently older fem. o-
stem; in addition Hitt. da-ma-a-iš (damaīš? ) “an other, foreigner, stranger ”, from “*foreign
people”, originally “*people”, Pedersen Hitt. 51 ff.
With formants -lo- perhaps O.C.S. dělъ “deal, portion ” (*dǝi-lo-) (see under * del- ‘split”);
about O.Ir. fo-dülim etc s. just there. Here belongs probably also Goth. dails “deal, portion ”,
runeninschr. da[i]liÞun “divide”, O.Ice. deill, O.E. dæ ̄ l, O.H.G. teil m. “deal, portion ”;
Maybe Alb. dallonj ‘separate, distinguish ”
O.Ice. deila f. “division, disunion ”, O.H.G. teila f. “division”; O.Ice. deila , O.E. dæ ̄ lan , O.H.G.
teilan “divide” etc It could hardly derive from Slav., probably it derives from Ven.-Illyr. ,
because the root form *dǝi- is attested in sũd Illyr. PN Dae-tor . An additional form IE dhǝi-
besides dǝi- would be unplausible.
With zero grade dī- : Arm. ti, gen. tioy “age, years, days, time ” (* < dī-t(i)- or *dī-to-, *dī-
tü), O.H.G. zīt f. (n. Isidor), O.S. O.E. tīd, O.N. tīð f. “time, hour ” (*tīÞ-, IE*dī-t-, ursprgl
“period of time ”), in addition O.N. tīðr “ usual, ordinary, frequent, often ”, O.E. tīdan “occur”,
O.N. tīða “ aspire, strive ”; O.N. tī-na “ to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove,
clean”;
About Goth. til “ fitting” etc see under ad-2, but Goth. dails under del-3; here against it
O.H.G. zila “ sequence, row, line ”, Westfäl. tīle “ sheaf row “, Ger. Zeile , probably from * tīð-
lá-.
p- extension düp-, dǝp-; dǝp-no-, -ni- “ sacrificial meal “:

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O.Ind. düpayati “divides”; Arm. taun (*dap- ni-) “festival”; Gk. δάπτω (*δαπι̯ω ) “tear, rend,
mangle, lacerate, disassemble “, with intensive reduplication δαρδάπτω “tear, rend,
(κτήματα ) squander, dissipate in luxury ”, δαπάνη f. “expenditure, esp. arising from
hospitality (: daps ) “,
δάπανος “ lavish, wasteful “, δαπανάω “ consume ” (out of it Lat. dapinō ‘serve up (as food),
provide for ”), δαψιλός (Empedokles), δαψιλής “(* wasteful) exuberant, rich, generous “; Lat.
daps “(*share) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet “, damnum
“loss, damage, defect, fine ”, damnōsus “ ruinous “ (*dap- no- : δαπάνη , different Pedersen
Hitt 42);
maybe Illyr. Epidamnos (Eppi- “*horse” + *dap- no “*sacrifice ”), also Alb.Gheg dam (*dap-
no) “damage”: Lat. damnum .
O.N. tafn (*dap- no-) “ sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal “, compare den Gmc. GN Tanfana
(Tacit.), if from * tafnana , Marstrander NTS. 1, 159.
From Gmc. one still adds a lot, what was a meaning-development from ‘split up, cut up,
divide” to “tear, pluck, shortly touch, make short clumsy movement “ under likewise would
assume; in following the meaning from δαπανᾶν , damnum derives aschw. tappa and tapa “
put an end to, lose ”, O.Ice. tapa ds.; O.Fris. tapia “pluck”, O.E. tæppe f. “ cloth stripes “,
M.Eng. tappen (Eng. tap) “hit lightly ”, M.L.G. tappen , tüpen (lengthening in open syllable?) “
pick, pluck ”; O.N. tæ ̄ pr “ barely touching “, Ice. tæ ̄ pta (*tüpatjan ) “ just touch “, Nor. dial.
tæpla “touch lightly, tread quietly ”; but Nor. dial. taap(e) m., Dan. taabe “fool, rogue,
awkward; clumsy person ”, Nor. taapen “weak, feeble, ineligible “, tæpe n. “ insignificant;
unimportant thing ”, O.N. tæ ̄ piligr “concise”, with other labial grades Swe. dial. tabb, tabbe “
gawk “, tabbet “ oafish “, are probably onomatopoeic words, also as N.Ger. tappe , Swiss
tüpe, Ger. Tappe “ paw “, as well as tappen, täppisch etc; s. also under dhabh- 1.

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Likewise are to be kept away O.H.G. zabalōn , Ger. zappeln , as well as O.H.G. zapfo ,
Ger. Zapfen , O.E.tæppa ds. (Gmc. *tappon- ); also only Gmc. words with i and u (compare
Specht Decl. 152 f.):M.Eng. tippen , Eng. tip “ touch quietly, bump quietly “, Ger. tippen ,
M.H.G. zipfen “(in swift movement) trip, scurry “, O.N. tifask “ walk on tiptoe; trip “, M.H.G.
zipf “tip, cusp, peak ”, nasalized M.L.G. timpe f. “tip, end”, O.E. ü-timplian “hold with nails ”; on
the other hand Nor. dial. tuppa , Ger. zupfen , O.N. toppr “ tuft of hair, summit, acme, apex “,
O.E. topp m. “cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip “, toppa m. “ filament “, O.H.G. zopf “ pigtail,
braid, plait, end of a thing “; M.L.G. tubbe , tobbe “ spigot “, tobben “pluck, rend “, sũddt.
zöfeln “ waver “ (as zapfeln ); perhaps here also O.H.G. zumpo “penis”, M.H.G. zumpf(e) ,
Ger. Zumpt , whereat under dumb -.
Here Toch. A tüp “ ate “, Van Windekens Lexique 187.
t-extension dǝ-t- (compare but das participle dǝ-tó-s):
Gk. δατέομαι “divide, tear, rend, consume ” (Fut. δάσσεσθαι , Aor. Hom. δάσσασθαι , Att.
δάσασθαι ), wherefore δασμός “division”, δάσμα “lot”, common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic
mutation
δατήριος “dividing, splitting ” (this certainly from * δᾰ-τήρ: O.Ind. dü-tár- “reaper, mower ”),
ἄδαστος “ undivided “; δατέομαι is Gk. neologism (Schwyzer Gk. I 676) and not IE *dǝ-t-;
Goth. ungatass “ disarrayed, disorderly “ (compare ἄ-δαστος ), M.Du. getes “be
submitting, suitable “; O.H.G. zetten “(distributing) strew, outspread “, Ger. verzette(l)n ,
probably also O.N. teðja “ outspread dung “, tað n. “(* outstretched) dung ”; O.H.G. zota,
zata f. “ tuft of wool, hair hanging down together, filament or wool “ (therefrom zaturra “ a
harlot, prostitute “), O.E. tættec (expressives tt) ‘scrap, shred, tatter, rag “, O.N. tǫturr
‘scrap, shred ”; altDan. tothae , older Dan. and Dan. dial. tøde, taade “, retard, delay, hinder ”.

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Besides with u-voc. O.N. toddi ‘small piece ”, Du. todde ‘scrap, shred ”, O.H.G. zota, zotta
“ topknot “, Ger. Zotte, Zote ; M.H.G. zoten “go slowly ”, Ger. zotteln , E.Fris. todden “pull,
tear, drag “ under likewise; about Ger. zaudern s. Kluge11 704.
Toch. A tät-k “divide, carve, slit ”.
s-extension d-es-:
O.Ind. dásyati “ suffers lack, swelters, languishes “, upadásyati “ goes out, is exhausted “;
Nor. dial. tasa “wear out ”, Swe. dial. tasa “ pluck wool, outspread hay “, N.Ger. tasen
“pluck”, Ger. Zaser , older Zasel “ fibre, filament “, Nor. dial. tase m. “weak person ”, tasma
“languish”, tasa “ become feeble “; ablaut. Dan. dial. tæse “ work slowly “, N.Ger.täsen “
work heavily ”, identical with Nor. Dan. tæse “ disentangle, wear out, pull out ”; compare in
similar meaning Nor. tasse “ go quietly “, taspa “ go slowly and sluggishly ”, M.H.G. zaspen
‘scratch, go sluggishly “, O.H.G. zascōn “ seize, snatch, tear away “ (actually “drag”) = Ger.
dial. zaschen, zäschen “drag, pull, tear, work slowly “, zäschen f. “ a train in the dress “;
about O.H.G. tasca “pouch, pocket ” s. Kluge11 612.
Maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*zascōn ) me zanë “ to seize, snatch, tear away “
Hitt. tešḫü - “keep oneself away from ” (3. sg. preterit ti-eš-ḫa-aš).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*tešḫü ) tesha pl. “clothes, belongings, rags ”, teshë ‘speck of dust, little
splinter, torn piece ”
Besides with i-vocalism (IE *di-s as extension to dī̆-? Or only Gmc. neologism?):
Swe. dial. teisa , tesa “ pull to pieces “, Dan. dial. tese “pluck (e.g. wool) ”, O.E. tæ ̄ san “
pull to pieces “, O.H.G. zeisan, zias “ ruffle; tousle, pluck wool “; E.Fris. Du. teisteren “ rend
“, O.E. tæ ̄ sel , O.H.G. zeisala “ teasel “, Nor. dial. test “willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock “, with ī
Nor.tīst “ fibre, filament “, tīsl “ shrubbery “, with ĭ M.H.G. zispen “go sluggishly ” (as zaspen ),
probably also (?) O.E. teoswian “plague, disparage “, teoso “insult, deceit, malice ”.

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Finally with u-vocalism: Nor. dial. tosa “rub, wear out, pluck ”, also “flub, work slowly “,
tose “frail person ”, tos “ fibers, ragged rigging “, tossa ‘strew, distribute, outspread “, M.Eng.
tōtūsen “tousle, ruffle ”, M.L.G. tōsen “ rend, pull ”, O.H.G. zirzūsōn “tousle, ruffle ”, M.H.G.
zūsach “ brushwood “, zūse f. “ brushwood, hair lock “ under likewise; perhaps to Lat.
dūmus “ a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub ” (*dū ̆ s-mo-s) and O.Ir. doss “bush”.
From PIE this root passed to Altaic:
Protoform: * dàma
English meaning: ill, sick, bad
Turkic protoform: *jAman
Tungus protoform: *dam-
Japanese protoform: * dàm-
Note: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic
form (MC ja- mạn ‘savage, barbarian ” is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman for
a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original
meaning of the root was “ill(ness), sick(ness) ”).

References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gk. I 676.
See also: out at least basically as extensions from dü- “cut, split” agreeable root del- ‘split”,
del- “ whereupon it is split apart “, der- ‘split, flay” see under see under its own headwords.
Page(s): 175-179

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deiĝh -
English meaning: to prick; tick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “prickeln, kitzeln ”? “zwickelndes Insekt ”
Material: Arm. ti “tick”;
M.Ir. dega , acc. degaid (*digüt -) “Hirschkäfer” ;
Gmc. *tīkan -, with intensive sharpening *tikkan- , in O.E. ticia m. (lies tiica or ticca), Eng.
tike and tick “wood tick, sheep louse “, M.L.G. Zecke m. f. “wood tick ”, Ger. Zecke ; besides
a mediation form *tīkan - in M.L.G. teke, M.H.G. Zeche , Eng. teke ds.;
Nor. dial. tikka, N.Ger. ticken “ stumble lightly “, M.H.G. zicken ds.; O.H.G. zechon “
pulsate, banter, skirmish ”; Eng. tickle “ titillate “; nasalized O.E. tindian ds.
A connection with dhēig - “prick” is not provable.
References: WP. I 777.
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deik̂-
English meaning: to show
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zeigen”
Note: from which Lat. and Gmc. partly “ point to something with words, say ”, developed
plural also “ show the right, point to the culprit, accuse “
Material: O.Ind. dídeṣṭi , diśáti , dēs ́ ayati ‘shows, point at ”, Av. daēs - Aor. dōiš- ‘show”
(daēsayeiti , disyeiti , daēdōišt ) ‘show; assign something to somebody, adjudge “, participle
O.Ind. diṣṭá - (= Lat. dictus ); diṣṭi-ḥ “ instruction, regulation “, Av. üdišti -š “directive, doctrine ”
(= Lat. dicti-ō, O.E. tiht “ accusation “, O.H.G. in-, bi-ziht ds., Ger. Verzicht ), O.Ind. diś- f.
“instruction, direction ”, diśü “direction ” (= δίκη “right, justice ”, from which probably Lat. dicis
causa “ for form ’s sake, for the sake of appearances “), deśá -ḥ “(direction), region ” = O.N.
teigr see under;
Gk. δείκνῡμι, secondary δεικνύω “points, shows, evinces ”, Cret. προ-δίκνῡτι
“ἐπιδείκνυσι” , δεῖξις “ the display “ (with secondary lengthened grade), δίκη see above,
δίκαιος , δικάζω, ἄδικος ; the perf. Med. δέδειγμαι , and δεῖγμα “ averment, proof, example ”
not with IE g, but Gk. innovation;
Lat. dīcere “to indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in pass.
with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean, refer to ”,
dīcüre “ announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer “, Osc.
deíkum ‘say”, Umbr. teitu, deitu “(Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare ”, changing through
ablaut Osc. dicust “ will have said “, Umbr. dersicust ds., Osc. da-díkatted “dēdīcavit” , Lat.
dīciō “ power, sovereignty, authority “, indīcüre “indicate, display, show, offer ”, index “ an
informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a touchstone “ (as also O.Ind. deśinī “

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forefinger “), iūdex “ a judge; in plur., a panel of jurors “, vindex (vindicüre = vim dicere ),
causidicus ; about urIr. *Eku̯o -decas , Lugudec(c)as (gen. sg.) see under dek̂-1.
Goth. gateihan “ indicate, promulgate “, O.N. tēa, newer tiü ‘show, depict, represent,
explain, announce “, O.E. tēon “ indicate, promulgate “, O.H.G. zīhan “accuse, blame ”,
zeihen”;
maybe Alb. zihem “quarrel, argue ”
wherefore O.N. tīgenn “(*show, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble ”, tīgn f. “rank; noble
man, husband ”; O.H.G. zeigōn ‘show”, whereof zeiga “instruction ”; inziht etc see above;
further O.N. teigr m. “ linear part of meadow “ (“*direction ” = O.Ind. deśá-ḥ “region, place,
land”), changing through ablaut O.E. tīg, tīh “meadow, pasture “, M.L.G. tī(g) m. public
collective place of a village “, O.H.G. zīch “forum”.
Here presumably with the meaning “finger” (= “*pointer”) and secondary, but already old
“toe”, O.H.G. zēha , O.E. tühe, tü, O.N. tü “toe” (*dóik̂u̯ü ), M.L.G. tēwe , Ger. and sũdd. zēwe
ds. (*doik̂-u̯ü), and that probably from * dicitus through dissimilation against the toneless t
resulted Lat. digitus “finger, toe ”.
Hitt. tek-kuš-ša-nu-mi “ makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces ” here after
Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204.
Besides IE doiĝ- in Goth. taikns f. “mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle ”, taikn n. ds.,
O.H.G. (etc) zeihhan n. “mark, token, sign ”, O.E. tæ ̄ can , Eng. teach “instruct”, O.N. teikna
‘show, signify, designate ”, O.H.G. zeihhonōn “ draw, depict, sign “, Goth. taiknjan ‘show”,
O.H.G. zeihinen ds.
From Gmc. *taikna derives finn. taika- “omen, sign ”.
Whether deik̂- and deiĝ- from dei- “bright shine ” (also ‘see”) are extended as “ allow to
see, allow to shine “?
References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351, 860, Schwyzer Gk. I 696 f., Feist 204, 472.

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dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā-
English meaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hell glänzen, schimmern, scheinen”
Note: (older “*dart rays ”?)
Note:
The origin of the sky god was Anatolia, where the Sumerian sun god Utu was called father
god: Utu + Root pǝtē ́(r) gen. pǝtr-és, -ós : “father” - “father Utu”: Luvian DUTU- wa-az: 107 iii
8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, DUTU- wa-za ‘sun god”.
Material: O.Ind. dī́-dē-ti “ seems, shines ”, 3. pl. dīdyati , Impf. 3. sg. ádīdēt , Imper. 2. sg.
didīhí , su-dī-tí-ḥ) “ having nice brilliance “, Kaus. dīpa ́ yati “ ignites, illuminates ”, dī́pyate
“blazes, shines, seems “ (about dīvyati see under), dīdi- ‘shining, seeming ” (due to from dī́-
de-ti); similar *doi-d-o- (broken Redupl.) in O.N. teitr “cheerful, blithe, glad ” (lit. “radiating ”),
O.E. tæ ̄ ta ́ n “caress”, tüt- (in names) “blithe, glad ”, O.H.G. zeiz “tender, graceful ” (compare
heiter and “clear, bright ” as “blithe, glad ”; Uhlenbeck O.Ind. Wb. 126); perhaps here also
Lith. dìdis “big, large ” as “ handsome, considerable “;
Gk. Hom. δέατο (Imperfect) “he saw, discerned, perceived “, δεάμην ἐδοκίμαζον ,
ἐδόξαζον Hes., arkad. Konj. δεά̄τοι, Hom. Aor. δοάσσατο “to appear “, Konj. δοάσσεται,
compared with arkad. Aor. δεά[σε]τοι with ο after ἔδοξε , Schwyzer Gk. I 6816; common Gk.-
Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. (*δέελος ) diel “(*bright) sun ” [common Alb. -e- > -ie- shift].
Hom. δέελος “visible” (*δει̯ελος; with metr. lengthening εὐδείελος ), δ῅λος ds. (from * δέι̯αλος ,
from which also Hesychs δίαλος ; Hom. ἀρίζηλος “very distinct, clear, bright ” (from *δι̯η-λός);
*doilo - presumably in O.E. sweo-tol (from *tül) “apparent, manifest, obvious, distinct,
clear, bright ” and in M.Ir. dōel “beetle, chafer ” (‘shining black insect ”) as well as in Ir. river

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names Daol (*doilü ) as “the shining ”. Here probably also Lith. dailùs “dainty, pretty ”, dáilinti
‘smooth, adorn ”.
With formants -tlo- presumably here being found only in the compound Gmc. * tīÞla- :
zīdal-, Ger. Zeidel -, nd. tīl- “honey “(“ clearness, shine - clear honey “).
Against Pedersens raising from Hitt. te-eš-ḫa- “dream” (Muršilis 69) s. Couvreur H ̯ 53
and above S. 178.
u̯-extension: dei̯eu - (: di̯éu-, diu̯-, di̯u-) “bright, divine revered sky and bright day:
Diphth. stem nom. di̯ēus (dii̯ēus ), acc. di̯ēum , voc. di̯ĕu, loc. di̯éu̯i and di̯ēu, dat. diu̯éi ,
gen. diu̯-és, -ós; di̯ēus -pǝtēr ‘sky father, heavenly father ”.
O.Ind. dyü ́ uh ̣ (diyü ́ uh ̣ ) ‘sky, heaven ”, acc. dyü ́ m , loc. dyáví , diví, dat. divē ́, gen. diváḥ
(and dyōh ̣ ), instr. pl. dyú-bhiḥ;
Gk. Ζεύς (= dyüu ́ -ḥ), acc. Z ῅ν (= dyü ́ m ), voc. Ζεῦ (*di̯ĕu), gen. Δι(F)ός, dat. (loc. ) Δι(F)ί
(Ζ῅ν lengthened Ζ῅να , Ζηνός , Zηνί; about Ζάς by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gk. I
5774); the gen. *diu̯es in Thess. Διες-κουριάδεω , prien. Διες-κουρίδου (Schwyzer Gk. I 547);
Maybe Rom. zeu “god” : Alb. zot “god” : Rom. zeiţů, zeitate, zânů “goddess ” : Alb. zana f.
“nymph, goddess ”, zota f. m. “gods” : Gk. Ζ῅να [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].
in Lat. the old paradigm has split in two which designate the name of the uppermost God
and the “day”; similarly in the Osc. and Umbr.:
Note: common Lat. Illyr. d- > l - phonetic mutation:
Lat. Iuppiter from Iū-piter , Umbr. Jupater voc. = Ζεῦ πάτερ , to nom. O.Ind. dyü ́ ušpitü ́
“father of the sky, heavenly father ”, Ζεὺς πατήρ , dat. Umbr. Iuvepatre , Illyr. (Hes.) Δει-
πάτυρος ; Lat. gen. Iouis (altLat. also Diovis , also as nom.), Osc. Diúveí “ Jove “, íuvilam ,
older diuvilam “* iovilam “, iúvilas “* iovilae “ etc, compare GentilN Lat. Iūlius (*Iovilios );

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Maybe [from Illyr. (Hes.) Δει-πάτυρος ] the compound Alb. (*Δει- ἠέλιος) diel ‘sun god, sun ”,
older dielë ‘sunday (day of the sun) ”, where Alb. follows Lat. paradigm which designates the
name of the uppermost God and the “day”.
Also Alb. (*Jove- di, *jeudi ) enjte “Thursday ” similar to fr. jeudi “ Thursday “, Ital. jovedi “
Thursday ”.
Lat. Diēspiter (whereof Diülis “relating to Jupiter; “(flamen) dialis ”, the priest of Jupiter ”) with
acc. d(i̯)i̯ēm has changed after nom. diēs, otherwise would prevail in the meaning “day”,
while to the name of “ sky God “ the ablaut grade * di̯ou̯- from *di̯eu- would be accomplished
under the pressure of voc. * di̯eu- (up to Diēspiter , also Umbr. Di, Dei “[masc acc. sing.] god,
[neut voc. sing.] god ”, contracted from diē-, so that Di(m) = *diēm ); the old nom. *diūs from
*di̯ēus still standing in addition to Vēdiovis , Vēiovis, Vē-diū ̆ s “old-röm. Underworld God “;
in the meaning “day” Lat. diēs see above (m.; as f. in the meaning “date, day month year
(according to the calendar), period, time ” presumably after nox), yet besides the older nom.
di̯ēus still in nu-diū ̆ s tertius “now is the 3. day ”, further diū “ by day” (loc. *di̯ēu̯ or *di̯ōu), “ for
a long time “, “ a long time ago ” out of it “long”.
diminutive Lat. diēcula “ a little day, a short time “, Osc. [d]iíkúlús “days”, zicolo m. “day”;
Maybe Alb. diel ‘sun”, dielë ‘sunday, (day of the sun) ” are diminutive Illyr. forms.
O.Ir. dīe, proclitic dīa “day” (from after the acc. *dii̯ēm has changed * dii̯ēs), Welsh dydd ,
Corn. deth, dyth, Bret. deiz “day” (also); O.Ir. in-dīu “today”, Welsh etc he-ddyw “today” (at
first from *- dii̯ū, probably = Lat. diū).
From the ablaut grade diu̯- in the meaning “day”;
O.Ind. dívü “during the day ”, divē ́ divē “day by day ” (divám nom. otherwise ‘sky, heaven ”),
naktáṁdivam “night and day ”, sudivám “a nice day ”, sudivá -ḥ “ having a nice day “, Arm. tiv
“day”, Gk. ἔνδῑος “ in the middle of the day (appearing) ” (due to * ἐν διFί, compare ἐννύχιος);

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Lat. dius, interdius “of the day, in the daytime, by day “ (with Lat. syncope from gen. *diu̯ós );
bi-, tri-duum (*diu̯om ) “ period of two, three days “;
es-stem diu̯es - presumed from O.Ind. divasá -ḥ “day”, formal to dak. διεσεμα “ common
mullein, high taper “, probably from * diu̯es emü “luminous plant ” (Detschev, Dak. Pflanzenn.
14 ff.); but Gk. εὔδῐος (*εὔ-διFος) “clear, cheerful ”, older εὐδία “clear weather ”, to O.Ind. su-
divám (above); compare Sommer Nominalkomp. 73 ff.
*diu̯ios in O.Ind. divyá -, diviá- “ celestial “, divyü ́ ni “ the heavenly space ”, Gk. δῖος (from
*διFιος, Schwyzer Gk. I 472a) “divine, heavenly “, Lat. dīus “ divine, god-like; hence fine,
noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air “ (different from dīvus !), dīum “open
space of heaven ”, sub dīo; Diüna deriving from * Diviüna , “ the virgin goddess of the moon
and hunting ” *Diviü (?); compare etr. Tiv “moon”, tives “ months “, after Kretschmer Gl. 13,
111 f. from Ital. *diviü , and orph. Πανδῖα ‘selene (goddess of the moon) ” from *παν-διFιᾰ “
all kinds of illuminators “.
ablaut grade di̯u- in O.Ind. dyu-mnám “ splendor of the sky “, dyu-mánt - “bright, light ”,
verbal dyut- “gleam, shine ” in dyō ́ tatē , Aor. ved. ádyaut ‘shines” (with t probably after śvit-
“be bright ”); compare also O.C.S. dъždь “rain”, Russ. dožd”, O.Cz. dešč , etc, from * dus-di̯u-
“bad weather ”, Trubetzkoj Z. sl. Ph. 4, 62 ff.
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s - “to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die ” + Root dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ü- : “to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god ” derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S. : dъždь “rain” [m jo] (see below).
o-stem déiu̯o -s “god, the divine ”:
O.Ind. dēva ́ -ḥ “god” (dēvī́ “goddess ”), Av. daēva - “demon”;

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Lat. deus and dīvus , by of from the paradigm *deiu̯os (> deos ), gen. *deiu̯ī (> dīvī);
Osc.deívaí “goddess ” (Osc. deivinais = Lat. dīvīnis ; Umbr. deueia “ [fem. acc. sing.] of a
deity, goddess “;
maybe Alb. dif “giant”
Osc. deiuatud “ to swear an oath “ = Ltv. dievâtiês ‘swear, vow ”; Lat. dīves “ rich, wealthy;
with abl. or genit., rich in “, lit. ‘standing under the protection of the Gods ”, as Slav. bogatъ,
s. Schulze KZ. 45, 190);
Gaul. GN Dēvona , PN Dēvo -gnüta , O.Ir. dia, gen. dē “god”, O.Welsh duiu-(tit) “goddess,
deity”, M.Welsh Welsh duw, O.Corn. duy, Bret. doué “god”;
O.N. tīvar pl. “gods” (*deiu̯ōs ) as well as O.N. Tȳr (aGmc. teiwaz ) “the god of war ”, O.E.
Tīg, gen. Tīwes “Mars”, O.H.G. Zīo, Zio ;
aPruss. deiw(a)s , Lith. diẽvas “god” (deive ̃ “goddess, ghost ” from *deiu̯i̯ü , diẽvo sūnẽliai
‘sons of the sky ”, finn. Lw. taiwas ‘sky, heaven ”), Ltv. dìevs (verbal derivative lies before in
Lith. deivótis ‘say farewell “, Ltv. dievâtiês see above), compare Trautmann 50,
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 484, 485 f. Against it are O.C.S. divъ m. “wonder, miracle ”, divo, -
ese n. ds. ( -es-stem probably previously after čudo , -ese ds), divьnъ “ wonderful “, didn”t
derive from concept “god, deity “, but (as θαῦμα from θεάομαι ) position itself to Clr. dyvl”ú,
dyvūty sja ‘see, look, show ”, Cz. dívam se “look, see, observe ”, which behaves to O.Ind. dī́-
de-ti ‘shines” in the meaning as e.g. M.H.G. blick “lustre, shine, lightning ” and “look of the
eyes”, Ger. glänzen : Slav. ględati ‘see, show ”.
en-stem *deien - (thematic deino -, dino-) only in the meaning “day”:
Note:
The extension en-stem *deien - (thematic deino -, dino-) is of Illyrian origin. The attribute
nouns that derived from adjectives in Illyr. Alb. take -ta, -nta suffix which was then reduced
to common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutatIon. (see Alb. numbers)

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originally conservative still in O.C.S. dьnь, gen. dьne “day”; O.Ind. dína-m (esp. in
compounds “day”, Lat. nundinae “ the market-day held during every ninth day “,
maybe Alb. (*dína) dita “day” : O.Ind. dína-m (esp. in compounds “day” [common Alb. n > nt
> t phonetic mutation]
O.Ir. denus “a period of time ”, trēdenus “ three days ” time, three days “; Alb. gdhinj “make
day” from *- di-n-i̯ō;
maybe Alb. gëdhinj “the day breaks ” is a compound of zero grade *ego “I” + dína “I make
the day”.
zero grade Lith. dienà , Ltv. dìena , O.Pruss. acc. f. deinan “day” (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 432
f., Būga Kalba Ir. S. 227 f.); Goth. sinteins “daily, perpetual, everlasting ”; perhaps here
O.H.G. len(gi)zin ‘springtime ” from * langat-tin as “ having long days “.
Kretschmer leads back to Gk. T ιν-δαρίδαι ‘sons of Zeus ”, etr. Tin, Tinia “Juppiter” of a
pre-Greek Tin- “Diespiter (Zeus father) ”, respectively Ital. * Dinus (IE *din- “day, sky,
heaven”) (Gl. 13, 111; 14, 303 ff., 19, 207; s. also Schwyzer Gk. I 65); but the older form is
Συνδαρίδαι!
r-extension dēi-ro-, dī-ro- in:
Gmc. *tēra- (*dēi-ro-) and *tīra- (*dīro-) in O.H.G. zēri, ziari “precious, lovely, delightful,
nice, superb, pretty, splendid, beautiful ”, ziarī “beauty, ornament, adornment ”, ziarōn
“adorn, embellish ”, M.L.G. tēr “lustre, shine, fame, prospering; flourishing, good constitution
“, tēre and tīre “ habit, kind and way “, O.E. O.S. tīr “honour, fame ”, O.N. tīrr ds.; Nor. dial. tīr
“alertness, lookout, peering, light, lustre, shine ”, tīra “peek, sparkle, glitter ”;
in addition Lith. dyre ́ti, dūroti “gawk, lurk ”, dairūtis , Ltv. daīrîtie ̂ s ‘stare about ”, O.Pruss.
endyrītwei (under likewise, see Būga Kalba Ir. s. 227 f., Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 432 f.)
“watch, see ” (but Bulg. díŕъ ‘search, seek ” absents, s. Berneker 201);
Toch. A tiri “ kind and way “.

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About Hitt. šiwat - “day”, šiwanni - “god” (from *di̯ēu-?), hierogl.-Hitt. tina- “god”, šijüri
“appears” (*di̯ü-?) s. Pedersen Hitt. 57, 175 f.
To O.Ind. dī́vyati “plays, shows, throws dice “ (supposedly “ throws the eye “) compare
with other ablaut dyūta ́ m “dice game ”, further dēvanam “the game, dice game ”, and above
dyō ́ tate ‘shines”, dyutiḥ “lustre, shine ”, dyumánt - “bright, light ”. Whether here also Av. ü-
dīvyeinti “ bestir oneself, strive for “ as “ whereupon it is split apart “? compare
Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f.
The fact that our root as “ vibrating light ” originally one has been from deiǝ- “hurry,
whirl”, seems conceivable .
Note:
Alb. cognate (* tiwali ) diel ‘sun” corresponds to Luvian: tiwali(ya) - “of the Sun-(god) ” and Hitt.
dšiuš “(sun)god ”.
Hitt. dšiuš “(sun)god ”, Luvian DŠiwata - ‘sun-god” Attestations: [VSg] DŠi-wa-ta: KBo XXII
137 iii 8.
Commentary: Hittitized version of Luvian DTiwat- ; tiwali(ya) - “of the Sun-(god) ” Attestations:
[VSg] ti- wa-a-li-ya: 45 ii 18, ti-wa-li-ya: 48 ii 11; XV 35 i 21; KBo VIII 69,5.
Commentary: As per Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -l- for -d-. See also
tiwari(ya)- .
Luvian: tiwari(ya) - “of the Sun-(god) ” Attestations: [N-APlNt] ti-wa-ri-ya: KBo II 3 iii 40.
Commentary: As per Popko, KZ 97.228f, and Starke, StBoT 31.147, iyo-adj. to Tiwat- with -
r- for -d-.
Luvian DTiwat - ‘sun-god” Attestations: [N/VSg] (D)Ti-wa-az: 68,16; 91,8, DUTU- wa-az: 107 iii
8; KBo XXIX 25 ii 6*, DUTU- wa-za: 78,9; 48 ii 19; 107 ii 12, DUTU- az: 127,9(?); 133 ii 13; IX
31 ii 30; KBo XXIX 40,6; HT 1 ii 6, DUTU-za : 45 ii 25.26; 74,9, [VSg] ti-wa-ta(?): 19,12(bis);
XXXII 70,6(?), ti-u-wa- ta(?): KBo VII 68 iii 3, [ASg] DUTU-an: KBo IX 143 iii(!) 10, [DSg]

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DUTU- ti-i: 107 iii 10, DUTU-ti: 36,6; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7, [GenAdj] [NSgC] DTi-wa-d[a-aš-ši-
iš]: 108,5, [DSg] DUTU-ša-an-za-a[n]: 90,7 (sic!).
Commentary: On the last example see Melchert, Gs Carter. Cf. also 107 iii 11 and XXXII
13,11*. The assignment of the tiwata forms here is tentative. Cf. the solution of Starke,
StBoT 31.149!
Note:
The sky god originated in Anatolia where he had three eyes which signified the sun, the
moon and Jupiter. Ancient people didn ”t make a clear distinction between the brightest
planets and the sun. Actually the moon was a sun goddess. Her gender was determined by
moon cycles identical with women ’s menstrual cycles. The oldest cognates for the sky god
are found in Anatolian languages and AlbaniO.N. Those tongues make no distinction
between Jupiter and the sun. Ancient Indo Europeans believed that there were several
suns not just one. As the brightest celestial body at night sky, Jupiter was identified as the
aspect of the sun at night - or just another sun. Because of their extreme luster Jupiter and
often Mars were all considered minor sun gods. This is the reason why the brightest planet
became known in Illyr. Δει-πάτυρος “father god ”. Probably Anatolian languages borrowed
the sun god cognate from Sumerian Utu ‘sun god”.
References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer
Gk. I 576 f.
Page(s): 183-187

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dei̯ǝ-2 (di̯ā-, di̯ǝ-, dī-)
English meaning: to swing, move
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich schwingen, herumwirbeln (Balt and partly griech.); eilen,
nacheilen, streben ”
Material: O.Ind. dī́yati “flies, hovers ”; Gk. δῖνος m. “ whirl, whirlpool; round vessel, round
threshing floor “, δί̄νη (Hom.), Eol. δίννα (compare Διννομένης, Hoffmann Gk. D. II 484)
“whirl, whirlpool ”,
δινέω , δῑνεύω , Eol. δίννημι ‘spin in whirl or circle, swing, brandish ”; intr. “ turn me by
dancing in circles ”; pass. “ roam around, reel around, roll (the eyes) whirl (from river), spin
dancing around ”, δί̄νω Eol. δίννω “thresh”; Hom. δίω “flee”, δίομαι “ chase away ” (with
ostentatious distribution the intr. and tr. meaning in active and Medium), Hom. δίενται “to
hurry”, δίεσθαι “flee”, ἐνδίεσαν “rush”, διερός (πούς) “ fleeting “ (after ἵετε, ἵεται: ἵενται to
thematic δίεται analogical δίενται instead of * δίονται neologism?),
διώκω “pursue” (contaminated from F ιώκω and δίεμαι , Meillet MSL. 23, 50 f., Schwyzer Gk.
I 702); Hom. δίζημαι (Fut. Hom. διζήσομαι ) “ strive for, be troubled about, search, seek ”,
nachHom. also “ investigate “ (*δι-δι̯ᾱ-μαι), next to which due to * διᾱ-το- Att. ζητέω “ strive
for, let me be concerned with “; here with originally *di̯ǝ- : ζάλη ‘storm, violent movement,
particularly of the sea ”, ζάλος “whirlpool, violent movement of water ”?
compare about Gk. words containing the ζ Schwyzer Gk. Or. I 330, 833.
O.Ir. dīan “quick, fast ”, dēne “ quickness “; Ltv. deju, diêt “dance”, dìedelêt “go idly”.
About Lith. dainà “folk song ” (to dejà “ lamentation? ”) compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 432
with Lith.

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Quite doubtful Welsh dig “mad, wicked, evil ”, Russ. díkij “wild”, Lith. dỹkas “minxish,
wanton, bratty, unengaged, leisured, unemployed, idle, lazy ”, Ltv. dīks “free of work ”,
O.C.S. divьjь “wild” (Berneker 203 f., Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 478, Trautmann 54).
Not here Gk. δόναξ “reed” (new Ion. δοῦναξ and occasional Dor. δ῵ναξ metr.
lengthening? Schulze Qunder ep. 205, Boisacq 196), δονέω ‘shake”, ἁλίδονος “ rove about
in the sea ” and Ltv. duonis , duõńi “reed, bulrushes “.
References: WP. I 774 ff.
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dek̂-1
English meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nehmen, aufnehmen ”, daher “begrũßen, Ehre erweisen” . Aus the
meaning “annehmen, gern aufnehmen ” fließt die meaning “ gut passend, geeignet, sich
schicken, ziemen, es jemandem recht machen; as unannehmbar darstellen, etwas einem
gut shining, seeming machen, lehren, lernen ”
Material: O.Ind. daśasyáti “proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious ” (Denomin. of
*daśas - = Lat. decus ), daśǘ f. ‘state, status, fate, destiny ”; Av. dasǝm n. “property,
belongings piece “; O.Ind. Desiderat. dīkšatē “is consecrated ”, dīkšü ́ “consecration ” (*di-dk̂-
s- with secondary ī), dákša ti “is proficient, makes it right, is compliant ”, dákša -ḥ “proficient,
skilful” (but Av. daxš - “instruct, teach, instruct ”, Pers. daxš “ business, toil ” stay away
because of the Gutturals), lengthened grade O.Ind. düs ́ nō ́ ti , dü ́ šṭi , dü ́ s ́ ati “offer a sacrifice,
give, proves honour, grants ”, düs ́ va ́ s - “honoring the Gods, godly, pious ”; Av. düšta -
“receive, obtains, attains “ (participle);
after Frisk Etyma Armen. 25 f. here Arm. ǝncay “gift” from *ǝnd-tisüti- (urArm. -tis- from
*dēk ̂-); whether tesanem “I behold “? (compare under δοκεύω ); different Meillet Esquisse
135;
Gk. (Ion. Eol. Cret. ) δέκομαι “take in, accept ”, Att. δέχομαι , athemat. Hom. 3. pl. δέχαται
(χ after *δέχθω , Infin. δέχθαι ), Aor. δέκτο , participle δέγμενος , compare προτίδεγμαι
προσδέχομαι Hes. (γμ instead of κμ); κ is preserved in δοκός “[absorption] beam “, δοκάν
θήκην Hes. (out of it Lat. doga “a sort of vessel (perhaps a measure) ”), δοκάναι αἱ στάλικες
Hes., δεζάζω “ to captivate, fascinate, be impressive “, δωρο -δόκος “the take of presents ”,
δεξαμενή (participle Aor.) “water container, water carrier “, ἀρι-δείκετος “ distinguished “ (ει

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metr. lengthening); nasal present * δεικν vμαι (: O.Ind. düs ́ nō ́ ti ) in participle δεικνύμενος
“rendering homage, honoring, greeting “, to δεικανόωντο “to greet”; intensive δειδέχαται ds.,
δει-δίσκομαι “greet” (for *δη-δέ(κ)-σκομαι after the present auf - ίσκω ); δει- could be read δη-
(IE ē), δεικν - also δεκν-, and δεικα - could be metr. lengthening for δεκα- (Schwyzer Gr Gk. I
648, 697); causative δοκέω (= Lat. doceō “to teach, instruct (with acc. of person or thing);
with clause, to inform that or how; “docere fabulam ”, to teach a play to the actors, to bring
out, exhibit ”, δοκεῖ μοι “it seems to me ” (“is suitable to me ”); δόξα f. “opinion, fame ” (*δοκ-
σα), δόγμα n. “decision”, δόκιμος “ respectable, approved “; δοκεύω “ to see, discern,
perceive, observe; to think, suppose, imagine, expect “, προσ -δοκάω “ anticipate, expect ”;
about διδάσκω see under dens -1.
Maybe Alb.Gheg doke “custom, ritual, tradition (observed) ”, (*deuk -) dukem “appear,
seem”.
Alb. shows that from Root dek̂-1 : “to take” derived the nasalized Root tong-1 (*teng -) : “to
think, feel ”.
Alb. ndieh “to feel” (*dek̂-skō-?); ndesh “find, encounter ” probably Slav. Lw.? S. under
dēs-;
Lat. decet, -ēre “it is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally) ”, decus , -oris n. “distinction,
honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory “, dignus “ worthy,
deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having, deserved,
suitable, fitting “ (from * dec-nos, lit. “ adorned with ”); Umbr. tic̨it decet ” (see in addition EM.
257); causative doceō, -ēre “instruct” (“lets accept something “); discō , -ere, didīci “ to learn,
get to know; “discere fidibus ”, to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to receive information,
find out; to become acquainted with, learn to recognize “ (from * di-elk̂-skō);

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O.Ir. dech “the best “ (= Lat. decus ); also in PN Echuid (*ek̂vo -dek̂-s), gen. Echdach,
Luguid , gen. Luigdech (urIr. Lugu-deccas with cc = k), whether does not stand for e for
older i; then to deik̂- “point”, in the meaning “order” .
Perhaps here Gmc. * teh-u̯ōn in O.E. teohhian , tiohhian “mean, decide, define, ordain,
determine ”, teohh , tiohh “troop, multitude, crowd, group of people “, tēon (*tehōn ) “decide,
define, ordain, determine ”, O.H.G. gizehōn “ bring in order “, M.H.G. zeche “ alignment,
guild, brotherhood, colliery, association “, Ger. Zeche , M.H.G. zesem (*teksma -)
“uninterrupted row ”, wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade ( *tēʒ-u̯ō) Goth. tēwa “order”,
gatēwjan “dispose”; s. above also under deu̯ü - “ move spatially forward “.
Doubtful O.C.S. dešo ̨ , desiti “find”, Ser.-Cr. dȅsîm dèsiti “meet”, refl. “ meet somebody “,
Cz. po-desiti and u-desiti “catch up, catch ”; changing through ablaut R.C.S. dositi “find,
meet”; s. also under dēs-.
Toch. A täk- “adjudicate, decide, determine ”; dubious A tüskmüm ̣ (*tüksk -müm ̣ ) ‘similar” ,
Van Windekens Lexique 137; Pisani Rč. R. 1st. Lomb. 76, 2, 30.
For es-stem O.Ind. daśas (yáti), Lat. decus the words stand for “right” (Specht KZ. 62,
218).
dek̂s - with variant suffixes:
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
O.Ind. dákṣiṇa -, dakṣiṇá- “on the right, to the south, skilful ”, Av. dašina - “right”, Lith.
dẽšinas ds., dešine ̃ “the right hand ”, O.C.S. desnъ “right”; Gk. δεξιτερός = Lat. dexter, -tra, -
trum (compounds dexterior , superl. dextimus ), Osc. destrst (abbreviated from * destrust ) “it
is on the right “, Umbr. destrame “ on the right side “; Gk. δεξιός “right, heralding luck,
skilful, adroit ” (from δεξι- with formants -Fo-, compare Gaul. Dexsiva dea ); (the suffix -u̯o-
probably after * lai-u̯os, skai-u̯os “links”) O.Ir. dess “on the right, to the south ”, Welsh deheu
(*deksovo- ) ds., Goth. taíhswa , O.H.G. zeso “right”, Goth. taíhswō - O.H.G. zes(a)wa “the

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right hand ”; Alb. djathtë “right” (that from G. Meyer identical with it Church Slavic destъ is
probably corruption for desnъ, s. Berneker 187).
Note:
The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common Alb. -k̂- > -th-
phonetic mutation similar as Lat. dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root dek̂-1 :
“to take”. The -ter,-tra suffix has been attested in Av. Illyr. Alb. and Lat. Hence before -tra, -
ter suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence Alb.
(*dek̂-) djath-të “right” evolved from the common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation like in Alb.
(mag- ) math “big” while -të is the common Alb. suffix as in Alb. maj-të “left” from Lat. male
“badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly, unfortunately, extremely ”.
References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f,, Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gk. I 648, 678,
684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff.
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dek̂-2 (: dok̂-, dēk ̂-)
English meaning: to tear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reißen, zerreißen, zerfassern”
Material: O.Ind. daśü “ protruding sheet filaments at the end of fabric, fringes “; Ir. dūal
“lock, curl of hair ”(*dok̂lo -); Goth. tagl n. ‘single hair ”, O.N. tagl n. “the hair in the horse ’s
tail”, O.E. tægl (Eng. tail) m. “tail”, O.H.G. zagel “tail, sting, prick, male member, rod ”;
Goth. tahjan “ rend, pull, tear, tug “, distahjan ‘scatter”, Ice. tæeja , tüa “ teasels “, Nor. dial.
tæja (*tahjan ) and taa (*tahōn ) “fray, tear ”;
O.N. tüg, pl. tæ ̄ ger and tügar f. “ fibre, filament “, M.H.G. züch , zühe f. “wick, slow match
(wick) “; in other meaning ( “tugging - lugging, pulling out “) Nor. dial. taag ‘slow and
enduring ”,
maybe Alb. tegel ‘sewing”
M.L.G. tēge, E.Fris. tüge ‘stringy, tenacious ” and O.H.G. zag “ hesitating , undecided, shy,
timid” wherefore zagēn “ be desperate and undecided “;
perhaps here as “ from which one tears himself “ or “ ragged, rimose piece ”, M.H.G.
zacke m. f., Ger. Zacke , M.Eng. takke “ fibula, clasp, a large nail “, Eng. tack “peg, small
nail”, with other final sound tagg, tagge m. “ jutting cusp, peak, prong, spike ”; or belongs
Zacke to Ltv. dęgums “nose, shoe point ”?
Maybe Alb. takë ‘shoe heel (spike ?)”
perhaps here as “ in which one tears himself “ or “ ragged, cracked piece “, M.H.G. zacke
m. f., Ger. Zacke , M.Eng. takke “fibula”, Eng. tack “ pencil, small nail “, with other final
sound tagg , tagge m. “ excellent point, point “; or Zacke to Ltv. dęgums hear “nose, shoe
point “?

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dek̂m̥ , dek̂m̥ -t, dek̂u - (*du̯e-k̂m̥-t)
English meaning: ten
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zehn”
Note:
Root dek̂m̥ , dek̂m̥ -t, dek̂u - (*du̯e-k̂m̥-t): “ten” is an extended Root du̯ō(u) (*du̯ei-): “two”. The
subsequent roots * u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī : “twenty” and k̂m̥tóm “hundred” are mutated forms of the root
*du̯e-k̂m̥-t : “ten”. They both reflect the common Illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. dáśa , Av. dasa ; Arm. tasn (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from * dek̂-, as Russ.
(tri)dcatь “30” from (tri-)dьseti), Gk. δέκα, Lat. decem (dēnī “per ten” from * dek-noi; PN
Decius = Osc. Dekis , gen. Dekkieis ), Osc. deketasiúí , nom. pl. degetasiús “ manager of the
tithes “ (*deken-tüsio -),
Umbr. desen -(duf) “ twelve “, O.Ir. deich , Welsh deg, Corn. Bret. dek, Goth. taíhun (-n as in
sibun , niun), O.N. tiu, O.E. tien, tyn, O.S. tehan , O.H.G. zehan (a probably from den
compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18),
Toch. A śäk, B śak; finn. deksan “10” is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay 104
borrows from IE).
In the substantive number dek̂m̥ -t(i), lit. “decade”, go back :
O.Ind. daśat -, daśati - f. “decade”, Alb. djetë , Gk. δεκάς , -άδος (to α s. Schwyzer Gk. I
498, 597), Goth. táihun -tēhund “hundred” (actually “ten decades “), O.N. tiund f. ds.,
aPruss. dessīmpts “ten”, Lith. dẽšimt , old dẽšimtis , Ltv. old desimt , metath. desmit , old
desmits (compare desmite m. f. “ ten “); O.C.S. desętь (conservative stem in - t, Meillet
Slave comm.2 428);
dek̂u - probably in Lat. decuria “ a body of ten men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a
party, club ” (out of it borrows Ger. Decher ũ.. “ten pieces ”; late Lat. *teguria is assumed

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through Swiss Ziger “ ten pounds of milk ”; probably identical with M.H.G. ziger “curd”) =
Umbr. dequrier, tekuries “ decuries, feast of decuries “; compare Osc.-Umbr. dekvia- in
Osc. (vía) Dekkviarim “( a way) appropriate to a decury “, Umbr. tekvias “a way to a
decury”; in addition probably Gmc. * tigu- “decade” in Goth. fidwor -tigjus “40”, O.Ice. fjōrer -
tiger, O.E. fēower -tig, O.H.G. fior-zug ds. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150.
see also under under centuria under Kluge11 under Decher.
Maybe Alb. tek “odd number ”
Changing through ablaut (d)k̂m̥t- (Dual), (d)k̂ō̆mt - (Plur.) in figures of ten (only formations
up to 50 are provable as IE), e.g. O.Ind. triṃśát “30”, Av. ϑrisąs , Arm. ere-sun , Gk.
τριά̄κοντα (from *- κωντα ; further details by Schwyzer Gk. I 592), Lat. tri-gintü (with
unexplained g), gallo-Lat. abl. pl. TRICONTIS, O.Ir. trīcho (with ī after trī “3”), Bret. tregont
(*tri-k̂omt -es), O.Welsh trimuceint (in the ending after uceint “20”); s. also under u̯ī̆-k̂m̥tī̆ “20”.
ordinals dek̂emo-s and dek̂m̥ -to-s:
dek̂emo-s in O.Ind. daśamá -ḥ, Av. dasǝma -, Osset. däsäm ; Lat. decimus , therefrom
decumünus “ of the tenth.(1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst. the farmer
of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pl. as subst. its members. (3) belonging
to the tenth cohort “, later “considerabl e “, Osc. Dekm-anniúís “*Decumaniis ”, compare also
EN Decumius , out of it entl. etr. tecumnal , latinized back Decumenus ; Gaul. decametos ,
O.Ir. dechmad , M.Welsh decvet , Corn. degves.
dek̂m̥ -to-s in Gk. δέκατος (see also Schwyzer Gk. I 595); Goth. taíhunda , O.N. tīunda ,
O.H.G. zehanto, zehendo , O.E. teogeða ; aPruss. dessīmts , Lith. dešim ̃ tas , Ltv. desmitais ,
older desimtaiš ; O.C.S. desętь ; Toch. A śkänt , B śkante , śkañce (linguistic singles Arm.
tasn-erord , Alb. i-dhjetë );
Note:

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Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb.
teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” : Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven” later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta “eight” is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight”. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuügintü “80”].
Alb.Tosk nanta , Gheg nanda “ nine “ derived from Lycian ñuñtãta “nine”.
Alb. gjashta (sek̂s-ta) ‘six” [common Alb. s- > gj - phonetic mutation] : O.Ind. ṣáṭ ‘six”,
ṣaṣṭhá - ‘sixth” was initially an ordinal number.
Hence Alb. die-ta “ten” derived from a Proto-Romance cognate * die + common Alb. - ta
suffix used in attribute nouns; similarly in: Portuguese dez, Galician dez, Spanish diez,
Ladino dies, Asturian diez, Aragonese diez, Auvergnat dié, Limosin die, Rumantsch
Grischun diesch, Sursilvan diesch, Vallader desch, Ladin díesc , Italian dieci, Venetian diese
etc.
Here k̂m̥tóm “hundred” from * (d)km̥tóm “(ten) dekades ”:
O.Ind. śatám , Av. satǝm (out of it finn. sata, krimGoth. sada );
Gk. ἑκατόν , ark. ἑκοτόν (from dissimil. * sém k̂m̥tom “a hundred ”? compare Schwyzer Gk.
I 592 f.), abbreviated * κατον in *τετρά -κατον etc (in τετρακάτιοι τετρακόσιοι , 400”, “ four
hundred “);
Note:
Gk. ἑκατόν (*hekaton ) < *(d)km̥tóm “(ten) dekades ” is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause
of old laryngeal ḫ appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initlal

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d- in IE. Gk. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common Illyr.- balt d- > zero phonetic
mutatIon.
Lat. centum (in addition ducentum, ducentī “200”, compare O.Ind. dvi-śatam from *du̯i-
k̂mtóm ; trecentī “300”, quadringentī “400”, etc; centēsimus “the hundredth ” after vīcēsimus ,
trīcēsimus from*u̯ei-, *trī-k̂m̥t-temo-s);
O.Ir. cēt, Welsh cant, Bret. kant, Corn. cans ;
Goth. O.S. O.E. hund , O.H.G. hund “100” (in compounds from 200), but O.N. hund-rað
(to Goth. raÞian “count”) “ 120 pieces (10 dozens) “ (“120”), out of it O.E. hundred ; M.H.G.
Ger. hundert from O.S. hunderod ;
Lith. šim ̃ tas , Ltv. sìmts ;
O.C.S. etc sъto is barely Iran. Lw. (Meillet Slave commun.2 63);
Toch. A känt, B känte .
Alb.Gheg dũ, Tosc di “two” hence Alb. (*hũnt) Alb. një-qind “one- hundred ” [common Alb. ũ
> i phonetic mutation], hence Alb. displays centum characteristics while Rom. sutů “a
hundred” displays the satem nature of Rom.
In addition a r-derivative in Lat. centuria f. “ a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a
century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius “ (as decuria ), O.N.
hundari , O.H.G. huntari n. “a division of 100, administrative district ”, O.Bulg. sъtorica ds.,
Lith. šimterio ́ pas “characterized by a hundred ”, šimte ́ r -gis “ hundred-year-old “.
References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.
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del-1
English meaning: to put by; to count, tell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zielen, berechnen, nachstellen ”, also “listig schädigen” and
“zählen, erzählen”
Material: Perhaps Arm. toɫ “line, row”, toɫem “ line up “;
Gk. δόλος “artifice, bait ”, δολόω “ outwit, circumvent “, δόλων “ small dagger of the
assassinator “ (about δόλων ‘sprit” see under del-3);
from Gk. have been borrowed Lat. dolus “a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap
artifice, deception “, dolō “ a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail “, Osc. acc. dolom , abl. dolud
“ a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap “;
maybe Alb. (*tül) tall “tease, trick ”: O.N. tül f. “deceit, guilefulness ”.
O.N. tal n. “bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech ” (O.E.
tæ ̄ l n. “calculation, row ”, gital “number”), therefrom O.N. telja “recount, narrate, relate ”, O.E.
tellan , O.H.G. zellen (Fem. O.N. tola ‘speech, number, bill, account, invoice, calculus,
reckoning, calculation “), O.E. talu “narration, row ”, O.H.G. zala “number, report, account ”
(therefrom O.N. tala “talk”, O.E. talian “reckon, consider, think, tell ”, O.H.G. zalōn “
calculate, count, pay ”); g-extension in Eng. talk “talk”; from s-stem *talaz- n.: Goth. talzian
“instruct”, un-tals “ indocile, disobedient “, in addition O.E. getæ ̄ l “rash, hasty, quick, fast ”,
O.S. gital O.H.G. gizal “quick, fast ”; with the in dolus “a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile;
a trap” present coloring of meaning lengthened grade O.N. tül f. “deceit, guilefulness “, O.E.
tæ ̄ l f. “reprimand, slander, derision “, O.H.G. züla “ pestering, temptation; snare, danger ”,
zülōn “tear away, rob ”; zero grade O.E. tyllan “allure, entice ” (*dl̥n-).

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Original resemblance with del- ‘split” is doubtful; perhaps from the hatchet being aimed at
the wood to be split or from the technique of runes (number marks as incision)?
About * dil- in Goth. ga-tils “ fitting”, etc, see under ad-2; probably barely from of an
additional form * dai-l- here. An association with * del- Persson attempted root extension
115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, while they, deriving from dü-, düi- “ divide “, *de-l- and * dai-l-,
dī̆-l- grasped as parallel extensions.
References: WP. I 808 f.
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del-2
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wackeln, schwanken”
Material: O.Ind. dulü ́ f. “the wavering “, with secondary lengthened grade ō: dōlayatē “
swings , sways “, -ti “ swings , whirls up “, dōlita - “ fluctuating, moves by oscillating “; Lith.
del̃sti “ tarry, hesitate ”, duline ́ti “amble, bum ”;
with d-extension doubtful (?) O.Ind. duḍi- f. “a small turtle, tortoise ” (“waddling ”), rather
O.E.tealt “doubtful, uncertain, wavering ”, tealt(r)ian “waver, wobble, sway, be doubtful,
uncertain ”, Eng. tilt “ incline “, M.Du. touteren “waver, wobble, sway, swing ”, Nor. dial. tylta “
tread quietly, like on toes “, Swe. tulta “ walk with small, insecure steps, like children “;
with t-extension O.H.G. zeltüri , M.H.G. zelter , md. zelder “ pacesetter, going on a trot,
trotting “, Ger. Zelter , O.N. tjaldari ds. (influence of Lat. tolūtürius “ pacesetter, going on a
trot, trotting “; compare Ice. tölta “ march in step, match in tempo “ from *talutōn ; the
relationship to that mentioned by Plinius spO.N. words thieldones “ pacesetter, going on a
trot, trotting “ is unclear), O.N. tjaldr “Haematopu s ostralegus, Eurasian oystercatcher ” (“ the
trudger “); but rather with - ll- from - ln- O.N. tolla “hang loose”, tyllast “ toddle, walk on tiptoe;
trip”. compare Falk-Torp under kjeld, tulle.
Maybe Alb. tul “boneless meat, pulp, leg meat (also meat hanging lose) ”
References: WP. I. 809.
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del-3 (dol-), delǝ -
English meaning: to split, divide
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spalten, schnitzen, kunstvoll behauen ”
Material: O.Ind. dü ̆ la ́ yati ‘splits, makes break, crack ”, dálati “cracks” (meaning influenced by
phálati “ broken in two “, Gũntert Reimw. 48), dalitá -ḥ ‘split, pull apart, blossomed,
flourished “,
dala-m n. “deal, portion, piece, half, leaf ”, dalí-ḥ f. “clod of earth ”; but Prakr. ḍülü, -ī “bough”,
probably also daṇḍá -ḥ, -m ‘stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment ” are after Kuiper Proto-
Munda 65, 75 not IE;
Arm. probably taɫ “imprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave ”, taɫem ‘stamps,
brands” (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *del-);
Gk. δαίδαλος , δαιδάλεος “ wrought artificially “, Intens. δαι-δάλλω “work skillfully,
decorate ” (dissimil. from * δαλ-δαλ-, Schwyzer Gk. I 647); δέλτος (changing through ablaut
Cypr. δάλτος ) “(*writing board) a writing-tablet “ (“wood fissure, smoothly slammed wood
board “, s. Boisacq 174 m. Lith. and to meaning esp. Schulze KZ. 45, 235; compare to the
form under Ger. tent); perhaps here δόλων ‘sprit, small sail ” (out of it Lat. dolō m. “ a pike,
sword-stick; a small foresail “); quite doubtful whereas δαν-δαλ-ίς, δενδαλίς “ cakes of the
flour of roasted barley “ δεν-δαλ-ίδες ἱεραὶ κριθαί as “ crushed, coarsely ground “ (=
“*split”?? Prellwitz2 104 between); lengthened grade δηλέομαι “destroy, smash, damage ”
(not to Lat. dēleō “to blot out, efface; in gen., to destroy, annihilate ”); reduced grade Ion.
πανδάλητος “ annihilated “, φρενο -δαλής “ disturbed senses “ Aisch.; el. κα-δαλήμενοι with
el. ᾱ from η (see Boisacq 182; against it Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change
“( the heart?) tear, maltreat, cause pain “ Gk. δάλλει κακουργεῖ Hes. ( *deli̯ō), δαλῆ κακουργῆ

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(δαλήσασθαι λυμήνασθαι . ἀδικ῅σαι , δάλαν λύμην ); compare also Ltv. dēlīt “torment, smite,
agonize” and Lat. doleō “ to suffer pain, physical or mental, to be pained, to grieve; of
things, to cause pain “, dolor “ pain, physical or mental; esp. disappointment, resentment.
Transf., cause of sorrow; rhet., pathos “;
Alb. dalloj “ separate, distinguish, divide ”, djal “kid, child, offspring (*offshoot) ” (*delno -;
compare M.Ir. del “rod”);
Lat. dolō, -üre “ to hew with an axe, to work roughly “, dolübra “ a pick-axe, mattock,
hoe”, lengthened grade dōlium “a wine-jar, cask, barrel, vat ” (as Proto-Slav. *dьly “barrel,
vat, cask ” see under); doleō , dolor see above (but dēleō is because of perf. dēlēvi probably
new formation from dē-lēvi “ has erased, effaced, obliterated, blotted out “);
O.Ir. delb f. ‘shape, form” , O.Welsh delu, Welsh delw “ image, figure, effigy “, Corn. del,
as with causative ablaut O.Ir. dolb(a)id ‘shaped”, doilbthid “ a worker in clay, potter “ (to
Celt. *delu̯ü , *dolu̯-, compare ū-stem Slav. dьly); perhaps O.Ir. fo-dülim “discern, separate,
exclude” (etc, s. Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), O.Corn. didaul “having no part in, not sharing in;
wanting in, destitute of “ (compare O.Ind. and Balt-slav, words for “deal, portion ”), perhaps
O.Ir. fo-dülim “ discerno, sejungo “ (etc., see Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), O.Corn. didaul “
expers” (compare O.Ind. and Balt-slav, words for “ part “), Welsh gwa- ddol “a portion or
dowry” as o-forms besides δηλέομαι (just as well but as * dü-l- correlate to *dü(i) - “divide”);
probably M.Ir. del ‘staff, rod” (as ‘split piece wood ”), Corn. dele “antenna” (or to θάλλω IE
*dhü ̆ l-, whose certain attachments indeed point only a-vocalism?; with meaning- transfer
Alb. djalë “kid, child, youth, youngling “ ? see below dhü ̆ l-);
M.L.G. tol, tolle “point of twig, branch ”, Du. tol ‘spinning top ” (“*peg, plug ”), M.H.G. zol(l)
m., zolle f. “ cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle ”, zol as measurement of length
“inch”, īs-zolle “icicle”, aNor. horntylla “ yoke, wood piece connecting the horns of two oxen
going in the bottom plate “ (*dl̥-n-); but M.H.G. zulle, zũlle, Ger. Zũlle “ riverboat, barge ” is

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probably in spite of Persson Beitr. 174 not genuine Gmc., but Lw. from dem Slav., s.
Kluge11 under Zũlle “ riverboat, barge ”; other formations Du. tolk ‘stick, rod, chopstick ”, Swe.
tolk “wedge”, M.H.G. zolch “clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber “ (whether O.N. tülkn n.
“ gill of fish ” as “the split”? Falk-Torp under tōkn); with - d N.Ger. talter “rag, scrap, shred ”
(Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292);
with t-suffix Gmc. * telda - “* stretched tent pole “ (: Gk. δέλτος ) in O.N. tiald “curtain,
cover, rug, tent ”, O.E. teld n. “tent”, O.H.G. Ger. zelt, actually “ stretched cover ”; in addition
O.H.G. zelto , Ger. Zelten, Zeltkuchen ; or better as “ shredded, ground “ (see above
δενδαλίς ) to Toch. B tselt-, tsült- “chew”; from Gmc. Lidén aaO . still ranks O.S. tialdra,
tiældra “ cairn “ in (*tel-Þrōn - or -ðrōn “* shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker “?);
Lith. dylù, dìlti (delù, dil̃ti), Ltv. dęlu, dilstu , dil̃t “ wear out, polish “ (from “*to plane ”), dèlît
“wear out, torment, smite ”; Lith. pùs-dylis (me ́nuo ) “ moon in the last quarter “, delčia ̀
“decreasing moon ”, causative Ltv. dèldêt “wear out, liquidate, rub off, destroy ”, diluot ‘skive,
abrade, polish ”;
out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of
Lith. délna (by Juszkiewicz also dáɫna), Ltv. del̃na “inner flat hand ”, O.C.S. dlanь “palm” ,
Russ. old dolonь, nowadays reconverted ladónь “palm; flat place on the threshing floor ,
threshing floor “ (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51, different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 454);
Lith. dalìs , E.Lith. dalià “deal, portion, inheritance; alms ” (= O.Ind. dalí-ḥ “clod of earth ”),
dalijù , dalūti “divide”, Ltv. dal”a “deal, portion, lot ”, dalît “divide”, O.Pruss. dellieis “divide,
share!”, dellīks “deal, portion ” (e from a, Trautmann O.Pruss. 100), Russ. (etc) dólja “deal,
portion, lot ” (in addition O.C.S. odolěti “defeat, conquer ” = “*have, obtain the best part ”,
Berneker 206). compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 435.
Doubtful O.C.S. dělъ “deal, portion ”: either as *dēlo -s here, or rather with IE ai as *dai-lo-
to root dü(i)- “divide”; about Goth. dails, Ger. Teil see above under dü-, düi-.

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Proto-Slav. ū-stem * dьly, gen. *dъlъve (: O.Ir. delb from *delu̯ü ) in R.C.S. delvi (*dъlъvi)
loc. sg., N. pl. “barrel, vat, cask ”, mBulg. dьli (*dьly), loc. sg. dьlьvi “barrel, vat, cask ”, nBulg.
delva (*dьlъva) “ big clay vessel with two handles “;
Toch. A tülo, B tallüwo “unlucky”, Van Windekens Lexique 136 (?); rather B tsalt- , tsült-
“chew”, Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 18 f.
extension del-gh-, dl-egh-; dolgho - etc ‘sickle, blade ”.
Indo-Iran. *dargha- (dolgho -) is assumed through mordvin. Lw. tarvas ‘sickle”; compare
pamirdial. lǝre ́ gūs ́ ds.;
O.Ir. dlongid “he splits”, dluige (*dlogi̯o -) “ the fissured “, M.Ir. dluigim ‘split”;
O.N. telgja “hew, cut out ”, talga “the cutting, carving ”, talgo-knīfr “ slice knife “, also O.N.
tjalga “ thin twig, branch, long arm ”, O.E. telga m. “twig, branch, bough ”, telgor m. f., telgra
m. “twig, branch, scion “, M.H.G. zelge , zelch “bough, twig, branch ”, O.H.G. zuelga “twig,
branch” (whose zw- probably previously is taken over from zwig);
about Lith. dal̃gis , gen. -io m., Ltv. dalgs , O.Pruss. doalgis ‘scythe” see under dhelg -;
dolghü in Serb. dlaga “ board for the splint of broken bones “, Pol. dial. dɫožka “ flooring
from planks “, Cz. dláha (dlaha ) “ board, splint, base of the ground “, dlážiti (dlažiti ), dlážditi
“ pave, hit the screed “ (Berneker 207).
As for * del- “ whereupon it is split apart “ is also for that with it perhaps originally
resemble* del- ‘split” given the possibility, that d-el- is an extension from dü[i]- “divide , share
“.
References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Lidén KZ . 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 18 f.
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del-4
English meaning: to rain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tröpfeln”
Material: Arm. teɫ “ heavy rain “, teɫam, -em, - um “to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate “, tiɫm
(*teɫim?), gen. tɫmoi;
M.Ir. delt m. “dew”; also FlN; Bret. delt “humid, wet, moist “;
Gmc. *dol-kó- or *dol-gho- in dO.N. Swe. Nor. talg “tallow, suet ”, O.E. * tealg , M.Eng.
talgh , Eng. tallow , nnl. talk, Ger. Talg (from N.Ger.); ablaut. O.N. tolgr (*tl̥-kó-) ds.
Note:
M.Ir. delt m. “dew”; Bret. delt “humid, wet, moist “ display Alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t subsequent
phonetic mutations.
References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge11 under “tallow, suet ”.
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del-5
English meaning: long
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lang”, verbal “in die Länge ziehen”
Note: to put away more confidently only for Slav., but probably the basis for the widespread
extension delēgh - and (d)longho - (see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1)
Material: Perhaps here O.N. talma “hinder”, M.L.G. talmen “loiter, be slow in talking and at
work, stupid talk ”, Nor. dial. tøla “hesitate, wait, hold on ”, tøle “rogue, fool “ (Persson Beitr.
889);
O.C.S. pro-dьliti “μηκῦναι” , Russ. dlitь “ protract, hesitate ”, dliná f. “length”, Cz. dle f.
“length”, dlíti “hesitate”, etc (Berneker 252); perhaps vъ dalję “ far, aloof ” (Meillet MSL.14,
373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements).
delēgh -, dḹghó -:
zero grade O.Ind. dīrgha ́ - = Av. darǝga -, darǝɣ a-, O.Pers. darga- “long”, zero grade
compounds superl. drü ́ ghīyas -, drü ́ ghis ̣ ṭha - “ longer, for a long time “, Av. drüjyō adv.
“further”, drüjištǝm adv. “ longest “, Pers. dirüz (actually comparative) “long”, O.Ind.
drüghima ́ n -, drüghma ́ n - m. “length, duration ”, Av. drüjō n. ‘stretch, length ”;
Gk. ἐνδελεχής “continuous, persistent, enduring ” (“*drag out ”), ἐνδελεχέω “ continue “,
δολιχός “long” (to i s. Schwyzer Gk. I 278, different Specht Decl. 126), δόλιχος “the long
racecourse “;
about Alb. glatë etc see under;
Note:
Clearly Alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë “long” derived from Hitt. da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n.
“length”: O.C.S. dlъgota “length” (= O.Ind. dīrghatü ): Proto-Slav. . *dlgostь, Pol. dɫugość etc
ds.

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Alb. and Balt forms agree in dropping the initial d- > zero , which means that Balt cognates
originated from Proto-Illyr.:
Alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë “long, tall, high ”: Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi
adv. “long”; Alb. is the only IE lang. where (* da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë “long” means also “tall,
high” hence the name Alba Longa capital of Etruscan settlers is an Alb. concept of building
fortresses on hilltops of future Rome.
Lat. presumably indulgeō “ to be forbearing, patient, indulgent; to give oneself up to,
indulge in; grant, allow, concede ” (: ἐνδελεχής, basic meaning then “be patient to somebody
compared with, hold on patiently ”) from * en-dolgh-ei̯ō.
Welsh dal, dala, daly “hold, stop ”, Bret. dalc”h “ possession “, derc”hel “hold, stop ” (r diss.
from l, compare participle dalc”het) presumably with ders. meaning-development as Ger. “
after which last “ to “long” (basic form *del(ǝ)gh -; Zupitza BB. 25, 90 f., Pedersen KG. I 52,
106);
maybe nasalized Alb. ndal “hold, stop ”.
Goth. tulgus “tight, firm, steadfast ” (“*long, persistent, enduring “), O.S. tulgo adv. “very” ,
O.E. tulge , compounds tylg “ better, rather “, superl. tylgest “best”;
Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi
adv. “long”;
O.C.S. dlъgъ, Serb. dȕg, O.Cz. dlúhū , Russ. dóɫgij “long” (= O.Ind. dīrgha ́ -), in addition
Serb. dûž f. “length”; O.C.S. dlъgota “length” (= O.Ind. dīrghatü ); Proto-Slav. . *dlgostь, Pol.
dɫugość etc ds.;
Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”.
/d/longho -s:
a) M.Pers. drang , Pers. dirang “long” (but Alb. glatë , gjatë , gjat “long” at first from * dlagh -
t-);

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b) Lat. longus “long; “navis”, a man- of-war; poet., spacious; of time, long, of long
duration; esp. too long, tedious; of persons, prolix, tedious ”, Goth. laggs , O.E. O.H.G. Ger.
lang (O.H.G. langēn “become long, seem long, long, want ”, etc); but O.Ir. etc long ‘ship”
seems to be borrowed from Lat. ( navis ) longa ; nevertheless, because of second meaning
“vessel” and M.Ir. coblach “fleet” (*kom-u̯o-log- or *- lug-) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds
that word for genuine Celtic; compare also O.Brit. FlN Λόγγος (Ptol.) and Gaul. VN ΛΟΓΓΟ -
΢ΣΑΛΗΣΕ΢ (Aude); anlaut. dl- remains preserved otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would
display an already common West IE simplification, might be connected with the d-loss of
Balt ilgas . compare also Specht Decl. 126.
Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of Illyr. - Etrus. : Illyr. Albanoi TN
References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hitt. 34 f.
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(demǝ -), domǝ -, d omǝ-
English meaning: to tame
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zähmen, bändigen”
Material: O.Ind. dümya ́ ti “ is tamed; tamed “ (*dm̥̄-i̯eti), düm ta ́ - “ tamed “ (*dm̥̄-tós); Kaus.
damáyati “tames, overmasters “ (*domei̯ō ), participle damita -; damitár - “tamer”; damitvü “
taming “, damüya ́ ti “tames” (*domü -i̯o = Lat. domo ); damá -ḥ “ domesticating “, dáma -ḥ “
taming “;
Osset. domun “tame”, Pers. dam “domesticated animal ”; after Pisani Crest. Indeur.2 113
here (as *dm̥̄-so-s ) düsa ́ -ḥ “fiend, non-Aryan “, lit. ‘slave”, but because of the incredible
stem formation;
Gk. δάμνᾱμι, Ion. -ημι, Aor. ἐ-δάμα(σ)σα (for *ε-δέμασα ) “tame”, various secondary
reshaped, as δαμνάω etc, πανδαμάτωρ “ the all-subduer, all-tamer “, Dor. δμᾱτός “tamed”
(*dm̥̄-tós), Hom. ἄδμητος and ἀδμής, -῅τος “ untamed, unrestrained, unwed, unmarried “,
Ion. perf. δέδμημαι , δμητήρ “tamer”, δμ῅σις “ taming, domestication ”;
forms with root vowel o are missing in Gk.;
Lat. domō (*domü -i̯ō = damüya ́ ti), domüs (*domü -si = O.H.G. zamōs ) “ to domesticate,
tame, break, subdue, master “, perf. domuī (from *domǝ -u̯ai), participle domitus (reshaped
after domuī and domitor from *dmütos , IE *dm̥̄-to-s), domitor “tamer” (= O.Ind. damitár -);
domitus , -ūs m. “taming” (compare O.Ind. damitvü );
O.Ir. damnaim “bind (tight, firm), tame (horses) ”, Verbalnom. damnad and domnad
(probably = Gk. δάμνημι ); phonetic mixture with damnaim from Lat. damnō , also the unruled
m has probably arisen from participle dammainti ; O.Ir. dam- “ acquiesce, endure, grant ”
(e.g. daimid “ admitted to ” probably = O.Ind. dümya ́ ti , composes ni-daim “not enduring, not

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suffering ”; perf. dümair from lengthened grade * dōm-), with ad- “admit” (e.g. 3. PL ataimet ),
with fo- “endure” (e.g. 1. sg. fo-daimim ), Welsh addef , Bret. añsav “admit”, O.Welsh ni cein
guodeimisauch Gl. “have not endured well ”, Welsh go-ddef ‘suffer, endure, allow ”, Corn.
gothaf “bear, endure ”, Bret. gouzañv , gouzav us. (but Welsh dofi “tame”, O.Welsh dometic “
domesticated “, ar-domaul “ docile “, Welsh dōf, Bret. doff “tame, domesticated ” stems from
Lat. domüre , so that native forms with o were absent in Celt.);
Goth. ga-tamjan , O.N. temja , O.E. temian , M.L.G. temmen , O.H.G. zemmen “tame”
(Kaus. *doméi̯ō = O.Ind. damáyati ); O.H.G. zamōn ds. (= Lat. domü -re), O.N. tamr, O.E.
tam, O.H.G. zam “ domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered “ (unclear, whether back-
formation from verb, or if the pass. meaning has arisen from “domestication = the tamed ”,
so that in historic connection with O.Ind. dáma -ḥ “ taming “).
Because of O.Ind. damya- “to tame” and “young bull, which still should be tamed “ and
because of Gk. δαμάλης on the one hand “ overmastering, taming ” ( ῎Ερως , Anakreon), on
the other hand “young (still to be tamed) bull ”, wherefore δαμάλη “young cow ”, δάμαλις
“ds.”; also “young girl ”, δάμαλος “calf”, is probably Alb. dëntë , dhëntë , Gheg dhë̂nt ‘small
cattle, sheep and goats, sheep ” (*dem-tü or *dem-to-s, respectively * dom-tü, -to-s), dem “
bovine animal, cattle, young bull ” (= O.Ind. damya- ), as well as also Gaul. GN Damona f.
and O.Ir. dam “ox” (*damos ), dam allaid “deer” (“*wild ox”), as well as Welsh dafad , O.Corn.
dauat , Bret. dañvat ‘sheep (then = Gk. ἀ-δάματος ) to add (originally appellation of
domesticated bovine animal); Lat. damma or düma is probably borrowed from Celt. or from
elsewhere; unclear is O.E. dü f. “roe deer ” (out of it O.Corn. da “ a fallow-deer, chamois,
antelope “), Eng. doe, Alem. tē ds., compare Holthausen AltEng. etym. Wb. 68; from aFr.
daim “fallow- deer” derives Bret. dem ds.; Gmc. additional forms s. by Falk-Torp under
daadyr m. Lith. ; corresponding to niederAustrian zamer , zamerl “young ox ” (Much ZfdA.42,
167; Proto-Gmc. * a or *o?).

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dem-, demǝ -
English meaning: to build; house
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bauen”, originally probably “zusammenfũgen”
Material: Gk. δέμω “build”, from the heavy basis participle perf. pass. δεδμημένος, Dor.
(Pindar) νεόδμᾱτος “ newly built ”,
δέμας n. “ physique, shape ” (μεσόδμη , Att. inschr. - μνη “ spanning crossbeams in the
middle of the building “, yet η [ᾱ] could also be suffix).
The meaning “ settle, fit ” in Goth. ga-timan , O.S. teman , O.H.G. zeman ‘suit, fit”,
wherefore lengthened grade Goth. ga-tēmiÞa adv. “ befitting “, M.L.G. be-tüme “ fitting”,
O.H.G. gi-zümi “proper” and abstract zero grades O.H.G. zumft , M.H.G. zumft , zunft “
propriety, rule, association, guild “ (*dṃ-ti-) = M.Ir. dēt “ disposition, temperament “ (O.Ir.
dētlae “bold, daring ”), M.Welsh dant “ temperament, character ” (mostly Plur. deint ), basic
form *dṃ-to-, Loth RC 46, 252 f. compare M.Welsh cynnefin “ trustful “ (*kom- dam-īno-).
ro-stem O.Ice. timbr “timber”, O.S. timbar , O.E. timber “timber, edifice, building, building ”,
O.H.G. zimbar “timber, building, dwelling, chamber ”, whereof Goth. timrjan “build”, O.N.
timbra , O.H.G. zimberen and zimbaron “ build , do carpentry, do woodwork “.
root nouns dē ̆ m-, dō ̆ m-, dm-, dṃ- “house”.
O.Ind. pátir dán “ householder “, Av. dǝ ̄ ng patoiš “ master of (*lord of the house) ” with
gen. *dem-s , as also Gk. δεσ-πότης “master, mister ” (see Risch IF. 59, 12, Schwyzer Gk. I
547 f.), O.Ind. dám-pati-ḥ “lord, master ” (new shifting together from * dán pati - [= Av. dǝ ̄ ng
pati-], less probably with loc. ar. * dam as “master in the house ”);

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Av. loc. dąm, dąmi “in the house ”, loc. pl. dühv -ü, nom. -dü ̊ from Proto-ar. *-düs in uši-δü̊
name of a mountain range ( “having one ’s house by the aurora “), wherefore probably Av.
ha-dǝmōi loc. “in the same house ”;
Arm. tun nom. acc. “house” (*dōm ), instr. tamb (*dṃ-bhi), whereupon gen. dat. tan;
Gk. ἔν-δον loc., originally “inside in house ” (also reshaped to ἔνδο-θι, -θεν, ἔνδοι ),
perhaps also δ῵ (*dō[m]) as nom. acc. sg. n. or loc. ; δ῵μα, δώματος originally acc.
sg.mask. *dōm-ṃ with structure in Neutr. after στρ῵μα under likewise; derivative Δμία,
Μνία, Δαμία (“mistress of the house ”);
as 1. composition part in δάμ-αρ “wife” (*dǝm-r̥t “ governing of the house “), δάπεδον “ floor
(originally of the house) ” from *dṃ-pedom (ζάπεδον out of it after the concurrent of δα- and
ζα- as intensive prefix; so perhaps also Ion. ζάκορος “ temple male servant , temple female
servant” for *δά-κορος ) = Swe. tomt, O.Ice. topt “place for edifice, building ” in Nor. Mdarten
“loam” (Gmc. * tum-fetiz, IE *dṃ-ped-), compare also Lith. dim-stis “ courtyard, property;
courtyard “ (2. part *sto-s to *stü- ‘stand”).
o-stem domo -s: O.Ind. dáma -ḥ “house, dwelling “, Gk. δόμος “house” (δομή “τεῖχος etc?
Hes), οἰκο-δόμος (*-δομός ) “ builder “, Lat. loc. domī “to a house ” (= O.Ind. dámē “in a
house, to a house ”), dominus “master, mister ” from * domo- no-s.
u-stem domu -s (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 180 presumes an adv. loc. *domū as originator):
Lat. domus , -ūs f. “a house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace ” (out of it is M.Ir.
dom-, dam-liacc ‘stone house ”, aur-dam “ pronaos (the space in front of the body of a
temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls) “ undertaken with the thing
together);
O.C.S. domъ m. “house”, Russ. dóma “at house ” (*domō[u] ); *domovь: aRuss. domovь
“after the house ”; presumedly also through O.Ind. dámū -nas- “housemate ” and Arm. tanu-
tēr “householder ”;

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Maybe Alb. dhoma “room” : O.Ind. dáma -ḥ “house”.
a stem * dmōu - in Ion. δμώς, gen. δμωός “ prisoner of war, farm laborer ”, δμῳή “
bondmaid “, Cret. μνῴᾱ f. “people in slavery, population in serfdom “;
ar. * dm-ü̆na- in Av. dǝmü ̆ na -, nmüna - n. “house”, also O.Ind. mü ́ na -ḥ “edifice, building,
dwelling”;
Lith. nãmas , pl. namaĩ “house, dwelling ” is dissimilated from * damas , in compounds as
namũ -darỹs “ homemaker “, s. WH. I 861.
Note:
It is a common trait of Alb. and Lith. to drop the initial da- as in Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with
unexplained d loss (see below): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long”;
Alb. glatë “long” Baltic and Albanian languages often drop the initial da- > zero . This is a
common Balt-Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Lith. nãmas derived from a nasalized form
*ndãm O.S.
O.Ir. damnae “Material”, Welsh defnydd , M.Bret. daffnez could have originally signified
“timber”.
Toch. B tem-, A tam-, AB täm- “create, beget, be born “ and B tsam -, AB tsäm -, A śam-,
śäm-, perhaps after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 217 here;
in addition also B c(o)mel , A cmol (*cmelu ) “birth”, Van Windekens Lexique 51.
An old branching of the root is demü - “tame”, originally probably “tie up in the house ,
domesticate ”.
Note:
Root dem-, demǝ - : “to build; house ” derived from Root ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn - :
“winter; snow” . But the ĝh > d phonetic mutation has been recorded in Illyr. Alb. alone. This
makes Proto-Illyr. the oldest IE branch.

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denk̂ -
English meaning: to bite
Deutsche Übersetzung: “beißen”
Note:
Root denk̂ - : “to bite” derived from Illyr. derivative of Root ĝembh -, ĝm̥bh - : “to bite; tooth ”
common Illyr. ĝ- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. dáśati “ bites” (*dn̥kéti ), perf. dadáṃśa (thereafter also a present dáṃśati ),
Kaus. daṃśáyate “makes bite “, dáṃśa -ḥ “bite, gadfly, brake ”,
daṃśana -m “the bitting “, daṃṣ̌ṭra -ḥ, dáṃstrü “ sharp tooth, fang ” = Av. tiži-dąstra - “with
sharp teeth, toothed “ (for -dąštra - s. Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 653);
Gk. δάκνω “bite” (*dn̥k̂-nṓ), Aor. ἔδακον (= Impf. O.Ind. ádaśam ), wherefore Fut. δήξομαι
(aberIon. δάξεται ), perf. δέδηγμαι , δεδηχώς (as well as δ῅γμα “bite”) with ablaut neologism
(Schwyzer Gk. I 770); δακετόν , τὸ δάκος “ biting animal ”; in addition probably ὀδάξ “with
biting teeth “, perhaps originally “tooth” or “bite” (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer Gk. I 620,
723), probably hybridization of * δάξ “biting” with ὀδούς, therefrom derived όδάξω (ἀδάξω
with Assimil. of o in α), ἀδαχέω etc ‘scratch, itch ”, ἀδαγμός “ the scratch “;
Alb.Gheg danë (*donk̂ -nü), Tosc darë “pliers” ;
O.H.G. zangar “biting, sharp ”, M.L.G. tanger “ds., vicious, strong, fresh ”; O.N. tǫng (gen.
tengr and tangar ), O.E. tang, tange , O.H.G. zanga “pliers” (*donk̂ǘ ), i.e. “the clenching of
the teeth “; with further shifting to “to press (lips) together ”, probably O.S. bitengi “moving
close to, oppressive ”, O.E. getang ds., getenge “ near to, close to, oppressive, thronging ,
pressing “, O.H.G. gizengi “ passing by, moving nearby ”, adv. gizango , wherefore O.N.
tengja (*tangjan ) “join”, O.E. tengan “assail, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward ”,

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getengan “make adhere, be obedient “ (O.E. intinga m. “weary, weak ”, sam-tinges “at
once”, getingan , st. V., “press in” after Fick III4 152 neologism?);
besides in gramm. variation Gmc. *tanhu- “adjoining tightly, appendant, tough ” in O.E. tōh “
tough “; M.L.G. tü “ abiding, tough “, O.H.G. zühi, Ger. zäh; O.N. tü n. ‘stamped place
before the house ” (finn. Lw. tanhua “corral, pen, fold ”);
perhaps originally different from the root * dē ̆ k- “tear”, although *denk̂ - perhaps as
nasalized form to *dē ̆ k and “ bite” could be understood as “tear with the teeth ”.
References: WP. I 790 f.
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dens-1
English meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hohe Geisteskraft, weiser Ratschluß” ; verbal: “lehren, lernen ”
Material: densos n.: O.Ind. dáṁsas - n. “powerful wonder, wise feat ” = Av. daŋhah - “
dexterity, adroitness “ (in addition O.Ind. daṁsu - “ powerful wonder “, daṁ- “ very powerful
wonder “ = Av. dąhišta - “very wise, the wisest “); O.Ind. purudü ́ m sas - “rich in miracles ” (=
Gk. πολυδήνεα πολύβουλον “much-counselling ” Hes), dáṁsana -m, daṁsánü “magic
power, witchcraft “; in Gk. after zero grade forms with* δα[σ]- = *dṇs- to *δάνσος
unvocalized: Hom. δήνεα N. pl. “ pieces of advice “, sg. δ῅νος by Hesych, (Dor. ) ἀδανές (-ᾱ)
ἀπρονόητον Hes. = (Ion. ) ἀδηνής ἄκακος , adv. ἀδηνέως Chios.
dṇs-ró́-s ‘sensible, very wise ”: O.Ind. dasrá - “ miraculous “ = Av. daŋra - ‘skilful”; doubtful
Gk. δάειρα epithet of Persephone, perhaps “ the knowing or the power of wonder “;
δαΐφρων “having clever sense ” to hold as * δα[σ]ί-φρων to O.Ind. das-rá- as κῡδι-άνειρα to
κῡδ-ρό-ς, if it not originally if it has not signified originally only “the sense directed on the
fight” (compare δαι-κτάμενος “killed in the battle ”, ἐν δαί: “in the battle ”; s. finally Bechtel
Lexil. 92) and only , after this the meaning was forgotten , the ambiguous connection came
through in δα῅ναι, see under, to come into usage in sense of “wise”.
dṇs-mo-: O.Ind. dasmá - “ power of wonder (from Gods) ” = Av. dahma- “ expert,
inaugurated in religious questions “.
Maybe Alb. dasma “wedding, ceremony (religious rite?) ”
Verbal forms: partly reduplicated “handle knowledge, instruct, teach ”:
Av. dīdaiŋhē “ I am instructed “ (in addition zero grade dąstvü f. “ apprenticeship,
doctrine, dogma ”);

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perhaps Gk. δέδαε Aor. “taught”, Aor. pass. δα῅ναι, δαήμεναι “learn”, participle perf.
δεδαώς “erudite, expert, skillful ”, δεδάασθαι π 316 “ examine, question “, ἀδαής (Soph.)
“ignorant, wherein inexperienced “; in addition δαήμων (Hom. ) ‘sensible, wise ”, ἀδαήμων
“ignorant, wherein inexperienced “, δαήμεναι ἔμπειροι γοναῖκες Hes. By Archilochos frg. 3, 4
is unclear δαίμων (?) “ skillful, experienced “.
Debrunner Mel. Boisacq 1, 251 ff. has shown that διδάσκω “instruct, teach ” belongs to
δέδαε and not to Lat. discō “to learn, learn to know, acquire, become acquainted with ” (see
above under dek̂-). The fact that also δα- (as *dṇs-) is to be put to ours root, can be
explained best of all by the fact that one accepts, from διδάσκω (*δι-δασ-σκω) has been
abstracted an erroneous root * δα- (M. Scheller briefl.);
compare finally Schwyzer Gk. I 307 and see under dens-2 .
References: WP. I 793.
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dens-2
English meaning: dense
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dicht”
Material: Gk. δασύς “dense” : Lat. dēnsus ds.; the direct derivation from * dn̥sús does not
contradict the explanation of * δάω from *dn̥sō (see above under dens -1); indeed from W.
Schulze (Kl. Schr. 116 f.) the stated examples of - σ- from IE -n̥s- are absolutely not proving.
On the other hand δαυλός “cover with dense vegetation ” could go back to δα-υλός (: ὕλη),
but δασκόν δασύ etc would barely be formed by abstraction to δά-σκιος “ (*densely) shady “
(*διά-σκιος ). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define σ in δασύς as expressive gemination σσ (?)
common Gk.-Illyr. -ks- > -ss- phonetic mutatIon. About phok. PN Δαυλίς s. WH. I 468.
About Alb. dënt “make dense ”, etc see under dhen-3 .
Note:
Alb.Gheg dend (*den-) “make dense ” common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. dēnseō, -ēre (perf. dēnsī only by Charisius Gk.-Lat. I 262, 4) “ to make thick,
condense, press together “, denominative of dēnsus “dense” (*densos or *dn̥sos , event.
*dénsu̯os ).
Hitt. dassuš (dat. sg. ta-aš-śu-u-i) ‘strong (*thick)” .
References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 307.
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deph -
English meaning: to stamp, push
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stampfen, stoßen, kreten”
Material: Arm. top”el (-em, -eci) “hit”; Gk. δέφω “knead, drum; tumble “, argiv. δεφιδασταί
“fuller”, with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας ) “knead; tan, convert hide into
leather” (out of it Lat. depsō “to knead ”), δέψα “tanned skin ”; διφθέρα “leather” (*διψτέρα);
Serb. dȅpîm , dȅpiti “bump, poke, hit ”, Pol. deptać “tread”.
maybe Alb. dëboj “drive away ”
Note:
It seems that Root deph - : “to stamp, push ” derived from Root dhü ̆ bh -1, nasalized
dhamb(h) - : “to astonish, be speechless ”
References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gk. I 298, 351.
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derbh -
English meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “winden, zusammendrehen ”
Material: O.Ind. dr̥bháti “joined, patched together, winded “, participle sándr̥bdha - “group of
shrubs planted together ”, dr̥bdhí - f. “ convolution, concatenation, daisy chain “, Av.
dǝrǝwδ a- n. “bundle of muscles ” pl. “flesh (of muscles) “, O.Ind. darbhá - m. “ hassock,
clump of grass, grass ”, darbhaṇa - n. “netting”;
Maybe truncated Alb. dredha “convolution ”, dredh “curl” : O.Ind. dr̥bdhí - f. “convolution ”, Av.
dǝrǝwδ a- n. “bundle of muscles “ pl. “flesh (of muscles) ”.
Arm. toṙn “σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap ” (*dorbh -n-);
Gk. δάρπη “basket” is contaminated from * δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Gũntert IF. 45, 347);
O.E. tearflian (*tarbalōn ) “ roll oneself “, O.H.G. zerben , preterit zarpta refl. “ turn, turn
round “; e-grade M.H.G. zirben schw. V. “ turn in circles, whirl” , Ger. dial. Swiss zirbeln ds.,
Ger. Zirbeldrũse, Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel “ pineal “, see under deru-); zero grade
O.E. torfian “throw, lapidate ” (compare drehen : Eng. throw ), as O.N. tyrfa “cover with turf ”,
O.N. torf n. “turf”, torfa f. “ peat clod “, O.E. turf f. “turf, lawn ”, O.H.G. zurba , zurf f. “lawn”
(Ger. Torf from N.Ger. ); O.E. ge-tyrfan “to strike, afflict ”;
maybe Alb. diminutive (* turfel ) turfulloj ‘snort, blow ” : O.E. ge-tyrfan “to strike, afflict ”.
wRuss. dórob “basket, carton, box “, Russ. old u-dorobь f. “pot, pan”, dial. ú-doroba “low
pot, pan”(“*wickerwork pot coated with loam “), wRuss. dorób”ić “crook, bend ”; zero grade
*dьrba in Russ. derbá “Rodeland, Neubruch ”, derbovátь “ clean from the moss, from the
lawn; uproot the growing ”, derbítь “pluck, tear, rend ”, Serb. drbácati ‘scrape, scratch ”, Cz.
drbám and drbu, drbati ‘scratch, scrape, rub; thrash ”, with lengthened grade Russ. derébitь

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der(ep) -
English meaning: to see, *mirror
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sehen”?
Material: O.Ind. dárpana - m. “mirror”; Gk. δρωπάζειν , δρώπτειν ‘see” (with lengthened
grade 2. syllable??).
Note:
The Root der(ep) - : “to see, *mirror ” could have derived from Root derbh - : “to wind, put
together, *scratch, scrape, rub, polish ”

References: WP. I 803; to forms - ep- compare Kuiper NasalprO.S. 60 f.
See also: compare also δράω ‘sehe” and derk̂-’see”.
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derǝ-, drā-
English meaning: to work
Deutsche Übersetzung: “arbeiten”
Material: Gk. δράω (*δρᾱιω) “make, do ”, Konj. δρ῵, Eol. 3. pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. Att. ἔδρᾱσα,
Hom. δρηστήρ “worker, servant ”, δρᾶμα “action”, δράνος ἔργον , πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes.,
ἀδρανής “inactive, ineffective, weak ”;
Maybe Alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) “hang loose ”;
Hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰν έων “make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious ”; Hom. and Ion. (see
Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω “do”;
Lith. dar(i)aũ, darūti , Ltv. darît “do, make ”; in spite of Mũhlenbach -Endzelin s. v. darît not
to Lith. derė́ti “ be usable”, Ltv. derêt “ arrange, employ, engage ” etc, because the meaning
deviates too strongly.
References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gk. I 6757, 694.
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dergh -
English meaning: to grasp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen”
Material: Arm. trc̣ak “ brushwood bundle “ (probably from * turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from * dorgh -so-,
Petersson KZ. 47, 265);
Gk. δράσσομαι , Att. δράττομαι “ grasp “, δράγδην “ griping “, δράγμα “ handful, fascicle,
sheaf “, δραγμεύω “ bind sheaves “, δραχμή , ark. el. δραχμά , gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e. δαρχ vά̄;
s. also Boisacq 109) “ drachma “ (“*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί” ), δράξ, -κός f. “hand” , pl.
δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;
M.Ir. dremm , Ir. dream “troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people ” (*dr̥gh-smo- ), Bret.
dramm “bundle, fascicle, sheaf “ (false back-formation to pl. dremmen );
O.H.G. zarga ‘side edging a room, edge ”, O.N. targa f. ‘shield”, O.E. targe f. (N.. Lw.)
‘small shield ” (actually “ shield brim “), elsäss. (see Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (käs-)zorg m.
“vessel, paten on three low feet “ (= Gk. δραχ -);
References: WP. I 807 f.
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derk̂-
English meaning: to look
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blicken”
Note: punctual, wherefore in O.Ind. and intrinsic in Ir. linked suppletively with a cursive
present other root
Root derk̂- : to look derived from Root ĝher-3 und ĝherǝ -, ĝhrē- : to shine, shimmer + zero
grade of Root okʷ- : to see; eye
Material: O.Ind. [present is páśyati ] perf. dadárśa “have seen ”, Aor. adarśat , adrüks ̣ īt
(ádrük ), participle dr̥ṣṭá -, kaus. darśáyati “make see ”; Av. darǝs - “ behold “, perf. düdarǝsa ,
participle dǝrǝšta -; O.Ind. dṛ́ś- f. ‘sight”, ahardŕ̥ś - “ looking day “, upa-dŕ̥ś- f. ‘sight”, dŕ̥ṣṭi- f.
‘sight”, Av. aibīdǝrǝšti - ds. (gen. sg. darštōiš ), O.Ind. darśatá - “visible, respectable “, Av.
darǝsa - m. ‘sight, gaze, look ”;
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Gk. δέρκομαι “ look, keep the eyes open, be alive ”, δέδορκα , ἔδρακον , δέρξις “vision”
(with a changed lengthened grade compared with O.Ind. dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα ‘sight”, δεργμός
“look, gaze ”, δυσ-δέρκετος “heavy to behold ” (= O.Ind. darc̨ata -), ὑπόδρα adv. “one looking
up from below ” (*-δρακ = O.Ind. dr̥c̨-, or from *- δρακ -τ), δράκος n. “eye”, δράκων , -οντος
“dragon, snake ” (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα ;
Alb. dritë “light” (*dr̥k-tü);
Note:
According to Alb. phonetic laws Alb. dritë “light” derived from ( dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tü) because
of the common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations, -të common Alb. suffix;
maybe Alb. (*darc̨ata -), darkë ‘supper, evening meal, evening ”; (*drech- ), drekë “dinner
meal, midday ”: O.Ir. an-dracht “ loathsome, dark ”.

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after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbr. terkantur “ seen, discerned, perceived “ (d. h. “
shall be seen, discerned, perceived “);
O.Ir. [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc “have seen ” (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.; present
adrodarcar “can be seen ”), derc “eye”, air-dirc “illustrious ”, Bret. derc”h ‘sight”, O.Bret.
erderc “evidentis ”, zero grade Ir. drech f. (*dr̥k̂ü) “face”, Welsh drych m. (*dr̥ksos ) ‘sight,
mirror”, Welsh drem , trem, Bret. dremm “face” (*dr̥k̂-smü), O.Ir. an-dracht “ loathsome, dark ”
(an- neg. + *drecht = Alb. dritë);
Goth. ga-tarhjan “ make distinct “ (= O.Ind. darśayati ); Gmc. * torʒa- ‘sight” (== O.Ind. dr̥ś-
) in Nor. PN Torget, Torghatten etc, IE to- suffix in Gmc. * turhta - : O.E. torht, O.S. toroht ,
O.H.G. zoraht , newer zorft “bright, distinct ”.
References: WP. I 806 f.
See also: Perhaps with der(ep) - (above S. 212) remote, distant related.
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der-1 (: dōr -, d er-) or dōr- : dǝr -
English meaning: hand span, *hands
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spanne der Hand ”
Material: Gk. δ῵ρον “palm, span of the hand ” (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον “ the
distance from the wrist to the fingertip “, Hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος “16 spans long “, zero grade
ark. acc. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις , Schwyzer Gk. I
506);
Alb. (*du̯or-) dorë “hand” from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of
plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Phonetic mutations: Alb. (*du̯or-) dorë “hand” : Gk. δ῵ρον “palm, span of the hand ” : Ltv.
(*du̯or-)dùre, dûris “fist”; Proto-Illyr. Alb. du̯o- > do- , Gk. du̯o- > do- , Ltv. du̯o- > dù-.
Note:
Clearly Root der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- : “hand span ” derived through Root ĝhesor -1,
ĝhesr - : “hand”; Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand, arm ” through Illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift
kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Alb. dorë “hand” derived from
truncated ĝhesor . The source of Root der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- : “hand span ” is of
Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.
That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many
Illyr. cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that Gk. δ῵ρον “hand span ”
is a suffixed Illyr. dora “hand” consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages by
Illyrians.
O.Ice. tarra “ outspread “, terra ds.
Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur - to justify major key-phonetical
comparison with Celt. dur-no- in O.Ir. dorn “fist, hand ”, Welsh dwrn “hand”, dyrnod

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(M.Welsh dyrnawt ) ‘slap in the face, box on the ear ”, dyrnaid (M.Welsh dyrneit ) “ handful “,
Bret. dorn “hand”, dournek “ who has big hands “; however, these words also stand off in
the coloring of meaning “pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch ” so far from Gk. that
they do not demand an association with them.
On the other hand for Celt. *durno- one considers relationship with Ltv. dùre, dûris “fist”;
this is to Ltv. duŕu, dũru, dur̃t “prick, bump, poke ” to put (compare pugnus : pungo ); if so
also Celt. dur-no-? compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 529 and see under der-4.
Note:
From Alb.Gheg (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (* du̯ǝr), duer pl. “hands” it seems that the oldest root
was Alb. pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer pl. “hands” [conservative stem of plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)].
Hence the original of Proto-Illyr. - Gk. idea was Root du̯ō(u) : “two” meaning two hands.
That means both Root der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- : “hand span, hands ” and Root
du̯ō(u) : “two, *two hands ” derived from older Anatolian languages Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - :
“hand” because of the common Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 794 f.
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(der-2), redupl. der-der-, dr̥dor -, broken redupl. dor-d-, dr̥-
d-
English meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “murren, brummen, plaudern ”; Schallwort
Material: O.Ind. dardurá -ḥ “frog, flute ”; O.Ir. deirdrethar “raged”, PN Deirdriu f. (*der-der-i̯ō);
Bulg. dъrdóŕъ “babble; grumble ”, Serb. drdljati “chatter”, Sloven. drdráti “clatter, burr “;
Maybe Alb. dërdëllit “chatter, prattle ”, derdh “pour out (*talk a lot) ”
Also Dardanoi (*dardant ) Illyr. TN : Gk. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : Lith. darde ́ti , Ltv. dardêt ,
dürde ̂ t “creak” probably “talk indistinctly “; common Illyr. Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutatIon.
with fractured reduplication: Gk. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., Ir. dord “ bass “, fo-dord “ growl,
bass “, an-dord “clear voice ” (“not-bass “), Welsh dwrdd “din, fuss, noise ” (Welsh twrdd “din,
fuss, noise ” t- has taken over from twrf ds.), O.Ir. dordaid “bellow, roar ” (from deer); Lith.
darde ́ti , Ltv. dardêt , dürde ̂ t “creak”; Toch. A tsürt- “wail, weep, cry ” (Pedersen Toch.
Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens Lexique 145).
References: WP. I 795, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 447.
See also: The Celt., tochar. and Bal.-Slav. words could also belong to dher-3.
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(der-3), drā -, dreb -, drem- , dreu -
English meaning: to run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen, treten, trippeln ”
Material: drü-:
O.Ind. drü ́ ti “ runs, hurries “, Intens. dáridrüti “ wanders around, is poor “, dári-dra- “
wandering, beggarly “;
Gk. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω “ run away “, Fut. δρά̄σομαι , Aor. ἔδρᾱν ; δρᾱσμός, Ion. δρησμός
“escape”, ἄδρᾱστος ‘striving not to escape ”, δρᾱπέτης “ fugitive “, δρᾱπετεύω “ run away,
splits, separates from ” (compare to - π- O.Ind. Kaus. drüpayati “ brings to run “, Aor.
adidrapat [uncovered] “runs”);
O.H.G. zittarōm (*di-drü-mi) “tremble (*ready to flee) ”, O.Ice. titra “tremble, wink ”
(originally perhaps “ walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly “);
perhaps here Slav. * dropy “ bustard “ (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), Pol. Cz. drop, older
drop(i)a etc, out of it M.H.G. trap(pe) , trapgans .
dreb-:
Lith. drebù , -ė́ti “tremble, quiver ”;
Pol. (etc) drabina “ladder”;
O.E. treppan (*trapjan ) “tread”, M.L.G. Dutch trappen ‘stomp”, N.Ger. trippen , Ger.
(nd.)trappeln , trippeln , M.H.G. (nd.) treppe, trappe f., Ger. Treppe , O.E. træppe f. “trap”,
Ger.Trappel , E.Fris. trappe, trap “trap, splint, staircase, stairs “;
through emphatic nasalization, as in Ger. patschen - pantschen , ficken - fiencken (see
W. Wissmann nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

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Goth. ana-trimpan “approach, beset ”, M.L.G. trampen ‘stomp”, M.H.G. (N.Ger. ) trampeln
“appear crude ”, Eng. tramp, trample “tread”, M.H.G. trumpfen “run, toddle ”.
drem -:
O.Ind. drámati “ running “, Intens. dandramyatē “ runs to and fro “;
Gk. Aor. ἔδραμον , perf. δέδρομα “run”, δρόμος “run”;
O.E. trem, trym “ Fußtapfe “ , O.N. tramr “fiend, demon ” (see above), M.H.G. tremen
“waver”, Dan. trimle “roll, fall, tumble ”, Swe. dial. trumla ds., M.H.G. trame “ rung of a
leader, stairs ”;
here probably Ger. FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg), from * Dromi̯ü and
*Dromisü (probably N.Illyr.), in addition Pol. (Illyr. ) Drama (Silesia), Bulg. Dramatica
(Thrac.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37, 127;
Maybe Alb. dromcë “piece, chip (of a blow) ”
insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati ‘shake”, dȑmnuti “upset, allow to
shake “, Sloven. dŕmati ‘shake, jiggle ”, drámiti “ jiggle from the sleep “, drâmpati “ ungentle
jiggle “;
maybe Alb. dremit ‘sleep”, dërrmonj “exhaust, tire, destroy ”
Alb. proves that from Root der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : “to cut, split, skin ” derived Root
(der-3), drü-, dreb-, drem -, dreu- : “to run”.
Cz. drmlati “ flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking ”, drmoliti “ take short steps “ (these in
the good suitable meaning; ‘shake” from “ stumble with the foot “?), drmotiti “chat, prate ”
(probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).
Maybe Alb. onomatopoeic (* der-der-) dër dër ‘stupid talk ”;
dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯üx-), FlN (participle)
dr(o)u(u̯)entī/i̯ü:

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O.Ind. drávati “ runs, also melts “, FlN Dravantī , drutá - “hurrying”, Av. drüvaya - “run”
(being from daēvischen), draoman- n. “attack, onrush ”, aēšmō -drūt(a)- “ calling from
Aēsma, sends to attack “ (very doubtful O.Ind. dráviṇa -m, dráviṇas - n. “blessing, fortune ”,
Av. draonah- n. “ bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil “ perhaps as
“traveling fortune ”?);
Illyr.-pannon. FlN Dravos (*drou̯o -s), out of it Ser.-Cr. Dráva , compare O.Pol. Drawa (Illyr.
Lw.); IE *drou̯ent - “hurrying” > Illyr. *drau̯ent - (: above O.Ind. Dravanti ), out of it dial.
*trau̯ent - in FlN Σράεντ - (Bruttium) > Ital. Trionto ; IE *druu̯ent -, Illyr. * druent - in Pol. FlN
Drwęca , Ger. Drewenz ; Ital. *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);
maybe Alb. (*druent -) Drinos river name “hurrying water? ” common Alb. nt > n phonetic
mutatIon.
Gaul. FlN (from dem NordIllyr.?) Druentia (Fr. la Drance , Drouance , Durance , Swiss la
Dranse ); *Drutos , Fr. le Drot ; Drutü , Fr. la Droude ;
Lith. sea name *Drùv -intas (wRuss. Drywiaty) ; aPruss. stream, brook Drawe.
Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Goth.
trudan “tread”, O.N. troða , trað ds.; O.E. tredan , O.H.G. tretan “tread” (by Osthoffs outlook
of ablaut neologism), O.H.G. trata “tread, spoor, way, alley, drift, trailing ”, O.S. trada “tread,
spoor”, O.E. trod n., trodu f. ‘spoor, way, alley ” (Eng. trade “trade” is N.. Lw.), O.H.G. trota,
M.H.G. trotte f. “ wine-press “, Intens. O.H.G. trottōn “tread”; Ger. dial. trotteln “ go slowly “.
Here also Gmc. root * tru-s- in E.Fris. trũseln “lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or staggering
“, trũsel “ dizziness, giddiness “, Dutch treuzelen “ to be slow, dawdle, loiter ”, Westfäl.
trūseln, truǝseln “ roll slowly “, M.H.G. trollen (*truzlōn ) “move in short steps constantly ”,
Ger. trollen , Swe. dial. trösale “fairy demon, ghost ”, Nor. dial. trusal “idiot, fool ”, trusk “
despondent and stupid person ”;
Maybe through metathesis Alb. (*trusal ) trullos, trallis “make the head dizzy ”, tru “brain”

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as well as (as * truzlá -) O.N. troll n. “fiend, demon ”, M.H.G. trol, trolle m. “fairy demon, ghost ,
fool, uncouth person ” (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the Wandals called the
Goths Σρούλους , Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way besides Gmc. tre-m-
(see under) O.N. tramr “fiend, demon ”.
In Gmc. furthermore with i-vocalism M.L.G. trīseln , Westfäl. triǝseln “roll, lurch ”, Du.trillen
“tremble” (from which Ital. trillare “quiver, trill hit ”) etc against association of O.Ind. drávati
with Av. dvaraiti “goes” see under *dheu -, *dheu̯er - “flee”.
References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.
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deru-, dō ̆ ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ - : drū -
English meaning: tree
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Baum”, probably originally and actually “Eiche”
Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition
words for various wood tools as well as for “good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal ”; Specht
(KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dō ́ ru “das
Harte”, from which previously “tree” and “oak”: dō ́ ru n., gen. dreu-s, dru-nó-s
Material: O.Ind. dü ́ ru n. “wood” (gen. drō ́ h ̣, drúṇaḥ , instr. drúṇü , loc. dü ́ run ̣ i ; dravya- “from
tree”), drú- n. m. “wood, wood tool “, m. “tree, bough ”, Av. düuru “tree truck, bit of wood,
weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint ” (gen. draoš ), O.Ind. dürun ̣ a ́ - “hard, rough,
stern” (actually “hard as wood, lumpy “), dru- in compounds as dru-püda - “ klotzfũßig “ , dru-
ghnī “ wood ax “ (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ “good wood ”; dhruvá - “tight, firm, remaining “ (dh-
through folk etymology connection in dhar- “hold, stop, prop, sustain ” = Av. dr(u)vō, O.Pers.
duruva “fit, healthy, intact “, compare O.C.S. sъ-dravъ); Av. drvaēna - “ wooden “, O.Ind.
druváya -ḥ “ wooden vessel, box made of wood, the drum ”, drū ̆ n ̣ a -m “bow, sword ”
(uncovered; with ū Pers. durūna, balučī drīn “ rainbow “), druṇī “ bucket; pail “, dróṇa -m
“wooden trough, tub ”; drumá -ḥ “tree” (compare under δρυμός );
O.Ind. dárvi -ḥ, darvī́ “(wooden) spoon ”;
Arm. tram “tight, firm ” (*drū ̆ rümo , Pedersen KZ . 40, 208); probably also ( Lidén Arm. stem
66) targal ‘spoon” from *dr̥u̯- or *deru̯-.
Gk. δόρυ “tree truck, wood, spear, javelin ” (gen. Hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from *δορFός,
δούρατος , Att. δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with O.Ind. drúṇaḥ );
Cret. δορά (*δορFά) “balk, beam ” (= Lith. Ltv. darva );

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Sicil. ἀσχέδωρος “boar” (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. * ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος “
standing firm to the spear “), ark. Dor. Δωρι -κλ῅ς, Dor. böot. Δωρί -μαχος under likewise,
Δωριεύς “ Dorian “ (of Δωρίς “ timberland “);
Note:
Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they
were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste
of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike
sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.
δρῦς, δρυός “oak, tree ” (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree
name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα “ fruit tree “,
δρυ-τόμος “ woodchopper “, δρύινος “ from the oak, from oak tree “, Δρυάς “ dryad, tree
nymph “, γεράνδρυον “old tree truck ”, ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα . Κύπριοι Hes. ( *sm̥-, Lith. by
Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.
Hom. δρῠμά n. pl. “wood, forest ”, nachHom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous changed
length after δρῦς); δένδρεον “tree” (Hom.; out of it Att. δένδρον ), from redupl. *δ eν(= δερ)-
δρεFον, Dimin. δενδρύφιον ; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 583;
δροF- in arg. δροόν ἰσχυρόν . ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes.,
Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος ), δροίτη “ wooden tub, trough, coffin ” (probably from * δροFίτᾱ,
compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Decl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον
σκάφην Hes. (diss. from * δροFιτρον ), next to which * dr̥u̯io - in δραιόν μάκτραν . πύελον Hes.
PN Δρύτων : Lith. Drūktenis , O.Pruss. Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa 16, 1633);
in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος ‘shrubbery, bush, thicket “; Maced.
δάρυλλος f. “oak” Hes. ( *deru-, compare O.Ir. daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς
(Schwyzer Gk. I 4955);

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Alb. dru f. “wood, tree, shaft, pole ” (*druu̯ü , compare O.C.S. drъva n. pl. “wood”); drush-k
(es-stem) “ oak”; ablaut. * drū- in dri-zë “tree”, drũni “ wood bar “;
Note:
Alb. definite form nom. dru-ni = Alb. gen. dru-ni “of wood”: O.Ind. dü ́ ru n. “wood” (gen. drō ́ h ̣,
drúṇaḥ “of wood”; but a pure Slavic loanword is Alb. druvar “ woodcutter, woodchopper “
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Thrac. καλαμίν -δαρ ‘sycamore ”, PN Δάρανδος , Σάραντος (*dar-ant-) “ Eichstätt a district
in Bavaria “, Ζίνδρουμα , Δινδρύμη “ Zeus’s grove “, VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru-
“wood, forest ”);
Maybe VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι : Etruria (Italy)
from Lat. perhaps dūrus “ hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes,
rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things,
hard, awkward, difficult, adverse “ (but about dūrüre “ to make hard or hardy, to inure;
intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain,
continue “ see under S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as ‘strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree “
dissimilated from * drū-ro-s (*dreu- ro-s?);
Maybe Alb. duroj “endure, last ”, durim “patience ” .
but Lat. larix “larch tree ”, Lw. is from an IE Alpine language, IE *derik-s, is conceivable
because of heavy l;
Note:
Common Lat. d- > l - phonetic mutation hence Lat. larix (*derik-s) “larch tree ”.
Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa )
O.Ir. derucc (gg), gen. dercon “glans”, Welsh derwen “oak” (pl. derw ), Bret. deruenn ds.,
Gaul. place name Dervus (“oak forest ”), O.Brit. Derventiō , place name, VN Dervüci under
likewise; O.Ir. dērb ‘safe “; reduced grade O.Ir. daur, gen. daro “oak” (deru-), also dair, gen.

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darach ds. ( *deri-), O.Ir. daurde and dairde “oaken “; derived Gaul. *d(a)rullia “oak”
(Wartburg III 50); Maced. δάρυλλος f. “oak”; zero grade *dru- in intensification particle (?
different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: “oak-”: dru- in gaLat. δρυ-ναίμετον “ holy oak grove “),
e.g. Gaul. Dru-talos (“*with big forehead ”), Druides , Druidae pl., O.Ir. drūi “Druid” (“the high;
noble “, *dru-u̯id-), O.Ir. dron “tight, firm ” (*drunos , compare O.Ind. dru-ṇa-m, düru-ṇá-, dró-
ṇa-m), with guttural extension (compare under Ger. Trog) M.Ir. drochta “(* wooden) barrel,
vat, cask ; barrel, tub ”, drochat “bridge”; here also gallorom. drūtos ‘strong, exuberant (: Lith.
drūtas )”, Gk. PN Δρύτων , O.Ir. drūth “foolish, loony ” (: O.Ice. trūðr “juggler, buffoon ”?),
Welsh drud “foolish, loony, valiant ” (Welsh u derives from romO.N. equivalent);
deru̯- in Gmc. Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs , O.N. tjara (*deru̯ōn -), finn. Lw. terva , O.E.
teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. “tar, resin ” (*deru̯i̯o -), M.L.G. tere “tar” (Ger. Teer); O.N. tyrvi, tyri
“pinewood ”, tyrr “pine” (doubtful M.H.G. zirwe , zirbel “ pine cone “, there perhaps rather to
M.H.G. zirbel “whirl”, because of the round spigot);
dreu̯- in Goth. triu n. “wood, tree ”, O.N. trē, O.E. trēow (Eng. tree), O.S. trio “tree, balk,
beam”; in ũbtr. meaning “ tight, firm - tight, firm relying ” (as Gk. ἰσχῡρός “tight, firm ”:
ἰσχυρίζομαι “ show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in “), Goth. triggws (*treu̯u̯az ) “loyal,
faithful”, O.H.G. gi-triuwi “loyal, faithful ”, an: tryggr “loyal, faithful, reliable, unworried “, Goth.
triggwa “ alliance, covenant “, O.E. trēow “faith, belief, loyalty, verity ”, O.H.G. triuwa , Ger.
Treue , compare with ders. meaning, but other ablaut O.N. trū f. “religious faith, belief,
assurance, pledge ”, O.E. trŭwa m., M.L.G. trūwe f. ds., O.H.G. trūwa , O.Ice. trū f., besides
trūr “loyal, faithful ”; derived O.N. trūa “trust, hold for true ” = Goth. trauan , and O.E. trŭwian ,
O.S. trūōn , O.H.G. trū(w)ēn “trust” (compare n. O.Pruss. druwis) ; similarly O.N. traustr
‘strong, tight, firm ”, traust n. “confidence, reliance, what one can count on ”, O.H.G. trōst
“reliance, consolation ” (*droust- ), Goth. trausti “pact, covenant ”, changing through ablaut

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Eng. trust “reliance” (M.Eng. trūst), M.Lat. trustis “loyalty” in afränk. “ law”, M.H.G. getrũste
“troop, multitude, crowd ”;
maybe Alb. trũs, trys “press, crowd ”
(st- formation is old because of Pers. durušt “hard, strong ”, durust “fit, healthy, whole ”; Nor.
trysja “clean the ground ”, O.E. trūs “deadwood ”, Eng. trouse , O.Ice. tros “dross”, Goth. ufar-
trusnjan “disperse, scatter ”.
*drou- in O.E. trīg, Eng. tray “flat trough, platter ”, O.S. trö “a certain measure vessel ”
(*trauja- , compare above δροίτη), O.N. treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-sǫðoll ) “a kind of trough
shaped saddle ”;
*drū- in O.Ice. trūðr “jester”, O.E. trūð “merrymaker, trumpeter ” (:gallorom. *drūto -s, etc)?
*dru- in O.E. trum “tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy ” (*dru- mo-s), with k-extension,
respectively forms -ko- (compare above M.Ir. drochta , drochat ), O.H.G. Ger. trog, O.E. trog,
troh (m.), O.N. trog (n.) “trough” and O.H.G. truha “ footlocker “, Nor. dial. trygje n. “a kind of
pack saddle or packsaddle ”, trygja “a kind of creel ”, O.H.G. trucka “hutch”, nd. trũgge
“trough” and with the original meaning “tree, wood ” O.H.G. hart-trugil “dogwood ”;
maybe nasalized Alb. trung (*trũgge ) “wood, tree ”
Bal.-Slav. *deru̯a - n. “tree” in O.C.S. drěvo (gen. drěva , also drěvese ), Ser.-Cr. dial.
drêvo (drȉjevo ), Sloven. drẹvộ, O.Cz. dřěvo , Russ. dérevo , Clr. dérevo “tree”; in addition as
originally collective Lith. dervà , (acc. der̃vą ) f. “ chip of pinewood; tar, resinous wood ”;
ablaut, Ltv. dar̃va “tar”, O.Pruss. in PN Derwayn ; lengthened grade *dōru ̯-i̯ü- in Ltv. dùore f .
“ wood vessel, beehive in tree ”;*su-doru̯a - “fit, healthy ” in O.C.S. sъdravъ, Cz. zdráv
(zdravū ), Russ. zdoróv (f. zdoróva ) “fit, healthy ”, compare Av. dr(u)vō , O.Pers. duruva ds.
Balt *dreu̯i̯ü - f. “ wood beehive “, substantiv. adj. (O.Ind. dravya- “ belonging to the tree “)
: Lith. drẽvė and dreve ̃ “cavity in tree ”, Ltv. dreve ds.: in ablaut Lith. dravìs f., Ltv. drava f. “

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wood beehive “, in addition O.Pruss. drawine f. “prey, bee ’s load “ and Lith. drave ̃ “hole in
tree”; furthermore in ablaut E.Lith. drėve ̃ and drove ̃ f. ds., Ltv. drava “cavity in beehive ”;
Proto-Slav. . *druu̯a - nom. pl. “wood” in O.C.S. drъva, Russ. drová , Pol. drwa (gen. drew );
*druu̯ina - n. “wood” in Clr. drovno , slovz. drẽvnø ;
Slav. *drъmъ in Russ. drom “ virgin forest, thicket “, etc (= O.Ind. drumá -ḥ, Gk. δρυμός ,
adjekt. O.E. trum);
Lith. su-drus “abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants) ” (= O.Ind. su-drú-ḥ “good
wood”);
Balt drūta - ‘strong” (== gallorom. *drūto -s, Gk. PN Δρύτων ) in Lith. drū ́ tas , driū ́ tas ‘strong,
thick”, O.Pruss. in PN Drutenne , PN Druthayn, Druthelauken ; belongs to O.Pruss. druwis
m. “faith, belief ”, druwi f., druwīt “believe” (*druwēti: O.H.G. trūen ), na-po-druwīsnan
“reliance, hope ”. Beside Lith. drū ́ tas also drū ́ ktas ; see under dher-2.
In ablaut here O.C.S. drevlje “ fore, former, of place or time; higher in importance, at first
or for the first time “, O.Cz. dřéve , Russ. drévle “ages before ”; adverb of comparative or
affirmative.
Hitt. ta-ru “tree, wood ”, dat. ta-ru-ú-i;
here also probably Toch. AB or “wood” (false abstraction from * tod dor , K. Schneider IF.
57, 203).
Note:
The shift d- > zero is a Balt-Illyr. phonetic mutation inherited by Toch.
References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer
Gk. I 463, 518, Specht Decl. 29, 54, 139.
Page(s): 214-217

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der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-
English meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten ”
Note:
Root der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : “to cut, split, skin (*the tree) ” derived from Root deru-,
dō ̆ ru-, dr(e)u -, drou-; dreu̯ǝ - : drū- : “tree”
Material: O.Ind. dar- “break, make crack, split, burst “, present the light basis dárṣ̌i , adar,
dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇǘti “ bursts, cracks ”, Opt. dr̥ṇīyǘt , perf. dadü ́ ra , participle
dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrn ̣ a ́ -, Kaus. dü ̆ rayati , Intens. dardirat , dárdarti (compare Av.
darǝdar - ‘split”; Cz. drdám , drdati “pluck, pick off, remove ”), dardarīti ‘split up”, dara-ḥ m.,
darī f. “hole in the earth, cave ” (: Gk. δορός “hose”, Ltv. nuõdaras “dross of bast ”, Church
Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. “bag, hose ” (= Gk. δάρσις , Goth. gataúrÞs , Russ. dertь), darmán -
m. “ smasher “ (: Gk. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman - “destruction ”; -
düri- ‘splitting” (= Gk. δ῅ρις ), düra- m. “crack, col, gap, hole ”, düraka - “ripping, splitting ”,
darī- in dardarī -ti, darī -man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. 1 20), barely
after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; Pers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδ an, jũd. -pers. darīn -išn;
Maybe Alb. (*düras ) dërrasë “board, plank (cut wood) ”, dërrmonj “destroy, break, exhaust,
tire”.
Dardani Illyr. TN
Note:
The name Dardani Illyr. TN and [ Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs ] Greek: Δωριει̃ς , Att. -ιη̃ς derive
from the same root.

Dardanus

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by Micha F. Lindemans
The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides.
He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near
Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).
Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA
DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the
frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl.
p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus,
vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE
DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the
central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river
DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX
DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has
been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river

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was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were
destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS
DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling
into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin.
v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d ”Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE
DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S.
steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae,
and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is
possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana,
though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern
locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA
DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA
DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

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DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae,
and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is
possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana,
though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern
locality. [V.]

DARDANI
DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-West of Moesia, and extending also over a part
of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl . 57; Plin. iii. 29;
Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves
under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]
Av. darǝdar - (see above) ‘split”, Inf. dǝrǝna ̨ m (: O.Ind. dr̥ṇǘti ), Iter. düraya -, participle
dǝrǝtō (= O.Ind. dr̥tá-);
Arm. teṙem “ skin, flay, make callous ” (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s- ,
Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Arm. tar “foreign land ”, tara- “besides, without, afar ”,
taray Aor. “take to one ’s heels, made oneself scarce ” (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);
Gk. δέρω ‘skin, flay”, i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as Lith. derù besides diriù), Aor. pass. ἐδάρην ,
participle δρατός , δαρτός (= O.Ind. dr̥tá-); δορός “hose” (= O.Ind. dara-, Ltv. nuõ-daras );
δάρσις “the skinning ” (= O.Ind. dŕ̥ti-), next to which with (has changed) lengthened grade
Att. δέρρις , -εως ‘skin, leathery dress, cover ”; *δέρτρον , diss. δέτρον “ the membrane which

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contains the bowels “; δέρας , -ατος n. ‘skin, fur” (heavy basis?), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά
“fell, fur”; lengthened grade δ῅ρις , -ιος (poet.) “fight, struggle ”(= O.Ind. - düri-); here probably
also δαρ-δαίνω “ bedraggle “ instead of * δαρ-δαίρω (: O.Ind. dár-dar-ti)?
Welsh Corn. Bret. darn “piece, part ” (= O.Ind. dīrn ̣ a ́ -);
Goth. dis-taíran (= Gk. δέρω) “break, pull apart ”, ga-taíran “tear, destroy ”, O.E. teran
“tear”, O.H.G. zeran, fir-zeran “tear, destroy ”; M.H.G. ( ver)zern, Ger. (ver)zehren
“consume ”, M.Eng. , M.L.G. terren “quarrel, squabble ”, N.Ger. terren , tarren ‘stir, tease,
irritate, banter ”, O.H.G. zerren “pull”; Goth. intrans. dis-, ga-taúrnan “tear” (: O.Ind. dr̥ṇǘti ),
Du. tornen “ unstitch, unpick, take apart “, compare nominal O.E. O.S. torn, O.H.G. zorn
“anger, fight, violent displeasure “ and in original meaning Du. torn “ cleavage, separation ”
(= O.Ind. dīrn ̣ a ́ -, Welsh darn; also O.Ind. dīrn ̣ a ́ - is named besides ‘split” also “ confused, put
in desperation “); next to which zero grade O.N. tjǫrn f. (*dernü ), tjarn n. (* dernom ) ‘small
sea”, originally probably “ water hole “ (compare O.Ind. dara-, darī “hole in the earth ”);
causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan “mug, rob ” (but O.H.G. uozurnen “
despise “ Denom. of *uo-zorn ); Goth. gataúra m. “crack”, gataúrÞs f. “destruction ” (= O.Ind.
dr̥ti-, Gk. δάρσις ); O.N. torð- in compounds, O.E. tord n. “ordure” (*dr̥-tóm “ separation “,
compare Ltv. dìrstu , dìrst “ defecate “, dir̃sa “ buttocks “, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 470, and of
a guttural extension M.H.G. zurch , zũrch m. “ animal excrements “);
Maybe truncated Alb. dhjes “ defecate “: Ltv. dìrstu , dìrst “ defecate “.
besides of the heavy basis O.N. trōð n. “batten, lath, support from poles ” (*drō-to-m),
M.H.G. truoder f. “ slat, pole, from it manufactured rack “; O.H.G. trü ̆ da “fringe” (Ger.
Troddel ), M.H.G. trōdel (for *trüdel ) “ tassel, wood fiber “;
actually to der-(e)u- (see under) with nasal infix belong * dr̥-nu̯-ō in M.H.G. trũnn e f. “
running shoal, migration, swarm; surge “, O.H.G. abe-trunnig , ab-trunne “ apostate “, ant-
trunno “ fugitive “, and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan “ seclude oneself “, M.H.G. trinnen, trann “ be

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separated from, depart from, run away “, Ger. entrinnen (*ent-trinnen ), Kaus. Gmc.
*tranni̯an in M.H.G. trennen “cut, clip”, Ger. trennen , Du. (with transposition) tarnen , tornen
‘separate” (the latter, in any case, more directly to derive from * der- ‘split”; nn of Gmc.
*trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here Swe. dial. trinna , trenta “ split fence rack “, further with
the meaning “ split trunk piece as a disc, wheel “ O.H.G. trennila “ball”, trennilōn “roll”,
M.L.G. trint, trent “ circular “, trent m. “ curvature, roundness, circular line “, O.E. trinde f. (or
trinda m.) “round clump ”, M.H.G. trindel, trendel “ ball, circle, wheel “ under likewise
With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare Gk. δαρδαίνω and Cz. drdati ) and
from “tear, tug unkindly ” explainable meaning probably here Gmc. * trat-, *trut- in O.E. teart “
stern, sharp, bitter “, M.Du. torten , Du. tarten ‘stir, tease, irritate, challenge, defy “, M.L.G.
trot “ contrariness “, M.H.G. traz, truz, -tzes “ obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness “,
Ger. Trotz , Trutz, trotzen , bO.Ir. tratzen “banter”; with the meaning-development “ fray “ -
“thin, fine, tender ” perhaps (?)M.L.G. tertel , tertlīk “fine, dainty, mollycoddled “, Dan. tærtet “
squeamish “ (perhaps also Nor. dial. tert, tart ‘small salmon ”, terta “ small play ball “);
O.H.G. Ger. zart (the last from * dor-tō-, compare M.Pers. dart “ afflicted “, Pers. derd “pain”
Wood KZ. 45, 70);
Lith. diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti “flay, cut off the grass or peat ” (heavy basis
compared with O.Ind. dŕ̥ti-, Gk. δάρσις , Goth. gataúrÞs ), nudìrtas “ flayed “, Ltv. nuõdara “
pole with cut branches, bread slice “, pl. -as “ dross, esp. of bast ” (: Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II
772, O.Ind. dara- , Gk. δορός ), Lith. dernà “board, plank, balk ”; with u-colored zero grade
Lith. duriù , dùrti “prick” (preterit dū ́ riau ) = Serb. ù-drim (ù-driti) “hit” (Russ. u-dyrítъ “hit” with
iterative grade to *dъr-, compare Lith. dū ́ riau , Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lith. dur̃nas “
frenzied, stupid ”, Ltv. dur̃ns borrowed from Slav. ; compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 519.
Slav. *derō and *diriō in O.C.S. derǫ, dьrati “rend, flay ” and * dьrǫ (Serb. zȁdrēm , Cz.
dru); u-darjǫ , u-dariti “hit” (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in Gk. δ῅ρις ), with iterative grade raz-dirati

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“tear”, Serb. ìz-dirati “ exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass away, disappear “ (in
addition O.C.S. dira “crack”; s. Berneker 201, whereas also about the meaning-
development of probably related family Serb. díra “ hole, crack “, Bulg. dír”a “ track of a
person or animal, or from wheels “, dír”ъ ‘search, seek, feel, pursue ”); about * dъr- in Serb.
ù-drim see above;
nouns: with ē-grade Sloven. u-dę̂r “blow, knock ”, with ŏ-grade O.C.S. razdorъ “crack,
cleavage “ (= O.Ind. dara- , Gk. δορός , Ltv. nuõ-daras ), Serb. ù-dorac “attack, with zero
grade ( IE *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь “ lacerate “, Clr. dértyj “ torn, flayed “ (=
O.Ind. dr̥ta-); IE *dr̥ti- : Russ. dertь “ residue of crushed grain, bran; cleared land “ (= O.Ind.
dŕ̥ti- etc); Russ. (etc) dërnъ “lawn, meadow ” (: O.Ind. dīrna ́ - etc, meaning as in Lith. dir̃ti “cut
the lawn grass ”);
Maybe Alb. (*dermó ) dërrmoj “exhaust”.
Russ. dermó “ rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt “ (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij
“rash, hasty, fast “, dranь f. “ shingle, lath ”, drjanь = “dermó”, dráka “ brawl “, drač “nail
puller, tool used to remove nails ”, o-dríny pl. “chaff” etc.
With l- extended Lith. nu-dìrlioti “peel the skin ”, Serb. dr̂ljüm , dŕljati “harrow”, dr̂ljīm , dŕljiti
“divest” (Berneker 255);
Toch. AB tsär- ‘separate, split ”, tsrorye “cleft, fissure, crack ” (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg.
19).
d(e)rī - (: *derēi -?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):
Gk. δρῑ-μύς “(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter ” (probably after ὀξύς
reshaped from * δρῑ-μός or -σμός), Ltv. drīsme “crack, scratch “, perhaps (if not derailment of
ablaut to Lith. dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk- ) from Ltv. drìksna (*drīskna ) “
scratch “, draĩska “ tearer “, compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 488 f., 500;

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remains far off δρῖλος “ bloodsucker, leech, penis ”, lit. “ the swollen “, to δριάουσαν
θάλλουσαν Hes. (M. Scheller briefl.).
With u- forms of the light ( der-eu-) and heavy basis ( derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) “ tear, (the land)
break, burst, erupt “: dorǝ-u̯ü: dr̥̄-u̯ü ‘species of grain ”, deru-, de-dru- etc “lacerate skin ”.
M.Pers. drūn, drūdan “reap”;
about Gmc. forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;
here O.N. trjōna f. (*dreu-n-ōn-) “ proboscis of the pig ” (“bursting, burrowing “), trȳni n.
ds., M.H.G. triel (*dreu- lo-) m. ‘snout, muzzle, mouth, lip ”,
maybe Alb.Gheg (*trȳni) turini , Tosc turiri “mouth of animals, snout ”
Nor. dial. mūle -trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko- ) “horse muzzle ” (Falk-Torp under tryne ). Because
of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of O.N. trauða “
lack, come short “, trauðla adv. “barely”, trauðr “ querulous “ and - with g-extension - O.E.
trū ̆ cian “ be absent, lack, come short “ (nEng. dial. to truck “to fail”, M.L.G. trũggelen “beg,
cheat, deceive ”);
Ltv. drugt “ diminish, collapse “ (Ir. droch , Welsh drwg “ penurious, evil, bad ” from k-
extension?, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 505).
O.Ind. dū ́ rvü “ millet grass “ (dr̥̄-u̯ü);
compare Gk. delph. δαράτα f., Thess. δάρατος m. “bread” (*dr̥ǝ-), Maced. δράμις ds.;
Gaul. (Lat. ) dravoca “ ryegrass “ (*drǝ-u̯-); Bret. draok, dreok , Welsh drewg ds. are
borrowed from RomO.N. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);
M.Du. tanve, terwe , Du. tarwe “wheat”, Eng. tare “weed, ryegrass, vetch ” (Gmc. * tar-u̯ō,
IE *dorǝu ̯ ü );
Lith. dìrva “farmland ” (*dr̥̄-u̯ü, with intonation change the ü-stem), lit. “ freed, cleared “,
dirvónas “ virgin soil, land “ (compare to meaning Russ. dial. dor “ new tillage, cultivated
land “, rózdertь “ land made arable “), Ltv. druva “the tilled farmland, sown field “

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(Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 470, 505), Russ. (see Berneker 186) derévnja “ village (without
church); land property “, dial. “piece of field ”, pášet derévnju “tills the field ”;
with the meaning “ skin rash “ (‘splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin ”):
O.Ind. dar-dru- m. “kind of skin rash “, dar-dū ́- m. (uncovered), da-drú- m., da-dru-ka- m.
“ leprosy “;
Lat. derbita f. “lichen” is Lw. from Gaul. * dervēta (compare also M.Ir. deir, O.Ir. * der from
*derü “lichen”), to Welsh tarwyden, tarwden (pl. tarwed ) (besides darwyden through
influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), M.Bret. dervoeden , Bret.
deroueden ‘sick of lichen “(*deru̯-eit-);
Gmc. *te-tru- in O.E. teter ‘skin rash”, O.H.G. zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-s = O.Ind. dadruka -),
Ger. Zitterich ‘skin rash”;
Lith. dedervine ̃ “ rash resembling lichen “ (Trautmann 47, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 450;
compare in similar meaning of the root form * der- Cz. o-dra , pl. o-dry “ prickly heat, miliaria,
heat rash ”, Pol. o-dra “ measles “, of the g-extension Bulg. drъ́gnъ-se “ rub myself, itch
myself, become scabby “);
dereg - :
MDutch treken st. V. “pull, tear ” and ‘shudder”, O.H.G. trehhan “ push, poke,
intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping “, *trakjan in M.L.G. trecken “pull, tear (tr. intr.) ”,
O.E. træglian “to pluck”, wherewith because of the same vocal position maybe is to be
connected to Ltv. dragât “pull, rend, upset, shake ”, draguls “ shivering fit “, drüga “a strong
angry person, renders and demands a lot “; Ltv. drigelts, drigants , Lith. drigãntas ‘stallion”
are Lw. from Pol. drygant; compare Būga Kalba ir s. 128, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 498.
deregh - (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lith.):
O.E. tiergan (Gmc. * targi̯an ) “banter, stir, tease, irritate ”, M.L.G. tergen, targen “pull, stir,
tease, irritate ”, Du. tergen , Ger. zergen “pull, tear, anger ”, Swe. dial. targa “ tug with the

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teeth or sharp tools “, Nor. dial. terga “banter”; Lith. dìrginu , dìrginti “ flurry, irritate,
stimulate, excite, pull (the trigger of a gun) “; Russ. dërgatь “pluck, pull, tear, rend “ (etc),
sú-doroga “cramp”.
derek -:
Δρέκανον name of foreland in Kos (as Δρέπανον plural as name of forelands, Bugge BB.
18, 189), δόρκαι κονίδες, δερκύλλειν αἱμοποτεῖν (actually “tear the skin open ” as analogous
meaning δερμύλλειν ) Hes.;
Gk. δόρπος m., δόρπον n. ‘supper” (*dork- + u̯o-forms) = Alb. darkë ‘supper, evening ”
(unclear the ablaut relation in drekë “lunch, middle of the day ”; compare Persson Beitr.
8591); perhaps to ( N.Illyr.?) PN Δρακούινα (leg. Δαρκούινα ?) in Wurttemberg, as “ place to
rest “;
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since Alb. drekë “lunch, middle of the day ” seems to have
derived from Root derk̂- : “to look, light ”; Gk. δέρκομαι “ look, keep the eyes open, be alive ”,
δέδορκα , ἔδρακον , δέρξις “vision”, δέργμα ‘sight”, δεργμός “look, gaze ”, δυσ-δέρκετος
“heavy to behold ” (= O.Ind. darc̨ata -), ὑπόδρα adv. “one looking up from below ”, δράκος n.
“eye”, δράκων , -οντος “dragon, snake ” (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα ;
Alb. dritë “light” (*dr̥k-tü);
According to Alb. phonetic laws Alb. dritë “light” derived from ( dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tü) because
of common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutations;
maybe Alb. (*darc̨ata -), darkë ‘supper, evening meal, evening ”; (*drech ), drekë “dinner
meal, midday, light of the day ”: O.Ir. an-dracht “ loathsome, dark ” (see above).
Sloven. dr̂kam , dr̂čem , dr̂kati “ glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run “ (probably from
“clear off, run away, leave ”), Cz. drkati “bump, poke, jolt ”, Bulg. dъ́rcam , drъ́cnъ “ pull, riffle
flax, hemp “ (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).

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deres -:
Arm. teṙem (see above under der-);
M.Ir. dorr “anger”, dorrach “rough, coarse ” (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); presumably
O.E. teors , O.H.G. zers “penis”, Nor. ters “nail”; also O.N. tjasna f. “kind of nail ” from
*tersnōn -?, Nor. trase “rag, clout ”, trasast “ become ragged ”, tras “deadwood ”, trask “offal,
deadwood ”;
Maybe Alb. trastë “bag, (ragged cloth?) ”, tras “pull (a boat on the coast) : Rom. trage “pull”
Sloven. drásati “ disband, separate ”, Cz. drásati ‘scratch, scrape, stripe ”, drasta , drásta
‘splinter, scrap, shred; garment “, draslavū “rough, jolting “, zero grade drsen “rough”,
drsnatū “ jolting “(compare above M.Ir. dorr).
dre-sk:
Lith. su-dryskù , -driskaũ , -drìksti “tear”, dreskiù , dreskiaũ , -dre ̃ksti “ rend “, draskaũ,
draskūti iter. “tear”, Ltv. draskât ds., draska “rag”, Lith. drėkstìnė lentà “ crafty slat, thinly
split wood “ (Leskien abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulg. dráskam , dráštъ (*draščo ̨ ) “
scratch, scrape; fit tightly “, perfective drásnъ (*drasknǫ ); dráska “ scratcher, crack ”; Cz. old
z-dřies -kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding anlaut) z-dřiezhati “break,
rupture”, dřieska , dřiezha ‘splinter, chip, splinter ”, nowadays dřízha “chip, splinter ”; Pol.
drzazga ‘splinter”;
With formant -p-:
drep-, drop-:
O.Ind. drüpí -ḥ m. “mantle, dress ”, drapsá -ḥ m. “banner (?) ” (= Av. drafša - “banner,
ensign, flag, banner ”), Lith. drãpanos f. pl. “ household linen, dress ”, Ltv. drãna (probably
*drüp-nü) ‘stuff, kerchief, cloth ”; Gallo-Rom. drappus “kerchief, cloth ” (PN Drappō , Drappus ,
Drappes , Drapōnus ) is probably Ven.-Illyr. Lw.; the a-vowel from IE o or, as das - pp-,
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Gk. δρέπω “ break off, cut off, pick “, δρεπάνη , δρέπανον ‘sickle”, also δράπανον (out of
it Alb. drapën ‘sickle” ds.), that is defined through assimilation of δρεπάνη to *δραπάνη ; o-
grade δρώπτω διακόπτω Hes. (= Serb. drâpljēm ), δρ῵παξ , -κος “ Pechpflaster, um
Haareauszuziehen “, δρωπακίζω “pull the hair out ”; O.N. trǫf n. pl. “ fringes “, trefr f. pl. ds.,
trefja “rub, wear out ”, M.H.G. trabe f. “fringe”;
*drōp - in Russ. drjápa -ju, -tь (with unclear ja), dial. drápatь , drapátь ‘scratch, rend “,
Serb. drâpüm , drâpljēm , drápati “tear, wear out; scratch, scrape ”, Pol. drapać ‘scratch,
scrape, scrape, rub, flee ”; dr̥p-, Slav. * dьrp- in Bulg. dъ́rpam , perfective drъ́pnъ “ tear, pull,
drag “, Serb. dr̂püm , dŕpati and dȑpīm , dȑpiti “ rend “; Bal.-Slav. dreb-, drob- ‘scrap, shred,
dress” in Ltv. dre ́be f. ‘stuff, dress, laundry ”, Lith. dróbė f. “canvas, fabric ”, drãbanas m.
“rag, scrap, shred ”, drabùžis , drobùžis m. “dress”; O.Sor. draby m. pl. “ dress stuff “, Cz.-
mähr. zdraby m. pl. “rag, scrap, shred ” have probably through influence the root * drob- (see
under dhrebh- ) “carve, slit, dismember “ -b- instead of - p-;
drip-:
Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) PN Drippia , Drippōnius (compare above Drappus etc);
Note: Alb. drapën ‘sickle” : (Ven.-Illyr.) PN Drippōnius
Bulg. drípa “rag, scrap, shred ”, Sloven. drîpam (drîpljem ), drípati “tear, have diarrhea ”,
Cz. dřípa ‘scrap, shred ”, dřípati “ rend, tear ”;
drup-:
Gk. δρύπτω “ scratch”, ἀποδρύπτω , -δρύφω (with secondary φ instead of π, s. Persson
Beitr. 859) “ scrub, flay off the skin ”, δρυφή “ scratching, peeling “, δρυπίς “a kind of thorn “.
For variation of a : i : u in “ popular words “ compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia 162
ff.
References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.
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des-, dēs -
English meaning: to find
Deutsche Übersetzung: “finden, nachspũren”
Material: Gk. δήw “become find ” (futur. gebrauchtes present), ἔδηεν εὖρεν Hes.;
Alb. ndesh “find, encounter ”, ndieh (*of-sk̂ō) “feel, find ”; perhaps also O.C.S. dešo ̨ , desiti
“find”, ablaut. R.C.S. dositi (udositi ) “find, meet ”, whether not to dek̂-; whereas is O.Ind.
abhi-düsati “ is hostile, attacked “ rather Denomin. of düsa ́ -ḥ ‘slave, fiend ”.
About Alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190.
References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gk. I 780.
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deuk -
English meaning: to drag
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen”
Material: Gk. δαι-δύσσεσθαι ἕλκεσθαι Hes. (*δαι-δυκ-ι̯ω with intensive reduplication as παι-
φάσσω). In addition perhaps also δεύκει φροντίζει Hes., wherefore Hom. ἀδευκής “
inconsiderate “; unclear is Πολυδεύκης “ der vielsorgende “ (but Δευκαλίων is dissimilated
from *Λευκαλίων, Bechtel), and with zero grade ἐνδυκέως “keen, eager, painstaking “. The
meaning “care, worry, be considerate of “ arose from “pull, drag ” perhaps about “bring up”;
similarly stands for O.N. tjōa (*teuhōn ) “help” (see Falk -Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Lat. dūcere as “ to draw; to draw along
or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead;
to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem,
consider ”.
Alb. nduk “ pluck, tear out the hair “, dial. also “ suck out “.
MWelsh dygaf “bring” (*dukami ); about O.Ir. to-ucc- (cc = gg) “bring” see under euk-.
Lat. dūcō (altLat. doucō ), -ere, dūxī, dŭctum “ to draw; to draw along or away; hence to
shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to draw
in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider “ = Goth.
tiuhan , O.H.G. ziohan , O.S. tiohan , O.E. tēon “pull, drag ” (O.N. only in participle toginn ).
verbal compounds: ab-dūcō = Goth. af-tiuhan, ad- dūcō = Goth. at-tiuhan, con- dūcō =
Goth. ga-tiuhan , etc.

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root nouns: Lat. dux, ducis m. f. “ a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander “
(therefrom ēducüre “bring up, educate, rise “; linguistic-historical connection with formally
equal O.N. toga, O.H.G. zogōn “pull, drag ” does not exist), trüdux “(here guided) vine-layer
“. Is O.S. etc heritogo , O.H.G. herizogo “ military leader “, Ger. Herzog replication of
στρατηγός ? compare Feist 479.
ti-stem: Lat. ductim “by drawing; in a stream ”, late ducti-ō “duct” (besides tu-stem ductus,
-ūs “ direction, leadership, duct, conduction “) = Ger. Zucht (see under).
Specially rich development form in Gmc., so: iterative-Kaus. O.N. teygia “pull, drag, pull
out” = O.E. tíegan “pull, drag ” (*taugian ); O.H.G. zuckan , zucchen , M.H.G. zucken , zũcken
“quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back ” (with intensive consonant stretch; therefrom M.H.G. zuc,
gen. zuckes m. “ twitch, jerk ”); O.N. tog n. “the pulling, rope, cable ”, M.H.G. zoc, gen. zoges
m. “pull”, whereof O.N. toga, -aða “pull, drag ”, O.E. togian , Eng. tow “pull, drag ”, O.H.G.
zogōn , M.H.G. zogen “pull, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull ”, compare above Lat. ( ē)-ducüre ; O.E.
tyge m. i-stem “pull”, O.H.G. zug, Ger. Zug (*tugi-); O.H.G. zugil, zuhil, M.H.G. zugil, Ger.
Zũgel , O.N. tygill m. “band, strap, strip ”, O.E. tygel “rope”; O.N. taug f. “rope”, O.E. tēag f.
“band, strap, manacle, paddock “ (therefrom O.E. tīegan “bind”, Eng. tie); with zero grade
O.N. tog n. “rope, hawser ”; O.N. taumr m. “rope, cable, rein ”, O.E. tēam m. “ pair of
harnessed oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny “ (therefrom tīeman “ proliferate, be
pregnant “, Eng. teem ), Dutch toom “brood”, O.Fris. tüm “progeny”, O.S. tōm “a strap or
thong of leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. zoum m. “rope, cable,
thong, rein ”, Ger. “bridle, rein ” (Gmc. *tauma- from * tauʒ-má-); O.H.G. giziugōn “bear
witness, prove ” (actually “ zur Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden “), M.H.G. geziugen “
prove from evidence “, Ger. (be)zeugen, Zeuge , M.L.G. betǖgen “ testify, prove “, getǖch n.
“ attestation, evidence “; further with the meaning “bring out, bring up, generate ” O.H.G.
giziug (*teugiz ) “ stuff, device, equipment “, Ger. Zeug , M.L.G. tǖch (-g-) n. “ stuff, device “

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and “penis” , M.H.G. ziugen , Ger. zeugen ; Goth. ustaúhts “ consummation “, O.H.G. M.H.G.
zuht f. “raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny “, Ger. Zucht (= Lat. ductus see above);
therefrom Ger. zũchtig, zũchtigen , O.E. tyht m. “ upbringing, breed, breeding ”, O.Fris. tucht ,
tocht “ability to procreate ”.
Specially because of Zucht “ progeny “, bO.Ir. also “ breeding pig “ under likewise one
draws O.H.G. zōha , M.L.G. tӧ̄le (*tōhila ), Ger. schwäb. zauche “bitch”, neuIce. tōa “ vixen “
to the root; yet compare M.H.G. zūpe “bitch”, Nor. dial. tobbe “mare, small female creature “
and Gmc. *tīkō and *tiƀō “bitch”.
A simple root form *den- “pull, drag ” perhaps in O.N. tjōðr n. ( *deu-trom ) “ tether,
bandage rope “ = M.Eng. teder -, teÞer ds., O.H.G. zeotar ‘shaft”, Ger. bO.Ir. Zieter “ front
shaft “ (also O.E. tūdor , tuddor n. “ progeny “?); but O.Ind. ḍōrakam “rope, strap ” is dravid.
Lw. (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).
References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.
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deu-1
English meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einsinken, eindringen, hineinschlũpfen”
Material: O.Ind. upü-du- “ to go into, (of clothes), to put on , to wear, assume the person of,
enter, press into , cover oneself, wear ”;
The cause of -( e)s- stem seems to belong to: O.Ind. doṣǘ, new dōs ̣ a -ḥ “ evening,
darkness “, Av. daošatara -, daošastara - “ situated towards evening, to the West “, Pers. dōš
“the former yesterday night ”;
Gk. δείελος (more properly δειελός ) “evening” (metr. lengthening for * δεελός from
δευσελός ? originally adj. “ vespertine “, as still in Hom. δειελὸν ἦμαρ ); Gk. δύω (Att. υ:, ep.
ῠ), trans. “ sink, dive, swathe “ (only in compounds: καταδύω ‘sink”), intrans. (in simplex
only in participle δύων; Aor. ἔδυν) “dive in, penetrate (e.g. αἰθέρα, ἐς πόντον ), slip in, pull in
(clothing, weapons; so also ἐνδύω , ἀποδύω , περιδύω ), sets (from the sun and stars, dive,
actually, in the sea) ”, also med. δύομαι and δύ̄νω (Hom. δύσετο is old augment tense to the
future, Schwyzer Gk. 1 788); ἁλιβδύω , Kallimachos ‘sink in the sea ” (β unclear, s. Boisacq
s. v.; preposition *[ a]p[o]?); δύπτω “dip, dive, sink ” (after βύπτω ); ἄδῠτον “ the place where
one may not enter “, δύσις “ disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the sun and
stars “, πρὸς ἡλίουδύσιν “ towards evening “, δυσμαί pl. “ setting of the sun and stars “;
unclear ἀμφίδυμος , δίδυμος “ coupled “ s. Schwyzer Gk. I 589; after Frisk Indog. 16 f. here
also δυτη ‘shrine”.
References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.
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(deu-2 or dou-) : du -
English meaning: to worship; mighty
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “(religiös) verehren, gewähren, verehrungswũrdig, mächtig”
Material: O.Ind. dúvas - n. “ offering, worship instruction “, duvasyáti “ honors, reveres,
recognizes, recompenses “, duvasyú -, duvōyu ́ - “venerating, respectful “; altLat. duenos ,
dann duonos , klass. bonus “good” (adv. bene , Dimin. bellus [*du̯enelos ] “pretty, cute ”);
Note: common Lat. du̯- > b- phonetic mutatIon.
probably = O.Ir. den “proficient, strong ”, Subst. “ protection ”; Lat. beō, -üre “ to bless, enrich,
make happy “, beütus “ blessed, lucky ” (*du̯-éi̯ō, participle * du̯-enos ); in addition O.S.
twīthōn “grant”, M.L.G. twīden “ please, grant” , O.E. langtwīdig “ granted long ago ”, M.H.G.
zwīden “grant”, md. getwēdic “tame, domesticated, compliant “ (*du̯-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil.
4, 499);
after EM2 114 perhaps still here Gk. δύ-να-μαι “ has power “.
Perhaps also here Gmc. *taujan “make” (from “* be mighty “) in Goth. taujan, tawida
“make”, Run. tawids “I made”, O.H.G. zouuitun “exercebant (cyclopes ferrum) ”, M.H.G.
zouwen, zöuwen “ finish, prepare “, M.L.G. touwen “prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into
leather”, wherefore O.E. getawa “ an implement, utensils, tools, instruments “ (therefrom
again (ge)tawian “prepare”, Eng. taw “ make ready, prepare, or dress (raw Material) for use
or further treatment; spec. make (hide) into leather without tannin “) and (with original prefix
stress in nouns) O.E. geatwe f. pl. “armament, armor, jewellery, weapons “ = O.N. gǫtvar f.
pl. ds., O.Fris. touw , tow “tool, rope, hawser ”, nFris. touw “ the short coarse fibres of flax or
hemp, tow “, M.L.G. touwe “tool, loom ”, touwe, tou “rope, hawser ” (out of it Ger. Tau),
O.H.G. gizawa “ household furniture, apparatus “ (but also ‘succeed”, see above), M.H.G.

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gezöuwe n. “appliance” (out of it with bO.Ir.-dial. vocalization M.H.G. züwe ), Ger. Gezähe
(see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).
In addition with ē (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through Pro to-Gmc.
abridgement from * tæ ̄ wjan ) perhaps Goth. tēwa “order, row ”, gatēwjan “dispose”, O.H.G.
züwa “ coloring, paint, color, dyeing ”, langobard. züwa “ row, division of certain number,
uniting”, O.E. æl-tæ ̄ we “ altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole, healthy, well “
(about possible origin of Gmc. *tēwü from *tēʒ-wü ́ see under * dek̂- “take”; then it would be
natural to separate from taujan ); with ō Goth. taui, gen. tōjis “action”, ubiltōjis “ evildoer,
wrongdoer “, O.N. tō n. “uncleaned wool or flax, linen thread Material “ = O.E. tōw “the
spinning, the weaving ” in tōw-hūs “ spinnery “, tōw-cræft “ skillfulness in spinning and
weaving “, Eng. tow “ the short coarse fibres of flax or hemp, tow “; with l-suffix O.N. tōl n.
“tool”, O.E. tōl n. ds. (* tōwula -), verbal only O.N. tø ̄ ja, tȳja “utilize, make usable “, actually
“align”, denominative to *tōwja - after Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tøie
therein belonging to Goth. tiuhan *tauhjan, *tiuhjO.N.
Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Goth. taujan to O.Ir. doïd “ exert, troubled “;
the fact that this, however with doïd “ catches fire “ is identical and the meaning “make” has
developed from “ kindle the fire, inflame ”, seems unlikely.
About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.
References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.
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deu-3, deu̯ǝ -, du̯ā-, dū -
English meaning: to move forward, pass
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. ‘sich räumlich vorwärts bewegen, vordringen, sich entfernen ”,
out of it Lateer 2. “zeitliche Erstreckung ”
Material: O.Ind. dū-rá-ḥ “remote, distant, wide ” (mostly locally, however, also
chronologically), Av. dūraē , O.Pers. duraiy “afar, far there “, Av. dūrüt̃ “ at a distance, far, far
there, far away “, compounds Sup. O.Ind. dávīyas -, dávišṭha - “more distant, most distant ”;
ved. duvás - “ moving forward, striving out “, transitive Av. duye “ chase away “, avi-frü-
δavaite “ carry away itself (from water) ”; O.Ind. dūta ́-ḥ, Av. dūta- “ summoner, delegator ”;
perhaps here O.Ind. doṣa -ḥ m. “lack, fault, error ” (*deu-s-o-);
Gk. Dor. Att. δέω, Eol. Hom. δεύω (not *δευσ -, but *δεF-) “lack, err, miss ”, Aor. ἐδέησα ,
ἐδεύησα ; uPers. δεῖ, δεύει, participle τὸ δέον, Att. τὸ δοῦν “the needful “; Medium δέομαι ,
Hom. δεύομαι “lack” etc, Hom. “ stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be insufficient “, Att.
“ please, long for “; ἐπιδεής , Hom. ἐπιδευής “ destitute, lacking “, δέημα “request”; in
addition δεύτερος “ follow in the distance, the second one “, in addition superl. Hom.
δεύτατος .
Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above O.Ind. doṣa -ḥ) Gmc. *tiuzōn in
O.E. tēorian “cease, languish ” (*stay behind), Eng. tire “exhaust”.
compare further md. zūwen (strong. V.) “ move in the front, move, proceed there “,
O.H.G. zawen “ proceed, go ahead, succeed ”, M.H.G. zouwen “hurry, somewhat hasten,
proceed, go ahead, succeed ”, zouwe f. “haste, hurry ”.
2. Apers. duvaištam adv. “for a long time ”, Av. dbōištǝm adj. “ long, extended “
(temporal); about O.Ind. dvitü ́ , Av. daibitü , O.Pers. duvitü -paranam see under du̯ōu “two”;

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Arm. tevem “ last, endure, hold, hold off “, tev “ endurance, duration ”, i tev “ long time
through “, tok “duration, endurance “ (*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko-), ablaut. erkar “long” (temporal)
from *du̯ü-ro- (= Gk. δηρόν ), erkain “long” (spacial);
Gk. δήν (el. Dor. δά̄ν Hes.) “ long, long ago “ (*δFά̄ν), δοά̄ν (*δοFά̄ν) “long” (accusative of
*δFᾱ, *δοFᾱ “duration”), δηρόν , Dor. δᾱρόν “ long lasting “ (*δFᾱ-ρόν), δηθά “long”,
therefrom δηθύνειν “hesitate, stay long “, δαόν πολυχρόνιον Hes. (*δFᾱ-ι̯ον); about δᾱρόν
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 482, 7;
Lat. dū-dum “ some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a
long time “ (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) dūrüre “endure”
because of O.Ir. cundrad “pact, covenant ” (*con-dūrad ); but Welsh cynnired “movement ”
remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BAL.-SLAV. 38, 115 f.); here also Lat. dum, originally “
short time, a short while “, see above S. 181;
lengthened grade O.Ir. doë (*dōu ̯ i̯o -) ‘slow”;
O.C.S. davĕ “ erstwhile, former “, davьnъ “ancient”, Russ. davnó ‘since long ago ”, etc;
Hitt. tu-u-wa (duwa ) “ far, away “, tu-u-wa-la (nom. pl. ) “remote, distant ” from *du̯ü̆-lo-,
Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 143.
References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gk. I 348, 595, 685.
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deup - (: kteup -?)
English meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dumpfer Schall, etwa as von einem Schlag ”; Schallwurzel
Material: Gk. Hom. δοῦπος “ dull noise, din; sound of the kicks “; δουπέω “ to sound heavy
or dead “; the in Hom. ἐγδούπησαν , ἐρίγδουπος “ loud-thundering “ (μασίγδουπον
...μεγαλόηχον Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut γδ- is maybe parallel with κτύπος
“blow, knock ” besides τύπος or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its
age; after Schwyzer would be ( γ)δουπέω intensive to zero grade κτυπ -; Serb. dȕpīm , dȕpiti
“hit with noise ”, Sloven. dûpam (dupljem ) dúpati “ punch on something hollow, rustle
thuddingly “, dupotáti , Bulg. dúp”ъ “ give the spurs to a horse “, Ltv. dupêtiês “dull sound ”
(Bal.-Slav. d- from gd-? or older as Gk. γδ-?);
Maybe onomatopoeic Alb. dum (*dump ) “ thudding sound ” [common Alb. p > mp > m
phonetic mutation]
after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Toch. A täp- “ allow to sound, announce “ (*tup-)
in Infin. tpässi , participle Pass, cacpunder
References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gk. I
7183.
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de-, do -
English meaning: a demonstrative stem
Deutsche Übersetzung: Demonstrativstamm, partly ich-deiktisch; Grundlage verschiedener
Partikeln
Material: Av. vaēsmǝn -da “ up there to the house “;
Gk. -δε in ὅ-δε, ἥ-δε, τό-δε “ that here, this “ (I - deixis), ἐνθά-δε, ἐνθέν -δε, τεῖ-δε, hinter
acc. the direction, e.g. δόμον -δε, οἶκον δε, οἶκόνδε , ᾽Αθήναζε (*Αθᾱνᾰνσ -δε), as
Av.vaēsmǝn -da (arkad. θύρδα ἔξω Hes., reshuffling of - δε after double forms as πρόσθε :
πρόσθα ), also in δε-ῦρο (δεῦρο emulated pl. ) “here”, Lat. quan -de, quam -de “ as like “ =
Osc. pan, Umbr. pane “as”, also Osc. pún, Umbr. pon(n)e “as well as ” (*quom -de), Lat. in-
de “ thence, from there “ (*im-de), un-de “ whence, from where “; Gk. δέ “but”; Gk. δή “ just,
now, just, certainly “, ἤ-δη “already”, ἐπει-δή “ since, whereas, because “; δαί after
interrogative words “(what) then? ”;
IE *de put also in O.Ir. article in-d (*sind-os, IE *sēm -de);
Ital. -*düm in Lat. quī-dam, quon-dam , Umbr. ne-rsa “as long as ” (probably solidified acc.
f.*ne-düm “ not at the same time “; besides m. or n. in:);
Lat. dum (*dom) ‘still”, as Konj. “while, during the time that; so long as, provided that;
until”, originally demonstratives “then”, compare etiam -dum, interdum , nōndum , agedum (:
Gk. ἄγε δή), manedum , quidum “as so?” under likewise, then in relative-conjunctional
meaning, as also in dummodo, dumnē, dumtaxat ; Osc. ísídum “ the same as ” however, is
to be disassembled in ís-íd-um, as also in. Lat. īdem , quidem , tandem, tantusdem, totidem
is not to be recognized with dum from * dom the changing by ablaut -dem; īd-em from * id-
em = O.Ind. id-ám “ just this “, compare Osc. ís-íd-um, as quid- em from * quid- om = Osc.

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píd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as - dem an
identity particle and would grow further);
but the primary meaning of dum is “ a short while “, wherefore u perhaps is old (compare
dūdum ) and dum belongs to root deu̯ǝ - (EM2 288 f.).
IE *dō originally “here, over here ” in Lat. dō-ni-cum (archaically), dōnec (*dō-ne-que), for
Lukrez also donique “ so long as, till that, to, finally “, but also “then” (dō- equal meaning
with ad-, ar- in Umbr. ar-ni-po “ as far as “ from * ad-ne-qʷom ) and in quandō “when” =
Umbr. panupei “ whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other “; O.Ir.do, du, O.Welsh
di (= ði), Corn. ðe “to” from *dū (in Gaul. du-ci “and”), Thurneysen Grammar 506; O.E. tō,
O.S. tõ (te, ti), O.H.G. zuo (za, ze, zi; the abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35,
471 not to understand as previously Proto- IE ablaut variants), Ger. to (Goth. du “to” with
dat. and preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan “begin”, seems proclitic development from * tō(?), is
marked from Brugmann II2, 812 as unresolved); O.Lith. do preposition and prefix “to”;
O.C.S. da “ so, and, but; that “ (meaning-development “*in addition ” - ‘still, and”, from which
then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Toch. 5.
Besides IE *dŏ in O.C.S. do “until, to”.
Lith. da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and Ltv. da “until - to”, also verbal prefix e.g.in
da-iet “hinzugehen ”, derive from dem Slavischen.
en-do: aLat. endo , indu “in”, Lat. only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind- ōles,
other formations in Hom. τὰ ἔν-δ-ῑνα (right ἔνδῐνα ) “intestines, entrails “, M.Ir. inne “ds.” (*en-
d-io-); against it wird O.Ir. ind- preposition and prefix “in” von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as
after in- umgefärbte Entsprechung von Gaul. ande contemplates and further von Pedersen
KG. I 450 with Goth. and “until”, O.Ind. ádhi connected; and Gk. ἔνδο-θι “ indoors, in, within
“, ἔνδο-θεν “ from inside “ are reshaped as Lesb. Dor. ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θι, -θεν, -ι from ἔν-
δον, s. *dem - “to build”; Hitt. an-da “in” to *en-do(or *n̥-do?), Pedersen Hitt. 166. Whereas it

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is the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns O.Ir. in(d), O.Bret. in, M.Welsh yn
probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.
dē (as dō probably an instr. extension) in Lat. dē “prep. with abl. in space, down from,
away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a
Material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following
from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a
standard ”, falisk. de (besides Osc. dat “dē” (for *düd, with t after post, pert etc; Osc.-Umbr.
*düd is probably replacement for * dē after ehtrüd etc, respectively after the ablative
transformed in instr. -ē(d), ō(d):üd); as preverb in da[da]d “ give away, give up, surrender,
deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render “, dadíkatted “ dedicate, consecrate, set apart “,
Umbr. daetom “ a fault, crime “; in addition compounds Lat. dēterior “ lower, inferior, poorer,
worse “, Sup. dēterrimus, dēmum (altLat. also dēmus ) “ of time, at length, at last; in
enumerations, finally, in short; “id demum ”, that and that alone “ (“*to loWest “ - “lastly,
finally”), dēnique “ at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally; in short, in fine “;
O.Ir. dī (besides de from IE dĕ, wherewith perhaps Gaul. βρατου -δε “ from a judicial
sentence “ is to be equated), O.Welsh di, Welsh y, i, Corn. the, Bret. di “ from - down, from -
away “, also as privative particle (e.g. O.Welsh di-auc “ slow, tardy, slack, dilatory, lingering,
sluggish, inactive, lazy “, as Lat. dēbilis ; intensifying O.Ir. dī-mōr “ very large “ as Lat.
dēmagis “furthermore, very much ”)
The meaning “ from - down, from - away “ these with Gk. δή, δέ formally the same
particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German?
(Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: O.H.G. züdal “poverty, need ” from *dē-tlom , of *dē “ from - away
“, as wüdal “poor, needy ” : Lat. vē “enclitic, or, or perhaps ”?).
The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: O.Ind. tadü ́ “then”,
Av. taδa “then”, Lith. tadà “then”; O.Ind. kadü ́ “when?”, Av. kadü , jAv. kaδa “when?”, Lith.

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kadà “when”; O.Ind. yadü ́ “when, as ”, Av. yadü , jAv. yaδa “when”, O.C.S. jeda “when” (vgl
also O.Ind. yadi “if”, O.Pers. yadiy , Av. yeδi, yeiδi “as soon as ” and Av. yaδüt “whence”);
O.Ind. idü ́ “now, yet”; also the Slav. formations as Russ. kudá “whereto, where ”;
Maybe Alb. ku-do (*kudá )”everywhere, anywhere ”, nasal nga-do (kądě ) “everywhere ”
O.C.S. kądu , kądě “whence”, nikъda-že “never”, Pol. dokąd “whereto, where ”, O.C.S. tądě “
from there “, sądu “ from here “ under likewise, but it could contain also IE dh.
A cognate stem *di perhaps in enkLith. Iran. acc. Av. O.Pers. dim “ her, she “, Av. dit
“es”, diš pl. m. f., dī pl. n., and O.Pruss. acc. sg. din, dien “ihn, sie” (etc); compare but
Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.
References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gk. I 624 f.
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dēg-
English meaning: to grab?
Deutsche Übersetzung: “packen”?
Material: Goth. tēkan “touch”;
Maybe Alb. takonj “touch”
Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tüken , MDu. tüken grasp, seize, catch,
rel. by ablaut to Goth. tēkan ]
with ablaut O.N. taka, (Eng. take) “take”; Toch. B tek-, tak- “touch”, B teteka “ as soon as “.
Maybe Alb. takonj “touch” : Goth. tēkan “touch”;
References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Lat.
tangō “to touch”), Pedersen Toch. 2071.
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dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī-
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden”
Note:
Root dē- : dǝ- and dēi-, dī- : “to bind” derived from du̯ai , du̯ei-, stems of Root du̯ō(u) : “two”
meaning “bind in two ”
Material: O.Ind. dy-áti (with ü-, ni-, sam-) “binds” (dy- zero grade of *dēi-, from 3. pl. dyánti ,
compare Av. nī-dyü-tąm 3. sg. Med. in pass. meaning “ it has made soil holdback “, -ü-
extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 761), O.Ind. participle ditá- “
bound “ (= Gk. δετός ), dü ́ man - n. “band, strap ” (= Gk. -δημα ), ni-dütür - “binder”;
Gk. (Hom. Att. ) δέω (*δέjω) “bind”, δετός “ bound “, δετή “ shavings tied together as a
torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf “ (δε- for IE *dǝ- as θετός : τίθημι ), ἀμαλλοδετ ήρ “ sheaf
binder “, δέσις “the fastening, binding ”, δεσμός “band, strap ”, κρήδε-μνον “head fascia” ,
δέμνια pl. “ bedstead “; Hom. present δίδημι “bind” is to δήσω after τίθημι : θήσω
“neologism ”; ὑπό-δημα (compare O.Ind. dü ́ man -) ‘sandal”, διάδημα “ a band or fillet, turban,
diadem “;
Alb. duai “ fascicle, sheaf “ (about * dōn- from IE *dē-n-), del “(*band, strap), sinew,
tendon, vein ” (IE*dō-lo-).
References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 340 f., 676, 688.
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dhabh -2
English meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “passend fũgen, passend”
Material: Arm. darbin “ smith “ (*dhabhr-ino- );
Lat. faber , fabrī “craftsman, artist ”, adj. “ingenious, skilful ”, adv. fabrē ‘skilful”, affabrē “
skillfully “, contrast infabrē, fabrica “ dexterity, workshop “ (pälign. faber is Lat. Lw.); perhaps
here Lat. (Plaut.) effüfilütus “ exposed “, Denom. from * füfilla , “*acquiescence ” (f dial.?);
Note:
common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation;
Alb.Tosk thembërë “heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe) ” [common Alb. f-
>th- phonetic mutatIon.
Goth. ga-daban “ occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable “, perf. gadōb “ to be clearly
seen, to be conspicuous “, adj. gadōf is “ it is suitable, proper, fitting ” = O.E. gedēfe “ fitting,
mild” (*ga-dōbja ), gedafen “proper”, gedafnian “ be fitting, suitable ” = O.N. dafna “proficient,
proper, become strong, prosper, thrive ”, O.E. gedæfte “ fitting, mild ”, gedæftan ‘sort, order,
arrange”;
O.C.S. dobrъ “good, beautiful, beauteous, fair “ (= Arm. darbin , Lat. faber), dobj ь, dobljь
“the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong “, doba (older r/n-stem) “fitting, applying,
opportunity ”, podoba “ornament, adornment, decorousness, decency “, u-dobь nъ “light”, u-
dobь adv. “light”; Lith. dabà “ quality, nature, habit, character “, dabìnti “adorn”, dabnùs
“dainty” etc.
Maybe Alb. i dobët (*u-dobь nъ) “emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful) ”, dobi “profit,
advantage ”.
Note:

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dhau -
English meaning: to press
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wũrgen, drũcken, pressen”
Material: Av. dvaidī 1. Du. Präs. Med. “ we press “, davąs -činü (could stand for duvąs -) “
although pressing oneself further “; Phryg. δάος . . . ὑπο Υρυγ῵ν λύκος Hes. (therefrom the
people’s name Δᾶοι, Dü-ci), lyd. Καν-δαύλης (“κυν-άγχης “ Indian Hemp, dogbane (plant
poisonous to dogs) ”), compare Καν-δάων, name of Thrac. god of war, Illyr. PN Can-davia;
dhauno-s “wolf” as “ shrike “ in Lat. GN Faunus (to Gk. θαῦνον θηρίον Hes.) = Illyr. Daunus
(therefrom VN Δαύνιοι , inhabitant of Apul. region of Daunia ; compare Thrac. Δαύνιον
τεῖχος); Gk. Zεὺς Θαύλιος i.e. “ shrike “ (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ. 44, 339), with ablaut Gk.
θώς, θω(F)ός “jackal” (i.e. “ shrike “);
Maybe Alb. dac “cat” : Phryg. δάος
Goth. af-dauiÞs “ rended, mangled, afflicted “;
O.C.S. davljǫ , daviti “ embroider, choke, strangle “, Russ. davítь “ pressure, press, choke,
crush “, dávka “crush”.
References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.
See also: Über dhüu- “be astonished, marvel “ see below dhei̯ǝ -.
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dhā ̆ bh -1, nasalized dhamb(h) -
English meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘staunen, betreten, sprachlos sein ”
Note: presumably as “beaten, be concerned “ from a basic meaning “hit”
Probably common origin of Root dhü ̆ bh -1, nasalized dhamb(h) - : to astonish, be
speechless, *hit; Root dhebh- , dhebh -eu- : “to harm”, Root ( dhembh -), dhm̥bh - : “to dig”,
Root dhem -, dhemǝ - : “to smoke; to blow ”.
Material: Gk. τάφος n. “ astonishment, surprise “, perf. ep. Ion. τέθηπα , participle Aor.
ταφών “astonish”, θώπτω , θώπεύω (“gaze in wonder =) flatter “ (see Boisacq s. v. θώψ),
nasalized θάμβος n. “ astonishment, amazement, fright ”, θαμβέω “marvel, astonish,
frighten”; to β compare Schwyzer Gk. I 333, 833;
Goth. afdōbn “become silent! ”.
Under prerequisite a basic meaning “hit” can the following Gmc. family be added: O.N.
dafla “ splash in the water “, Nor. dial. dabba “ stamp, tread down, trample, make a blunder
“;
Maybe Alb.Gheg zhdëp “beat, strike ”
O.N. an(d)dø ̄ fa “ hold on a boat against wind and stream “, M.Eng. dabben , nEng. dab “hit
lightly”, E.Fris. dafen “hit, knock, bump, poke ”, M.H.G. beteben “ stun, wander about,
press”, N.Ger. bedebbert “reprimand, flog, embarrassed ”, Ger. tappen , Tapp “ flick “,
M.H.G. tüpe “paw” (Gmc. ē, but not to use for statement of IE vocalism), M.Du. dabben
“tap, splash ” under likewise. However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these
words with M.H.G. tappe “ clumsy, awkward; clumsy person ” etc correlates in a Gmc. root
dabb-, dēb (b)-, daƀ-, dap- “thick, lumpy ”, from which “clumsy, stupid, doltish ”, under

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comparison with Ltv. depis swearword, perhaps “ fool “, depe “ toad “ (“*the awkward ”),
depsis ‘small, fat boy ” [maybe Alb. djep “cradle (for a baby) ”]
and Gmc. words, as Swe. dial. dabb “ tough lump of mucus “, dave “puddle, pool, slop ” (:
O.N. dafla ‘splash”?) etc (Ltv. dep- is perhaps a a change form to * dheb - in O.C.S. debelъ
“thick” etc, compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 455); it is to be counted on merger of different
word cognates in Gmc. (see also under düi-, düp- “divide”);
after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places Eng. dab “tap” to Lith. dóbiu , dóbti “ beat to death “,
Ltv. dübiu, dübt “hit”.
maybe Alb. dëboj (*dobët ) “chase away ”, i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) “emaciated, dainty, elegant,
(beautiful) ”, dobi “profit, advantage ”.
Note:
Alb. proves that Root dhabh- 2 : “proper, * fitting, dainty ” derived from Root dhü ̆ bh -1,
nasalized dhamb(h) - : “to astonish, be speechless, *hit ” [see above]
References: WP. I 824.
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dhā ̆ l-
English meaning: to blossom, be green
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blũhen, grũnen”
Material: Arm. dalar “green, fresh ”;
Gk. θάλλω “ blossom, be green, flourish ”, perf. τέθηλα , Dor. τέθᾱλα , whereof present
θηλέω, Dor. θᾱλέω ds., θάλος n. “young scion, shoot ”, ἐριθηλής “ sprouting lusciously “,
εὐθᾰλής, Dor. εὐθᾱλής “ sprouting or blossoming lusciously “, θαλλός “young scion, shoot,
young twig, branch ”, θαλία “bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. pl. festive joy,
feast”.
Alb. dal (*dalnō ), Aor. doɫa (*dül-) “ arise, sprout, rise, extend “, participle dalë (*dalno -)
etc (about djalë “kid, child, youngling “ see under del-3).
There Alb. only arranges original ü̆-vocalism and hence also in Gk. die grade ᾱ is not
perceived as neologism of ablaut in ᾰ, which could be developed in itself from l̥ are to be
covered at best by a parallel root *dhel - :
perhaps Arm. deɫ “ physic, medicine “ (whether from “*herb”);
Welsh dail “leaves” (analogical sg. dalen ), O.Corn. delen “leaf” etc ( i-umlaut of o), M.Ir.
duille (*dolīni̯ü ) collective, f. “ leaves “, Gaul. πομπέδουλα “five leaves ” (Dioskor.) : leg.
*pimpe-dola.
maybe Alb. (*dalīni̯ü ) dëlinjë “juniper”
Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from Gmc. *dilja in O.E. dile, O.S. dilli, O.H.G. tilli,
dilli “dill, strongly smelling plant umbel “, changing through ablaut O.E. dyle, older Dan.
dylle, Ger. dial. tũlle ds., with other meaning O.N. dylla ‘sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle “; at

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dhebh -, dhebh -eu-
English meaning: to harm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “beschädigen, verkũrzen, betrũgen”
Note: the nasalized forms ( *dhembh- ) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root
after containing n-.
Material: O.Ind. dabhnōti “ damages, disables, cheats, pass. gets damaged “ (*dhebh -n-éu-
ti), perf. dadü ́ bha and (changed) dadámbha , participle perf. pass. dabdhá - and (from the
root form on - u:) á-dbhu -ta- adj. “ wonderful “, actually “* the inaccessible deception,
untouchable “; dambháyati “makes confused, frustrated ” (dambhá -ḥ “deceit”), Desid. dipsati
(= Av. diwž-, see under), dabhrá - “ a little, slightly, poorly ”;
Av. dab- “ cheat, defraud sb of sth “: davąiϑyü ̊ G. sg. f. “the cheating “, davayeinti N. Sg- .
f. “the dishonest “, dǝbǝnaotü 2. pl. present (ar. *dbhanau̯ -mi, IE *dbh- en-eu-mi), Inf.
diwžaidyüi (without more desiderative meaning, but = O.Ind. dipsa- ti), participle perf. pass.
dapta- (innovation); dǝ ̄ bü -vayat̃ “ he shall beguile, infatuate “ (root form * dbheu -), ü-
dǝbaoman - n. “ infatuation “; Osset. dawi̥n ‘steal”; Hitt. te-ip-nu- “ esteem slightly “,
Pedersen Hitt. 144.
In addition very probably Gk. ἀτέμβω “damage, rob, cut ( θυμόν ), bewilder, deceive “,
pass. “ I am robbed “, with ἀ- probably from * ἁ-, *sm̥- and with to the same consonant
relationship as between πύνδαξ : O.Ind. budh -ná-ḥ.
References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 147, Schwyzer Gk. I 333.
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dheb -
English meaning: fat, heavy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dick, fest, gedrungen ”
Material: O.H.G. tapfar “ burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty “, M.H.G. tapfer “tight, firm,
thickset, full, weighty, signifying “, late “valiant (tight, firm in the battle) ”, O.H.G. tapfare
“mole”, tapfarī f. “moles”, M.L.G. dapper “ heavy, weighty, vast, grand ”, Dutch dapper
“valiant; much, a lot of ”, Nor. daper “pregnant ”, O.N. dapr “ heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad ”.
Perhaps O.N. dammr , Ger. Damm , M.H.G. tam ds., Goth. faúrdammjan “ dam up,
hinder”, as dhobmó - here?
O.C.S. debelъ “thick”, Russ. dial. debëlyj “ corpulent, strong, tight, firm ”, abl. dobólyj
‘strong” (etc, s. Berneker 182); O.Pruss. debīkan “big, large ”; perhaps also Ltv. dabl”š under
dàbls “ luscious ”, dabl”i audzis “ lusciously sprouted “, dabl”îgs “ luscious ” (Berneker aaO.;
after Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Ltv. words probably to be connected
with O.C.S. dobrъ);
Toch. A tsopats “big, large ”, tüppo “ courage “, tpär “high”, B tappre, täpr - ds., Pedersen
Toch. 243, Toch. Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148. doubtfully.
References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.
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dhegʷh -
English meaning: to burn, *day
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen”
Material: O.Ind. dáhati , Av. dažaiti “burns” (= Lith. degù , O.C.S. žego ̨ , Alb. djek), participle
O.Ind. dagdhá -ḥ (= Lith. dègtas ), Kaus. düha ́ yati ; düha -ḥ “blaze, heat ”, nidügha ́ -ḥ “heat,
summer”, Pers. düɣ “burn brand ” (in addition LateGk. δάγαλος , -ις “ red-brown horse “?);
Av. daxša - m. “blaze”;
Gk. θέπτανος ἁπτόμενος Hes. (“kindled “; == Lith. dègtinas “ who or what is to be burned
“), τέφρᾱ “ash” (*dhegʷhrü );
Alb. djek “ incinerate, burn “, Kaus. dhez, n- dez “ ignite “ (basic form *dhogʷhe ́ i̯ō = Lat.
foveō );
Note:
Common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:
Lat. foveō, -ēre “to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick movement,
to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage ”, fōculum “ a sacrificial hearth, fire-pan, brazier “
(*fou̯e-clom ), fōmentum “ a poultice, fomentatIon. Transf., alleviation ” (*fou̯ementom ),
fōmes, -itis “ touchwood, tinder “ (*fou̯emet -, Bedeut. as Ltv. daglis ), favilla “ glowing ashes,
esp. of the dead; a spark “ (probably from * dhogʷh -lo-lü); favōnius “ zephyrus, the warm
West wind “ (from *fovōnios ): febris “fever” (*dhegʷhro-; after Leumann Gnom. 9, 226 ff. die
i-inflection after sitis).
M.Ir. daig (gen. dega ) “fire, pain ” (from * degi-); about M.Bret. deuiff , Bret. devi, Welsh
deifio “burn” see under *düu- “burn”; Welsh de “ burning “; go-ddaith “blaze” (from * -dekto- );
but O.Ir. ded-ól “break of dawn ” after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213 actually “ parting
drink, the last drink “; Ir. dogha “burdock” (: Lith. dagys see under);

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about Goth. dags “day” etc see under *ü̆ĝher - S. 7;
Note:
from Root dhegʷh -: “to burn, *day ” derived Root ü̆ĝher -, ü̆ĝhen -, ü̆ĝhes - (or ōg ̂ her etc): “day”
the same as Root ak̂ru : “tear” derived from Root dak̂ru - : “tears”. The phonetic shift da- > a-
, zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon. Compare Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with
unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long”
: Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”. This is
a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
Lith. degù , dègti “burn” (trans. and intrans.), dègtas “burnt”, dègtinas “ what is to be
burned “, degtìnė f. “ brandy, alcohol “, ablauteud dagỹs , dãgis “thistle” (Ltv. dadzis) ; dãgas
“ the burning; summer heat; harvest “, dagà “harvest”, O.Pruss. dagis ‘summer”; Lith.
dãglas “ to brand “, dẽglas “ torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled “; Ltv. daglas f. pl.
‘scorch”, daglis “tinder”; Lith. nuode ́gulis “ firebrand “, dẽgis “ burner; burning “; ablaut. atúo-
dogiai (?) m. pl. “ summer wheat, summer crops “;
Sloven. dę́gniti “burn, warm ”, Cz. old dehna “devil”, ablaut. dahněti “burn”; Russ. dëgotь
“tar” (from “* wood rich in resin “), as Lith. degùtas “ birch tar “; with Assimil. (?) von *degǫ
to *gegǫ : O.C.S. žego ̨ , žešti “burn”, ablaut. Russ. iz-gága “pyrosis, heartburn ” (see Meillet
MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann II2 3, 120).
Maybe Alb. zheg ‘summer heat ”
Toch. В teki “disease, malady ” (= Ir. daig); A tsäk-, В tsak- “burn”, ts after ablaut. tsük-
(*dhēgʷh -) “gleam, glow ”; AB cok “light” (from “pinewood torch ”) : Bal.-Slav. *degut- “tar”
(see above).
References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen Toch.
Sprachg. 23.
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dheiĝh -
English meaning: to knead clay; to build
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lehm kneten and damit mauern or bestreichen (Mauer, Wall;
Töpferei; dann also von anderweitigem Bilden); also vom Teigkneten (Bäckerei)”
Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.
Material: O.Ind. dē ́ hmi “ coat, cement ” (3. sg. dē ́ gdhi instead of * dēd ̣ hi ), also participle
digdhá -, dēha - m. n. “ body, structure “, dēhī́ f. “ embankment, dam, curve, bay “, Av. pairi-
daēzayeiti “ walled all around “ (= O.Ind. Kaus. dēhayati ) uzdišta 3. sg. Med. “ has erected
(a dam) “, participle uz-dišta -, uz-daēza - m. “ pile, embankment “, pairi-daēza - m. “
enclosure, park “ (out of it Gk. παράδεισος “a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word
brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise ”), O.Pers. didü “fortress” (from
*dizü-, root nom. in - ü), Pers. diz, dēz ds.;
Arm. dizanem (Aor. 3. sg. edēz ) “ pile up “, dizanim “ be piled up “, dēz “heap”;
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*dheiĝh -) deng “heap” [common Lat. -h- > -g- phonetic mutation].
Thrac. - δίζος , -δίζα “castle” (: O.Pers. didü or *dhiĝh -i̯ü); also δέξιον , PN Δείξας, Burto-
dexion , Burtu-dizos ; Δίγγιον (: Lat. fingō ); pannon. VN An-dizetes “ castle inhabitant “;
Note:
Illyr. pannon. VN An-dizetes “ castle inhabitant “ displays satem characteristics [common
Alb. -ĝh- > -d-, -z-].
Gk. τεῖχος n., τοῖχος m. (formal = O.Ind. dēha -) “wall”; θιγγάνω , Aor. θιγεῖν “ touched “
(meaning as Lat. fingere also “ shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged “, voiced-
nonaspirated g previously original from the nasalized present form);
Note:
Common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:

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Lat. fingō , -ere, finxi, fictum “to shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in order;
to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch strokingly ”,
figulus “ a worker in clay, potter “ (:Gmc. *ðiʒulaz), fīlum (*figslom ) ‘shape” , effigiēs
“(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal “, figūra “ form, shape,
figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature, species “, fictiō “
forming, feigning; assumption “, fictilis “ shaped; hence earthen, made of clay; n. as subst.,
esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels “ (to Lat. g instead of h s.Leumann Lat. Gk. 133; after
latter derives from forms as fictus also k from altfalisk. fifiked “ touched, handled “, Osc.
fifikus perhaps “ you will have devised “); probably Umbr. fikla, ficlam “ a gruel used at
sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods “, Lat. fītilla “ a gruel used at sacrifices “ (with dial. t
from ct); Osc. feíhúss “ walls “ (*dheiĝho -);
about Lat. fīlum (identical with fīlum “ filament “ ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other hand
EM2 360;
O.Ir. digen “tight, firm ” (“*kneaded tightly, compact “); O.Ir. *kom-uks-ding- “to build,
erect” in 1. sg. cunutgim , 3. sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding “put down,
oppressed “, see under 1. dhengh- “press, cover ” etc;
Goth. Þamma digandin “the kneading “, kasa digana “ clay vessel “, gadigis (meaning for
gadikis , “anything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction ”, es-stem, similarly τεῖχος
“a wall”); daigs m. “dough” (*dhoiĝhos ), O.N. deig (n.), O.E. düg, O.H.G. teig ds.; O.N. digr
“thick, corpulent “ (meaning as Ir. digen) , Goth. digrei “density, thickness, bulk, mass ”,
M.H.G. tiger, tigere adv. “fully, entirely “, Nor. dial. digna “ become thick “, diga “ thick, soft
mass “ besides M.L.G. Nor. dīger ; O.H.G. tegal , O.N. digull “ glaze pot, crucible, skillet “
seems to be a genuine Gmc. word (* ðiʒ .. laz), however, this has sponged in the meaning
of Lat. tēgula (from τήγανον “a frying-pan, saucepan ”);

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Maybe Alb. tjegula “ roof-tile ” : Lat. tēgula “tile, roof-tile ” [conservative definitive forms
versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)].
Lith. díežti , dūžti “flay, flog ” (“*knead, smear one down “), Ltv. diezêt “ convince, offer”
(“*to humbug sb “); aRuss. děža , Clr. diža etc “ kneading trough, form, mould “ (*dhoiĝh -i̯-ü;
Berneker 198, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 487).
Maybe Alb. (*dhoiĝh ) dhoga “plank”
An adapted form (* ĝheidh -) is probably Lith. žiedžiù, žie ̃ sti “form, mould ”, O.Lith. puod-
židys “ a worker in clay, potter “, O.C.S. ziždǫ, zьdati “to build”, zьdъ, zidъ “wall” (Būga
Kalba ir s. 184 f);
Toch. A tseke s ̣ i peke s ̣ i “ figure, shape or painting “ (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f., IE
*dhoiĝhos ).
A parallel root *dheig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in M.H.G. tīchen “make, create
etc”; O.E. diht(i)an “ to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get
written down “, O.H.G. tihton “ invent and create; versify “ derive from late Lat. dictüre “ to
say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence to get written down “.
References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.
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dhei̯ǝ - : dhi̯ā- : dhī -
English meaning: to see, show
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sehen, schauen ”
Material: O.Ind. ádīdhēt “ he looked “, pl. dīdhimah ̣ , Med. dī́dhyē , ádīdhīta , Konj. dīdhayat
(perhaps converted to present perf., compare perf. dīdhaya ); dhyü -ti, dhyü ́ -ya-ti (i̯o-present)
“ looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects “, participle dhyü -ta- and dhī-tü ́-, dhyü ́ “ the thinking,
meditating “, dhyü -tar- “thinker”, dhyü -na- n. “meditation, contemplation “, dhyüman - n. (Gk. )
“thought, notion ”; dhī́-ḥ, acc. dhíy-am “thought, notion, imagining, discernment,
understanding, religious meditation, devotion “, dhī-tí- “ awareness, thought, notion,
devotion “, dhī́ra - “ seeing, smart, wise, skilful ”, avadhīrayati “ disdains (despicit), rejects,
despises “, prakr. herai “ sieves “; s- formation O.Ind. dhiyasüna ́ - “ attentive, observant,
heedful “; presumably also dhiṣáṇa - if ‘sensible, wise, smart ”, dhiṣaṇyant - if “ observant,
pious “, dhiṣǘ instr. adv. if “ with devotion, zeal, or lust “, yet compare on the other hand that
belong to Lat. fēstus, fünum , IE dhēs - “religious”, dhíṣṇya - “ devout, religious “;
Av. dü(y)- ‘see”, e.g. ü-diδü”ti “contemplates ”, daiδyantō nom. pl. participle “ the seeing “
(etc, s. Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 724); participle paiti-dīta- “ beholds “, -dīti- f. “the beholding
“, düϑa- “ sensible, smart ” (lengthened grade as -diδü”ti), -dü(y) -, -dī- f. as 2. composition
part “vision, look; discernment, intention ”; -düman - “ intention ”; daēman - n. “eye, eyeball;
look”, dōiϑra- n. “eye”, daēnü “religion” and “ internal being, spiritual I “; Pers. dīdan ‘see”,
dīm “face, cheek ”;
Gk. σ῅μα, Dor. σᾱμα “mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc ” (*dhi̯ü-mn̥ = O.Ind.
dhyüman -; Lith. by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gk. I 322; after E. Leumann [Abh.

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Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch śśüma “mark, token, sign ”), σημαίνω “
mache durch ein Zeichen kenntlich etc ”;
Alb. díturë , dítme “ wisdom, learning “, dinak “cunning”.
Also Alb. di “I know, discern ”
It goes back to a synonymous *dhüu -:
Gk. θαῦμα “ what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment “ (*dhǝu -
mn̥) θαυμάζω “ be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire “, next to which with gradation
θ῵(υ)μα; compare böot. Θώμων , Dor.Θωμάντας (Lith. by Boisacq under θαῦμα; about
θ῅βος θαῦμα Hes. probably θ῅Fος, s. Boisacq under θάμβος m. Lith.); Att. θέᾱ “ looking,
sight; show ” from *θᾱFᾱ, compare syrak. θάα, Ion.θηέομαι , Dor. θᾱέομαι “consider ” (Att.
θεάομαι reshaped after θέᾱ), etc, s. Boisacq under θέᾱ and θεωρός (to latter still Ehrlich KZ.
40, 354 Anm. 1). Except Gk. equivalents are absent.
References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 349, 523.
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dhelbh -
English meaning: to bury
Deutsche Übersetzung: “graben, aushöhlen; herausschlagen; stick, Stange (originally as
Werkzeug to ditch, trench, channel); Röhrenknochen (gehöhlt? or as Grabwerkzeug
benannt?) ”
Note: Only germO.N. and Bal.-Slav.
Material: O.H.G. bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban ) “bury”, O.S. bi-delƀan ds., M.N.Ger.
Dutch delven , O.E. delfan “dig, bury ”, Flem. delv “gorge, ravine, gulch, ditch, trench,
channel”; in addition Swiss tũlpen “hit, thrash” , tirol. dalfer ‘slap in the face, box on the ear,
blow, knock ”, N.Ger. dölben “hit”;
Bal.-Slav. * dilbō “ dig, hollow out “: in Lith. délba and dálba f. “ crowbar “, Ltv. dil̃ba f.,
dilbis m. “ hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone ”, delbs “ upper arm, elbow ”, dalbs m., dalba f. “
fishing rod, hayfork “; perhaps Lith. nu-dil̃binti “ lower the eyes down “;
Slav. * dьlbǫ, *delti in Ser.-Cr. dúbēm , dúpsti “hollow out ”, dùbok “deep, etc (ablaut. * delti
in Ser.-Cr. dial. dlisti “ chisel, cut “, compare dlijèto “chisel”); Cz. dlubu, dlubati “hollow out,
poke “, ablaut. *dolb- in Cz. dlabati “ chisel, cut “, dlab “ seam “ (= Ltv. dal̃bs ), aRuss.
nadolobъ m., nadolba f. “ town enclosure “; *dolb- to- “chisel, sharp iron “ in O.Pruss.
dalptan “ press copy, impact break “, Slav. * dolto “chisel” in Bulg. dlató , R.C.S. dlato , Russ.
doɫotó ds.
maybe truncated Alb. (*dolto ) daltë “chisel”
References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 434.
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dhelgh -, dhelg - (?)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”??
Material: O.E. dolg n., O.H.G. tolc, tolg, dolg n. “wound” (“*blow, knock ”), O.N. dolg n.
“enmity”, dolgr “fiend”, dylgja “enmity”, wherefore probably N.Ger. dalgen, daljen “hit”
(borrows Nor. dial. dalga ds.), Ger. (hess.-nassauisch, E.Pruss. ) dalgen, talken “thrash, hit ”,
M.H.G. talgen “knead”. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for Gk. θέλγω “
enchant, beguile etc ”, θέλκτωρ , θελκτήρ , θελκτήριος “ charming, tempting “, θέλξις “
enthrallment “ (IE *dhelg - besides * dhelgh -?) the basic meaning “ enchantment through a
blow “ probably, as well as also Σελχῖνες , Θελγῖνες demons were damaging through blows
the health of the people and at the same time the smiths .
Everything quite uncertainly. Rather Toch. A talke n., В telki ‘sacrifice, oblation ” could still
belong to it.
References: WP. I 866.
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dhelg -
English meaning: to stick; needle
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen, Nadel ”
Material: O.Ir. delg n. (es-stem) “thorn, cloth needle ”, Corn. delc (i.e. delch ) “ a necklace,
collar [for horses and other animals] ”, M.Welsh dala, dal “bite, prick, sting ”;
O.N. dalkr “ needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of fish;
dagger, knife “, O.E. dalc m. “clasp, hairpin ” (Ger. Dolch , older Tolch , N.Ger. dolk, after
Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of Cz. Pol. tulich , Sloven. tolih, is namely borrowed at first
from Lat. dolō “a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane ”, but perhaps reshaped after
Gmc. words as O.E. dalc);
Lith. dilgùs “ pricking, burning “, dìlgė , dilgėle ̃ f. “nettle”, dìlgstu , dìlgti “ get burned by
nettle “; dal̃gis ‘scythe” here, not to S. 196!
Note:
Both Root ak̂-, ok̂- : ‘sharp; stone ” and Root ü̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : ‘spear, pike ” are reduced roots of an
older root * heĝʷ-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna **helĝʷa. This older root
was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla “needle” [f ü]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero phonetic mutation from the older Baltic-
Germanic languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic phonetic mutatIon.
Compare Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà,
Ltv. il̃gs, O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long” : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”,
da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”.
Hence from Root dhelg - : “to stick; needle ” derived an alledged Baltic Root/ lemmna *helĝʷa
from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla “needle” [f ü], then Both Root ak̂-, ok̂- : ‘sharp;
stone” and Root ü̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : ‘spear, pike ”.

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The Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutation caused the birth of old laryngeal ḫ in IE
languages.
Finally Alb.Gheg gjilpanë n. f. “needle” is a compound of * gjil- “needle” + peni “thread”; Alb.
common zero grade *ilga > *gil- “needle” phonetic mutation corresponds to zero grade in
Lower Sorbian: gɫa “needle” [f ü].
Note:
common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:
Here perhaps Lat. falx “a sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of
war”, after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula , that derives from
ligur. (?) * ðalkla (*dhal-tla), also as Sicil. Ζάγκλη , Δανκλε̄ “Messina” (: δρέπανον ).
maybe Illyr. TN Docleatae
However, one derive just as well from * dhalg -tlü ; if in that Ital. dialekt would have become
IE l̥ to al, the a-vowel can be also explained.
LateLat. daculum ‘sickle” could be in addition the ligur. equivalent. Against it Terracini Arch.
Glott. Ital. 20, 5 f., 30 f.
References: WP. I 865 f.
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dhel-1, dholo -
English meaning: curve; hollow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wölbung” and “Höhlung” (from “Biegung”)
Note:
From Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : “to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun ” derived Root dhel-1, dholo - : “curve; hollow ”, Root dhel-2 :
“light, shining ”, Root dhel-3 : “to tremble ” [common Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] .
Material: Gk. θόλος f. “ dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium) ”; Sicil.
θολία, lak. (Hes.) σαλία “ round summer hat “, θάλαμος m. “ situated in the interior of house
room, bedroom, pantry “, θαλάμη “cave, den (of animals) ”, ὀφ-θαλμός “eye” (*ὀπσ-θαλμός
“* eye socket “);
Welsh dol f. “valley”, Bret. Dol in PN;
O.N. dalr “bow”; Goth. dals m. or dal n. “valley, pit, pothole ”, O.S. dal, O.E. dæl, O.H.G.
tal n. “valley”, O.N. dalr m. “valley”; Goth. dalaÞ “ downwards “, dalaÞa “under”, dalaÞrō “
from below “ (here as * DaliÞernōz “ valley inhabitant “ the Daliterni of Avienus, German
Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist. Forschungen, Wien 1925), O.Fris. tō dele “down”,
O.S. tō dale , M.L.G. dale, nnd. dal “down, low ”, M.H.G. ze tal ds.; O.E. dell, M.H.G. telle f.
“gorge, ravine, gulch ” (*daljō ); changing through ablaut O.N. dø ̄ ll m. “ valley inhabitant “
(*dōlja -), Nor. dial. døl “ small valley, long gully resembling dent “ (*dōljō ) = O.H.G. tuolla ,
M.H.G. tũele ‘small valley, dent “, mnl. doel “ditch, trench, channel ”; O.N. dæ ̄ la “gully”
(*dēljō ), dæ ̄ ld ‘small valley ” (*dēliðō ); N.Ger. dole ‘small pit, pothole ”, M.H.G. tol(e) f. “
drainage ditch “ (O.H.G. dola “gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe ” probably
actually N.Ger.), O.H.G. tulli, M.H.G. tũlle, N.Ger. dölle ‘short duct, tube, pipe ” (also N.Ger.
dal stands for “duct, tube, pipe ”);

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dhel-2
English meaning: light, shining
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, hell ”
Note:
From Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : “to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun ” derived Root dhel-1, dholo - : “curve; hollow ”, Root dhel-2 :
“light, shining ”, Root dhel-3 : “to tremble ” [common Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] .
Material: Perhaps Arm. deɫin, gen. deɫnoy “yellow, sallow, paled, pallid ” (*dheleno- );
M.Ir. dellrad “ radiance “; O.E. deall ‘stout, proud, bold, illustrious ”, O.N. GN Heimdallr ;
Mar-dǫll “epithet of the light goddess Freyja “, Dellingr “ father of the day “, M.H.G. ge-telle
“pretty, good ”(?).
Maybe Alb. (*dell) diell sun” [common Alb. e > ie phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 865.
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dhel-3
English meaning: to tremble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zittern, trippeln ”?
Note:
From Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : “to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun ” derived Root dhel-1, dholo - : “curve; hollow ”, Root dhel-2 :
“light, shining ”, Root dhel-3 : “to tremble ” [common Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] .
Material: Arm. doɫam “tremble”; Nor. and Swe. dial. dilla ‘swing, swerve “, Nor. dial. dalla,
dulla “ walk on tiptoe; trip “, nd. dallen “amble”, Nor. dilte “trot, walk on tiptoe; trip “, dalte ds.
Doubtful; s. Falk- Тогp under dilte addendum.
References: WP. I 865.
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(dhembh -), dhm̥bh -
English meaning: to dig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “graben”
Note: only Gk. and armen.
Material: Arm. damban “grave, Gruft; Grabmal ”, dambaran ds.;
Gk. θάπτω (*dhm̥bh -i̯ō), Aor. pass. ἐτάφην “bury, entomb ”, ἄθαπτος “ unburied “, τάφος
m. “funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound ”, ταφή “ funeral, grave ”, τάφρος (*dhm̥bh -ro-s)
f. “ditch, trench, channel ”; but O.Pruss. dambo f. “ground” is amended in daubo (see 268).
Maybe Alb. dhemb “pain, saddness ”
Note:
Clearly Root ( dhembh -), dhm̥bh - : “to dig” derived from Root dhem -, dhemǝ - : “to smoke; to
blow” which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the ritual of burial was born
much later.

References: WP. I 852.
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dhem-, dhemǝ -
English meaning: to smoke; to blow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stieben, rauchen (Rauch, Dunst, Nebel; nebelgrau, rauchfarben =
dũster, dunkel), wehen, blasen (hauchen = riechen)”
Material: O.Ind. dhámati “blows” (dhami-ṣyati, -tá- and dhmüta ́ -, pass. dhamyatē and
dhmüya ́ tē ), Av. düδmainya- “ puffing up, swelling, of frogs “, Pers. damīdan “blow”, dam
“breath, breath “, Osset. dumun , dịmịn ‘smoke; blow ”;
Maybe Alb.Tosk tym n. ‘smoke”: also Alb.Gheg dhem , Alb. dhemb “hurt, ache ”, dhimbje
“pain” [common Alb. shift m > mb ].
Note:
Clearly from Root dhem -, dhemǝ - : “to smoke; to blow ” derived Root dheu- 4, dheu̯ǝ -
(presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-): “to reel, dissipate, blow,
etc.”.

Gk. θέμερος , σεμνός, θεμερ῵πις “ somber, dark-looking “ (: O.H.G. timber “dim”);
M.Ir. dem “black, dark ”;
Nor. daam (*dhēmo -) “dark”, daame m. “ cloud haze “, daam m. “taste, smell, odor ” =
O.N. dümr “taste”;
with Gutt.-extension: dhengu̯o -, dhengu̯i - “ misty “ in O.N. dǫkk f. “dent in the landscape “
= Ltv. danga (*dhongu̯ü ) “ faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud “, further O.N. døkkr ,
O.Fris. diunk “dark” (Gmc. *denkva- ); zero grade O.S. dunkar , O.H.G. tunkal , Ger. dunkel
(originally and with the meaning “ misty - humid, wet ” Nor. and Swe. dial. dunken “humid,
wet, dank, muggy ”, Eng. dank , dial. dunk “humid, wet ”); in addition Welsh dew m.

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(*dhengu̯os ) “fog, smoke, sultriness ” etc, deweint “darkness ” (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85;
43, 398 f), Hitt. da-an-ku-i-iš (dankuiš ) “ dark, black ” (Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 142);
O.N. dȳ ‘slime, mud, ordure, morass ” from *dhm̥kio -, compare with gramm. variation Dan.
dyng “damp, humid, wet ”, Swe. dial. dungen “humid, wet ”;
with Gmc. - p-: M.H.G. dimpfen , dampf ‘steam, smoke ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. dampf m. “vapor,
smoke”, M.L.G. Eng. damp “vapor, damp fog ”, N.Ger. dumpig “dull, humid, wet, musty “,
Ger. dumpfig , dumpf (also = confused, scattered, sprayed); kaus. O.H.G. dempfen ,
tempfen , M.H.G. dempfen “ stew through steam, stew “;
with Gmc. - b-: Swe. dial. dimba st. V. ‘steam, smoke, spray ”, dimba “vapor”, Nor. damb
n. “dust”, O.N. dumba “dust, cloud of dust ” (besides with - mm- O.N. dimmr “dark”, O.Fris.
O.E. dimm ds., Nor. dial. dimma, dumma “ lack of clarity in the air, fog cover “, Swe. dimma
“thin fog”), O.H.G. timber , M.H.G. timber, timmer “dark, dim, black ”;
to what extent of background the s-forms Swe. dial. stimma, stimba ‘steam”, norw dial.
stamma, stamba ‘stink” IE have been newly created or only after concurrence of O.H.G.
toum : O.E. stēam , dt. toben : stieben (see under dheu -, dheu- bh- ‘scatter, sprinkle ”), is
doubtful;
Lith. dumiù , dùmti “blow”, apdùmti “ blow with sand or snow (of wind) “, dùmplės
“bellows”, dùmpiu , dùmpti “blow” (probably with p-extension), O.Pruss. dumsle “ bladder”;
O.C.S. dъmǫ, dǫti “blow” (to Bal.-Slav. vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m. Lith., Meillet Slave
comm.2 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).
References: WP. I 851 f.
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dhengh -1
English meaning: to press; to cover
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drũcken, krũmmeln, bedecken, worauf liegen”
Material: O.Ir. dingid, for-ding “ oppressed ” (see also dheiĝh -); compare Pedersen KG. II
506;
Lith. dengiù , deñgti “cover”, dangà “cover” , dangùs ‘sky, heaven ”, in addition diñgti “
disappear ” (from “* be covered “), Slav. * dǫga “bow” (: Lith. dangà ) in Russ. dugá “bow”, old
“ rainbow “, Bulg. dъgá, Serb. dúga , Pol. dial. dęga ds., probably to:
O.Ice. dyngia “ dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork “, O.E.
dynge , O.H.G. tunga “ fertilization “, O.S. dung , O.H.G. tung, M.H.G. tunc “ the
subterranean chamber where the women weaved “ (originally winter houses covered with
fertilizer for the protection against the cold), O.E. dung “ jail “, O.H.G. tungen “ depress,
fertilize “, O.E. Eng. dung “ manure “, Ger. Dung , Dũnger .
Maybe Alb. dengu “heap”
References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.
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dhengh -2
English meaning: to get, gripe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erreichen, fest zugreifen, fest, kräftig, schnell”
Material: O.Ind. daghnō ́ ti (Aor. dhak , daghyüh ̣ etc) “ reaches up to, achieves “, -daghná - “
reaching up to something “ (*dhn̥gh -);
Gk. ταχύς “quick, fast ”, compar. θάσσων (*dhn̥gh -);
O.Ir. daingen “tight, firm, strong ” = Welsh dengyn ds. ( *dangino- or *dengino- );
Slav. dęgъ : dǫgъ “ strength, power, luck “ in R.C.S. djagъ “ strap, leather belt “, Russ.
djága “ leather belt “, djáglyj ‘strong, fit, healthy ”, djágnutь “grow, become strong “; ablaut.
aBulg. ne-dǫgъ “disease, malady ” (but Russ. dúžij ‘strong” belongs rather to dheugh -,
under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an intermingling with Slav. tęg-
“pull, drag, draw “ (Brũckner KZ. 42, 342 f).
References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.
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dhen -1
English meaning: to run, *flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen, rennen; fließen”
Material: O.Ind. dhanáyati “runs, set in movement ”, Pers. danīdan “hurry, run ”, O.Ind.
dhánvati “runs, flows “, O.Pers. danuvatiy “ flows “, O.Ind. dhánutar - “running, flowing “;
Messap. river name ardannoa (*ar-dhonu̯ -ü) “ situated in the water “ (?), Apul. PN
Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17, 102);
Lat. probably fōns, -tis “ a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin,
source “; perhaps hybridization of to-stem * fontos and ti-stem *fentis (*dhn̥-tí-);
Note: common Lat. initial d- > f- shift.
Toch. АВ tsän “flow”, В tseńe “ current, gush “, tsnam “flow”.
References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BAL.-SLAV. 41, 165.
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dhen -2
English meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fläche der Hand, of Erdbodenes, flaches Brett”
Note:
From Root dhen- 1 : “ to run, *flow ” derived Root dhen- 2 : ‘surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry
land)” meaning “arid flat area ”.
Material:
O.Ind. dhánuṣ - n., dhánvan - m. n. “ dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert “, dhánu -,
dhanū ́ - f. ‘sandbank, seashore, island ”;
maybe Alb. (*dhent ) det “(* seashore, flat surface of the sea ) sea ” [common Alb. n > nt > t
phonetic mutation]
Gk. θέναρ n. “ palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar
to the admission of the offering “, ὀπισθέναρ “ opisthenar, back of the hand “
(*ὀπισθοθέναρ ), O.H.G. tenar m., tenra f. (*denarü ̆ -), M.H.G. tener m. “flat hand ”, Curtius5
255 (samt O.Ind. dhánuṣ -, see below).
In addition V.Lat. danea “area” (Reichenauer Gl.), O.H.G. tenni n., M.H.G. tenne m. f. n.,
Ger. Tenne “ barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or wooden floor as a
threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally “, Dutch denne “area, a
pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story; a row or layer of
vines “; as “ smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor “ can be also understood
meeklenb. denn “trodden down place in the grain layer “, M.L.G. denne “lowland,
depression ” (and “ valley forest “ see below), M.Du. denne “ den of wild animals “ (and “
valley forest “, see below), dan “ waste, from shrubbery surrounded place, place generally,

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dhen -3
English meaning: to hit, push
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, stoßen”
Note:
From Root dhen- 1 : “ to run, *flow ” derived Root dhen- 2 : ‘surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry
land)” meaning “arid flat area ”, then from Root dhen -2 : ‘surface of hand ” derived Root
dhen -3 : “to hit, push ”.
Material: Only in extensions (almost exclusively Gmc.):
d-extension: O.N. detta st. V. “ fall down heavily and hard, hit “ (*dintan , compare Nor.
dial. datta [*dantōn ] “knock”: denta “ give small punches “), nFris. dintje “ shake lightly “,
Nor. deise “ fall tumbling, glide “ (from:) N.Ger. dei(n)sen (*dantisōn ) “ reel back, flee ”;
E.Fris. duns “fall” (s from - dt- or - ds-), O.N. dyntr , O.E. dynt m. (= O.N. dyttr), Eng. dint
“blow, knock, shove “;
Alb. g-dhent “ hew wood, plane, beat “, Gheg dhend , dhênn “ cut out, cut “.
maybe (* g-dhent ) gdhë “piece of wood ”, Alb.Tosk dënd “hit, beat”.
Gutt-extension: O.N. danga (*dangōn ) “thrash”: O.S. diunga st. V. “hit”, M.Eng. dingen
“hit, bump, poke ”, nEng. ding (skand. Lw.), M.H.G. tingelen “knock, hammer ”, Nor. dingle
(and dangle ) “dangle”; Kaus. O.N. dengja , O.E. dengan , M.H.G. tengen (tengelen ) “hit,
knock, hammer (Ger. dengeln )”; O.H.G. tangal m. “hammer”.
Labial-extension: Swe. dimpa (damp ) “fall fast and heavily ”, N.Ger. dumpen “hit, bump,
poke”, Eng. dial. dump “ hit heavily “.
References: WP. I 853 f.
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dherāgh -
English meaning: to pull; to drag
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, am Boden schleifen ”
Note: equal meaning with trü ̆ gh - (see d.).
Material: O.N. draga , Goth. under O.E. dragan , Eng. draw “pull, drag ”, O.N. drag n. “ base
of a pulled object “, Nor. drag “ draught, wash of the waves, watercourse, towing rope “,
dial. drog f. (*dragō ) “ short sledge, road track of an animal, valley “, O.N. dregill “band,
strap”, drōg f. ‘stripe”, O.S. drøgh “ sled “, O.E. dræge f. “ seine “, M.L.G. dragge , nnd. also
dregge “ boat anchor “, Eng. dredge ds.; changing through ablaut Nor. dorg f. (*durgō , IE
*dhr̥̄ghü ) “fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat “; with the meaning “bear, carry ”
(from “drag”, s. Berneker 212), O.H.G. tragan “bear, carry ”, sih (gi)tragon “ bear oneself,
conduct oneself, behave “.
Maybe Alb.Gheg ( dherügh -) tërhek “pull, drag” [common Alb. -g- > -h- shift]
Probably here sl. *dürgü in: Serb.-Church Slavic draga “valley”, Russ. doróga “way, alley,
journey”, dial. “fishing rod ”;
maybe Alb. (*do-róga) rruga “way, alley, journey ” [common Alb. de- > zero grade ] similar
formation to Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long” : Alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-eš) glatë
“long”; also Alb. (*doróga ) dërgonj ‘send in a trip ”.
The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian phonetic mutatIon. Compare
Root del-5 : “long”: Balt with unexplained d-loss (see under): Lith. ìlgas , f. ilgà, Ltv. il̃gs,
O.Pruss. ilga and ilgi adv. “long” : Hitt. nom. pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes ) “long”, da-lu-ga-
aš-ti (dalugasti ) n. “length”.

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Serb. drȁga “valley”, Pol. droga “way, alley, road, journey ”, Russ. doróžitь “hollow out ”, Cz.
drážiti “ make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out “; perhaps also Cz. z-dráhati se “refuse,
decline”, Pol. wz-dragać się “ to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder “ (as “ protract, draw “)
and O.C.S. podragъ “ hemline, edge of a dress “ under likewise (different under dergh - “
catch “).
Lat. trahō “to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to breathe;
to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw, attract; to take
in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret ”, traha “ sledge,
drag “, trügum “ seine “, trügula “ds., small drag, a species of javelin “ could go back
through Spirante dissimilation (* ðragō to *dragō ) in dhrü ̆ gh -, but also IE t- have (: O.Ir. traig
“foot” etc, s. trü ̆ gh -).
References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.
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dherbh - (dherǝbh -?)
English meaning: to work
Deutsche Übersetzung: “arbeiten”
Material: Arm. derbuk “rough, stiff, rude ”;
O.E. deorfan st. V. “work; perish, die ”, gedeorf n. “work, hardship “, O.Fris. for-derva ,
M.L.G. vor-derven , M.H.G. verderben “die, perish ”, also Kaus. ‘spoil”;
Lith. dìrbu , dìrbti “work”, dárbas “work”, darbùs “ laborious “.
Note:
Root dherbh - (dherǝbh -?) : “to work” derived from Root dherebh - : “to harden ”.

References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge11 101, 649.
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dherebh -
English meaning: to harden
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gerinnen, gerinnen machen, ballen, dickflũssig”
Material: O.Ind. drapsá -ḥ m. “drip”??;
Gk. τρέφεσθαι , τετροφέναι “ curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm “, τρέφω, Dor. τράφω
“make curdle, coagulate, harden ( γάλα; τυρόν ), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up ”
(θρέψω, ἔθρεψα ) τροφός “ nourishing “, f. “ wet nurse “, θρέμμα “ the nourished, foster child,
child, breeding livestock “, τρόφις “fat, obese, strong, big, large ”, τροφαλίς , -ίδος “ fresh
cheese, coagulated milk “, ταρφύς “dense”, τάρφεα pl. n. “ thicket “, τραφερή (γ῅) “ firm
land”;
maybe truncated Alb. (*τρόφις) trashë “fat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated ”.
nasalized and with IE b (IE Articulation variation in nasal surroundings) θρόμβος “
coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc) ”, θρομβόομαι “ coagulate “, θρομβεῖον “ clots “;
O.S. derƀi (*ðarƀia ) ‘strong, mad, wicked, evil ”, O.Fris. M.L.G. derve ‘strong, just, rightful
“ (different from O.H.G. derb “ unleavened “ = O.N. Þjarfr ), ablaut. O.N. djarfr “gamy, bold ”
(the older meaning still in Nor. dial. dirna from * dirfna “ put on weight, recover, regain one ’s
strength “); O.N. dirfa “ encourage “; nasalized probably O.N. dramb “ lavishness “ (*be
thick), Mod.Ice. drambr “ knots in the wood “; O.N. drumbr “clot, chunk ”, M.L.G. drummel “
sturdy person ”.
Note:
Probably from (O.S. thervi , O.H.G. derbi “ unleavened “, Ger. bO.Ir. derb “ arid, dry, thin “)
Root (s)ter -1, (s)terǝ - : (s)trē - : ‘stiff, immovable; solid, etc. ” derived the extended root Root
dherebh - : “to harden ” [common st- > t- PIE phonetic mutation]
References: WP. I 876.

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dheregh -
English meaning: thorn?
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Namen beerentragender strauchiger Pflanzen, especially also
von solchen Dornsträuchern, from which partly “ Dorn”?
Note: with formants -(e)s- and -no-. Dubious equatIon.
Material: O.Ind. drüks ̣ ü “ grape “; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
gallorom. *dragenos “thorn”, O.Ir. draigen m. “ blackthorn “, Welsh draen m., Bret. dréan
“briar” (Celt. *drageno- from * dhr egh-);
perhaps also O.H.G. tirn-pauma “ of the cornel-tree “, tyrn, dirnbaum “ a cornel cherry-
tree “, Ger. dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein “ Cornelian cherry (dogwood) “, Swiss tierli, whether it is
not borrowed from Slav. in very old time;
Lith. drìgnės pl., Ltv. driǵenes “black henbane “ (compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 498),
whether it is not borrowed from Slav. ;
Russ. déren , derén “ Cornelian cherry (dogwood) “, Ser.-Cr. drȉjen , Cz. dřín ds., Pol. (old)
drzon “ barberry “, kaschub. dřòn “prickle”, polab. dren “thorn”.
Gmc.-sl. basic form could be *dherghno- and would stand admittedly in its meaning
‘sprout, twig, branch ”, pl. “young shrubbery, bush ” considerably differently colored Gk.
τρέχνος (Hes., anthol.), τέρχνος (Maximus), Cypr. τὰ τέρχνι jα very close.
References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.
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dhereĝh - (dhr̥ĝh -nā-)
English meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden, wenden ” (also ‘spinnen, nähen” )
Material: Pers. darz, darza “ suture”, darzmün , darznün “ filament “, darzan “needle”, pehl.
darzīk “ tailor”;
Arm. daṙnam (*darjnam ), Aor. darjay “ turn over, revolve, turn; return “, daṙn “bitter,
sharp” (compare οἶνος τρέπεται under likewise), darj “ turn, reversal, return “, Kaus.
darjuc̣anem “ turn round, turn away, whirl round, return “;
Alb. dreth (stem * dredh -), Aor. drodha “ turn round, turn together, twine, spin “, Alb.-
skutar. nnrizë “ diaper “ (n-dred-zë); after Pedersen Hitt. 123, 125, Toch. Sprachg. 20 here
Hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi “ I pocket, let in “, Toch. A tärnü -, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka “let, allow,
disband, release “ (?).
Maybe secondary meaning Alb. dreth “perturb, terrify ”
also nazalised Alb. ndrizë “band, bandage ”, ndrydh “twist”.
maybe an older form Alb. (*dhereĝh - ) derdh “pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket,
deposit (liquid, turn over?), ejaculate semen “ [common Alb. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutation] :
Toch. A tärnü -, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka “let, allow, disband, release “ (?).
Note:
The oldest IE form is actually Hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi “ I pocket, plug in, let in “ : Alb. (*dhereĝh - )
derdh “ pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen ”. It seems that the old meaning
of Root dhereĝh - (dhr̥ĝh -nü-) : “to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband “ derived from
the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.
Alb. shows that Root dhereĝh - (dhr̥ĝh -nü-) : “to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband “
derived from the extended Root dher-1, dherǝ - : “a kind of deposit or dreg, *ordure,

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defecate “, Root ( dher-4:) dhor- : dher- : “to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm ”
becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the two was : *dhere -
gh-: Gk. θρά̄σσω, Att. θρά̄ττω (perf. Hom. τέτρηχα intr.) “bewilder, perturb “, ταραχή
“perplexity ” found in secondary meaning Alb. dreth “perturb, terrify, twist ”.
References: WP. I 863, Lidén Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 111, Kuiper Nasalpräs.
151.
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dher-1, dherǝ-
English meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg
Deutsche Übersetzung: in kons. extensions “trũber Bodensatz einer Flũssigkeit, also
allgemeiner von Schmutz, Widerlichkeit, von quatschigem weather, von trũben
Farbentönen etc; verbal: Bodensatz and Schlamm aufrũhren, trũben”
Note: Originally with dher-5 “ ordure, defecate ”?
Material: a. dhere -gh-:
Gk. θρά̄σσω, Att. θρά̄ττω (perf. Hom. τέτρηχα intr.) “bewilder, perturb “, ταραχή
“perplexity ”, ταράσσω , Att. -ττω “bewilder” (*dh erǝgh-i̯ō : Lith. dìrgti see under); τρᾱχύς ,
Ion.τρηχύς “rough, uneven ” (probably originally from dirt crusts; - ρᾱ- here from sog. r̥̄,
i.e.*dh erǝghu ́ -s); τάρχη τάραξις Hes. (vowel gradation as σπαργή : Lith. sprógti );
Note: common lat d- > f- shift:
Lat. fracēs f. “ (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil “, fracēre “ be
rancid “ from *dhrǝgh -; c is covered probably from faēcēs , floccēs , there *dherk- otherwise
is testified only in Baltic;
in the meaning “ lees, dregs, yeast ”: Alb. drü f., Gheg drâ-ni “ residuum of oil, from
abundant butter; tartar “ (basic form *draë from *dragü , *dhrǝghü );
O.N. dregg f., pl. dreggiar “yeast” (out of it Eng. dregs) ;
O.Lith. dragės (*dhrǝghi̯üs ) pl., O.Pruss. dragios pl. “yeast”, Ltv. (Endzelin KZ. 44, 65)
dradži “ residuum from boiled fat ”; Slav. *droska from *dhrǝgh -skü in mBulg. droštija pl.n.
“yeast”, Clr. dríšči ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska (Sloven. trǫ̂ska “ residuum, yeast ”)
and mostly * drozga (O.C.S. droždьję pl. f. “τρυγία , yeast” etc; s. Berneker 228);

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here also gallorom. *drasica “ dry malt “ (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drascü (=
Slav. *droskü ) or *drazgü (== Slav. *drozgü ) transfigured sein wird;
with st-formants: O.H.G. (*trast, pl.:) trestir “ what is left of squeezed fruit, dregs, pomace
“, O.E. dærst (e), dræst f. “ dregs, yeast ” (Gmc. *ðraχ sta-, Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drōs ds.;
with sn-formants: O.E. drōsne f., drōsna m. “yeast, smut ”, O.H.G. druosana , truosana
“yeast, residuum “;
here probably Lith. dérgia (dérgti ) “ it is bad weather “, dárgana , dárga “ weather, bad
weather “ (glottal stop, compare die Gk. root forms and Lith. dre ́gnas , drėgnùs “humid,
wet”); in addition aRuss. padoroga probably “ thunder -storm “, Sloven. sǫ́-draga, -drag, -
drga “ hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel “; Lith. dargùs “ nasty, dirty,
filthy”; O.Lith. dérgesis “filthy person ”, O.Lith. dergėti “hate”, Ltv. der̂dzêtiês “quarrel,
squabble ” (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 456 m. Lith.), O.Pruss. dergē “to hate”; Lith. dérgti “
become dirty, get dirty “, dar̃gti “ revile “, dárga f. “ rainy weather, defilement, contamination,
vituperation “;
b. dherg - in: M.Ir. derg “red”; M.H.G. terken “ befoul “, O.H.G. tarchannen, terchinen
“(darken) conceal, hide “, M.L.G. dork “ keel of water depth “, O.E. deorc “ swart “, Eng.
dark; O.E. Þeorcung “dawn, twilight ” probably with ð after ðēostor “dark” , geðuxod “dark”.
Maybe Alb. darkë “evening, evening meal, supper ”, drekë (*derk-) “dinner, midday ”.
c. dherk- in: Lith. der̃kti “ nasty make, befoul “, darkūti “vilify, inveigh, deform ”, darkùs “
nasty “, O.Pruss. erdērkts “poisoned ”, Ltv. dü ̀ rks , dü ̀ rci (*darkis ) “pinto” Mũhlenbach -
Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien abl. 361); or to M.H.G. zurch “ordure”, zũrchen
“defecate ”? Zupitza Gutt. 170 under accentuation of intonation difference of der̃̃kti
compared with dérgesis etc;
here probably Toch. AB tärkär “cloud” (Frisk Indog. 24);
WP. I 854 ff.

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d. dherǝbh - : dhrübh - : dhrǝbh -.
Doubtful Av. δriwi- (*dhrǝbhi -) ‘stain, birthmark “;
M.Ir. drab “ grape marc, yeast ” (*dhrǝbho -), drabar-ṡluüg “ base, vulgar people ”;
O.Ice. draf, Eng. draff “ berm, yeast ”, M.L.G. draf, O.H.G. trebir pl. “ grape marc “, O.N.
drafli m. “fresh cheese ”, drafna “to disband “, Nor. drevja “ soft mass “; geminated nl.
drabbe “ berm, residuum “, N.Ger. drabbe ‘slime, mud ”; Swe. drōv n. “ residuum “
(*dhrübho -), O.E. drōf, O.H.G. truobi “cloudy”, Goth. drōbjan , O.H.G. truoben “ tarnish,
bewilder”, O.E. drēfan “ agitate, tarnish “ (identical meaning-Verh. as between Gk. ταράσσω
and O.N. dreggiar ).
A nasalized form with Balt u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a
limited nasal m?) seems Lith. *drumb- in Lith. drum̃stas (could stand for *drumpstas ) “
residuum “, drumstùs “cloudy”, drumsčiu ̀ , drum̃sti “ tarnish “ (Schleifton caused by a heavy
group mpst ?).
References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 715.
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dher-2, dherǝ-
English meaning: to hold, support
Deutsche Übersetzung: “halten, festhalten, stũtzen”
Material: O.Ind. dhar- “hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright “ (present
mostly dhüra ́ yati ; perf. dadhü ́ ra , dadhrē ́ ; dhr̥tá -; dhártum ) pass. “ are held back, be steady,
behave sedately “, Av. dar- “hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe (a law); hold fast
in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay ” (dürayeiti etc,
participle darǝta -), аp. dürayümiy “hold”, Pers. Inf. düštan , Osset. Inf. darun, daryn ;
O.Ind. dháraṇa - “bearing, carrying, preserving “, dharúṇa - “ holding, supporting; n.
foundation, prop ”, dhü ́ ran ̣ a - “ holding; n. the clamps, the restraining “= Av. dürana - n. “
means for withholding “, O.Ind. dhartár - and dháritar - m. “ holder “, dharitrī “ girder, bearer “,
dhartrá - n. ‘support, prop ” = Av. darǝϑ ra- n. “ the grasp, understanding “, O.Ind. dhárma - (=
Lat. firmus ) m. “ firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong “, dharmán - m. “ holder “,
dhárman - n. “ support, prop, law, custom “, dhárīmani loc. “ after the statute, according to
custom “, dhü ́ raka - “ holding; m. container “, dhr̥ti- f. “ the holding on, determination “, dr̥-
dhr-á- “ tenacious “, sá-dhrī (or sadhrīm ) adv. “ holding out on a purpose, holding on to a
purpose “, sadhríy -аñc- “ be directed by a purpose, be united, together “; didhīršü “ the
intention to support to support ”, Av. didarǝšatü “ he composes himself for, he gets ready for
“;
about O.Ind. dhī́ra - “tight, firm ” s. Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 25;
Arm. perhaps dadar (redupl.) “abode, residence, rest “ (“*adherence, abide by, stay ”,
compare Av. meaning “ while, stay, behave quietly “), dadarem “ abate (from the wind) ”,

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compare under O.E. darian “ the side, flank; of persons “, Dutch bedaren “ become quiet
(from the wind, weather) ”;
Gk. with the meaning “ prop themselves up, force open “ (from the heavy root form)
θρᾶνος m. “ bench, footstool “, Hom. (Ion. ) θρ῅νυς, -υος “ footstool, thwart “, Ion. θρ῅νυξ,
böot. θρᾶνυξ, -υκος ‘stool” (place an early Proto-Gk. * θρᾱνο -, which would contain - ρᾱ-
from -r̄-, i.e. -erǝ-), Ion. Inf. Aor. θρήσασθαι “ sit down “ (Proto-Gk. θρᾱ-); due to the thematic
root form *dherĕ -: θρό-νος m. ‘seat”; Cypr. lak. θόρ-ναξ ὑποπόδιον Hes.; with the meaning “
grasp through the senses, observe “ and “ hold on custom, a religious custom “, ἀ-θερές
ἀνόητον , ἀνόσιον Hes. (compare under Lith. dere ́ti “ be usable “), ἐνθρεῖν φυλάσσειν Hes.
(from the thematic root form * dhere -; against it from *dh erǝ-:) θρήσκω νο῵ Hes. (Ion.),
θράσκειν (ᾱ) ἀναμιμνήσκειν Hes., Ion. θρησκηΐη , Koine θρησκεία “worship”, θρ῅σκος
“religious, godly, pious” , θρησκεύω “ observe the official law of god “.
Is ἀθρέω “observe keenly “ up to zero grade n̥ the preposition * en (or α- = *sm̥-?) to
compare afterwards with ἐνθρεῖν ? (Lith. by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here ἁθρόος, ἀθρόος “
concentrated, crowded together, gathered “ (compare to meaning O.Ind. sadhryañc -; Lith.
by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.).
With . O.Ind. dhüraka - “ container “ is compared with θώρᾱξ , -ᾱκος “ brostplate; trunk;
vagina”.
Lat. frē-tus “ relying on, confiding in “, Umbr. frite “leaning, supported, relying, depending,
trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance ”, Lat. frēnum “ bit, bridle,
rein” and “rein”, if originally “ holder “ (stand to Gk. θρᾶνος as plē-nus to O.Ind. pūr-n̥á-);
with a meaning “ tenacious, tight, firm: fast ” perhaps ferē “closely, almost, nearly “, fermē
(*ferĭmēd , Sup.) “ quite approximately, nearly “, as well as firmus “ firm, strong, stout;
lasting, valid; morally strong “ (with dial. i).
O.Welsh emdrit “ orderly “, Welsh dryd “ economical “ (*dhr̥to -).

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O.E. darian “ hidden, concealed, secret, unknown “ (“*restrain, hold themselves together,
“ or “ keep shut so one does not see somehow “), Dutch bedaren “ become quiet (from the
wind, weather) ”, in addition O.S. derni “hide, conceal ”, O.E. dierne “hide, conceal,
clandestine “, O.H.G. tarni “ lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret, unknown “, tarnen , M.H.G.
tarnen “cover up, conceal ”, Ger. Tarn-kappe .
Lith. deriù , dere ́ti “employ, engage (*belay), buy ”, derù, derė́ti “ be usable “, Kaus. darãu ,
darūti “make, do ”, dorà f. “ the useful “, Ltv. deru, derêt “employ, engage, hire out, arrange “,
Kaus. darît “make, create, originate ”;
perhaps with formants -go-: Ltv. dü ̀ rgs “dear, expensive, precious ”, O.C.S. dragъ ds.,
Russ. dórog , Ser.-Cr. drâg ds.;
Hitt. tar-ah̯-zi (tarḫzi) “ can, be able, defeated “ (*dhr̥̄-?) belongs rather to ter-4.
guttural extensions:
dheregh - “hold, stop, hold down; tight, firm ”:
Av. dražaite , Inf. drüjaŋhe “hold, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead ”, upadaržuvainti “ they
hold out, persist = accomplish, finish “, wherefore O.Ind. -dhr̥k (only nom.) in compounds
“bearing, carrying ”; this form (* dhr̥gh -s) testifies for anlaut dh- the ar. and hence probably
also Slav. family;
O.C.S. drъžo ̨, drъžati “hold, stop, contain “ (etc, s. Berneker 258); Russ. drogá “ wooden
bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole “, Dem. dróžki pl. “
light, short carriage “, hence Ger. Droschke.
As nasalized forms in addition Av. drǝnjaiti “ solidifies, strengthens, hardens “, ü-
drǝnjayeiti “ determines “, Desiderativ dīdraɣžaite “ looks for protecting himself “; participle
draxta- ; also Av. drǝnjayeiti , düdrüjoiš , participle draxta - “ learnt by heart, murmured
memorized prayers “ (compare Church Slavic tvrъditi “ moor “: Russ. tverditь “ learn by
heart “); M.Ir. dringid “ he climbs “, drēimm “climb” (“*holding on climbing ”); kymr. dringo “

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rise, climb “; O.N. drangr “ high cliff “, drengr (*drangja- ) “thick stick, column “ (and ũbertr.
“young man, husband ”), O.C.S. drǫgъ “ shaft, pole, turnpike “; different Specht Decl. 139.
dhereĝh - “hold down, tight, firm ”:
O.Ind. dŕ̥hyati , dr̥ṁhati (dr̥ṁháti ) “makes tight, firm ”, participle dr̥ḍhá - “tight, firm ”, drahyát -
“proficient ”, Av. darǝzayeiti “binds tight, fetters ”, Desid. dīdǝrǝžaiti , darǝza - m. “ the
fastening, binding, snatch, griffin “, dǝrǝz - f. “band, manacle ”, dǝrǝzra - “tight, firm ”, probably
also Pers. darz “ suture” and similar to Iran. words for “ sew filament “;
Thrac. GN Darzales ;
probably Lith. dir̃žas ‘strap”, diržmas ‘strong”, O.Pruss. dīrstlan ‘strong, stately ”, dirž-tù,
dir̃žti “ become tenacious, hard “;
Lith. dar̃žas “garden”, Ltv. dü ̀ rz “garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area “ could be
reconverted from * žar̃das (compare Lith. žar̃dis “ Roßgarten “ , ža ́ rdas “ hurdle “) (different
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 448 f.), but to dir̃žas (above) and O.H.G. zarge , M.H.G. zarge f. “
border, side, verge of a space, edge “;
Slav. * dьrzъ “bold, foolhardy “ in O.C.S. drъzъ, Sloven. dr̂z, Cz. drzū, Russ. dérzkij ds.
and O.C.S. drьznǫ , drьznǫti “ have the audacity, venture “, Russ. derznútь etc.
dhereugh -:
awN.. driūgr “ withstanding, strong, full ”, driūgum “very”, aschw. drȳgher “ respectable,
strong, big, large ”, N.Fris. dreegh “tight, firm, persistent “ (but to dhreugh -1 belong O.E.
drȳge “dry”, drēahnian “ dry up, strain, filter ”, - with h instead of g? -, O.N. draugr “ withered
tree trunk ”, O.H.G. truchan “dry”);
maybe nasalized Alb. trung “ tree trunk ”
here as “ withstand “ and “ hold together - assemble “ Goth. driugan “ do military service “
(O.E. drēogan “ withstand, commit “), O.E. gedrēag “troop, multitude, crowd ”, O.H.G. truht-
f. “ cohort, troop, multitude, crowd ”, O.S.druht -, O.E. dryht , O.N. drōtt f. “ cortege “, Goth.

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draúhti -witōÞ “(*laws of war =) military service “, gadraúhts “warrior”, O.N. drōttinn “prince,
lord, master, mister ”, O.E. dryhten , O.H.G. truhtīn “master, mister ” (suffix as in Lat.
dominus ), O.H.G. trust (*druhsti -) “ warrior’s troop “;
Lith. draũgas “ travelling companion “, O.C.S. drugъ “ fellow, other etc ”, družina
“συστρατι῵ται ”;
O.Pruss. drūktai adv. “tight, firm ”, podrūktinai “ I confirm “, Lith. žem. drúktas , driúktas
“thick, bulky, strong ”;
O.Ir. drong “troop, multitude, crowd ”, O.Bret. drogn “ meeting together, union, assembly “,
drog “ a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side “ are, as late Lat. drungus “ troop “
borrowed from Gmc. (see under trenq -1).
References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.
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dher-3, dhereu -, dhrē ̆ n -
English meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel “murmur, brummen, dröhnen”
Material: Gk. θόρυβος “ woozy noise ”, θορυβέω “make a noise, bewilder ”, τονθορύζω
“grumble, murmle ”, τονθρύς φωνή Hes.; θρῦλος m. “murmur, din, fuss, noise ”, θρῡλέω
“murmle, babble ”; θρέομαι (*-F-) “cry loudly ”, τερθρεία “empty gossip, subtleness “,
τερθρεύομαι “make empty gossip ” (see Boisacq s. v.), θρόος, θροῦς “ loud cry “, θροέω “
shout, let become loud “;
O.S. drōm , O.E. drēam m. “ making a glad noise, jubilation “ (different Kluge KZ. 26, 70:
as “*troop, multitude, crowd ”, *ðrauɣ ma-, to Goth. draúhts ); O.E. dora m. “bumblebee ”
(*ðuran -), Eng. dorr- “cockchafer ”;
redupl. Ltv. duñduris “big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp ”, deñderis (?) “ weeping knave, boy ”
(Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 455).
Also for Celt. and Balt-Slav. words, are mentioned under der- “murmur”, IE anlaut dh-
comes in questIon.
dhren -:
O.Ind. dhráṇati “ sounds “ (Dhütup.);
Gk. θρ῅νος m. “funeral song, lament, dirge ”, θρηνέω “ lamentation “, θρώναξ κηφήν
(drone) Hes., τεν-θρήνη “ hornet “, ἀν-θρήνη (*ἀνθο -θρήνη) “ forest bee “; O.S. dreno ,
O.H.G. treno “drone”, lengthened grade O.S. drün ds., also O.E. drün dræ ̄ n f. “drone”; zero
grade Goth. drunjus “ clangor “, Nor. dryn n. “ low shout ”, drynja “ low roar, bellow ”, nd.
drönen “ make noise, talk slowly and monotonously “ (out of it Ger. dröhnen ).

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An anlaut doublet maybe lies in Lith. trãnas , O.C.S. *trǫtъ, *trǫdъ “drone” before;
compare Trautmann 326.
s-extension in M.Ir. drēsacht “ creaky or squeaking noise “, Gaul.-Lat. drēnsō, -üre “cry
(of swan) ”, N.Ger. drunsen “ low roar, bellow ”, Dutch drenzeln “ whimper “, hess. drensen “
groan “, Ger. dial. trensen “ elongated roar, bellow ” (from cows).
A Gutt.-extension probably in Arm. dṙnč̣im “blow the horn, toot ” (*dhrēnk -) and O.Ir.
drēcht ‘song, tale “ (*dhrenktü ), Proto-Slav. . *drǫkъ (*dhr̥nk -) in Sloven. drok “pestle” etc;
perhaps Toch. A trän k -, В treṅk - ‘speak”.
References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Me ́ l . Pedersen 95 ff.
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(dher -4:) dhor - : dh er-
English meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, bespringen ”
Material: O.Ind. dhü ́ rü ‘stream, ray, drip, sperm “;
Gk. (Ion. ) θορός, θορή “ manly sperm “, θορίσκεσθαι “ absorb sperm “, poetically
θρῴσκω , Att. θρῴσκω , Fut. θοροῦμαι , Aor. ἔθορον ‘spring”, θρωσμός “ protrusion, hill ”
(θρω- from *dh erǝ-, because of о of the secondary forms is developed to *dh ore-, dhorǝ-,
θρω-);
from a base dhereu-: θόρνυμαι , θορνύομαι “ spring, jump “ (oρ probably Aeolian instead
of αρ from ṛ) compare θαρνεύει ὀχεύει. σπείρει . φυτεύει Hes., θάρνυσθαι ὀχεύειν Hes.;
θοῦρος ‘stormy, boisterous “ probably from * θορFος (Bechtel Lexil. 167);
M.Ir. dar- “ spring, jump ”, Impf. no-daired , preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. düir, gen. düra,
myth. PN Düire (*dhüri̯o -s), der “girl”, Welsh - derig “rutting, in heat ”.
References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gk. I 696, 708.
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dher-5, dhrei -d-
English meaning: to defecate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Unrat, cacüre”
Note: (whether related to dher-1 “muddy residuum “ and dher-4?)
Material: Lat. foria pl. “diarrhea” (by Varro of pigs), foriō, -īre “defecate ”;
Gk. δαρδαίνει μολύνει (*dhr̥-d-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from θαρ-
θ- with fractured reduplication or from θαρ-δ- with the same formant - d- as the i-extension
dhr-ei-d-; very dubious;
Lith. der-k-iù der̃kti “ soil with feculence, defecate “.
maybe truncated Alb. (*der̃kti ) dhjet, dhjes “ defecate “ : Alb. derth (*der-k-) “ release
semen, pour “ [common Alb. -k- > -th-, -g- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
dhr-ei-d-:
O.N. drīta (dreit), O.E. drītan , M.Du. N.Ger. drīten , O.H.G. trīzan “ defecate “, o-grade
O.N. dreita “make defecate ”, zero grade M.Eng. nEng. dirt (from * drit), O.Ice. drit, Flem.
drits, trets “ filth, faeces “, Westfäl. driǝt “ scared shitless, the defecated “;
Russ. dial. dristátь “ have diarrhea ”, Bulg. drískam , dríštъ “have diarrhea ”, Serb. drískati ,
dríćkati , Cz. dřístati ds. (Slav. * drisk -, *drist- from * dhreid-sk -, -(s)t- , Berneker 224).
References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.
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dhers -
English meaning: to dare
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wagen, kũhn sein”, älter “ angreifen, losgehen ”
Note: (also with -i-, -u- extended)
Material: O.Ind. dhr̥ṣ-ṇṓ-ti, dhárṣ -ati “ is audacious, courageous, ventures ”, dhr̥ṣú -
(Gramm.), dhr̥ṣ́at “ hearty “ (= Av. darǝšat̃ ), dhr̥ṣṇú - “bold, valiant, gamy, audacious, cheeky
“, dhr̥ṣṭá - “ insolent, cheeky “, dhr̥ṣita - “bold, gamy ”, düdhr̥s ̣ i - “ intrepid, bold ”, with object
dharṣayati “ ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes “, dharṣaṇa - n. “attack, maltreatment
“, dharṣaka - “ attacking, assaulting “; Av. daršam adv. “violent, very ”, darši -, daršyu -,
daršita - “bold”, O.Pers. adaršnauš “ he ventured “, düdarsi - EN;
Gk. Lesb. θέρσος n. “ courage, boldness ” (Hom. Θερσίτης “ bold, cheeky “), with from
adj. displaced zero grade Ion. altAtt. θάρσος (Att. θάρρος ) ds., Att. θράσος n. “ courage,
boldness; audacity, brashness “, θαρσέω , θαρρέω “be gamy ”, θαρσύς (rhod. Θαρσύβιος,
ther. Θhαρύμαqhος), θρασύς “bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky “ (= O.Ind. dhr̥ṣú -), Lesb. adv.
θροσέως, θάρσῡνος “ courageous, confident, trusting “ (*θαρσο -σῡνος );
Lat. infestus “ aggressive, hostile, dangerous “, infestüre “ to attack, disquiet “ and
manifestus “ palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected “ (*dhers -to-);
Goth. ga-dars (: O.Ind. perf. dadhárṣa “ has had the audacity “), Inf. gadaúrsan , “ I
venture “, O.S. gidurran , O.E. dear, durran , O.H.G. (gi)tar, (gi)turran “venture, risk ”, O.H.G.
giturst , O.E. gedyrst f. “boldness, audacity “ (= O.Ind. dr̥ṣṭí-ḥ “boldness ”);
Maybe Alb. (*(gi)tar ) guxoj “dare” : O.H.G. (gi)tar, (gi)turran “venture, risk ”.
Lith. nasalized Lith. dręsù “dare, venture ” (*dhrensō ), drįstù , drį̃sti (dhrn̥s -) “venture, risk ”,
drąsà (*dhrons- ) “forwardness ”, drąsùs = Ltv. drùošs “gamy, brave ” (*dhrons- ; O.Lith. still

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dheubh -, dhubh -
English meaning: spike, wedge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pflock, Keil; schlagen ”?
Note: uncertain, because almost only Gmc.
Material: Gk. τύφοι σφ῅νες Hes.
diminutive M.H.G. tũbel , M.L.G. dövel “clot, chunk, peg, plug, spigot, nail ” (Ger. Döbel ,
Dũbel with md. anlaut), O.H.G. tubila , -i “ spigot “, Eng. dowel-pin “peg, plug, pin ”; M.L.G.
dövicke , Dutch deuvik “ spigot “; Swe. Nor. dubb “peg, plug ”, tirol. tuppe “big piece of
wood”, M.L.G. dob(b)el, M.H.G. top(p)el “dice, cube ”. Besides Gmc. words the meaning
“hit”: E.Fris. dufen, duven “bump, poke ”, Dutch dof “ shove, stroke ”, O.Ice. dubba , O.E.
dubbian “ knight, make a man a knight “, E.Fris. dubben “bump, poke ”; there it also gives
Gmc. *ðaƀ- “hit” (see below dhü ̆ bh - “marvel”), could be a new variant of *ðuƀ- (perhaps
come about under the help of words for “peg, plug, spigot “).
References: WP. I 848.
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dheu -b-, dheu -p-
English meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tief, hohl ”
Note:
The shift gʷ- > -b- , kʷ- > -p- is a common Gk. phonetic mutation hence all other IE tongues
borrowed Root dheu- b-, dheu -p- : “deep, dark ” from respectively Proto-Illyr. Gk. dheu -gʷ-,
dheu -kʷ-. But Proto-Illyr. Gk. dheu- gʷ-, dheu -kʷ- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl
(Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thrac. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr -), Δέβρη (*dheubrü ) it seems that
Baltic languages derived the concept of “deep” from Illyr. “black, dark ”, hence from Root
dheu -4, dheu̯ǝ - (presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-): “to reel,
dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. ” derived Root dheu -b-, dheu- p- : “deep,
*dark”.

Material: forms in - b:
Gk. βυθός , Ion. βυσσός m. “depth (of the sea) ”, probably reconverted from * dhub- ;
maybe Alb. (*byssa-h ), bytha “buttocks, backside hole ” : Gk. βυθός, Ion. βυσσός m. “depth
(of the sea) ” [common Alb. -s- > -th- phonetic mutation] the same formation as Pol. dupa
“buttocks, backside hole ”, Ser.-Cr. dȕpe , gen. - eta “ buttocks “.
after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thrac. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr -), Δέβρη (*dheubrü );
Also Alb. PN Dibra
Illyr. δύβρις θάλασσα (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in Alb.Tosk FlN Tubra , Drove etc
(Pokorny Urillyrier 99);
O.Ir. domain, fu-dumain , Welsh dwfn , Corn. down , Bret. doun (i.e. dun) “deep (* dhubni -),
Gaul. dubno- , dumno - “world” (Dubno -rīx eig. “ world king ”), O.Ir. domun ds., O.Welsh

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annwf(y)n , Welsh annwn “ God’s kingdom and the underworld “ (*an-duƀno - eig. “
underworld, outside world “ as O.Ice. ūt-garðr ); s. also under S. 268 Slav. * dъbno;
maybe Alb. (*diep) djep “(*deep) cradle, hollowed wood ” : Pol. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. “ tree
hole “.
Goth. diups , O.Ice. diūpr , O.E. dēop , O.S. diop, O.H.G. tiof “deep”; Goth. daupjan , O.E.
dīepan , O.S. dōpian , O.H.G. toufen “ baptize “ (eig. “dive”), O.Ice. deypa “dive”; with - pp-:
Nor. duppa “dive” and j-formation, O.E. dyppan “dive; baptize ”, N.Ger. dũppen , O.H.G.
tupfen “bathe, wash ”; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa ‘swing” (from barge); with gemin.
voiced-nonaspirated Nor. dubba “ bend down “, dobbe “ marshy land ” (compare Wissmann
nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Nor. dump m. “dent in the earth ”, Dan. dial. dump
“cavity, lowland, depression ”, Eng. dump “ deep hole full with water “, O.H.G. tum(p)filo
“whirlpool ”, M.H.G. tũmpfel , Ger. (from N.Ger. ) Tũmpel “ deep place in the flowing or
standing water; puddle “, Eng. dimple “ cheek dimple “, Dutch domp (el)en “dive, sink ”;
Lith. dubùs “deep, hollow ”, in addition FlN Dùbė , Dubingà and Dubūsa (= Welsh FlN Dyfi
from *Dubīsü , Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dùgnas “bottom” (probably because of Ltv. dibens
from *dùbnas = Slav. * dъbno, Gaul. dubno -; s. die Lith. by Berneker 245 f.); also the FlN
wRuss. Dubna (= Ltv. Dybnòja ) “the deep river ” and die O.Pruss. PN Dum (p)nis, Dubna
show still bn; dumbù, dùbti “ become hollow, sink in “, daubà , dauburỹs “gorge, ravine,
gulch”, dúobti “hollow out ”, duobė̃ “cave” (Ltv. duôbs , duôbjš “deep, hollow ”, dùobe “pit,
pothole, grave ” with uo from ōu?), dubuõ , -eñs “ basin “, duburỹs , dūbury ̃ s , dubur̃kis “ pit full
of water, hole, pool “, nasal. dumburỹs “ deep hole full with water “, dum̃blas ‘slime, mud,
morass” (yet see above S. 261); Ltv. dubęns (besides dibęns ) “ground, bottom ” (compare
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt “ become hollow, sink in “, dubl”i pl. m.
“ordure, morass ”; O.Pruss. padaubis “valley” and daubo f. “ground” (compare above S.
249);

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O.Bulg. dъbrь (and out of it dъbrъ) “φάραγξ , gorge, ravine, gulch ” (: Ltv. dubra “puddle,
slop”); Church Slavic dъno (*dъbno) “ground, bottom ”; about den FlN pomerell. Dbra s. S.
264.
forms in - p:
O.H.G. tobal , M.H.G. tobel “narrow valley ”, Ger. Tobel ; O.S. dūva probably st. V. “dive”,
O.Ice. dūfa “press downwards ”, dȳfa, deyfa “dive”, O.E. dīefan , dūfan ds., Eng. dive, M.L.G.
bedūven “ flooded, be coated “, bedoven “ sunk down “;
Slav. *dupa f. in Sloven. dúpa “ burrow “, Cz. doupa “hole”, O.Bulg. dupina “cave”, mbg.
R.C.S. dupl”ь “hollow, light ”, Russ. dupɫó n. “cavity in tree truck ”, Ser.-Cr. dȕpe , gen. - eta “
buttocks “, dúplja “ tree hollow “, old dupan “cave” etc; ablaut. Pol. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. “
tree hole “ etc
Note:
From Slav. languages Root dheu- b-, dheu -p- : “deep, *dark, bottom ” passed to Altaic
languages:
Protoform: * tū ́ p”e ( ˜ *ti̯ūp”i, *č -)
English meaning: bottom
Turkic protoform: *dǖp
Mongolian protoform: *dow-
Note: A Turk.-Mong. isoglO.S.S. The relationship to TM *dō - “to sit down (of birds) ”,
suggested in ТМС 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic
case of *-p ”-suffixatIon.
from here as * dheu -g-: Gmc. *dū ̆-k-, *du-kk- “tauchen = dive, sich ducken = crouch ”?
References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.
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dheugh-
English meaning: to touch, press, milk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “berũhren (sich gut treffen), drũcken, ausdrũcken, melken, reichlich
spenden ”
Material: Indo-Iran. *dhaugh- “milk” in O.Ind. duháti , athematic dógdhi “milked”, the
desirable cow Küma -duh(ü) “ the plentifully bestowing “ (= Gk. Σύχη), pers. dōɣ, dōxtän etc,
O.Pers. han-dugü “ proclamation “ (compare Lat. pro-mulgüre );
Gk. τυγχάνω (τεύξομαι , ἔτυχον , ἐτύχησα , τετύχηκα ) “meet, find, meet by chance; achieve
a purpose or an aim; intr. to find oneself, and be close “, τύχη “ success, luck, destiny, lot “,
goddess T ύχη (probably originally a the desirable cow?); τεύχω (τεύξω, Aor. ἔτευξα , Hom.
τετυκεῖν , Med. τετύκοντο , τετυκέσθαι - with sek. k -, perf. τετευχώς , τέτυκται , τετεύχαται ) “
make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce “, τιτύσκομαι “ to make, make ready,
prepare “, τεῦχος n. “ all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment,
weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel “;
Ir. dūan “ a poem, ode, song “ (*dhughnü ), dūal “ fitting” (*dhughlo- );
O.Ice. Inf. duga , present dugi, preterit dugða “ be useful, be suitable for, succeed “,
preterit present Goth. daug , O.E. dēag , O.S. dōg, O.H.G. toug “ it is good for, is useful “,
Kaus. M.L.G. dӧ̄gen “ withstand “, O.S. ü-dōgian “ds., sort, order, arrange ”, O.E. gedīegan
“bear, endure, come through “; O.H.G. tuht “ skillfulness, power “, M.H.G. tũhtec , Ger.
tũchtig = O.E. dyhtig “ stalwart “ (about Goth. dauhts “ feast “ s. Feist 116);
Lith. daũg “much, a lot of ”, dáuginti “ increase, intensify “; Russ. dúžij etc ‘strong”.
References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.
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dheu -1
English meaning: to run, *stream, flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen, rinnen ”
Material: O.Ind. dhávatē “runs, streams “, lengthened grade dhü ́ vati ds., dhüutí -ḥ f.
“wellspring, stream, brook ”; M.Pers. dawīdan “run, hurry ”, püm. dav- “run, rush ”;
Maybe Alb. (*dhou̯eti) dēti “ sea “ : nasalized Gk.-Illyr. (*dh(o)u̯enti) δυάν κρήνην Hes. : M.Ir.
dōe ‘sea” common Alb. attribute nouns suffixed in -t formant. [see Alb. numbers].
gr θέω, ep. also θείω, Fut θεύσομαι “run”; lak. σ῅ τρέχε Hes.; θοός “quick, fast ”, βοη-θόος
“ auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend “, in addition βοηθέω (instead of * βοηθοέω )
“help”, θοάζω “ move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast “;
Gk.-Illyr. δυάν κρήνην Hes.;
O.N. dǫgg , gen. dǫggwar (*dawwō ), O.E. dēaw , O.S. dau, O.H.G. tou, Ger. Тau
(*dawwa- );
doubtful M.Ir. dōe ‘sea” (*dheu̯iü ) as “ the violently moving “;
Maybe Illyr. TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): Ger. Тau (*dawwa- )
here probably *dhu- ro- in Thrac. FlN ᾽Α-θύρας (*n̥-dhu-r-) and in numerous Ven.-Illyr.
FlN, so Illyr. Duria (Hungarian), Ger. Tyra, Thur , older Dura (Alsace, Switzerland), oberItal.
Dora , Doria , Fr. Dore , Doire , Doron , iber. Durius , Turia etc (Pokorny UrIllyr. 2, 10, 79, 105,
113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);
Note:
Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin.
Their name meant “river people ” since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river boats.
Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was similar to the
Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.

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dheu -2, dhu̯-ēi-
English meaning: to vanish, faint, die
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinschwinden, bewußtlos werden, sterben”
Material: Goth. diwans (*dhéu̯ -ono-) “perishable, mortal ”, ablaut. O.H.G. touwen , O.S. dōian
“die”, O.N. deyja , dō (*dōw ), düinn “die”; Goth. dauÞs “ dead “, also af-dauiÞs “ afflicted “,
O.H.G. tōt, O.E. dēad , O.N. dauðr “ dead “, Goth. dauÞus “death”, O.H.G. tōd, O.E. dēaÞ ,
O.N. dauð -r, -ar and dauðe “death”;
O.Ir. duine (*dhu-n-i̯o-), pl. dōini (*dheu̯en -i̯o-), Welsh dyn, Corn. Bret. den “person”
(“mortal, human being ”, Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under ĝhðem -;
perhaps Lat. fūnus (fōnus ?) n. “ a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death; destruction,
ruin; a cause of ruin “, whether from * dheu̯ (e)-nos “ in death “; formally, nevertheless,
exactly = O.Ir. n. s-stem dūn “fortress”, probably originally “ hill castle “ (see under dheu -4
S. 263);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
after Marstrander Pre ́ s . à nasale inf . 151 here O.Ir. - deda “ dwindles away “ from * dhe-
dhu̯-ü-t; compare also above under dhē-3;
in Gmc. also the meaning “ insensible, become unconscious “, awN.. dü (*dawa ) “
unconsciousness, faint, swoon “, preterit dō also “ became numbed “ (of limbs), O.S. düna “
faint, pass out “, Nor. daana “ become stiff, become lame (from limbs), faint, pass out “
(Ableit. from participle düinn ), Ice. doði “ insensibility “, doðna “ become unfeeling, became
numbed “, Goth. usdauÞs “ not indolent, diligent, active, quick, unwearied, indefatigable,
energetic, eager “, O.H.G. tawalōn “ to dwindle, to die “, Dutch dauwel “ sluggish woman “;

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further O.N. dü also “ delight of the soul “ (“*anesthetization “), dü (*dawēn ) “ admire,
venerate “; O.N. dün f. “death”.
extension dhu̯-ēi-: dhu̯-ī- in:
Arm. di, gen. dioy “ dead body, corpse ”, O.Ir. dīth (*dhu̯ītu -) “end, death ”; O.E. dwīnan (st.
V.) “ abate, dwindle “, besides dem nōn-Verb O.N. duīna and duena ds.; O.E. dwæ ̄ scan “
annul, annihilate “ (*dwaiskjan ), Lith. dvìsti “die” (Būga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123).
maybe Alb.Tosk ( dvìsti ) vdes , Gheg dekë “die” [commom Alb. -s- > -k- shift].
Clearly from Root dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s - : “to dissipate, blow, etc. *breathe,
breathe out the spirit, perish, die ” derived Root dheu- 2, dhu̯-ēi- : “to vanish, faint, die ”.
As Lith. dvìsti “die” : Lith. dvesiù , dvesiaũ , dve ̃sti “ breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die
“ (see below);
References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.
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dheu -3
English meaning: shining, to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blank, glänzen”
Material: O.Ind. dhavalá - “gleaming white ”, dhü ́ vati “makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills “,
Av. fraδavata “ rubbed off (cleaning) “;
Gk. θοός . . . λαμπρός , θο῵σαι . . . λαμπρῦναι Hes., ὀδόντες λευκὰ θέοντες Ps.-Hsd.,
θαλέιον καθαρόν . καὶ θωλέον Hes. (Kontr. from * θοFαλέος).
References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.
Page(s): 261

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dheu -4, dheu̯ǝ - (dhu̯ē -, extended dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-)
English meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stieben, wirbeln, especially von Staub, Rauch, Dampf; wehen,
blow, Hauch, Atem; hence dampfen, ausdũnsten, riechen, stinken; stũrmen, in heftiger,
wallender Bewegung sein, also seelisch; in heftige, wirbelnde Bewegung versetzen,
schũtteln”
Material: With m-formant:
O.Ind. dhūma ́ -ḥ m. ‘smoke, vapor ”, dhūmüyati “ smokes, steams “ = Lat. fūmüre ‘smoke,
steam, reek, fume ”, formal also = O.H.G. tūmōn “ turn in circles “;
Gk. θῡμός “breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath ”
(θῡμιάω still purely sensually ‘smoke, fumigate “; θῡμάλ -ωψ “ charcoal pile “, θυμικός “
ardent “, θῡμαίνω “rage against ” etc);
Lat. fūmus “ smoke, steam, vapor “ (fūmüre see above);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
Lith. dū ́ mai pl. ‘smoke”, Ltv. dũmi pl., O.Pruss. dumis ds.;
O.C.S. dymъ ‘smoke”;
maybe Alb.Tosk tym “fume” [common Alb. d- > t- shift.] : also Alb.Gheg dhem , Alb. dhemb
“hurt, ache ”, dhimbje “pain” [common Alb. shift m > mb ].
Note:
Clearly from Root dhem -, dhemǝ - : “to smoke; to blow ” derived Root dheu- 4, dheu̯ǝ -
(presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-): “to reel, dissipate, blow,
etc.”.
with ŭ: M.Ir. dumacha pl. “fog” (Ir. dumhach from * dhumuko- “ misty, dark ”); Gk. θύμος, -
ον “ thyme “ (strong-smelling plant as also θύμβρα , θύμβρον ‘satureja thymbra L. ” s.

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Boisacq m. Lith.; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to Russ. dubrávka , dubróvka “Potentilla
Tormentilla ”, that after Berneker 215 to O.C.S. dǫmbъ “oak” [see under S. 264] belongs).
maybe truncated Alb. (*dhumusk- ) dushk “ oak” : Ltv. dumûksnis ‘swamp, marsh ” : O.C.S.
dǫmbъ “oak” not from Alb. drushk “ oak”, dru- “tree, wood ” because Alb. dr- > d- shift is not
common.
Lat. fimus “crap, muck, manure ” (as *dhu̯-i-mos due to growing from suffio , -īre);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
with IE ou: O.H.G. toum “vapor, haze, mist, Duft ”, O.S. dōmian ‘steam”.
In addition coloring adjective the meaning “ smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal “: O.Ind.
dhūmra ́ - “ smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind) ”, dhūmala - “ smoke-
color, puce “;
Lith. dum̃blas ‘slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond “, Ltv. dubl”i ‘slime, mud, ordure ”
(presumably = O.Ind. dhūmra -; compare but under S. 268 and Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 509),
Ltv. dũmal”š “ swart, brown ”, dũmaîns “ smoke-color “, dumjš , fem. dumja “ dark brown,
paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid “, dumûksnis ‘swamp, marsh ”, dumbra zeme “black
moorland “, dum̃bris , dum̃brs “ spring, fountain, moor, morass “ (compare Mũhlenbach -
Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);
compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Ltv. dûńi, dùńas pl. ‘slime, mud ”;
with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with - k-: Ltv. dûksne , dùkste ‘swamp, marsh,
pool, morass ” :dũkans “ a red-brown hue, swart “;
with -g-: Ltv. duga “ the glutinous mucus which swims on the water “, dugains u ̂ dens “
impure water “, dugains uguns “ dark, clouded flame “, dungans “ a red-brown hue “ (if latter
not from *dumgans , compare bal̃gans “whitish”, salgans “ sugary “);
with - t- Toch. В tute “yellow”?
With l-formant :

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O.Ind. dhūli -, dhūlī f. “ dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen “, dhūlikü “fog”, Alb. dëlënjë
“ juniper “ (as “ wood smoking chips “, from *dhūlīni̯o -);
Maybe Alb. dyllë “wax, bee wax ” : Lith. dū ́ lis m., Ltv. dũlãjs , dũlẽjs “ smoker, smoking
incense incense to drive away the bees “ (see below).
Note:
The common Alb. a > ë shift suggests that alb, cognate for “ juniper “ derived from Root
dhü ̆ l- : “ to blossom, be green “ : Alb. (*dalīni̯ü ) dëlinjë “juniper” and not from Root dheu- 4,
dheu̯ǝ -: “to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. ”.
Lat. fūlīgo “ soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows “
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
M.Ir. dūil “ wish, desire “ (*mind boiling , as θῡμός “the soul”), Lith. dū ́ lis m. “ smoker,
smoking incense incense to drive away the bees “, dùlkė “mote, speck ”; Ltv. dũlãjs , dũlẽjs “
more smoking than burning torch to take the honey from the bees “; Lith. dul̃svas “ smoke-
color, mouse grey ”; changing through ablaut Russ. dúlo “ barrel (of a gun, a cannon “),
dúlьce “ mouth piece of a wind instrument “ (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slav.
derivatives von duti “blow”).
Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:
Note:
O.Ind. and Alb. prove that Root düu-, dǝu-, dū ̆- : “to burn” derived from Root dheu- 4, dheu̯ǝ -
(presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-) : “to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke etc. ”.
maybe Alb. dhunoj “violate, rape ”, dhunë “violence”;
O.Ind. dhūnō ́ ti (dhunōti , dhuváti ) “ shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates “, Fut. dhaviṣyati ,
perf. dudhüva , pass. dhūya ́ te , participle dhutá -ḥ, dhūta ́ -ḥ ‘shaken, agitated ”, M.Pers. dīt
‘smoke”; O.Ind. dhunüti “ moves to and fro, shakes “, participle dhūnüna -, dhūni - f. “the

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shaking”, dhūnayati “ moves to and fro, shakes “, dhavítram n. “ flabellum, whisk “,
dhavitavyà - “ fan, ventilate “; Av. dvaidī “ we both beset “? (*du-vaidī); Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53
places here O.Ind. dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), Av. dvažaiti “ flutters “ (in addition O.Ind. dhvajá -ḥ
“banner, ensign, flag ”) from *dhu̯-eg- (?);
Arm. de-dev- im “ sway, swing “ (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvajá -ḥ O.Ind.
dō-dhavīti) ;
Gk. θύ̄ω (ἔθῡσα), Lesb. θυίω “ storm along, roar, rave, smoke “ (*dhu-i̯ō, υ: from θύ̄σω,
ἔδῡσα, as also ū in O.Ind. pass. dhūya ́ te and O.N. dȳja ‘shake” neologism is; in the
meaning “rage” maybe from *dhusi̯ō , s. dheu̯es -), θυάω, θυάζω ds., θύελλα ‘storm” (see S.
269 unter dheu̯es -), ep. θύ̄νω “ roam, therefore blow, rage “ (*θυνFω), θυνέω ds. (*θυνέFω),
θῦνος πόλεμος , ὁρμή, δρόμος Hes. with the meaning ‘smoke (smoke offering), smell ”: θύ̄ω
(θύ̄σω), τέθῠκα “ sacrifice “, θυσία ‘sacrifice, oblation ”, θῦμα “ sacrificial animal “, θύος n. “
incense (hence Lat. tūs “incense, frankincense ”), oblation, sacrifice, oblation ” (therefrom
θυεία “mortar” [Alb. thuk “mortar”, thyenj “break, grind ”]? s. Boisacq m. Lith.), θυόεις, θυήεις
“ laden with incense, odorous, fragrant “, θύον “ a tree whose wood was burned because of
its fragrance “, θυία, θύα “ an African tree with scented wood “, θυηλή “ oblation “ ( : Ion.
θυαλήματα : Att. θῡλήματα , *θῠFα- : *θυ:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f., Boisacq s. v.), θῠμέλη “
sacrificial altar, altar ”.
On the base of the meaning “(together) whirl” θί̄ς, θῑνός “heap, sandpile, esp. dune,
sandbank, heaps generally “, from * θF-ῑν, shaped as ακτί̄ν-, γλωχί̄ν-, δελφί̄ν -, ὠδί̄ν-,
compare Gk. θίλα “heap” (Hes.), to meaning under Ger. Dũne ; barely with Schwyzer Gk. I
5702 to O.Ind. dhíṣṇya - “ litter put on earth “;
Alb.Gheg dêj, Tosc dënj “fuddle”, Med. “ dwindle away, melt “ (*deuni̯ō , compare Goth.
dauns “ fume, haze, mist ”), dêjet “ flows, melts “;

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Maybe Alb. dêje “vein (where the blood flows) ”, duf “air blow, anger, impatience, rage ” :
O.E. dofian “rage” : Lat. suffio -ire “to fumigate ” (see below), also duplicated Alb. (*duh-duh)
dudë “gum”.
Lat. suf-fiō, -fīre “ to fumigate, perfume; to warm “ (suffīmentum “ incense “; about fĭmus
see above) from *- dhu̯-ii̯ō, as fio “of persons and things, to be made, come into existence;
with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be done;
of events, to happen “ from *bhu̯-ii̯ō, foeteo, -ēre “evil smell, stink ” due to a participle *dhu̯-
oi-to-s (as pūteō from *pūtos );
Note:
common Lat. d- > f- shift. Clearly Lat. suffio -ire “to fumigate ” derived from an Illyr. Alb. duf
“blow”.
here (as *piled up) Gaul., urIr. Δοῦνον , latin. dūnum , O.Ir. n. s-stem dūn ( : Lat. fūnus , s.
S. 260) “castle” (*hill), O.Welsh din (Welsh dinas ) ds.; O.Ir. dú(a)ë, arch. dóë “ bulwark,
rampart, wall ” (*dhōu ̯ i̯o -); O.Ir. dumae m. “hill”, Gaul. GN Dumiatis ; also O.Ir. dé f. gen. dīad
‘smoke”, M.Ir. dethach ds. ( *dhu̯ii̯at -);
O.E. dūn m. f. “height, mountain ”, Eng. down “ sand-hill, dune ”, mnl. dūne , M.L.G. dǖne ,
out of it Ger. Dũne ; compare to meaning Clr. vū-dma “dune” to Slav. dъmǫ “blow”; whereas
is Gmc. *tū-na- “ fence, a preserved place “ (O.Ice. O.E. tūn ds., “town, city ”, Ger. Zaun )
probably Celt. Lw.;
O.N. dȳja ‘shake” see above;
Goth. dauns f. “ sweet scent, smoke “ (*dhou- ni), O.N. daunn m. “ fetidness “ (vgl Alb.
dej; about O.H.G. Ger. dunst see under the root form *dheu̯es -); O.N. dūnn m. “down
feather (*fan) ” (out of it M.L.G. dūne , whereof again Ger. Daune ‘soft loose fluffy feathers,
as on young birds ”; compare M.Du. donst “ down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash) ” = dt.
Dunst ; s. Falk- Тогp under dun); O.S. dununga “ delusion “ (ŭ or ū?); O.Ice. dūni “fire”;

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Lith. dujà f. “mote, speck ”, dujė “ down feather (*fan) “; dvỹlas “ black, black-headed “,
ablaut. dùlas “ grayish “;
Slav. * dujǫ, *duti (e.g. Russ. dúju, dutь) “blow”, changing through ablaut * dyjǫ in Sloven.
díjem , díti “ blow, smell, breathe quietly “; O.C.S. dunǫ dunǫti (*dhoun- ) “blow” (changing
through ablaut with O.Ind. dhū ̆-nóti, -nüti, Gk. θύ̄νω);
Toch. A twe, В tweye “dust”.
compare still perhaps identical Proto-root *dheu- “run, flow ”.
Root extensions:
I. bh-extension: dheubh - “ fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the
reflection “.
Gk. τύφω (θῦψαι , τῠφ῅ναι ) “ smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; pass.
smoke, give off vapor, gleam “, m. τῦφος “ smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly,
silly pride “;
Maybe Pol. duma “ pride “, dumny “ proud “.
τετῡφ῵σθαι “be brainless, conceited, haughty ”, τῡφ῵ς , -῵ or -῵νος “whirlwind,
thunderstorm “, τῡφεδών, -όνος “ disastrous fire “, τῡφεδανός , τῡφογέρων “ feeble-minded
age “; τυφλός “blind, dark, stupid “, τυφλόω “ blind “, τυφλώψ “blind”, τυφλώσσω “become
blind”.
O.Ir. dub (*dhubhu- ) “black”, O.Welsh dub (*dheubh -), Welsh du, O.Corn. duw, M.Corn.
du, Bret. dū ́ “black”, Gaul. Dubis “ Le Doubs (eastern France) “, i.e. “ black, dark water “;
probably also M.Ir. dobur “water”, Welsh dwfr, Corn. dour (i.e. dowr ), Bret. dour (i.e. dur)
ds., Gaul. Uerno-dubrum river name ( “alder water “) are named after the same observation;
however, maybe there are Celt. words with IE b which must be assumed that belong to
dheub- “deep” (under S. 268), because “deep” and “black” could be slightly identical.

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So can the pomerell. FlN Dbra (*dъbra) be identical just as well with Ltv. dubra , Church
Slavic dъbrь.
Note:
After Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here Thrac. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr -), Δέβρη (*dheubrü ) it
seems that Baltic languages derived the concept of “deep” from Illyr. “black”, hence from
Root dheu- 4, dheu̯ǝ - (presumably: dhu̯ē -, compare the extension dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-): “to
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc. ” derived Root dheu -b-, dheu- p- : “deep,
*dark”.
Goth. daufs (-b-) “deaf, obdurate ”, O.N. daufr “deaf, idle ”, O.E. dēaf “deaf”, O.H.G. toup (-
b-) “deaf, obtuse, foolish ”, O.N. deyfa , M.H.G. touben “ deafen, stun, make feeble “,
changing through ablaut nd. duff “muggy (air), dim (color), muted (sound) ”;
Maybe Alb. duf “air blow, anger, impatience, rage ” : O.E. dofian “rage”.
Dutch dof, M.H.G. top “ senseless, brainless, crazy “,
Maybe Alb. topis ‘stun”;
ō-Verb: O.H.G. tobon , O.S. dovōn “ be mad “, O.E. dofian “rage”, ē-Verb: O.H.G. tobēn ,
Ger. toben , as well as (as participle a st. V.) O.N. dofinn “ dull, limp, half-dead “, wherefore
dofna “ limp, become stale “; O.N. dupt n. “dust”, Nor. duft, dyft f. ds., M.H.G. tuft, duft
“haze, mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost “, O.H.G. tuft “frost”, Ger. Duft “fine smell, odor ” (or zur root
form dheup- , see under); Goth. ( hraiwa- ) dūbō , O.N. dūfa, O.E. dūfe, O.H.G. tūba “ dove,
pigeon “ (after the dark color). Nasalized Goth. dumbs , O.N. dumbr , O.E. dumb “ dumb “,
O.H.G. tumb “ silent, stupid, incomprehensibe “, O.S. dumb “ oafish “. However, a *dhu-m-
bhos “dark” seems to be supported also by Slav. (see below).
Maybe expressive Alb.Tosk dudum “ dumb “
Perhaps (Berneker 215) O.C.S. dǫbъ “oak, then tree generally “ as “tree with dark
heartwood “ as Lat. rōbur . Against it can be by Ltv. dumbra zeme “black moorland “ etc b

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Einschublaut between m and r, see above, also by Lith. dum̃blas ‘slime, mud ” (M.H.G.
tũmpfel , Ger. Tũmpel , Prellwitz KZ. 42, 387, rather to Ger. tief, M.L.G. dumpelen “
submerge “, s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114).
Besides dhūp- in: O.Ind. dhūpa - m. ‘smoke, incense “, O.H.G. tūvar , tūbar “ phrenetical “
(also in Duft? see above).
2. dh-extension: dheu -dh- “ whirl, shake, confuse through another ”.
O.Ind. dō ́ dhat - “ stupefying, vehement, raving “, dúdhi -, dudhra- “ boisterous “, probably
also dúdhita - (epithet von tamas “ darkness “) perhaps “ confused, thick ”;
Gk. θύσσεται τινάσσεται Hes. (* θυθι̯εται), θύσανος “ tassel “, Hom. θυσσανόεις “
festooned with tassels or fringes “ from *θυθι̯α (*dhudhi̯a = Ltv. duža “bundle”), τευθίς ,
τεῦθος, τευθός “ squid “ (“misting, muddling the water “);
Gmc. *dud- , geminated * dutt- and *dudd- : Dan. dude , older dudde “ ryegrass, darnel “
(but about Ice. doðna “ become insensitive “ see above S. 260), nd. dudendop, -hop “
drowsy person ”, O.Fris. dud “ anesthetization “ , Nor. dudra “tremble”, O.E. dydrian “ deceive
“; with - dd-: Eng. dial. dudder “bewilder”, dodder “tremble, wobble, sway ”, Eng. dodder “ any
plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various choking or climbing weeds “; with - tt-: M.Du.
dotten, dutten “ be crazy “, M.L.G. vordutten “bewilder”, M.H.G. vertutzen, betũtzen “
become deaf, but get collectedness “, Ice. dotta “ fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because
of exhaustion “;
maybe Alb. vërtit “bewilder, turn ”
similarly, on the basis of *dhu̯edh -: E.Fris. dwatje “ stupid girl ”, dwatsk “ oafish, eccentric
“, Jũtisch dvot “ suffering from Coenurus cerebralis “; Swe. dodra , M.H.G. toter m. “ yellow
plant, dodder “, M.Eng. doder , nEng. dodder “ any plant of the genus Cuscuta, comprising
leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it attaches itself to some other plant
as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by the plant that supports it “, Dutch

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(vlas)-doddre ds. After Falk-Torp under dodder if the word was transferred as a name for
certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: O.S. dodro , O.H.G. totoro , O.E. dydring “egg -
yellow “ (-ing prove the derivative of plant name); rather has been for it “clump” = “ thick
mass” in contrast to melting egg white the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare Nor.
dudra “tremble” the elastic shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare O.Ice. doðr-kvisa
“a bird”.
3. k-extension: dhu̯ēk -, dhū ̆ k - and dheuk -:
O.Ind. dhukṣatē , dhukṣayati with sam- “ blown up the fire, kindled, animated “, dhūka - m.
(unleashed) “wind”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lith. dve ̃kti , dvėkúoti , dvėkterėti “breathe, pant, gasp ”, dvõkti ‘stink”, dvãkas “breath,
breeze, breath ”, dùksas ‘sigh”, dūkstu ̀ , dū ̃ kti “ become raving, rage “, dū ̃ kis “fury”, Ltv. dùcu ,
dùkt “ roar, rage “, ducu , ducêt it. “roar”, dūku (*dunku ), duku , dukt “ become mat “; color
names as Ltv. dũkans “ swart “ (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:
O.H.G. tugot “variegated ”, tougan “ dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous “, n. “
mystery, miracle “, O.S. dōgalnussi “ mystery, hiding place, nook ”, O.E. dēagol, dīegle “
clandestine “, O.H.G. tougal “ dark, concealed, secret “; also O.E. dēag f. “paint, color, red
or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue “,
dēagian “dye”, Eng. dye.
4. l-extension: dh(e)u̯el- (compare in addition above the l-nouns as O.Ind. dhūli -) “ whirl
up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak “.
Gk. θολός ‘slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish “ (=
Goth. dwals ), adj. “cloudy”, θολόω “cloudy”, θολερός “muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt,
beguile “;
Δύαλος, name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) “ the raving “, Illyr. Δευάδαι οἱ
΢άτ[υρ]οιὑπ” “Iλλυρι῵ν (Hes.);

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maybe Alb. dal “go out, move out, wander aimlessly ”, nasalized ndal ‘stop, hinder, delay ” :
O.N. dvelja “hinder, delay ”, O.S. bidwellian “hinder”, O.N. dvǫl f. “delay”, O.E. dwala m.
“aberration ”.
O.Ir. dall “blind”, clūas -dall “deaf” (“unable to hear, blind ”), Welsh Corn. Bret. dall “blind”
(about *du̯allos < *du̯l̥los from *dhu̯l̥no -s);
Goth. dwals “ oafish “, O.N. dvala f. “ coma, doze, stupor “; changing through ablaut O.S.
O.E. dol “ clownish, crazy ”, O.H.G. tol, tulisc “crazy, nonsensical “, Ger. toll, Eng. dull “
stupid, tasteless, weak (also from colors) ”, O.N. dul f. “ concealment, illusion, arrogance “,
dylja “ negate, conceal “ and on the other hand O.N. dø ̄ lskr (*dwōliska -) “crazy”; O.S.
fardwelan st. V. “miss, fail” , O.Fris. dwilith “ errs “; O.E. participle gedwolen “ wrong,
mistaken “, O.H.G. gitweɫan “ be dazed, tarry “, O.N. dulinn “ conceited, arrogant “; Kaus.
O.N. dvelja “hinder, delay ”, O.S. bidwellian “hinder”, O.E. dwelian “ misguide “, O.H.G.
*twaljan, twallen , M.H.G. twel(l)en “hinder, delay ”; O.N. dvǫl f. “delay”, O.E. dwala m.
“aberration ”, O.H.G. gitwolo “ infatuation, heresy ”; Goth. dwalmōn “crazy, be phrenetical “,
O.E. dwolma , O.S. dwalm “ anesthetization “, O.H.G. twalm “ anesthetization, narcotic
smoke, smoke ”, O.N. dylminn “ thoughtless, frivolous “, Dan. dulme “ drowse “.
5. n-extension : dhu̯en(ǝ)- “ scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog,
cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death “.
O.Ind. ádhvanīt “ he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled “ (of anger, actually “
evaporated, sprayed “), Kaus. dhvü ̆ nayati “ darkens “, participle dhvünta ́ - “dark”, n. “
darkness ”;
Av. dvan- with pre verb “fly” (apa-dvąsaiti “ macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen “, upa-
dvąsaiti “ goes flying there “, Kaus. us-dvąnayat̃ “ he allows to fly upwards “); dvąnman - n.
“cloud”, aipi-dvąnara - “cloudy, misty “, dunman- “fog, cloud ”;

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Gk. θάνατος “death”, θνητός “ perishable “ (*dhu̯ enǝtos and *dhu̯n̥̄tós ), Dor. θνά̄σκω “die”,
reshaped after the present in - ίσκω Att. ἀποθνῄσκω (-θανοῦμαι , -θανεῖν ), Lesb. θναίσκω ds.
(Schwyzer Gk. I 362, 709, 770);
Ltv. dvans , dvanums “haze, mist, vapor ”, dviñga “haze, mist, coal steam “ (Mũhlenbach -
Endzelin I 546).
6. r-extension: dheu̯er - (dhu̯er -, dheur -) “ whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly “.
O.Ind. (unleashed) dhōran ̣ a - n. “trot”, dhōrati “ trots “ (= sl. dur-, see under); perhaps
dhurü ́ adv. “ violent, forcible “; dhüṭī “ raid, night raid “, if mind. development from * dhvürtī “
Heranstũrmen “ ;
perhaps Gk. ἀ-θύ̄ρω (*ἀ- = n̥ “in” + *θυρι̯ω ) “ play, I amuse “, ἄθυρμα “ play, toys;
jewellery, ornament things “ (if “play” from ‘spring”);
Lith. padùrmai adv. “ with impetuosity, stormy ”, O.Pruss. dūrai nom. pl. ‘shy”; Russ. durь
“ folly, fatuity, stubborness “, durě́tь , “ lose the mind “, durítь “make pranks ”, durák “fool”,
dúra “fool, clown ”, durnój “evil, bad, ugly ”, dial. “ unreasonable, furious “, durníca “ henbane,
ryegrass, darnel “, Clr. dur, dura “ anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery “, Serb. dûrīm ,
dúriti se “flare up, foam ” etc;
Toch. A taur, В tor “dust”?
References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gk. I
686, 696, 703.
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dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s -
English meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stieben, stäuben, wirbeln (nebeln, regnen, Dunst, Staub; aufs
seelische Gebiet angewendet: gestoben, verwirrt sein, betäubt, dösig, clownish), stũrmen
(vom Wind and aufgeregtem Wesen), blow, wehen, hauchen, pant, gasp (Hauch, Atem,
Geist, ghost, animal; smell, smell, odor) ”
Note: extension of dheu̯ -4; also expressions for “ dark colors “ seem to be supposed to be
added as “ fog-gray, dust-color “.
Material: O.Ind. dhvaṁsati “ sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces “, participle
dhvastá -, Кaus. dhvaṁsáyati , dhvasáyati “ powdered, destroyed “, dhvasmán - m. “
obscuration “, dhvasirá - “ powdered, sprayed “, dhvasrá - “ powdered, indistinguishable “,
dhvásti - f. “ the spraying “ (= O.H.G. tunist, dun(i)st “ wind, storm, breath, smoke “, O.E.
O.Fris. dūst “dust”), dhūsara - “ dust-colored “; to formation ( *dhu̯-és-mi, Konj. dhéu -s-ō
besides * dhu-n-és-mi, Konj. *dhu̯-én-s-ō) compare Kuiper Nasalpräs. 41;
Gk. θύ̄ω (θυίω) “ blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice “ as *dhŭ-i̯ō (υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔθῡσα)
to einf. root * dheu̯ - (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning “rage” from *dhŭs -i̯ō, as
θυῖα f. “female bacchant “, θυιάς “a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante ” ds. (θυάζω “ be
grasped by bacchanalian dizziness “) probably from * dhŭs -i̯a because of θυστάδες Βάκχαι
Hes. and θύσθλα the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches “, θυστήριος epithet of
Bacchus;
Note: common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation:
Lat. furō -ere “ to rage, rave, be mad “ could be *dhusō , so that Furiae = Gk. θυῖαι;
compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to δύσμαιναι Βάκχαι ; ἐχθύσση ἐκπνέυσῃ Hes.; but

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θύελλα “ a furious storm, hurricane “ probably feminine of * θυελος “ storming, raging “,
probably from * θυFελος; θῡμός “anger, soul “ is = θῡμός “ air, a current of air, breeze,
breath, wind “ and not because of Ltv. dusmas “anger” lead back to a various basic form
*θυσμός; compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 521;
Ablaut form *dhu̯es - in Hom. θέειον and θέιον (with metr. lengthening to θήιον ), Att. θεῖον
“ sulphur steam, sulphur “ (*θFεσ-(ε)ιον?).
Perhaps here θεός “god” because of Lith. dvasià “ghost”, M.H.G. getwüs “ghost” and
forms as Gk. θέσ-φατος “ spoken from god “, θεσπέσιος , θέσπις “divine” as *θFεσός from
*dhu̯esos after Hirt Indog. Gk. I 195, Pisani REtIE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 450, 458, WH.
I 102; Lith. by Feist 122;
Alb. dash “Aries, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from * dhu̯osi̯ -;
Lat. perhaps furō, see above; fimbria f. “ fringe, border, edge “ maybe from * dhu̯ensriü ;
with the ablaut form dhu̯ē̆s - : februō, -üre “ clean, expiate religiously “ from februum “
religious purification “ (sabin. after Varro), as also Februürius “ the cleansing month “, on
the basis of *dhu̯es -ro- “ fumigating “; fērülis “ relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal;
mournful; n. pl. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February “ probably also here;
Note:
Common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutatIon.
whether bēstia, bēllua “ an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term
of reproach, monster “ belong here as *dhu̯estiü , *dhu̯ēslou̯ü , it is extremely dubious
because of anlauts in spite of WH. I 102;
Note:
Common Lat. dw- > b- phonetic mutatIon.
gallorom. dūsius “ impure, foul daemon, incubus “, out of it lad. eng. dischöl , Ger.
Westfäl. dūs, Basque tusuri “devil”; compare Pedersen E ́ t . celt. 1, 171; O.Ir. düsacht “fury”,

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düistir immum “ I become raving “ (*dhu̯ōs -t-, ablaut. with O.E. dwæ ̄ s etc); O.Ir. dōe ̈ “idle”,
perhaps as *dhousio- to Ger. dösig ;
O.E. dwæ ̄ s ‘stupid, crazy ”, M.L.G. dwüs ds., M.H.G. twüs, dwüs m. “idiot, fool, villain “,
getwüs n. “ghost; foolishness “ (compare to the former meaning M.H.G. tuster n. “ghost”; to
lengthened grade O.Ir. düsaid ); ablaut. O.E. dysig “ clownish “, Eng. dizzy “ giddy “, M.L.G.
dūsich “ benumbed, giddy “, nd. dũsig , dösig , O.H.G. tusic “ sluggish “, M.L.G. dūsen ,
dosen “ pass away thoughtlessly “, Eng. doze “doze”, Ger. (N.Ger. ) Dusel (in the meaning “
light drunkenness “ compare Ger. dial. dusen “ carouse “ and M.H.G. tūsen “rant, make a
noise, whizz “);
in addition: Nor. dūsa “doze”, O.N. dūsa “ behave quietly “, dūs “ calm “, dūra ‘sleep”,
M.H.G. tũrmen “ be dizzy, reel, lurch “ etc;
with Gmc. au: M.H.G. dōsen “ behave quietly, slumber, drowse “, tōre “ insane, fool ”,
Ger.Tor, töricht , M.L.G. dōre m. “fool, crazy person ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg torrë “fool”
with the meaning “ spray, get dusty, scatter “: M.H.G. tæsen, dæsen ‘scatter”, verdæsen
“destroy” (from * dausjan ), Nor. dial. døysa “lump, pile up ”, probably originally from “ dust
heaps and waste heaps “, under which medium meaning can be added also O.N. dys f. “
from pouting stones of burial mounds “, Nor. dial. dussa “ messy heap “;
with the meaning “ scatter, sprinkle, dust rain under likewise ”: Nor. duskregn “ dust rain “,
duska, dysja “ rain finely, trickle “, Eng. dusk “cloudy, dim ”, Ger. bO.Ir. dusel “ dust rain “;
WestGmc. * dunstu - “ transpiration “ (see above S. 263) in O.H.G. tun(i)st “wind, storm” ,
M.H.G. tunst “ fume, mist “, O.E. O.Fris. dūst n. “dust” (O.N. dust n. “dust” is M.L.G. Lw.),
Dan. dyst “ flour powder “, M.L.G. nnd. dust m. “dust, chaff, husk ”;

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with the meaning “breathe - animal ”: Goth. dius n. “wild animal ” (*dheus -), O.N. dȳr n.
“Vierfũßler, wild animal” , O.H.G. tior “animal”, O.E. dēor “wild animal ”, adj. “violent, wild,
valiant”;
Lith. dvesiù , dvesiaũ , dve ̃sti “ breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die “;
maybe Alb. (*dves ) vdes “breathe out the spirit, perish, die ”;
Clearly from Root dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s - : “to dissipate, blow, etc. *breathe,
breathe out the spirit, perish, die ” derived Root dheu- 2, dhu̯-ēi- : “to vanish, faint, die ”.
As Lith. dvìsti “die” : Lith. dvesiù , dvesiaũ , dve ̃sti “ breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die
“ (see above);
Note:
Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead.
Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in
heaVen. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after
the father god.
Ltv. dvẽsele f. “breath, soul, life ”, ablaut. ( *dhu̯os -), Lith. dvasas m., dvasià f., gen. dvãsios
“ghost”, “breath”, Ltv. dvaša “ air, breath, smell “ (: Russ. dvochatь, IE *dhu̯os -); zero grade
(*dhū ̆ s -), Lith. dùsas ‘sigh” and “haze, mist ” (= Clr. doch ), dūstù, dùsti “run out of breath ”,
Ltv. dust “pant, gasp ”, dusmas “anger”, Lith. dūsiu ̀ , dūse ́ti “take a deep breath, sigh, gasp
heavily”, dū ́ sauti ds.; Lith. daũsos f. pl. (*dhous -) “ the upper air, paradise “, dausìnti “
ventilate, air “;
Russ. dvóchatь , dvochátь “pant, gasp ” (see above); O.C.S. (vъs)dъchnǫti “ take a deep
breath, heave a sigh “, Clr. doch “breath, breeze ” (*dъchъ), O.C.S. dychajǫ , dyšo ̨ , dychati
“breathe, exhale, blow ”, duchъ (: Lith. daũsos ) “ respiration, breath, spirit “, duša “breath,
soul” (*dhousi̯ü ), dušo ̨ , duchati “breathe, blow, from wind ” etc
maybe Alb. (*dychati ) dihas “breathe heavily ”.

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words for sombre colors ( “dust-colored, fog-gray “) :
O.Ind. dhūsara - “ dust-colored “ (see above); Lat. fuscus “ dark-colored; of the voice,
indistinct “ (*dhus -qo-), furvus “ dark-colored, black “ (*dhus -u̯o-);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
O.E. dox (*dosc ) “dark”, Eng. dusk “cloudy, dim; twilight “ (= Lat. fuscus ; compare also Nor.
dusmen “ misty “), with formants - no- O.E. dunn (Celt. Lw.?), O.S. dun “ chestnut-colored “,
O.N. dunna “ the common domestic duck “, O.S. dosan , O.E. dosen “ chestnut-colored “,
O.H.G. dosan , tusin “ pale yellow “ (WestGmc. Lw is Lat. dosinus “ash-colored ”); M.Ir. donn
“dark”, Welsh dwnn ‘subfuscus, dark-colored, blackish “, Gaul. PN Donnos etc (*dhu̯osnos ).
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s - “to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die ” + Root dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ü- : “to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god ” derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S. : dъždь “rain” [m jo] (see below).
References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.
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dhēigʷ - : dhōigʷ - : dhīgʷ -
English meaning: to stick, plant
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen, stecken, festsetzen ”
Material: Lat. fīgō, -ere “to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the
gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix “ (urLat. ī, compare fīgier S.
C. Bacch.), aLat. fīvō, Umbr. fiktu “ you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in, attach, affix, post ,
erect, set up “, afiktu “ he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix “; probably in addition as “
pinned “ also fīnis “ boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object, aim; in pl. enclosed area,
territory “ (= Lith. dỹgsnis “prick, sting ”), compare fīniō, -īre also “ to bound, limit, enclose,
restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to, conclude, finish; esp. to finish
speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease “;
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift.
O.E. dīc “ drainage ditch, canal ”, N.Ger. dīk, O.Ice. dīk(i)n , M.H.G. tīch, from which Ger.
Deich, Teich (actually) “the digging ”.
Lith. dūgstu , dūgti , Ltv. dîgt “germinate ” (actually “jut. stick out, protrude ”, Lith. dygùs
‘spiky, prickly “), in addition dygiù, dyge ́ti “ feel piercing pain “, dyglỹs “thorn”, dỹgė “
gooseberry “, O.Pruss. digno “ the hilt of a sword “ (as Ger. Heft “ the handle of a cutting or
piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt of a sword, dagger “, d. h. “ wherein the
blade is fixed, to fix ”); zero grade Lith. díegiu , díegti , Ltv. diêgt “prick”, Lith.díegas “germ,
sprout”, O.Pruss. deicktas “ site, place “, originally “ point, dot, prick, sting ”; with ōi: Lith.
dáigas “germ, sprout, seedling “, dáiktas “ point, dot; thing ”, daigìnti “ make germinate “;
References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.
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dhē(i) - (besides dh-ei-?)
English meaning: to suck
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘saugen, säugen”
Note: (: dhǝi- , dhī̆- and dhē-, dhǝ-) s. esp. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.
Material: O.Ind. dhüya -ḥ “ nourishing, nursing “, dhü ́ yas - n. “ the sucking “, dhüyu ́ - “ thirsty “,
dhü ́ tavē “to suck”, Fut. dhüsyati , Aor. ádhüt “ he sucked “, su-dhü ́ “juice, sap, nectar ”, dhütrī
“ wet nurse, mother ”, dhēnu ́ - f. “ producing milk “ = Av. daēnu- “ female of four-footed
animals “, O.Ind. dhē ́ nü “ milker “, ablaut. dhīta ́ - “ sucked “, perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-má (i = ǝ),
da-dh-úḥ; redupl. noun da-dh-an-, nom. dá-dh-i, gen. dadhnás ‘sour milk ” (: O.Pruss.
dadan , Alb. djathë );
from stem dhǝi-: dháyati ‘sucks” (*dhǝ ́ i̯eti : Kaus. *dhoi-éi̯e-ti in Slav. dojiti, Goth.
daddjan ) and dhinō ́ ti “ nourishes “;
Arm. diem ‘suck” (i == IE ē or rather ī, so that = O.N. dīa), stn -di “( sucking brost =)
suckling “, dal from dail “ beestings “ (dhǝi-li-), dayeak “ wet nurse “ (from *dayi - = IE dhǝ-ti-
);
Gk. θήσατο “ he sucked “, θ῅σθαι “milk”, θήνιον “milk”, τιθήνη “ wet nurse “ (short form
τίτθη underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate ), γαλαθηνός “ sucking milk “, τι-
θασός “tame, domesticated, well-bred ”;
Alb. djathë “cheese” originally “ curd made from sour milk “ (: O.Ind. dádhi ), Gk.-Alb. dithë
“cheese”;
Note:
Spectacularly Alb. djathë (*das), Gk.-Alb. dithë “cheese” derived from a solidified Illyr. root
*dh-ei-s “curd made from sour milk ” because of common Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. fēmina “wife, woman ” (“*the nursing one ”); about fēlīx, fecundus see under;

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O.Ir. dīnu “lamb”, dīth “he/she has sucked ” (ī = IE ē or ī), denaid “he sucks ” (*di-na-ti),
Bret. denaff ‘suck”, Welsh dynu ‘suck”;
Goth. daddjan = O.S. dæggja “ suckle “ (Proto-Gmc. * ðajjan , compare O.Ind. dháyati ,
O.C.S. dojǫ; das Gmc. * ðajj- has originated normally from * dhoi-eie-), O.S. dīa, Dan. Nor.
die ‘suck”, M.H.G. dīen, tīen “ suckle; brost feed a baby ” (compare o. Arm. diem ), zero
grade O.H.G. tüen, present tüju (= Ltv. dêju ‘suck”), Westfäl. däierrn “ nourish a calf with
milk “;
Ltv. dêju, dêt ‘suck”, at-diene , at-dienîte “ a cow that calves in the second year “,
Lith.dienì f. “pregnant ” (= O.Ind. dhēnu ́ -), dienà ds. (= O.Ind. dhēnü “cow”), O.Pruss. dadan
“milk” (= O.Ind. dadhan -); O.C.S. dojǫ “ suckle “ (O.Ind. dháyati ), doilica “ wet nurse “, with ě
(= IE ē or ǝi) dětь f. “ children, kids. “, děva , děvica “girl, virgin ” (replaced by “* woman “ = “
the nursing one, the one who suckles “, s. Berneker 197).
With l-formant: O.Ind. dhüru ́ - “ sucking “ = Gk. θ῅λυς “ nourishing ( ἐέρδη ), lactating,
female “ (fem. θήλεια and θ῅λυς ), θηλώ, θηλαμών “ wet nurse “, θηλάζω “ suckle, suck ”,
θηλή “ brisket “, Alb. dele ‘sheep” (*dhǝil -n-), delmë ds., dhallë ‘sour milk”, Illyr. dalm -
‘sheep” in PN Δάλμιον , Δελμίνιον , VN Dalmatae, Delmatae , Messap. PN gen. m. dalmaihi ,
fem. PN dalmaϑoa; Lat. fēlō, -üre “ suckle “, fīlius ‘son” (“*suckling “, from *fēlios ) = Umbr.
feliuf , filiu “ give milk, give suck “;
Note:
Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift
M.Ir. del “teat” (*dhĭ-lo-), delech “ milker “, Dan. dæl “ mammary glands or udder of the sow
“, Swe. dial. del m. “teat”, O.H.G. tila f. “ female brost ”, O.E. delu f. “ nipple, teat ”, O.N. dilkr
“lamb, baby, youngling ”; Ltv. dêls ‘son”, dēle “ bloodsucker, leech “, Lith. dėle ̃ ds., pirmdėle ̃
“ the first born “, pirmdėlỹs “ who has just been born “; Ltv. dīle “ sucking calf ”, dīlît “ suckle
“.

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Identical Alb. djalë ‘son” : Ltv. dêls ‘son”.
from Gk. θ῵σθαι (*θωι̯εσθαι ) “to feast”, θοίνη “ feast “ (from *θωι-νᾱ?) with gradation suit
here, is doubtful; if θ῵ξαι and ( Dor.) θᾶξαι “μεθύσαι” as *θοι̯ακ-σαι points to a light
root*dhŏi- (also then θοίνη; also θ῵σθαι could be θοι̯α-σθαι)?
Lat. fēlīx “fertile, lucky ” to fēlüre goes back to a fem. Subst. *fēlī-c- “ the nursing one =
fertile “, after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from * fēlu ̯ ī-k-s, Femin. to O.Ind. dhürú-, Gk. θ῅λυς ; Lat.
fēcundus “fertile”, fētus , -ūs “(1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that has
brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the soil,
bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants, fruit,
produce, shoot “, fēta “filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young “, also “ what is
born “, effēta “past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition ”, fēnus, -oris
“yield, interest on money, usury ”, perhaps also fēnum “hay” (as “yield”) define themselves
through a special application from dhēi- “ suckle “ for “be fertile ”;
in addition but not * dhōnü - “corn, grain ” : O.Ind. dhünü ́ h ̣ f. pl. “grain, seeds ”, dhünya ́ - n.
“corn, grain ”, Pers. düna “corn, grain ”, Av. dünō -karša - “an ant kind “, i.e. “ towing grain (=
an ant) “, Toch. В tüno “ corn, grain “ and Lith. dúona , Ltv. duõna f. “bread” (originally “ corn
“, O.Lith. “ provision for retired farmers, retirement, settlement on retirement “); Dor.-Illyr.
(Cret. ) δηαί. . . αἱ κριθαί EM., δητταί αἱἐπτισμέναι κριθαί (*dhē-k-i̯ü-) Hes.; different Jokl by
WH. I 475;
References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.
See also: s. also above dhē-1, dhē -dhē-.
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dhē-1, redupl. dhē-dh(ē) -
English meaning: child word for “grandparents ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: Lallwort der Kindersprache for ältere Familienglieder
Material: Gk. θεῖος “uncle”, θεία “aunt” (*θη-ος, θη-ᾱ), τήθη “grandmother ” (from *θη-θη),
Ital. (Ven. ) deda “aunt” (?), Gk. τηθίς “aunt” (in addition GN Θέτις); Illyr. deda “ wet nurse “
(Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally zur root dhē(i)- “ suckle “; Lith. de ̃de , de ̃dis
“uncle” (but diẽdas “ graybeard, old man, elder “ from wr. dźěd ds.), O.C.S. dědъ
“grandfather ”; similarly Ger. deite , teite, Swiss däddi “father, elder “, Russ. djádja “uncle”.
Note:
Turk. dayi “uncle” derived from Russ. djádja “uncle” while Alb. daja n. f. “uncle” could have
existed before turk. dayi “uncle”, however, Alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other
cognates: also turk. hala “paternal aunt ” : Alb. halla “paternal aunt ”, turk. teyze “maternal
aunt” : Alb. teze “maternal aunt ”.
References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gk. I 193.
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dhē-2
English meaning: to put, place
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘setzen, stellen, legen ”
Material: O.Ind. dádhüti , Av. daδüiti “ he places “, O.Pers. Impf. sg. adadü “ he has installed
“, O.Ind. Aor. á-dhü-m “I placed”, Med. 3. sg. á-dhita (= Gk. ἔθετο ) ; to-participle O.Ind. hitá-ḥ
(-dhitá -ḥ in ved. compounds) ‘set, settled “ (= Lat. con-ditus , ab-ditus , crēditus , probably
also Gk. θετός “ sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position; taken as one ’s child,
adopted “), with full grade Av. O.Pers. düta- (= Lith. de ́tas “ sedate, calm, settled “, O.Pruss.
sen-ditans acc. pl. f. “ folded “, also Gk. θητόν βωμόν Hes., eig. “ set raised platform, placed
stand “); Inf. O.Ind. dhü ́-tum (= Lith. de ́tų Supin., O.C.S. dětь “to place” : Lat. [late] conditus ,
-ūs m. “ pickled, preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory “, Supin. - um,
-ū, compare also O.Ind. dhü ́ tu -ḥ), m. “ component, set ”, Av. vīδütu - n. “ grounds, rationale,
steady acquiescence “); i̯o-present O.Ind. dhüyatē “ places for oneself “ (= Ltv. dêju, dêt
“place, lay eggs ”, dẽju dẽt “ solder together “, O.C.S. dějǫ “lay, place ”, O.Cz. děju “make”);
perf. O.Ind. dadhü ́ u , dadhimá , Av. 3. sg. daδa (: Gk. τέθεμαι , Lat. -didī, Osc. prú-ffed,
O.H.G. teta etc).
Arm. ed Aor. “he placed ” (= O.Ind. á-dhüt; 1. sg. edi, 2. sg. edir), present dnem “ I place
“(*dinem , IE *dhē-no-, compare Russ. dĕ́nu ‘sit, put, lay, place ”, Ser.-Cr. djènēm “ do, put,
lay “);
Maybe nasalized Alb.Gheg me ndenj ”to sit, while, stay ”, ndej “hang lose, place ”
Phryg. εδαες “has placed ” (*e-dhǝ-es-t? rather = Hitt. da-a-iš);
Gk. τίθημι “put” (Aor. ἔθηκα - see under - , ἔθεμεν , ἔθετο , Fut. θήσω, participle θετός );
Messap. hi-pa-of “ has placed “ (*ĝhi-po-dhēs -t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267);

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Lat. abdere “ put away, remove, set aside, stow away ”, con-dere “ to put together, make
by joining, found, establish, build, settle ” (in addition Cōnsus [*kom-d- to-] an ancient deity,
god of secret plans), perdere “ to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate, throw
away, waste, lose “, crēdere “believe, trust ” (see below *kered - “heart”); about the
interference of dare with respective forms s. WH. I 362; perf. condidī etc, Osc. prú-ffed “ has
placed “ (*-fefed ).
Note:
Common italic.-Lat. d- > f- shift.
With einer k-extension Lat. faciō , -ere, fecī (: ἔθηκα ), factum “ to make, form, do, perform;
of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about “, Osc. fakiiad , Umbr. fac̣ia “ he/she
makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes “, fakurent Fut. II
[subjunctive] “they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced,
composed “, praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked “he/she has made, constructed,
fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed “, Osc. fefacit Konj. perf. “let he/she have
made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed “, fefacust Fut. II
“he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed “;
with *fēk- Umbr. feitu, fetu [Imperative] ” he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned,
framed, erected, produced, composed “:
facilis “( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable “, Umbr. fac̣efele
ds.; faciēs “ shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf.,
character, nature; seeming, pretence “, facinus, ponti-fex, arti -fex bene -ficus under likewise;
to meaning of interficiō “ to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill ” (“*allow to
disappear ”) compare O.Ind. antar -hita-ḥ “ vanished “.
The same k-extension besides in Gk. ἔθηκα also in θήκη “ receptacle “, O.Ind. dhü-ká-ḥ “
container “ and Phryg. αδ-δακετ “ afflicts, causes death “, Med. αδ-δακετορ ; Ven. vhaχsϑo “

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he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes “ (*fak-s-
to, the f probably from Ital.); Hitt. dak-ki-eš-zi (dakkeszi ) “ makes, places down “ (: Lat.
facessō ), dak-šu-ul (daksul ) “friendly” (: aLat. facul ); perhaps Toch. A tükü “I was, became ”,
B taküwü ds. (different Pedersen Toch. 194);
Gaul. dede “ he/she has placed “; compare Lat. con-, ab-, crē-didī, O.H.G. teta “ I made,
did”; O.Ir. - tarti “gives, yields “ (*to-ro-ad-dīt from *dhē-t), perf. do-rat (*to-ro-ad-dat from
*dhǝ-t), Thurneysen Gk. 35;
O.H.G. tōm, tuom , O.S. tōn, O.E. dōm “do”, Inf. O.H.G. tuon, O.S. O.E. dōn (*dhō-m)
“do”, preterit O.H.G. teta “I made, did ” (2. sg. tüti, pl. tütu-m; reshaped after the type of
Goth. sētum ), O.S. deda (2. sg. dedōs , 3. pl. düdun , dedun ), O.E. dyde < dudi (see above
to O.Ind. dadhü ́ u ); particle perf. pass. O.H.G. gi-tün, O.E. dōn “ done “ from *dhē-no- =
O.C.S. o-děnъ “ wrapped, dressed “;
in the ending of reduced Präter. ( Goth. salbō -dēdun etc) one tries to seek mostly the root
dhē-, whereas in Goth. kunÞa “ granted “, must contain the IE -t-, to accept an other
formatIon. compare Hirt, IE Gk. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55 ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f.,
Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2. Abh., 6 f.
Lith. de ́ti “lay, place, put ”, present 2. pl. old deste (*dhe- dh-te), sg. demì , desie-s , dest(i)
(compare Būga Kalba i r s. 158, 213), neologism dedù ; Ltv. dêt (see above);
O.C.S. děti “lay, place ” (also ‘say”), present deždo ̨ (*dedi̯ō ) and dějǫ (see above); dějǫ,
dějati “lay, place, do ”; -va-iterative O.C.S. o-děvati “(to put), dress “, Russ. děvátь ‘set
down, do, place ”;
in addition probably Lith. dėviù , dėvė́ti “wear a dress ”; a formant u̯ also in Gk. * θοFακος
and (assim.) * θαFακος , compare θοάζω ‘sit, put”, Ion. θ῵κος (Hom. θόωκος written for
θό[F]ακος ) ‘seat”, θάβακον θᾶκον ἤ θρόνον Hes., Att. also θᾶκος ds., Hom. θαάσσω ‘sit”,
Att. poet. θά̄σσω ds. (see to Gk. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335); compare also

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Thrac. -dava “ settling, settlement “ from *dhēu ̯ ü or *dhǝu ̯ ü ; probably reshuffling after the
concurrent * dō-: *dou- “bestow, give ”;
Note:
The suffix -dava “ settling, settlement “ frequently scattered over the Thrac. territory and city
names is absent in Illyr. toponyms, hence Illyr.-Alb. and trak. were two different people.
Hitt. da-a-i (düi) ‘setzt, legt ”, 1. sg. te-eḫ-ḫi (tehhi ), 3. pl. ti-an-zi (Pedersen Hitt. 91, 112 f.,
166), preterit 3. sg. da-a-iš; perhaps also dak-ki-eš-zi (see above);
Toch. A tü-, täs-, tas-, B tes- “lay, place ” (*dhē-s- Pedersen Toch. 186 f.);
Lyc. ta- “lay, place ” (Pedersen. Lyc. and Hitt. 30 f.).
Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. O.Ind. vayō -dhü ́-ḥ “ imparting vitality “, saṁ-dhü ́ f. “
pact, agreement, promise “ (: Lith. arklì-dė “ stable “), saṁ-dh-á-m “ association “ (: Lith.
sam-das), ratna- dh-á-ḥ “ imparting treasure “, ni-dh-í-ḥ m. “ container, treasure, tribute ”,
sam-dh-í-ḥ m. “ association, covenant, fusion “, Av. gao-δi- “ milk container “; Lith. samdas “
rent, rental “, iñdas “vessel”, nuodaĩ “ poison “, (old) núodžia “ debt, blame, offense “, pãdis “
the hen lays an egg “;
O.Pruss. umnode “ bakehouse “, Lith. pelùdė , Ltv. pelude “ chaff container “, O.C.S. obь-do
n. “θησαυρός” , sǫ-dъ “κρίσις, κρῖμα”; compare Berneker 193 ff., Trautmann 47 f.; if so also
O.Ice. oddr, O.E. ord, O.H.G. ort “cusp, peak ” as *ud-dho-s “ pointed up ”?
nominal formation:
O.Ind. dhü ́ tar - m. “ instigator, founder “, dhüta ́ r - “creator, god ” (compare also O.C.S.
dětelь “perpetrator ”), Gk. θετήρ , Lat. con-ditor “ a founder; hence, in gen., contriver,
composer, author “;
compare *dhǝ-tlo- in O.Ir. dül, O.Welsh datl, Welsh dadl, O.Bret. dadl “congregation,
meeting”, Bret. dael “ contest, quarrel “ (compare to meaning Phryg. δουμος );

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*dhǝ-ti- in O.Ind. -dhiti-ḥ f. “ stead “, dēva ́ -hiti-ḥ “ God’s statute “, Gk. θέσις f. “ statute,
order “, Lat. con-diti-ō f. “ an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition, terms,
demand “; *dhē-ti-s in Av. ni-δüiti- f. “ laying down, putting away, hiding “, Goth. gadēds “
deed, position, place “, O.Ice. düð “ skillfulness, deed, act ”, O.E. dæ ̄ d, O.H.G. tüt “deed,
act”, Lith. de ́tis “ load, burden “, pl. de ́tys “ lay of the chicken, the goose “, O.C.S. blago-
dětъ “ Grace, blessing, gratitude “; *dhǝ-t- in Thrac. PN Δάτος , Alb. dhatë (*dhǝ-tü) “ site “;
*dhō-t- in Av. dami -dü-t “ the created creature “, Lat. sacer-dōs “ a priest, priestess “
(*sacro-dhōt-s).
O.Ind. dhüna -m “ container “, el. συνθ῅ναι (?) “pact, covenant ”, O.H.G. participle gitün ,
O.E. dōn “ done “, O.C.S. o-děnъ “(completed), vested “; O.Ind. dhána -m “ sacrifice,
offering, price in competition etc “, nidhánam “ layover, stay, inhabitation etc ”, gōdhana -m “
cattle possession “, Av. gao-δana- n. “ milk container “.
O.Ind. dhü ́ man - n. “ statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc ”, Av. düman -,
dąman - n. ‘site, creature ”, Gk. ἀνά-θημα “ anything devoted to evil, an accursed thing “, ἐπί-
θημα “ something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave ”, θημών m. “heap”; εὐθήμων
“probably keeping tidy, keeping in order “; Thrac. plant name κοα-δάμα ποταμογείτων
(Dioskor.) from * kʷa-dhēmn ̥ “ water settlement “, PN Uscu-dama ; secondary (after θέσις )
Gk. θέμα n. “ that which is placed or laid down: money deposited, deposit; also, of grain;
treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common burial-place, common
land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case proposed for discussion,
theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary determination, primary (non-
derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of reduction of an irregular
syllogism “, compare also Inf. θέμεναι ; Av. dümi - f. “ creation “, adj. (also fem.) “ constituting,
originating, creator, god ”; Gk. θέμις “that which is laid down or established by custom ”, gen.
originally θέμιστος “*allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous “ as Goddess ’s name,

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then “right, law, custom ”, θέμεθλα pl. “ the foundation of a building; the innermost, core “,
θεμέλιοι λίθοι “ the foundation-stones “, Hom. θεμείλια (ει metr. lengthening) “ the
foundations, loWest part, bottom, ground ”;
Alb. themel “ the foundation of a building; the innermost, core “ : Hom. θεμείλια (ει metr.
lengthening) “ foundation, ground ” [probably a loanword]; themën “heel, bottom of the foot ”.
zero grade: θαμά “*massed; frequent, often “, θαμινός “frequent, often, massed ”, Hom.
θαμέες, femin. θαμειαί pl. “ the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick “ (from
*θαμύς), θάμνος “ thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub ”; in a *dhǝ-mo- “ settlement, branch,
dwelling” (compare θαιμός οἰκία, σπόρος , φυτεία Hes. [*dhǝmi̯o -], also O.Ind. dhüman -
“dwelling”) or “heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant) ” correlates one perhaps rightly
also with Lat. famulus “ a servant, a male slave, attendant “, familia “ a household (of
slaves), establishment “, Osc. famel “ a servant, a male slave, attendant “, famelo “ a
household (of slaves), establishment “, Umbr. fameřias “ a household (of slaves),
establishment “;
Note:
Common Lat. d- > f- shift
ō-grade Gk. θωμός “heap, barn, haystack ”; Phryg. δουμος “an assembly, meeting,
congress, a living together ”, Lat. ab-dōmen “lower abdomen ” as “intimate, hidden, secret
part”, compare O.H.G. intuoma “ the chief internal organs of the body, significant organs “
(would be Lat. * indōmen ), M.L.G. ingedōme , Bavar. ingetum ds., Goth. dōms m.
“judgement, fame ” (dōmjan “adjudicate ”; from dem Gmc. Russ. dúma “thought, notion, care;
council meeting “ etc, s. Berneker 237), O.E. dōm “opinion, sense, mind, judgement, court ”,
O.H.G. tuom “judgement, feat, deed, act, custom, state, status ”, Lith. domė̃, domesỹs “
attention, directing of the thought and will on something “, also Lith. dėme ̃ “ spot upon which

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attention is directed “ etc, dėme ́tis = dome ́tis “ wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take
interest “.
O.Ice. dæ ̄ ll “ easy to do, easy, without difficulty “ (*dhē-li-s); compare Run. dalidun “ they
did “ (preterit of Gmc. * dēlian ), Lith. pa-dėlỹs “ nest-egg ( the hen lays an egg) “, priedėle ̃ ,
príedėlis “ inclosure “, O.Bulg. dĕlo n. “work”, wherefore (see Berneker 195 f., Trautmann
48) O.C.S. dělja , děljьma m. gen. “because of ”, Lith. de ̃l, del̃, de ̃liai , Ltv. dẽl” with gen.
“because of, for the sake of ”.
Maybe from Slavic ne “not” + O.C.S.: dělo “work, matter ” = Bulgarian неделя ( nedel”a),
Serbian nedelja , Czech neděle , Polish niedziela ‘sunday, holiday = no work ” : Lithuanian:
dėlioti “put down, away ” : Albanian djelë ‘sunday, holiday ”.
An occasional formation compare still Gk. τεθμός (Pind.), θεθμός (lak. etc), θεσμός (Att. ) “
statute “ after Thurneysen (KZ. 51, 57) to O.Ir. dedm , Welsh deddf (*dhe-dh-mü) ds.
(different Schwyzer Gk. I 49212); θωή, Att. θωά: “ punishment “. Very doubtful a s-extension
would be attributed to O.Ice. des (*dasjō ) “ hay stick, hay rick “ (Lw. from dem O.Ir.?), O.Ir.
dais (*dasti -) “heap, hay rick ”, wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52, 310) compares rather Osset.
dasun “pile up, lump ”.
References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I
492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hitt. 141 ff., 192.
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dhē-3, dhǝ -
English meaning: to disappear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinschwinden ”?
Material: Lat. famēs f. “hunger”, ad fatim, affatim “ad lassitudinem, zur Genũge” , fatīgō
“hetze ab, ermũde” , fatīscō, -or “gehe auseinander; ermatte ”;
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
O.Ir. ded- (present ru-deda , Fut. Plur. dedait , preterit con-ro-deda ) “ vanish, pass away, die
away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay “; O.E. demm “damage” (*dhǝ-mi-s);
with - s O.N. düsi “idle” (Gmc. * dü ̆ s-), M.H.G. dæ ̄ sic ‘still, uncommunicative, stupid ”,
changing through ablaut Nor. dial. dase “ flabby person ”, Dan. dase “ be decayed “; O.N.
dæ ̄ sa (sk) “ swelter, decay “, dasask “ go bad, get worse ”; M.Eng. dasen “ stun “ (Eng.
daze ), dasewen “ be dark “.
In all parts some dubious connections. About O.Ir. de-d(a). compare Pedersen KG. II 504
f.(from perf. *dhe-dou̯e from to Goth. diwans “ perishable “? s. dheu - “ disappear “, where
also about O.Ir. dīth, Arm. di). The Gmc. family finally reminds partly under *dheu̯es - “ whisk
“ discussed from N.Ger. dösig and have been directed partly after this not only in the s-
extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an old relationship
from O.N. dä ̄ esask etc. and Ir. -deda .
References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451.
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dhēs-, dhǝs -
English meaning: a root used in religious terms
Deutsche Übersetzung: in religiösen Begriffen
Material: Arm. di-k” “gods” (PL *dhēses );
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
Lat. fēriae (aLat. fēsiae ) “ days of rest, holidays, festivals ”, fēstus “ of holidays, festive,
festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days “, Osc.
fíísnam acc. “ an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur ’s staff “, Umbr.
fesnaf-e “in a shrine, sanctuary, temple “; zero grade Lat. fünum (*fas-no-m ) “ a shrine,
sanctuary, temple “ and O.Ind. dhiṣṇya - “ devout, godly, pious, holy ” (insecure dhiṣaṇyant -
under likewise, see under dhei̯ǝ - ‘see”); about Gk. θεός “god” see under dheu̯es -, about Lat.
füs, füstus above S. 105 f.
References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM2 333, 347 f.
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dhlas - or dhelB - (: dhl̥s-)
English meaning: to squeeze, press
Deutsche Übersetzung: “quetschen, drũcken” ?
Material: O.Ind. dhr̥ṣád - “ millstone “;
Gk. θλάω “ squeeze, crush “ (IE *dhlas-ō or *dhl̥sō ), ἐθλάσθην , θλαστός ;
Cz. dlasmati “press” (*dhlüs -mo- or * dhols -mo-);
φλάω “θλάω” is hybridization of θλάω with φλί̄βω, as on the other hand φλί̄βω through
hybridization with θλάω is also transfigured to θλί̄βω.
References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gk. I 676.
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dhl̥gh -
English meaning: debt
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schuld, Verpflichtung ”
Material: O.Ir. dligim “ be entitled to, earn “, M.Welsh dlŭu, with epenthet. vowel dylyu “
withheld, kept back “, Corn. dylly ds., M.Bret. dellit ds., O.Ir. dliged n. “obligation, law, right ”
(*dhl̥ghito -m), Welsh dled, dyled , me. d(y)lyet f. “ obligation “, besides dlit “ earnings “
(*dhl̥ghītü ); Goth. dulgs “ debt “ (in money); O.C.S. dlъgъ “ debt “, Russ. dolg, Ser.-Cr. dûg
(gen. dûga ), Pol. dɫug, Cz. dluh ds.
Goth. dulgs and the Slav. words have probably common origin.
References: WP. I 868, Trautmann 55.
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dhō[u] - : dhū -
English meaning: rope
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strick”??
Material: Gk. θ῵μι(γ)ξ, -ιγγος f. “rope, cord, band, strap, string of the bow “ (places ahead
*θω-μο- or -μᾱ);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
Lat. fūnis “ a rope, sheet, line, cord “; ablaut ō[u]-: ū-, if Lat. ū not at most dial. development
from ō; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin ( BAL.-SLAV. 41, 178) ostensibly here Toch. AB tsu-, В
tsaw “to unite “ (??).
References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f.
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dhō-
English meaning: to sharpen
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schärfen”
Material: O.Ind. dhü ́ rü “cutting edge, sharpness, blade ”, Av. dürü f. ds., tižidüra - “ with sharp
edge “, Gk. θοός ‘sharp, sharp ”, ἐθόωσα “I sharpened, sharpen ” (*θο-Fός u̯o-participle, as
e.g. *δα-Fός “ sliced “ in δαΐζω; for *dhǝ- to o compare δοτός : δω-).
from here due to *dhǝ-ro- “ pointed “ (: O.Ind. dhü-rü) also O.E. daroð m. ‘spit, pike,
spear, lance ”, O.H.G. tart m. ‘spit, pike”, O.N. darrað -r m., darr n. ‘spit, pike”? And at most
in addition as “ wound with a pike “ further die Gmc. family of O.S. O.E. derian “injure, hurt ”,
O.H.G. terren besides tarōn , -ēn “harm, injure ”, O.E. daru f. “damage, pity, injury “, O.H.G.
tara f. “ injury “ ?
References: WP. I 867 f.
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dhrebh -
English meaning: to crush, grind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerbrechen, zermalmen ”
Material: Goth. gadraban “cut out, λατομεῖν”; O.N. draf n., O.E. dræf n. “offal”, O.N. drafna “
separate in small parts “, blōÞ-drefjar m. “ bloodstain “;
O.C.S. drobljǫ , drobiti “ crush, break, rupture, grind ”, Russ. drobь f. “break, piece,
fragment ”, R.C.S. drobьnъ, Bulg. dróben ‘small, little ”, next to which with ablaut e : Bulg.
drében ds., dreb “ secession of wool, by rippling the flax; liver “, Russ. drébezg ‘shards,
debris”; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further Lith.).
With Goth. hlaiw, Þatei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288 τράφος
τάφος Hes., so that the application of our root to “quarrying out of stones ” would be old.
A similar to root dhreb - in:
O.N. drepa “prick, bump, poke, slay ”, O.E. drepan ‘slay, meet ”, M.L.G. drepen “meet,
fight”, O.H.G. treffan “meet, touch ”, O.N. drep n. “blow, knock ”, O.E. gedrep ds., M.H.G. tref
m. n. “ prank, blow, club, meeting “, O.E. drepe m. (* drapi -) “ manslaughter “, O.N. drüp n.
ds.; presumably as kvæ ̄ ði drepit stefjum : O.N. drüpa f. “ one from several distinguished
parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song ”.
References: WP. I 875 f.
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dhregh -1
English meaning: to run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen”
Material: Arm. durgn , gen. drgan “potter’s wheel” (after Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 36, 122 from
*dhr̥gh -);
Gk. τρέχω (Dor. τράχω), Fut. ἀποθρέξομαι , θρέξω “run”, τροχός (: O.Ir. droch ) “wheel” ,
τρόχος “run”, τρόχις “ runner, summoner “, τροχίλος ‘sandpiper ”; barely τράχηλος “ nape,
neck “?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;
O.Ir. droch “wheel” (*drogo -n);
It shows in palatal whereas Ltv. drüžu, drüzu, drüzt “quick, fast run ”, Lith. padróžti ds., but
to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal besides dherügh -
“pull, drag ”. Yet are likewise Lith. (pa)dróžti as also Ltv. drüzt “ run quickly, fast “ identical
with Lith. dróžti , Ltv. drüzt “carve” (see dhreĝ -). The primary meaning is “carve”. All
numerous other interpretations are to be explained by casual use.
References: WP. I 874 f.
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dhregh -2
English meaning: to pain, to suffer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “quälen, reizen”
Material: O.Ind. drü ́ ghatē (Dhatup.) “afflicts, plagues, strives itself “;
Osset. äw-därzin ‘stir, tease, irritate ” (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);
O.E. dracu f. “plague, agony ”, dreccan ‘stir, tease, irritate, plague ” (? with expressive k?);
O.C.S. raz-dražo ̨ , -dražiti “ enrage, irritate “, Serb. drâžīm , drážiti ‘stir, tease, irritate ”;
Maybe Alb. trazonj ‘stir, tease, irritate ”.
ein ni-abstract noun * dražnь “irritation” lies Russ. draznítь ‘stir, tease, irritate, banter ” the
basic, z instead of ž after the synonymous forms - znь.
Also a root *dhrügh - or *dhrēgh -: *dhrōgh -: *dhrǝgh - wäre möglich.
References: WP. 1 875.
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dhreĝ -
English meaning: to pull
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen; dahinziehen, gleiten, streifen ”
Note: synonymous with trü ̆ gh - (see there)
Material: O.Ind. dhrájati “ glides, slides there “, prá-dhrajati “ hurries “, dhrájas - n., dhrajati-
f. “ the pranks, pull ”, dhrü ́ j - perhaps “ attraction “, dhrü ́ ji -, dhrüjí - f. “pull, urge, desire ”;
O.N. drük f. ‘stripe” (: O.Ind. drüj-); nasalized in addition perhaps Goth. drigkan , O.Ice.
drekka , O.E. drincan , O.H.G. trinkan “drink” (“make a good gulp, draw from drinking-vessel
“);
Maybe Alb. dreka, drekë “dinner”, darkë (*drakë ) ‘supper”
Lith. drežo ́ ti “ smooth down “, drūžas , druože ̃ “ streaky “, also (?) Lith. dre ́ž-iu, -ti “ rend “,
nudre ́žti “pull down, destroy ” (Juškevic ́ 346); in addition probably dróžti “carve, hit, gehen ”
etc, Ltv. drüzt ds.; see under dregh -1;
Ltv. dragât “pull” against it presumably to M.Du. trecken “pull, drag ”, s. der-4 (dergh -,
dreg-) “flay” and Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 488 m. Lith.
References: WP. I 874.
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dhreibh -
English meaning: to drive, to push
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treiben, stoßen” etc
Material: Goth. dreiban “drive, push, bump, poke ”, O.N. drīfa “come pulling, pull, drag,
stream” etc, O.E. drīfan “drive, push, hunt, chase, overthrow “, O.S. drīƀan “be moved,
dispelled “, O.H.G. trīban “ beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel, expel “ (zero
grade schw. Verb tribōn “ set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge “,
uolatribōn “ thrust through, pierce through, transfix “); O.N. drift f. “ drive, impel, drift, propel,
push, thrust, snowdrift “, drif n. “ what floats through the air, snowfall “, O.E. drif n. “ drive,
impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the driven “, drüf f. “ drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust,
drift, herd ”, M.H.G. trift ds., Ger. Trift “pasture, herd ”;
Lith. drimbù , drìbti “ laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox, squab,
dub, lug”, sniẽgas drim̃ba “ the snow falls thickly “ (= O.N. Þü drīfr snæ ̄ r ); from drib-, to
which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the e-
series: drebiù , dre ̃bti “ pour, make stains with viscous liquid “.
References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.
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dhreugh -1
English meaning: to tremble, shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zittern, (sich) schũtteln, einschrumpfen”
Material: O.E. drȳge “dry” etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh -;
Lith. drugỹs “fever; butterfly ”, Ltv. drudzis “cold fever; fever ”, drudzinât “ neigh after
fodder “ (“*to shake ”), perhaps O.Pruss. drogis “reed” (if for drugis , s. Trautmann O.Pruss.
323 m. Lith. , Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 502); perhaps Ltv. drugt “ collapse, diminish “,
Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;
Pol. drżę, drżec “tremble”, old also “have a fever ”, drgać , perf. drgnąć “tremble, quiver;
flounder, twitch “, Russ. drožu ́ , -átь, perf. drógnutь “tremble, quiver ” (etc, s. Berneker 231).
Dissyllabic root form * dhereugh - or *dhereug- one supposes in Gk. τοιθορύσσειν σείειν
Hes., τοιθορύκτρια ἡ τοὺς σεισμοὺς ποιοῦσα Hes. and τανθαρύζω , τανθαλύζω ds. Hes.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*dhereugh -) dredh “tremble, twist ”, dridhem “tremble, quiver, have a
fever” [common Alb. -gh- > -dh- phonetic mutation].
References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.
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dhreugh -2
English meaning: to deceive, harm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trũgen, listig schädigen”
Material: O.Ind. drúhyati ‘seeks to harm, harms ” (Fut. dhrōks ̣ ya ́ ti , participle drugdhá -);
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
O.Pers. Imperf. adurujīya (= O.Ind. adruhyat ) “ lied “, Av. družaiti “ lies, cheats “, O.Ind.
drō ́ gha -, drōha - m. “insult, damage, betrayal “, Av. draoga- “ fallacious “, m. “lie, falsity,
deception “, O.Pers. drauga- “ fallacious “, O.Ind. drúh- “ injuring “, f. “ damage, fiend,
ghost”, m. “fiend, demon ”, Av. druǰ- f. “lie, falsity, deception; impersonating the lie, falsity ”;
M.Ir. aur-ddrach (after the sounds from * druag = O.Ind. drōgha -) “ghost”;
O.S. bidriogan , O.H.G. triogan “ deceive “, O.N. draugr m. “ghost”; zero grade O.S.
gidrog n. “ delusion “, M.Du. gedroch ds., O.H.G. gitrog n. “deceit, devilish phantasmagoria
“; O.N. draumr , O.H.G. troum , O.S. drōm , Eng. dream “dream” (Gmc. *ðrau(ɣ )ma- “
delusion “).
IE dhreugh- is very probably related with dhu̯er - “ bring to trap through deception “, while
to zero grade *dhru- gh- from *dhu̯r̥-gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade IE *dhreugh- ,
*dhrough- . With the extending gh would be identical with Ger. Zwerg , if this word not goe
back to a miscellaneous IE dhu̯ergh - “ dwarfish, crippled “ (see there).
References: WP. I 874.
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dhreu -
English meaning: to crumble, grind
Deutsche Übersetzung: with kons. extensions “zerbrechen, zerbröckeln”
Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive “ crumble “ explicable words for “tumble,
fall down, trickle down “
Material: 1. dhreus -, dhrēu -s-:
Gk. θραύω (τέθραυσμαι , ἐθραύσθην ) “rupture, crunch “, θραυστός , θραυλός (*θραυσ -
λός), θραῦρος (Hes.) “frail, breakable ”, θραῦμα, θραῦσμα “piece, fragment, wound ”,
θρᾱνύσσω (Lyc.), συντεθρά̄ νωται (Eur.) ‘shatter “ (point at * θραυ [σ]-ανός, s. Boisacq s. v.
m. Lith.); θρῡλίχθη (Hom.), θρῡλίξας (Lyc. ) “break, rupture, shatter “, θρῡλεῖ ταράσσει ὀχλεῖ
Hes.(*θρῦλος from *θρῡσ -λο-; Gk. -αυ- and -υ:- are to be interpreted as zero grade and
lengthened grade of dhrēus -, next to which dhreus- ; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164);
Welsh dryll “piece, fragment ” (*dhrus-li̯o-), gallorom. pl. drullia “ dross “ (Kleinhans bei
Wartburg III 163);
Goth. drauhsnōs f. pl. “ gobbet, crumbs “; probably as rearrangement from * dhrūs -kna
with nearest connectable Balt druska ; interference to Ger. trocken , O.E. drēahnian - s.
dher-2, dhreugh - “hold, stop ” - respective words would permit to look at most at both
traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Goth. drausnōs ds.;
Goth. driusan “fall, tumble, fall down ”, O.S. driosan , O.E. drēosan “fall”, norw dial. drysia “
trickle down “; Kaus. Goth. gadrausjan “prostrate”, O.H.G. trōren “drip, trickle, make drip,
moult “; in addition as “ collapse, bend “ with lautsymbolisch gedehnter zero grade: O.E.
drūsian “ be sluggish (from age) ”, Eng. drowse “be sleepy ”; O.H.G. trūrēn “ be knocked
down, mourn; lower the eyes “, M.H.G. trūrec “ sad “; O.E. changing through ablaut drēorig

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“ grieving “; O.N. dreyri m. (* drauzan -) “ the blood dripping from the wound “, O.S. drōr m.
“blood” (O.E. changing through ablaut drēor m. ds.), M.H.G. trōr m. “dew, rain, blood ”;
Ltv. druska “crumb”, Lith. druskà ‘salt” (*crumb), O.Pruss. druskins “earwax” (consigns
dmskins ); in addition Bal.-Slav. *druzga ‘small piece ” in Lith. drùzgas ds., Sloven. drûzgati
“crush”, etc
Labial extensions:
dhreubh -: Gk. θρύπτω (ἐτρύφην ) “ grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make
fragile “, θρύμμα and τρύφος n. “piece, fragment ”, τρυφή “ softness, luxuriance “, τρυφερός “
mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle “ (see also Boisacq s. v. θρύπτω );
Ltv. drubaža “ Trumm “, drubazas ‘splinter of wood ”.
dhreup -: O.S. drūƀōn , drūvōn “ be grieving “; Ltv. drupu, drupt “ zerfallen, in Trũmmer
gehen “, draûpît “ crumb, spall, crumble “; compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 505.
dhreub -: O.N. driūpa , O.S. driopan , O.E. drēopan , O.H.G. triofan “drip, drop “, o-grade
schw. Verb, O.E. drēapian “ drip, trickle down “, e-grade drēopian ds., O.N. drūpa (*-ēn)
“ũberhangen, droop down, bend down “ , O.N. dropi m. “drip”, O.E. dropa , O.S. dropo ds.;
Intens. O.E. dryppan, droppian , O.H.G. tropfōn “drip”, tropfo “drip”; O.Ice. dreypa , O.E.
dríepan “drip, trickle ”;
O.Ir. drucht “drip” (*dhruptu-s ).
References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f., 182,
Trautmann 61 f., Kluge11 s. v. Trauer.
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dhrigh - (or dhreikh -)
English meaning: hair, bristle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haar, Borste ”
Note:
Root dhrigh - (or dhreikh -) : “hair, bristle ” derived from Root dhereĝh - (dhr̥ĝh -nü-) : “to wind,
turn, *release, discharge, disband ”.
Material: Gk. θρίξ, τριχός f. “hair, bristle ”, therefrom θρίσσα, Att. θρίττα f. “ a fish with fine
fishbone “, τριχίας, τριχίς ds.;
M.Ir. gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku- ) “bristle” (garb “rough”);
from Gk. θρίσσα derives probably Ital.-lombard. trissa “ burbot “; out of it probably
likewise Swiss Trische (11. Jh. trisca );
whether Bal.-Slav. * draika - ‘stretched long” as *dhroiko- here belongs, also Lith. driẽkti “
distend, take off (a thread) ”, drỹkti “ hang down in long threads “, slovak. driek m. ‘stem”,
driečny “ stocky “, O.Bulg. drьkolь “ shaft, pole ”, etc, could our root be placed as *dhreikh- .
Maybe Alb. (*dhreikh ) derth , derdh “ hang down, pour “, (*dhreikh ) dreth , dredh “twist, curl
(hair)”, dredhë “lock, curled hair ” common Alb. -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 82, Trautmann 58 f., Berneker 223,
232.
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dhrono -
English meaning: multicoloured
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bunt”?
Material: For Gk. θρόνα pl. “flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for
φάρμακα , charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored
animals” infer Hoffmann BB . 15, 86, Lidén Stud . 67 f. a basic meaning “varicolored ”.
Under these basic meaning compares Lidén aaO . Alb. drē-ri, Gheg drę-ni- m. “deer”
(Animals like the deer and roe are named often as “ dappled, varicolored ”), therefore an
Illyr. basic form *drani - (IE dhroni- ) through the probable Illyr. Hesych explanation αρανις
ἔλαφος (Λ- recommended for Δ-) is advisable.
Stokes Me ́ l . Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for θρόνα “ embroidery “ because of M.Ir.
druine ds.
References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.
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dhug(h)ǝter -
English meaning: daughter, *thin girl
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tochter”
Note: guttural as with eg(h)om “ I “, see there.
Root dhug(h)ǝter - : “daughter ” derived from dh-suffixed root: dheu -dh- “ shake, confuse “ of
Root dheu- 4, dheu̯ǝ - (: dhu̯ē -), dhu̯ē -k-, dhu̯ē̆ -s-) : “to reel, dissipate, blow, etc. ” earlier Root
deuk - : “to drag, pull, attract ”.
Material:
Maybe from *dhu̯edh -: E.Fris. dwatje “ stupid girl “, dwatsk “ simple, unusual “, jũtisch dvot “
suffering of dizziness “
Note:
meaning Lat. Alb.Gheg (*vargha ) varza , tosk vajë “girl, virgin ” : Lat. virga “ thin branch, rod
“ (from *u̯iz-gü), virgō “ girl, virgin “;
Root u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh -): “to turn, press, strangle ” < rhotacism s/r of Root u̯eis-2 :
“to turn, bend ”.

O.Ind. duhitár - (duhitü ́ ), Av. dugǝdar -, duɣδ ar- (from * dughter- ), Pers. duxtar, duxt , Arm.
(with s from k after u) dustr , gen. dster , (dowstr )
Gk. θυγάτηρ (shift of stress as in μήτηρ , but still θυγατέρα as μητέρα), Osc. futír, dat.
fu(u)treí (Vetter Gl. 29, 242);
Maybe Lycian cbatru , kbatra “daughter ” : Toch. A ckücar , В tkücer “daughter ”.
Goth. daúhtar , O.N. dōttir (Run. nom. pl. dohtriR ), O.H.G. tohter , Lith. dukte ̃ , -er̃s, O.Pruss.
duckti , O.C.S. dъšti, -ere, Toch. A ckücar , В tkücer “daughter ”.
Note:

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O.C.S.: dъšti “daughter ” [f r], dъštere [Gens]
Russian: doč” “daughter ” [f r], dóčeri [Gens]
Old Czech: dci “daughter ” [f r], dceře [Gens]
Serbo-Croatian: kćī “daughter ” [f r], kćè ̀ri [Gens]; šc ́ ī “daughter ” [f r], šc ́ e ́ ra [Gens]
Slovene: hčí “daughter ” [f r], hče ́ re [Gens]; hčī “daughter ” [f r], hče ̄ re [Gens]
Nte:
Alb.Tosk (*doč) gocë “daughter ”, Gheg cucë “daughter ”.
References: WP. I 868, WH. I 557.
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dhu̯en -, dhun -
English meaning: to hum
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dröhnen, tönen”
Material: O.Ind. dhvánati “ sounds, soughs ”, dhvaní - m. ‘sound, echo, thunder, word ”,
dhvaná - m. ‘sound, a certain wind ”, dhvanita- n. ‘sound, tone, echo, thunder ”, dhúni - “
soughing, roaring, thundering “, dhunáyati “ soughs “;
O.N. dynr m. “ resonance “, O.E. dyne n. ds., Eng. din, O.H.G. tuni ds.; O.N. dynia
(preterit dunda ) “din, drone, rant, roister ”, O.E. dynnan , O.S. dunnian M.H.G. tũnen “din,
drone”; Gmc. extensions therefrom seem O.N. dynkr “din, fuss, noise, blow, knock ”, M.Eng.
dunchen , Eng. dunch “ strike with a short rapid blow, jog with the elbow “ and N.Ger.
dunsen “din, drone, stomp ”, Swe. dial. dunsa “crack, creak, hit ”.
Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Gmc. words just
as for Lith. dunde ́ti “violent knock, hit, din, drone ” in questIon.
References: WP. I 869.
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dhu̯er -, dhu̯erǝ -
English meaning: to ruin by deceiving
Deutsche Übersetzung: “durch Täuschung, Hinterlist to Fall bringen, schädigen”
Note: (: dhu̯r̥- : dhru- )
Material: O.Ind. dhvárati “ damages “, participle dhrutá -, -dhrut (and -dhvr̥t ), dhrúti - f. “
deception, seduction “, *dhvará - “ deceiving “ in dhvarás - f. (nom. -ǘḥ) “a kind of female
daemon “; dhū ́ rvati “ brings down through deception, damages “ (zero grade of a heavy
basis dhu̯erǝ -), dhū ́ rta -ḥ “ deceitful “, m. “ cheater “, dhūrtí - f. “ deceitful injury, damage “;
Lat. fraus , -dis f. “deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment “, frausus sum (Plaut),
Umbr. frosetom “ cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed “, Lat. frūstra (newer frūstrü ) “ in
deception, in error, in vain “, therefrom frūstror , -üri “ deceive, cheat “ belong probably as d-
extension our root here (see above under dhreugh -); unclear is only a (popular saying? EM
382; incredible WH. I 543);
Note: common Lat. d- > f- shift
here probably Hitt. du-wa-ar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un (dwarnaḫḫun?) “ I broke “.
References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.
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dhu̯ergh - : drugh -
English meaning: low (in stature), crippled
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zwerghaft, verkrũppelt” ?
Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects Av. drva- (i.e. druɣva-), which is reckoned
under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for “ dwarfish, crippled “, with
O.N. dvergr , O.E. dweorg , Eng. dwarf , M.L.G. dwerch , nnd. dwarf , O.H.G. twerc , M.H.G.
twerc , -ges, Ger. Zwerg , wherefore zero grade *durgī in O.N. dyrgja “dwarf, midget ”, N.Ger.
dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Ltv. drugt ‘sink down ” (see above dhreugh -1).
Otherwise for Gmc. the interpretation would derive as “ creature of deception “ with regard
to to O.Ind. dhvarás - “a kind of female daemon “, root dhu̯er - “bring down through deception
“;
it could have derived from dhu̯er - then with the same - gh, which agrees also with the root
form dhreu- gh- (dhu̯er -gh- : dhu̯r̥gh - : dhrugh -, dhreugh- ); also latter deriving from
appellation for puckish creature of deceptIon.
References: WP. I 871 f.
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dhu̯ē̆r -, dhu̯ō̆r -, dhur-, dhu̯r̥-
English meaning: door
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tũr”
Note: besides this conservative stem, the Proto-form of plural and dual of such a measure
(see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already Proto-forms - o- and -ü-
extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as
2. composition parts.
Material: O.Ind. nom. pl. dvü ́ rah ̣ , acc. pl. duráḥ , dúraḥ , nom. Du. dvü ́ rü (u) “door” (loss of
Aspiration originally in den bh-case through influence of dvüu “two”), durōn ̣ a ́ - n. “dwelling,
homeland ” (-no-derivative of loc. Du. ar. *dhurůu ); o -stem dvüram n. (new) “door” in
compounds śatádura - n. ‘secretive place with 100 doors ”; Av. acc. sg. dvarǝm , loc. dvarǝ
“gate, courtyard “, O.Pers. duvarayü “ at the gate “;
Arm. pl. dur-k”, acc. z-durs (*-n̥s) “door”, i durs “ out of doors, forth, out, outside “, sg.
duṙn, gen. dran “door, gate, courtyard “ (n-Decl. derive from acc. sg. in - m ), dr-and “
doorpost, doorsill “ (*dhur + *anǝtü , see there);
Gk. presumably from conservative stem still θύρδα ἔξω ᾽Αρκάδες Hes.; θύραζε “ out
through the doors, out of doors, forth, out “ (i.e. θύρασ -δε, either O.Ind. duraḥ , Arm. durs or
from ü-stem θύρᾱ , so that from - ᾱνς about -ᾰνς), as 1. composition part perhaps θυραυλέω
“ habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Tũre, lagere im Freien “ from θύρ-αυλος (but it could
have derived also from θύρα), very archaic θαιρός “the revolvable do orpost “ (also “
Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens “ from *dhu̯r̥-i̯o-);
o-stem in πρόθυρον “room before the door, vestibule of the house ” (: O.Ind. śatá-dura-
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ü-stem θύρᾱ “door” (Hom. mostly pl.), Att. θύρᾱσι “ outside “, Hom. θύρη-θι, -φι; compare
still θύριον “Tũrchen” (: O.Ind. dúr(i)ya- “zur door or zum Haus gehörig” ), θυρίς , -ίδος
“window” (eig. “Tũrchen” ) θύρετρον “door”, θυρεός “Tũrstein; großer long shield” , θυρών
“Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus ” (: Goth. daúrōns f. pl. “zweiflũgliges gate” , yet barely in historic
connection with it);
Alb. (dhu̯er -) derë f. “door”, pl. dũer (conservative stem * dhu̯ōr -);
Note: conservative stem of plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)
Phonetic mutations: Alb. Alb. ( dhu̯era ) derë f. “door” : Gk. (dhu̯era ) θύρᾱ “door” : Proto-
Slavic form: [dv ьrь See also: dvorъ - Page in Trubac ̌ ev : V 171-172] O.C.S.: dvьrь “door” [f i]
: Russian: dver” “door” [f i]
Therefore Proto-Illyr. gave Alb. dhu̯e - > de- , Gk. dhu̯e - > du- , Slav. dhu̯e - > dve-.
Lat. Plur. forēs f. “ folding-doors “ (older conservative stem * dhu̯or - reshaped to i-stem);
the sg. foris, -is is secondary; ü-stem in forüs “ out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out
“, forīs “ an open space, public place, court, market-place “ (the vowel after forēs ); in
addition forum n. “ an open space, public place, court, market-place “; Umbr. furo, furu, “ an
open space, public place, court, market-place “; about Lat. forus see above S. 134;
Welsh O.Bret. Corn. dor f. “door” (*dhurü or *dhu̯orü ; latter vowel gradation certainly in
O.Ir. dorus n. “door”, in-dorus “before” from Celt. *du̯orestu -; with it phonetically not
compatible Welsh drws “door”, from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to M.Ir. drut, druit ‘shut”,
Ir. druidim “ I close “ from * druzd -); o-stem Gaul. doro “door”, Duro- , -durum in PN, O.Ir. dor
m. ds.; O.Corn. darat , M.Corn. daras “door”, Bret. pl. dorojou , dial. doredou (Loth RC 20,
355) from * dhu̯orato -; compare Gaul. *doraton “grille, lattice door ” in gallorom. *doratia (or
*duratia? ), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is Gaul. dvorico (Holder I 1390), GN?;
O.H.G. turi, anfränk. duri “door”, O.N. dyrr “ doorway “, fem. pl. (nom. pl. * dhur-es); O.E.
duru ds. (extended after acc. pl. * dhur-n̥s, Gmc. * durunz , also O.H.G. dat. pl. tur-un, -on); o-

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stem Goth. daúr n., O.H.G. tor, O.S. dor, dur, O.E. dor n. “gate” (*dhurom ); Goth. daurōns
see above (: θυρών ); O.Ice. for-dyri n. “ vestibule “;
Lith. durìs acc. pl. dùrų gen. pl., dial. and old dùres nom. pl. (then i-inflection: nom.
pl.dùrys ), Ltv. duris , dùrvis , O.Pruss. dauris f. pl. “door” (au error); however, lacks Lith.
dvãras “ grange “ because of dvérti “ unbolt, unlock “ (also dùrys “door” from “*aperture ”?) it
is not certainly Pol. Lw.;
O.C.S. dvьri “door” (*acc. pl. in - n̥s; root stem dhu̯r̥- from the reduced case with
consonant-ending e.g. loc. *dvьrchъ); o-stem O.C.S. dvorъ “ courtyard “;
Toch. В twere “doors”.
References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 6251.
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digh-
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziege”
Note:
Root digh- : “goat” derived from a zero grade of Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ”. From the older
root Root deiĝh - : “to prick; tick ” derived Root aiĝ- : “goat” and Root ü̆ĝ- : “goat” [common
Balt - Illyr. - Alb. de-, da- > zero phonetic mutation]. Hence the Gk. cognate derived from
Proto-Illyr.
Material: Gk.-Thrac. δίζα αἴξ. Λάκωνες (*dighi̯a ), compare Thrac. PN Διζα-τελμις (as
᾽Εβρου -τελμις to ἔβρος τράγος Hes.); O.H.G. ziga “goat”, with hypocoristic consonant
increase O.E. ticcen , O.H.G. zickī, zickīn “young goat, kid ” (but about Ger. Zecke see above
under deiĝh -); here perhaps Nor. dial. tikka ‘sheep” (event. hybridization of Swe. dial. takka
‘sheep” with N.. equivalent of Zicklein ), tiksa ‘sheep, bitch ”, tikla “young sheep or cow ”, as
well as O.N. tīk f. “bitch” = M.L.G. tīke ds.
Arm. tik “hose from animal skin “ it is put here by Lide ́ n (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat.
Sydow 531) as originally “ goatskin “, must go back to * dig- (taboo distortion?).
References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.
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dī̆p-ro-, dī̆p-erā
English meaning: cattle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Opfertier, Vieh ”
Material: Arm. tvar “ram, herd of cattle ” (*tivar < *dī̆perü); Goth. tibr “ oblation “ (meliorated
from aibr), O.H.G. zebar “ sacrificial animal “, O.E. tīfer, tīber ds., LateM.H.G. ungezī̆bere ,
unzī̆ver , Ger. Ungeziefer eig. “ impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice “. AFr. ( a)toivre “
draft animal “ derives from Gmc.
Maybe Alb. ( *dī̆berü) dorbëria “heard of cows ”.
References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.
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dl̥kú- (?)
English meaning: sweet
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sũß”
Material: Gk. γλυκύς , γλυκερός ‘sweet”, γλυκκόν γλυκύ , γλύκκα ἡ γλυκύτης Hes. (-κκ- from -
ku̯-), γλεῦκος (late) “must, stum ” (ablaut neologism); γλ from δλ because of folg. κ; -λυ- from
-λα- after folg. υ; about late δεῦκος “must, stum ”, δευκής ‘sweet” s. WH. I 380;
Lat. dulcis ‘sweet, mellifluous, gentle ” (from *dl̥ku̯i-s).
References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380.
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dn̥ĝhū , dn̥ĝhu̯ā
English meaning: tongue
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zunge”
Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements
Material: O.Ind. jihvü ́ f., Av. hizvü ds. (vorar. * ĝiĝhu̯ü from *daĝhu̯ü with i from lih- “lick” or
from jih- “ turn down “; Iran. *sizvü probably through sound dissimilation);
Maybe Root dn̥ĝhū , dn̥ĝhu̯ü : “tongue” derived from Root dhereĝh - (dhr̥ĝh -nü-) : “to wind,
turn”.
besides ū-stem in O.Ind. juhū ́ f. “tongue, spoon ” (with u after juhō ́ ti “ pour into the fire “,
different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Av. hizū m. ds.; with - ōn- for -ü O.Pers. hizbüna -,
M.Pers. huzvün ds., N.ar. biśün m. “tongue, discourse “ (*viźhvün after E. Leumann Nordar.
Spr. 127 f.);
Arm. lezu, gen. lezvi places in ending -ghu̯ü away from * dn̥ghu̯ü , the first syllable
probably influenced by leiĝh - “lick”;
Note: common Lat. d- > l- phonetic mutation; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift.
aLat. dingua , Lat. lingua (with l- from lingere ); Osc. fangvam (Vetter Serta Hoffilleriana
153;
Maybe Alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ü ) gluha “tongue, language ” not from Lat. lingua for Alb. has preserved -
h- in contrast to Lat. Hence Alb. d- . l- mutation is genuine. Alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ü ) gluha “tongue” is
similar to formation Alb. (*dlagh -t-) glatë , gjatë , gjat “long”.
O.Ir. teng (ü-stem) and tengae , gen. tengad with t- after tongid “ swears “; but O.Ir. ligur
“tongue” to Lat. ligurriō ; unclear is M.Welsh tafawt , Welsh tafod , O.Corn. tauot , M.Bret.
teaut , Bret. teod, wherefore Corn. tava, M.Bret. taffhaff , Bret. tan̄va “taste” (Celt. *tamüto -?);

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Goth. tuggō f., O.N. O.S. tunga , O.E. tunge , O.H.G. zunga , with -ōn- instead of -ü; as
ablaut neologism perhaps here O.N. tangi “ clutch piece of the blade “, M.L.G. tange ‘sand
shift between two marshes ”;
Bal.-Slav. inžū- m. in O.Pruss. insuwis ; Lith. liežu ̀ vis (after liẽžti “lick”); O.C.S. języ-kъ,
Ser.-Cr. jèzik, Pol. język , Russ. jazūk ; to contraction of anlaut. d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77;
Note:
Common Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutatIon.
Toch. A käntu , gen. käntwis , B käntwo , Obl. käntwa sa (*kantwa , reconverted from
*tankwa , IE *dn̥ĝhu̯ü ).
References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Decl. 83, Havers Sprachtabu
123 f.
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dous-
English meaning: arm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Arm”
Note:
Root dous - : “arm” derived from an archaic root * ĝheus “hand, arm ” (see below). But she
shift ĝh- > d- is a unique O.Pers. , Balt, celt., Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. dóṣ- n. (m.), gen. doṣṇáḥ “ forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with
animals”, Av. daoš - m. “ upper arm, shoulder ”, Pers. dōš ‘shoulder”; O.Ir. doë (*dous -n̥t-s),
gen. doat “arm”; Ltv. pa-duse (zero grade) “ Achselhöhle; Busen des Kleides “ ; Sloven.
pâzduha , pâzdiha besides pâzuha , pâziha “armpit”, and with the same d-loss (ein
Erklärungsversuch by Berneker 233 f.) O.Bulg. etc pazucha “κόλπος” .
Note:
Root dous - : “arm” derived from an archaic root * ĝheus “hand, arm ” (see below). But she
shift ĝh- > d- is a unique O.Pers. , Balt, celt., Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Two other roots, respectively Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - : “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand,
arm” derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the common PIE suffix
variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre . : O.Ind. hásta -ḥ m. “hand”, Av. zasta- , O.Pers. dasta- ds.;
The key link between Root dous - (*ĝheus -): “arm” derived from an archaic root * ĝheus
“hand, arm ” and Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - (*ĝheus -): “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 (*ĝheus -):
“hand, arm ” are Balt : Ltv. pa-duse (zero grade) “ armpit “ : Lith. pa-žaste ̃ , pa-žastìs f. “
place under the arm, armpit “.
Note: common Balt-Illyr. ĝh- > z phonetic mutation : O.Pers. , Av., Illyr.- Alb. - celt. ĝh- > z, d
phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64.

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dō- : dǝ-, also dō-u- : dǝu - : du-
English meaning: to give
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geben”
Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-dō-mi.
Material: O.Ind. dá-dü-ti (Aor. á-dü-m , Opt. dēyüm , Fut. düsya ́ ti , Aor. Med. ádita = Gk.
ἔδοτο, Inf. dámanē : Gk. δόμεναι, compare Lat. daminī “hand over, deliver, give up, render,
furnish, pay, surrender ”, whether originally infinitive) “gives” (püli. dinna to a present * di-dü-
ti), Av. dadüiti ds., O.Pers. Imp. dadütuv “ he should give “; root nouns O.Ind. dü ́[s] ástu “ be
a giver “; Infin. dü ́ tum (: Lat. Supin. datum ); participle ditá-ḥ (uncovered), secondary dattá -ḥ,
zero grade in ü-t-tá-ḥ, prá-t-ta-ḥ “devoted”, ablaut. in tvü ́-düta-ḥ “ you gave from “, Av. düta-;
to Fut. O.Ind. düsyümi (: Lith. dúosiu ) s. Schwyzer Gk. I 78811;
Arm. ta-m “dō”, ta-mk” “we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender “
(*dǝ-i̯e-mi), Aor. etu (= á-dü-m , IE *e-dō-m);
Gk. δί-δω-μι “give”, Aor. ἔδωκα , Opt. δοίην (*doii̯ēm ). Fut. δώσω, Aor. Med. ἐδοτο ,
participle δοτός , Infin. Hom. δόμεναι and Hom. Thess. etc δόμεν (locative without suffix);
Ven. zoto “he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished “ = Gk.
ἔδοτο ; zonasto “he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed,
confered “ maybe from *dōnü -s-to from a denom. *dōnüi̯ō (*dōno -m : Lat. dōnum ); mess. pi-
do (*dō-t : O.Ind. a-düt);
Alb. (*dhu̯o-sm̥) da-shë Aor. “ I gave “ (*dǝ-sm̥); : Alb. subjunctive dhashtë “ let him give “
Lat. dō, düs, dat, důmus (*dǝ-mós), důtis , důnt (secondary fur *dent from * (di)-dṇ-ti),
aLat. danunt ; dedī, důtum , důre “give, grant, bestow ”, refl. “ betake oneself ” (düs with ü after
stü- for *dō = Lith. duõ, dúo-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], Gk. Hom. δί-δω-θι);

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vest. di-de-t “ delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders “, päl. di-da “he/
she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender “, Umbr. dirsa , dersa , teřa “ he/
she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender “ (*didüt ), teřtu, dirstu , titu “he/
she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender “ (*di-de-tōd), teřte “he/she has
been given ” (*di-da-ter ), a-teřa-fust “he/she will have handed round “ (*am- de-da-fos-t );
Osc. da[da]d “ he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign, yield,
abandon, render “ (*düd(-di)-düd), dadid “he/she will have delivered, given up, rendered,
furnished, surrendered “ (*düd( -de)-dīd), di-de-st “he/she will hand over, deliver, give up,
render, furnish, pay, surrender “, dedet , Umbr. dede “he/she has handed over, delivered,
given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered “ (= Lat. dĕ-d-ĭt, old dedet ), Umbr. teřust , dirsust
“he/she will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered “
(*dedust ), etc; fal. porded “he/she has stretched out, spreaded out, put forth, reached out,
extended “ (*por(-de)-ded);
redupl. present Ital. * di-dō(?) in Lat. reddō (reddidī , redditum , reddere ) “give back ” from
*re-d(i)-dō (?) is ostensibly themat. rearrangement from * di-dō-mi; other compounds are dē-
dō, dī -dō, ē -dō, prō-dō, trü -dō and *ven-dō;
participle Lat. důtus “bestowed ” = falisk. datu “given, delivered, given up, surrendered “,
vest. data “ been delivered, given up, surrendered “, päl. datas “ been delivered, given up,
surrendered “ (: Gk. δοτός ); Supin. datum (: O.Ind. Infin. dü ́ tum );
here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 Lat. ce-dō “ go from, give place, remove, withdraw, go
away, depart, retire! ” pl. cette from * ce-dǝte (: Gk. δότε);
Lith. dúomi (nowadays secondary dúodu , Ltv. duôdu , based on neologism to O.Lith. Ipv.
duodi from *dō-dhi-, E.Lith. dúomu ), 2. sg. dúosi , 3. sg. dúost(i) “gives”, O.Pruss. düst ds.,
after Kořínek Listy filol . 65, 445 and Szemere ́ nyi Et . Slav. Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E.
Fraenkel Balt Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication (angebl. *dō-dǝ-mi, Bal.-Slav.

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*dōdmi , 3. sg. *dō-dǝ-ti, Bal.-Slav. * dōdti > *dōsti ), but on an unreduplicated athemat.
inflection (* dōmi , pl. *dǝmo ́ s ); Lith. dúosti, O.Bulg. dastъ are imitations from Lith. e ́sti “eats”
etc, which lie besides Lith. *e ́(d)mi , O.Bulg. jamь (from * ēd-m-), where d would be
perceived as suffix of the root; to Fut. Lith. dúosiu see above S. 223.
The same would be assumed from O.C.S. damь “ I will give “, 3. pl. dadętь (after jadętь
etc); O.C.S. dažda “gift” is an analogical form after * ědja “food, eating ”, where d was
perceived again a formant.
Infin. Lith. dúoti , Ltv. duôt, O.Pruss. düt (*dō-ti-) = O.C.S. dati, Serb. dȁti, Russ. datь.
For preterit Lith. daviaũ , Ltv. devu “gave” see under.
participle *dō-na- in O.C.S. prě-danъ , Serb. dân, Cz. dán, Clr. dányj “ bestowed ”; *dō-ta-
ds. in O.Pruss. düts, Lith. dúotas , Ltv. duôts ; einzelsprachl. innovations are Serb. dial. dât,
Cz. dátū; in addition Lith. duotina “nubile, marriageable ”, R.C.S. podatьnъ, Russ. podátnyj “
generous “; Supin. * dōtun “to give” in O.Pruss. daton (Infin.); Lith. dúotų , O.C.S. otъdatъ,
Sloven. dat; compare Slav. * datъ-kъ in Sloven. dodâtɛ k, Pol. dodatek , Russ. dodátok
“bonus, addition ”;
Hitt. dü- “take”, 1. sg. da-aḫ-ḫi (daḫḫi), 3. sg. da-a-i (düi), would be placed here by
Pedersen (Muršilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) (“ give” - “for give to oneself ”-
“take”); against it Couvreur H ̮ 206 ff.
nominal formation: O.Ind. dü ́ tar -, düta ́ r - “giver”, Gk. δώτωρ , δωτήρ ds., zero grade δοτήρ,
δότειρα , Lat. důtor , datrīx. - O.Ind. dütra ́ -, Av. düϑra- n. “gift”.
*dō-tel- in O.C.S. dateljь (*dō-tel-i̯u-) “giver”, Cz. udatel “ bighead “, Russ. dátelь “giver”.
O.Ind. * düti- “bestowal, gift ” in dü ́ ti-vüra- “allotting willingly, generous “, havya-düti- “
procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice “, Av. düiti- “grant, gift, impartment “, Gk.
δ῵τις Hes. (and conservative stem * dō-t- in δώς) “gift”, Δωσί -θεος, -φρων , Lat. dōs, -tis
“dowry”;

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Lith. Inf. dúoti : Slav. * datь “gift” (e.g. in O.C.S. blagodat ь “χάρις” , Russ. pódatь “tax”), Inf.
dati; zero grade O.Ind. díti-ḥ, Gk. δόσις “gift”, Lat. dati-ō, -tiōnis (old *-tīnes ) “ the bestowing
“ (suffix as in Gk. δωτί̄νη “gift”); with zero gradation in enclitic O.Ind. bhága -tti- “luck
bringer”.
O.Ind. dü ́ na - n. “gift” (substantiviertes - no-participle) = Lat. dōnum , Osc. etc dunum ds.
(duunated “he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered “); Welsh dawn
ds., O.Ir. dün m. “ gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature, temperament (faculty,
talent)”, compare Slav. *danъ-kъ in Serb. dának “tribute, tax ” etc and den - ni-stem O.C.S.
danь “tribute, tax, toll ”, Lith. duõnis “gift”; zero grade Alb. dhënë “ bestowed ”, f. “gift, tribute,
tax”, Gheg dhânë ; (*dhu̯on-)
Also Alb. (*dhu̯onti ) dhunti “ gift, faculty, talent ”.
Gk. δ῵ρον “gift” (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. clü-ru-s), O.C.S. darъ “gift” (m. as
*danъkъ), Arm. tur ds.;
Maybe Alb. (*dhu̯o nata) dhurata “ gift, faculty, talent “ rhotacism n/r; darsmë, dasmë
“wedding” : Lat. dōs, -tis “dowry”;
O.Ind. düya ́ - “giving”, düya ́ - m. “gift”, aPruss. düian acc. “gift”, Serb. prȍ-daja ‘sale” (etc,
Berneker 176).
Maybe nasalized Alb. ndanj, shpërndanj (*shprë -ndanj )”allot, give, separate ” : Lith. priẽdas
“bonus, addition, wage increase ”.
As 2. composition part O.Ind. - dü- e.g. in aśvadǘ- “ horse giving, horse offering “, Slav.
with structure in o-Decl., e.g. Russ. dial. pó-dy pl. “ tributes, taxes “, Serb. prî-d “ Draufgabe
beim Tausch “; Lith. priẽdas “bonus, addition, wage increase ”.
dō ̆-u- lies before in O.Ind. düva ́ nē “to give” (also perf. dadáu “have bestowed ”), Av. düvōi
“to give”, Cypr. δυFάνοι “ he may give “, Inf. δοFεναι (about ark. participle ἀπυ-δόας s.
Schwyzer Gk. I 745 f.), contracted Hom.-Att. δοῦναι;

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Lat. duim , duīs etc “I, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,
surrender ”, Fut. II - duō, contain an Aorist-stem *du- from *dou̯-; duim is from Optat. *-dou̯īm
originated in compounds ( prō-duint from *prō-dou̯int , etc), then also by compounds from
*dhē- : per-duim , etc For Ital. optative * dou̯īm probably trod only secondary in Umbr. and
Fal. a present *dou̯iō in fal. doviad “ may grant “ (it seems to be reduced in compounds
hence Lat. duam etc *doviüm ), Umbr. pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu “ stretch out, spread out,
put forth, reach out, extend “, purtuvies “ stretch out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend
“, Umbr. purditom (*-d(o)u̯itom ) “ stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out, extended
“, purtiius (*d(o)u̯īus) “you will have stretched out, spread out, put forth, reached out,
extended “, purtifile “* stretched out, spread out “, from synkopiertem *por-d[o]u̯ī́- with
alteration from du̯ to d; in purdovitu Imper. it was hindered syncope through Indik. *pór-
dovīt ;
Lith. daviaũ “ I gave “, dovanà f. “gift”, Ltv. dâvana f. “gift”, iterative dãvât , düvina ̂ t “offer,
give”, O.C.S. -davati “allot” (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -vati).
About O.S. twīthōn “grant” etc see under deu-2 “friendly grant ”.
References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gk. I 6868, 722, 741,
794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.
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dreĝh -
English meaning: unwilling, displeased
Deutsche Übersetzung: “unwillig, verdrossen ”
Note: or perhaps originally “be slack, tough ”?
Material: Goth. trigo “mourning, grief, repulsion ”, O.N. tregi m. “mourning, grief, hindrance “,
tregr “ unwilling, averse “, treginn “ grieving “, O.E. trega m. “mourning, grief, affliction “;
O.S. trego m. “pain”, tregan (only Inf.) with dat. “be afflicted “, M.Du. tregen “ lose the
courage “, O.N. trega = O.E. tregian “afflict, sadden ”; compare with a probably old concrete
meaning “ zähe, zähe haftend “ Nor. dial. treg also “ persistent, firm “, trege “tough fibre,
filament, sinew, hard skin ”, Swe. trägen “ fatigueless “; lengthened grade O.H.G. trügi “idle,
slow, querulous “, O.S. trüg “evil, bad ”, O.E. trüg f. “ affliction, wickedness “, O.S. O.H.G.
trügī f. “ sluggishness, displeasure “;
Lith. dryž-tù, drižau ̃ , drìžti “faint, languid, slack become ” (Būga Kalba Ir. s. 219), drìžinti
‘slack make ”; to Lith. ri compare Hirt IE Gk. II 83. [common Illyr.-Balt -ĝh- > -d- shift]
Maybe Alb. treth “castrate, clip ” [common Alb. -g > - th shift] (see below)
Note: Root tr-eu-d- : “to press, push, * displeasure ” derived from Root dreĝh - : “unwilling,
displeased ” [common Illyr.-Balt -ĝh- > -d-, Illyr. Alb. -g > -th phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.
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drē- : drǝ-, extended dr-ē̆m-
English meaning: to sleep
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlafen”
Material: O.Ind. drü ́ ti, drü ́ ya -ti, -tē “asleep”, ni-drü ́ ‘sleep”; in addition zero grade ni-drita-ḥ
‘sleeping, dozed off ”;
Arm. tartam ‘slow, sleepy “ (*der-d-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416);
Gk. Hom. Aor. ἔδραθον (*e-dr̥-dh-om), new ἔδαρθον “ slept “, secondary καταδαρθάνω “
dozed off “;
Lat. dormiō ‘sleep, drowse “ (*dr̥m-īi̯ō);
Slav. *drēmi̯ō “ drowse “ in Church Slavic dremlju drěmati “ drowse “, Serb. drȉjemljêm
drijèmati “ have s leep desire “, etc
maybe Alb. dremit “drowse”.
About the formal Verhältnisse s. EM. 284, to -em- extension also Pedersen Groupement
22.
References: WP. I 821, WH. I 372, Trautmann 60.
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dumb - (-bh?)
English meaning: penis, tail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “penis, Schwanz ”, perhaps actually ‘stab”
Material: Av. duma- m. “tail”, Pers. dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), O.H.G. zumpfo “penis”,
M.H.G. zumpf (e), zumpfelīn (Sũtterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition perhaps Av. dumna- n. “hand
(?)” (*dumbna -), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with numerous parallels for the meaning-
development “ shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail ” and ‘staff - arm, hand ”. Probably to M.L.G.
timpe “cusp, peak, acme, apex “, O.E. ütimplian “provide with nails ”, nasal. form from Gmc.
*tippa “tip, tail” in Eng. tip “cusp, peak ”, M.H.G. zipf(el); Gmc. *tuppa- “pigtail” in O.N. toppr
ds., O.E. topp m. “acme, apex ”, M.H.G. zopf “plait, tress ”, with bb: M.L.G. tobbe , tubbe
‘spigot”, compare Ltv. duba “assigned sheaf ”; Gmc. *tappan ‘spigot” in O.E. tæppa m. (Eng.
tap), M.L.G. tappe m., O.H.G. zapho , M.H.G. zapfe m. apparently “popular saying ” with
intensive consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S.
221 drop-: drip-: drup-.
References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.
See also: see also above S. 177.
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dus-
English meaning: bad, foul
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ũbel, miß -” as 1. composition part
Material: O.Ind. duṣ-, dur-, Av. duš-, duž- “dis-, wrong, evil ”, Arm. t- “un-”, Gk. δυσ- “dis-,
de-, evil”, Lat. in difficilis “difficult, hard ”, O.Ir. do-, du- ds. (construction after the example
from so-, su-), Goth. tuz- (in tuz-wērjan “doubt”), O.N. O.E. tor-, O.H.G. zur- “un-”, Slav. in
O.Bulg. dъždь (*duz-djus “ bad weather “ =) “rain”, Russ. doždь , Pol. deszcz , O.Cz. déšč ,
gen. dšče ̌ and analogical deště. connection with deus - “lack” is very probable.
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root dheu̯es -, dhu̯ē̆s -, dheus -, dhū ̆ s - “to dissipate, blow, etc.
*scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die ” + Root dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ü- : “to shine; day; sun;
sky god, god ” derived Slav. (*dus-diu-): O.C.S. : dъždь “rain” [m jo] (see below).
Only ind. from duṣ- has evolved dúṣyati “ goes bad, goes off “, duṣṭa - ‘spoiled, evil, bad ”,
dūs ̣ a ́ yati “ spoiled, disabled “.
References: WP. I 816, E. Fraenkel Me ́ l . Pedersen 453.
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du̯ei-
English meaning: to fear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũrchten”
Material: Av. dvaēϑü “menace”;
Arm. erknč ̣ im “ I fear “, erkiuɫ “fear” (anlaut as in erku “two” : *du̯ōu Meillet MSL. 8, 235);
Gk. Hom. δείδω “dread” (*δέ-δFοι̯-α), Plur. δείδιμεν (i.e. δέδFιμεν), Att. δέδιμεν (thereafter
the new sg. Hom. δείδια, i.e. δέδFια, Att. δέδια ), Aor. Hom. ἔδδεισεν (i.e. ἔδFεισεν ), Hom.
δίε “ dreaded “; reshaped from * δεδFοια perf. Hom. δείδοικα , Att. δέδοικα , Cret. δεδFοικώς
Hes. (Hs. δεδροικώς ), in addition δεδείκελος Hes. “timorous ”; to δεδίσκομαι (after Hom. )
“terrify” (*δε-δFί-σκο-μαι) would be shaped secondary δειδίξομαι , whereof previously Att.
δεδίττομαι, Hom. δειδίσσομαι ; Hom. δειδήμων “timorous ” (*δεδFει̯ήμων ); δέος n. “fear”
(*δFει̯ος), θεουδής “ godfearing “ (*θεο-δFεής), δεῖμα n., δειμός m. “fear”, δεινός “terrible”,
δειλός , “timorous, fearful; unlucky, lamentable “ (*δFει̯ελός); διερός “to fear, dread ” (*δFι-
ερος);
Lat. dīrus “ ill - omened, ominous, boding, portentous, fearful, awful, dread “ (from
Servius to Aen. III 235 also as sabin. and Umbr. stated word, so that di- instead of bi- from
*du̯i- as a dialectal sound development), with formants - ro- “ before what one is afraid “, as
clü-rus “ audible, distinguishable “.
s-extension in O.Ind. dvē ́ s ̣ ṭi “ hated, is hostile “, dviṣṭá - “ detested “, dvē ́ s ̣ a -ḥ m., dvē ́ s ̣ as -
n. “hate”, Av. dvaēš -, t̃baēš - “be hostile to, mortify ”, participle t̃bišta -, dvaēšah ̣ -, t̃baēšaḥ - “
hostility “, M.Pers. bēš “affliction, mischief “, probably to du̯is- S. 232.
References: WP. I 816 f., WH. I 353 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 7106, 769, 774. After Benveniste
(briefl.) belongs the root as “ be in doubt “ to consecutive du̯ō(u) “two”.

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du̯ō(u) (*du̯ei-)
English meaning: two
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zwei”
Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duu̯ōu ), du̯ai f. n., besides du̯ei-,
du̯oi-, du̯i-
Note: compare the summary by Brugmann II2 2, 6-82 passim.
Material: 1. O.Ind. m. dváu, dvü ́ (ved. also duváu , duvü ́ ) = Av. dva m., O.Ind. f. n. dvē ́ (ved.
also duvē ́ ) = Av. baē f. and n. “two”;
instr. dat. abl. O.Ind. d(u)vü ́ bhyüm (has changed with ü), Av. dvaēibya (with old i-
diphthong, as Lith. dviẽm etc), gen. sg. O.Ind. d(u)váyoḥ ; by compression of O.Ind. d(u)vü -:
d(u)vü-daśa “12” (== Gk. δώδεκα );
Arm. erku “two” (= O.Ind. dvǘ);
Gk. Hom. δύ(F)ω (*δFω in δώ-δεκα), gen. dat. Ion. Att. δυοῖν , next to which uninflected
Hom. Att. Dor. etc δύ(F)ο (to form s. Schwyzer Gk. I 588 f.; to rudiment IE *du̯ō s. Meillet
BAL.-SLAV. 21, 273, due to Arm. erko-tasan 12, Lat. duŏ-dēnī, O.Ind. dva-ká- “the two
together”, but it could be directed after compositions with o-stems in the first part, as well as
from Goth. O.N. O.S. O.E. O.Fris. wi-t “ we two “, O.N. it, O.S. O.E. git “you two”);
Alb. dũ m., dũj f. “two” (*duu̯ō , respectively *duu̯ai );
Lat. duo (from *duō), f. duae (neologism), Umbr. (only with plur. inflection) dur nom. m.
“two” (*duōs , *duūr ), desen-duf acc. m. (12), duir “two”, tuva acc. n.;
O.Ir. düu, dō nom. acc. m. (= O.Ind. dvüu ), before Subst. dü (proclitic form), fem. dī (=
O.Ind. dvē ́), neutr. dü n- “two”, O.Welsh Bret. masc. dou, fem. Welsh dwy (etc); Gaul. VN
Vo-cor-ii, Vo-contii (compare Tri-corii ) with *u̯- besides du̯-; compare Thurneysen Gk. 182;

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Goth. m. twai, f. twōs, n. twa, O.N. tueir m., tuæ ̄ r f., tuau n., O.E. tū m., twü f. (= O.Ind.
dvē ́); O.H.G. zwēne m., zwü, zwō f., zwei n. etc (O.H.G. zweio “to two” loc. Du. = Lith.
dvíejau , dvíejaus );
Lith. dù m. (from * dvúo = O.Ind. dvǘ), dvì f. (= O.Ind. dvē); Ltv. divi m. f. (from * duwi f. n.),
O.Pruss. dwai m. f.; O.C.S. dъva m., dъvě f. n.;
Toch. A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. wi (neologism); compare above Gaul. vo-; Hitt. ta-a-an (tün)
“ secondly, second “, ta-a-i-u-ga-aš (tüyugaš ) “two years old ” (: Lith. dveigỹs “two years old
animal”?).
About the first part from εἴκοσι , vīgintī etc (old dissimilation from * du̯ī̆-, *du̯ei-dk̂mtī ??) s.
u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī “ twenty “.
Note:
The following dw-, vd- > b- is originally a Lat.-italic phonetic mutatIon.
In compound IE du̯i- and from it under unclear condition developed di- : O.Ind. dvi- (e.g.
dvi-pád- “ bipedal “), Av. bi- (e.g. bi-mühya - “ lasting two months “), Arm. erki (erkeam “
biennial “), Gk. δι- (e.g. δίπους ; da δίφρος “ curule chair, seat ” was not δί-, rather δFί-φρος,
if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following φ, also for other δι-
formation to consider from IE *du̯i-), aLat. dui-, Lat. bi- (e.g. dui-dens , bidens ; about forms
as diennium s. WH. I under biennium , Sommer Hdb.3 223; Umbr. di-fue “ cleft, parted, split “
probably sound pattern from du̯i-), O.N. tve- (also tvī-, see below), O.E. twi-, O.H.G. zwi-
(e.g. O.E. twi-fēte “ bipedal “, O.H.G. zwi-houbit “ bicipital “), Lith. dvi- (e.g. dvì-gubas “
twofold “, O.Pruss. dwi-gubbus ).
Ital. du- in Lat. du-bius, -plus, -plex, -pondius , -centī , Umbr. tuplak acc. sg. n. “ twofold “,
du-pursus “ bipedibus “ is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from duo; also is to
define du- in Umbr. duti “ again, a second time, once more, anew “, püli dutiyam “ for the

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second time “; about Ltv. du-celes “ zweiräderiger Wagen “ compare Trautmann 125,
Mũhlenhach -Endzelin I 509, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 358.
Zero grades du̯ei- in compounds is to be admitted for Celt. (e.g. O.Ir. dē-riad “ a span of
horses, pair, two horses harnessed to an open car “, díabul “ twofold “, Welsh dwy-flwydd
“two years old ”; O.Ir. dïas “ duality of persons “ probably from * du̯ei̯o -stho- ) and for Gmc.
(e.g. O.N. tuī-faldr “ twofold “ besides tuēfaldr ; Goth. tweifla- , probably n., O.H.G. zwīfal n.
besides Gk. δι-πλός, Lat. duplus ).
du̯oi- in O.E. getwæ ̄ fan , twæ ̄ man ‘separate, cut, clip ” < *twaifjan , *twaimjan ; perhaps also
for the Ar. (Av. baēǝrǝzufraϑ ah- “ two fingers wide “, dvaēpa - n. “island”? or rather from
du̯ai̯i -, as probably O.Ind. dvēdhü “ twofold, (*divided) in two parts ”, compare dvīpa ́ - “island”
above S. 51); perhaps Phryg. GN Δοίας, gen. -αντος (*du̯oi-n̥t) “twin”.
Slav. dvo-, dvu-, dvě- in compounds s. Berneker 247.
2. ordinals: O.Ind. dvitīya -, Av. bitya -, dabitya -, O.Pers. duvitiya- ‘second”; under duti “
again, a second time, once more, anew “ (probably replacement for * diti from *du̯iti̯om after
du-, see above); Arm. erkir, erkrord ‘second”; Alb. i-dũte; all new neologisms.
3. Multiplikativadverb: du̯is “twice”: O.Ind. dvíḥ (ved. also duvíḥ ), Av. biš, Gk. δίς, aLat.
du̯is, Lat. bis, M.H.G. zwir “twice” (but Ir. fo-dī = O.Ind. n. dvē, Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127),
Gmc. myth. PN Tuisto “ hermaphrodite “;
Maybe Alb. dũsh “in two”
through u̯-forms extended Av. bižvat̃ , O.N. tysuar, tuisuar , O.H.G. zwiro, zwiror (zwiron ,
zwiront ), with voiced ? z- reduction O.E. twiwa , twiga , twia, tuwa , twie, O.Fris. twia, twera ,
O.S. twio (to these forms lastly Loewe KZ. 47, 98 - 108, reminded in the forms in O.Ind.
kr̥tvas “ male “);
therefrom with formants -ko- O.H.G. zwisk , O.S. twisk “ twofold “ (see below), probably
also Arm. erkic̣s “twice”;

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with l-forms O.E. twislian “ bisect “, twisla “confluence of two streams ”, Ger. Zwiesel “
bifurcation “ (perhaps restricted to *du̯is in the meaning “ divided “, see below);
with t-forms O.Ind. dvitü ́ “ twofold, double ” (therefrom dvüita ́ -m “Dualität” ), ap.
duvitüparnam “in two Linien ”, gthAv. daibitü “again(?)”.
4. multiplicative: Gk. διπλός , διπλόος, Lat. duplus , Umbr. dupla “ double, twice as large,
twice as much “, O.Ir. dīabul (*du̯ei-plo-; see also above Goth. tweifls ), wherefore perhaps
Av. bifra- n. “ comparison, affinity “ (: root pel- “fold”, compare with t-extension:)
Gk. διπλάσιος (*pl̥t-io-), Ion. διπλήσιος “ waved with both hands “, O.H.G. zwifalt ds.
Gk. δίπλαξ , Lat. duplex , Umbr. tuplak n. “duplex” (: root plük- “flat, spread ”); from adv.
z.B. duví-dhü, dvē -dhü (probably *dvai̯i-dhü, that to be read in the oldest texts 3-syllable) “
twofold, in two parts ”, wherewith the ending from O.Ir. dēde “ duality of things “ seems to be
connected, as well as the from and. twēdi “halb”, O.E. twæ ̄ de “ two thirds “, O.H.G. zwitaran
“ hybrid, mongrel, half breed “, Ger. Zwitter.
Gk. δίχα “ twofold, divided in two parts “ (after Hom. διχῆ, διχοῦ ), next to which (through
hybridization with * δι-θά to O.Ind. dvídhü ) Hom. διχθά “δίχα”, therefrom Ion. διξός “ twofold “
(*διχθι̯ός or *δικσός ), and δισσός , Att. διττός ds. (*διχι̯ός, Schwyzer Gk. I 598, 840); about
Hitt. dak-ša-an “ Halbteil “ s. Pedersen Hitt. 141.
Here also Alb. degë “ twig, branch, bough, brushwood “ (*du̯oi-ghü);
O.H.G. zwīg “twig, branch ” (*du̯ei-gho-), O.E. twig “twig, branch ” (*du̯i-gho-); O.S. tōg(o),
M.L.G. toch, O.H.G. zuog(o) “twig, branch ” are reshaped after cardinal forms with twō-;
Lith. dveigỹs m. “zweijähriges animal” , Serb. dvìzük “zweijähriger Aries, ram” , old dviz “
biennial “ (: Hitt. düyugas , see above).
5. collective: O.Ind. dvayá - “double” (dvayá -m “ twofold creature, falsity “, nachved.
“pair”), dat. f. dvayyái = Hom. ἐν δοι῅ι; dvandvám “pair” (from ved. duvü ́ -duvü ́ “ every two “);

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Gk. Hom. δοιώ, δοιοί “double, two ” (with preservation of - ι̯- through influence of
*δFοῖ[F]ιν), ἐν δοιῆ “ in doubt “ (Ir. dīas from *duei̯o -stho-? );
Goth. gen. pl. twaddjē (compare with other ending O.Ind. gen. Dual dváyos , Lith. gen.
dviejų̃ ), O.N. tueggia , O.H.G. zweiio , O.E. m. twæ ̄ gen , f. twü, n. tū “two” (see above
Sievers-Brunner 264), nom. acc. pl. O.H.G. zwei (*du̯ei̯ü ), next to which from IE *du̯ei̯o -
O.H.G. M.H.G. zwī, g. zwīes m.n. “twig, branch ” (the n-stem O.N. tȳja “doubt” presumably
balanced from nom. *tvīja , gen. tȳju);
Bal.-Slav. du̯ei̯a - and duu̯ai̯a - in Lith. dvejì , f. dvẽjos “two” (the substantival n. sg. in dvẽja
tíek “twice as much ”);
O.C.S. d(ъ)voji adj. “ twofold, two ”, d(ъ)voje n. Subst. “two things ” (therefrom derivatives
as Russ. dvojnój “double”, dvójni “ twins “, dvójka “pair”, dvojník “ zweidrähtiger Faden “ ,
dvoítь “ in zwei Teile teilen, zwei Fäden zu einem zusammendrehen “ , etc, s. Berneker
247).
With -no- (partly due to from du̯is):
Arm. krkin “double” from * (r)ki-rki- no-, IE *du̯i-du̯is-no- (?) (L . Mariès REtIE . 1, 445);
Lat. bīnī “ every two “ (distributive) and “two” (collective) from * du̯is-no- (= Gmc. * twiz-na-
);
Gmc. *twi-na- in O.H.G. zwinal , zwenel “ born together, twin-born, twin- “, zwiniling m.,
M.H.G. zwinilīn n. “twin”, *twai-na- in O.S. twēne “two”, O.H.G. zwēne ds. (it has substituted
with ē instead of ei after *zwē = Goth. twai), O.H.G. zwein-zug , O.S. twēn -tig, O.E. twēn -tig
“20” (“ Doppelzehn “);
Maybe Alb. 20, një-zet “one - ten”, 40, dy-zet “double - ten ”
Gmc. *twiz- na- in O.N. tvennr , tvinnr “ twofold “, pl. tvenner “ zwei zusammengehörige “
(tvinna “redouble ”), O.H.G. zwirnēn, -ōn “ zweifach zusammendrehen “, M.H.G. zwirn ,
M.L.G. twern “ doppelt zusammengedrehter Faden “ probably = O.E. twīn, Du. twijn “ linen

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thread, linen “ (O.E. getwinne “ every two “, getwinnas “ twins “ is led back then to * twi-nja-).
Besides due to *twīha -, IE *du̯ei-ko-, Goth. tweihnai “two”, O.E. dat. twēonum , betwēonum ,
Eng. between “ between “;
Lith. m. pl. dvynaĩ , Russ. dvójni “ twins “.
With -ko-:
O.Ind. dviká - “ aus zweien bestehend, zweifach “ (dvaká - “in pairs, by pairs ” connected
after ēkaka ́ -);
O.H.G. zwe(h)o , O.S. twe(h)o , O.E. twēo m. “doubt”, O.E. be-twih , -tweoh “ between “,
mid unctwīh “ between us both “ (compare above Goth. tweih-nai );
from du̯is- from: O.H.G. zwisk , O.S. twisk “ twofold “, pl. “both” dat. pl. O.H.G. ( undar , en)
zwiskēn , Ger. zwischen ; in addition O.E. getwisa m., O.S. gitwiso , M.H.G. zwiselinc “twin”.
With du̯is- “twice” identical is du̯is- “divided, asunder ” in Goth. twisstandan “to divide” and
den derivatives O.N. tvistra ‘separate”, M.L.G. O.Fris. twist, M.H.G. zwist “discord (split) ”
and M.Eng. twist = O.N. kvistr “twig, branch ” (as also bO.Ir. zwist ), further O.N. kvīsl f. “ split
branch or tools, arm of a river “ (these with IE ei); further O.N. tvis-var “twice”, tvistr “
dichotomous, sad “ (= O.Ind. dviš ̣ ṭha - “ ambiguous “, Gk. *διστος in διστάζω “ doubt “, IE
*du̯i(s)-sto- : root stü-, at most du̯is-to- with formant -to-), O.E. twisla “ arm of a river “,
twislian “ bisect “, O.H.G. zwisila , Ger. Zwiesel “ divided object, twig, branch ”, M.H.G. zwisel
“double”; here very probably ar. dviṣ- “hate” (see under *du̯ei- “fear, dread ”).
Maybe Alb. më dysh “apart, in two ”, dyshi “two”
6. IE additional form dis- in Lat. dis-, O.S. O.Fris. te-, ti-, O.E. te-, O.H.G. zi-, ze- (new zir-
through amalgamation from zi- and ir-) “dis-”, Goth. dis- “apart” (probably borrowed from
Lat., barely preceding from * tis- = Lat. dis-), Alb. tsh- e.g. in tshk”ep “unpick”, Gk. διά (i.e.
after μετά etc filled in * δι[σ]ά), e.g. δια-σχίζω “through” : Lat. discindo “ to tear asunder, cut

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(ebhi?) : obhi : bhi
English meaning: around, from to, etc.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “auf - to, auf etwas hin and es ũberwältigend”
Material: O.Ind. abhi- prefix “from - to”, abhí preposition with acc. “to”, gthAv. aibī, jAv. aiwi,
avi, aoi, O.Pers. abiy as prefix “to, around - ”, as preposition m. acc. “to - toward “, with loc.
“about, in regard to ” (in Ar. abhi lies also partly * m̥bhi “before”, see above S. 34);
Lat. ob “towards, to ” appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the
partial successors from IE obhi (see under epi);
Goth. bi, O.H.G. etc bi, bī “from - to (Goth.), with regard to, about ” with acc. ; “an, by” with
dat. (loc.), also with instr., prefix “be-”, s. also under ambhi , above S. 34, which contains in
final sound identical element;
O.C.S. obь, оbъ as preverb “ around-, about-, to- ” in оbь-stojati or оbъ-stojati “encircle”,
in compounds, as obьdo n. “treasure, tribute ”, in derivatives, as obьštь , R.C.S. оbьčъ
“common ” (*obhi-ti̯o-); intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic obichoditi “ to walk
around, perambulate “; the form o, ob contains previous * op- (Lith. ap), see under epi.
References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm.2 155 f.
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edh-2
English meaning: fence, paling
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zaunstecken, Zaun from Pfählen”
Material: Doubtful Gk. ὄστριμον ‘stall, hurdle “ (*odh-tro- )??
O.E. eodor m. “ hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord ” (ablaut. M.L.G. ader “ fence post “),
O.H.G. etar, Ger. Etter “fence, edge ” (if in addition bO.Ir. ester , Swiss ester “ penstock “?),
O.Ice. jǫður -r, jaðar -r “edge, upper fence pole ”, perhaps O.E. edisk m. “ fenced pasture “,
bO.Ir. iss(e) “enclosed meadow ” (*edh-si̯ü?); O.Bulg. odrъ “bed”, odrina ‘stall”, Russ. odr “
scaffolding board “, Cz. odr “picket, pole ”, Ser.-Cr. odar, odrina “ encircling grapevine “.
References: WP. I 121.
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edh- (*heĝʷ-)
English meaning: sharp
Note:
From an older root heĝʷ-el derived: Root ak̂-, ok̂- : ‘sharp; stone ” and Root ü̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : ‘spear,
pike”, finally Root edh- (*heĝʷ-): ‘sharp” [common Illyr.-Balt ĝh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitz”
Material: Lat. ebulus , -ī f. and -um n. “ dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of
elder, also dane ’s weed, dane ’s blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought
against the Danes] ”;
Note: common Lat. ĝʷ- > b- phonetic mutation, hence Lat. ebulus < *heĝʷ-el where -el, - ul
are diminutive formants.
ablaut. (with k-suffix) Gaul. and gallorom. odocos “dwarf elder ”;
O.H.G. attuh , attah , O.S. aduk “dwarf elder ” (borrowed from Celt.);
Bal.-Slav. * edlü- and * edli- f. “fir” in
O.Pruss. addle (*edle), Lith. ẽglė (out of it dial. ãglė), Ltv. egle ds. (secondary ē-stem; - g-
from - d-);
Note: common Illyr.-Balt ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation hence - g- from - d-is wrong etymology.
moreover probably Iterat. Lith. adūti “ prick “, Ltv. adît “ knit “, compare Lith. ãdata “
sewing-needle “;
Church Slavic etc jela (*edlü), Russ. jelь, O.Cz. jedl etc (* edli-).
References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.
See also: from zum Folgenden ( edh-2)?
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ed- (*heĝh -)
English meaning: to eat, *tooth
Note:
From an older root (* heĝh-) derived Root ed- (*heĝh -): “to eat, *tooth ” and Root ĝembh -,
ĝm̥bh - : “to bite; tooth ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “essen”
Note: originally athematic, but mostly thematic change
Note:
Common Illyr.-Balt ĝh- > d- , z-, O.Pruss. - Illyr. ĝh- > zz-, ss- , s- phonetic mutation
Material: O.Ind. athematic present 1. sg. ád-mi, 3. sg. át-ti “you eat”, perf. üdima ́ (: Lat.
ēdimus , Goth. etum ); themat. in Medium ada-sva;
Av. 3. sg. Konj. aδüiti;
Arm. utem “eat”, themat. (*ōd-);
Gk. Hom. Infin. ἔδμεναι , Fut. (older Konj.) ἔδ-ο-μαι, Imper. originally * ἔσθι (: O.Ind. addhí ),
thereafter secondary ἐσθίω (ἔσθω ) “eat”; secondary themat. ἔδω (after participle ἐδοντ - and
the thereafter resulted in 3. pl. ἔδοντι ), perf. Hom. ἐδ-ηδ-ώς, ἐδήδοται (after πέπο-ται), Att.
ἐδήδοκα ;
Lat. edō, ēs, ēst etc “eat” (length of ē either old or after the sog. Lachmann ’s rule to
define; if old in participle ēsus and passive ēs(s)um? ); perf. ēdī; Osc. Infin. edum , about
Umbr. ezariaf see under S. 288;
O.Ir. Konj. ci-ni estar “ although he does not eat “ (*ed-s -tro), Fut. īss- (*i-ed-s-), perf.
dofūaid (*de-u(p)o- od-e), participle esse “ eaten “ (*ed-ti̯o-); Welsh ys “you eat” (*ed-ti);
Goth. themat. itan (perf. 1. pl. ētum , O.H.G. üzum etc: aLat. ēdimus ), O.N. eta, O.S. O.E.
etan, Eng. eat, O.Fris. īta, O.H.G. ezzan “eat” (= O.Ind. ádanam “ act of eating “, Gk.

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ἐδανόν “dish, food ”); with prefix fra- (*pro- ): Goth. fra-itan “ consume “, O.E. fretan “ gnaw “,
O.H.G. frezzan “ devour “; kaus. Goth. fra-atjan ; O.N. etia “ allow to consume “, O.E. ettan “
allow to graze “, O.H.G. azzen , ezzen “ give to eat, allow to graze “, Ger. ätzen , actually “ a
spicy dish that can be eaten “;
Maybe Alb.Gheg etun “thirsty”, etje “thirst”
Bal.-Slav. * ēd-mi in:
Lith. e ́du, e ́džiau , e ́sti (alt. ė́[d]mi, 3. sg. e ́st) “eat, devour “, Supin. e ́stų; Ltv. ę̂mu (older
*ę̂mi) and êdu, êst ds., Supin. êstu; O.Pruss. īst, īstwei “eat”; O.C.S. jamь (*ěmь), 3. sg.
jastъ (*ěstъ) IE *ēd-ti), 3. pl. jadętъ (IE *ēdn ̥ ti ), Infin. jasti (old ěsti), Supin. jastъ, O.Cz. jěst;
Lith. participle ė́dęs, O.Pruss. īduns , O.C.S. jadъ “ having eaten “;
Hitt. et- “eat”, Imper. e-it (et), 1. sg. present e-it-mi (etmi), 3. pl. a-da-an-zi (adanzi ); the
first a through assimilation?, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hitt. 128;
in compounds: Gk. ἄ̄ρι-στον (*-d-tom) “ breakfast “; with lengthening in compound
δειπνηστός “ mealtime “, δορπηστός “ time for supper, evening meal, evening “ (compare
also Hom. ὠμησής “ Rohes essend “: O.Ind. ümüd - ds.); Gk. ἐδεστός , -τέος is arranged
from *ἐστός, *ἐστέος after ἔδομαι (as ἐδεσθ῅ναι from *ἐσθ῅ναι).
nominal formation:
1. Lengthened grade:
ēdi̯o-, ēdi̯ü: in O.Ind. üdya ́ - “ edible “ (üdyūna - “ voracious “ is derived from *üdyu -ḥ “
eating food, “);
O.N. ǣtr “ eatable “ (compare also Goth. afētja m. “ excessive eater “);
Lith. ė́džios f. pl. “ Raufe “, ėdžià “ devourer “ (originally “ food fed to livestock “), e ̃dis m.
“dish, food ”, mės-e ̃dis “ carnivore, family of meat-eating animals ”; O.Pruss. īdis m. “food,
eating”; Russ. jěžá “food, eating, dish, food ” (under likewise; s. Berneker 271 f.);
about Lat. inĕdia “ fast “ s. WH. 393.

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ēdo-, ēdü: in O.N. üt n. “ ravenousness, dish, food ” (also üta f. “ ravenousness,
nourishment, food ”), O.E. ǣt n., O.S. üt n., O.H.G. üz n. “dish, food ” (compare also Goth.
uzēta m. “crib, manger “), Lith. e ́da f. “the eating ” (= O.N. üta), Ltv. êdas f. pl. “ food fed to
livestock “, O.Pruss. īdai f. nom. sg. “ the eating “, O.C.S. оbědъ “repast, meal ” (perhaps
also jadъ “ poison “, s. Berneker 271 f.), Russ. jědá f. “ breakfast, dish, food ”.
ēdi-: in O.C.S. jadь “dish, food ”, medv-ědь “the bear ” (honey eater, compare O.Ind.
madhv-ád- ds.).
ēd-to-: in Lith. e ́stas “ eaten “, O.Pruss. Subst. dat. sg. īstai “food, eating ”, mbg. jasto “
serving of food “, etc.
ēdes -: in Lith. e ̃desis “dish, food ”, ėskà f. “ appetite “, old “ food fed to livestock, carrion “
= Lat. ēsca (*ēd-s-kü) “dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion “, Ltv. ēška “ wolverine “;
O.H.G. O.S. üs “ flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion “, O.E. ǣs “ carrion “ (*ēd-s-om); O.C.S.
jasli pl. m. “ crib, manger, manger ” (*ēd-s-li-); if Umbr. ezariaf stands for “food”, it can be
maybe explained from *ēdes -üsio-; different about Lith. ėskà EM2 295.
Maybe Alb. eshkë “dried mushrooms for kindling the fire ”
With ō: Gk. ὠδίς f., pl. ὠδῖνες “throes of childbirth ”, ὠδίνω “ be in labor pains “ (Frisk
Etyma Armen.13); ἐδ-ωδ-ή “dish, food ” (compare ἐδηδώς ); in addition Lith. úodas , Ltv. uôds
m. “ mosquito “ (Schulze KZ . 43, 41 =Kl. Schr. 627; from Zubaty ́ AfslPh . 16, 407, Brugmann
Grundr. I2 337 placed to wRuss. wadzen “ a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese “).
2. Full grade, e.g.:
O.Ind. ádman - n. “dish, food ” (: ἔδμεναι ); -advan - “ eating “;
Arm. erkn “ birth pain, labor pains “ (*edu̯ōn ), erk “plague” (*edu̯o -?);
Hom. εἶδαρ , -ατος n. “nourishment, food ” (i.e. ἔδFαρ, compare ἔδαρ βρ῵μα Hes.),
ἐδητύς, ἔδεσμα “dish, food ”;

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Lat. prandium “ a late breakfast, luncheon “ (*pram -ediom ?), edulus “ trencherman “ (see
also WH. I under acrēdula , ficedula and monēdula ), edūlis “ eatable “ (possibly because of
from Fick III4 24, Falk- Тоrp under jætte as *etuna- “ voracious eater “ or “ cannibal “ our root
form added to O.N. jǫtunn “ giant “, O.E. eoten “ giant “, older N.Ger. eteninne “ witch “ an
older u- stem edu- is added?);
3. ŏ-grade: ὀδύνη (Eol. but ἔδυνα ) “pain” (compare Lat. cūrae edücēs ), ὀδύρομαι “
lament, bewail, mourn for, felt pain ” etc. (influenced from μύρομαι “ flow, run, trickle, cry,
weep”).
edont -, dont-, dn̥t- “tooth”, probably previous participle present
O.Ind. dán m., acc. dántam (*dont-), gen. datáḥ (= Lat. dentis ) “tooth” (secondary dánta -ḥ
m.); Av. dantan- m. ds., dütü f. ds.;
Arm. atamn , gen. - man “tooth” (*edn̥t-mn̥);
Gk. (Ion. Att. ) ὀδών , -όντος “tooth” (Att. ὀδούς neologism after ( δι)δούς), Eol. ἔδοντες
(ὀδόντ - assimilated from * ἐδόντ -?), νωδός “ edentulate, toothless “ for *νωδων after
στράβων : στραβός under likewise;
Lat. dens , -tis m. (*dn̥t-s); Osc. dunte[s] is ablaut “teeth”;
O.Ir. dēt n., Welsh Bret. dant, Corn. dans “tooth” (*dn̥t-);
O.H.G. zand , O.E. tōð (dat. sg. , nom. pl. tēð, conservative stem), O.N. tǫnn (nom. pl.
teðr, tennr , conservative stem); zero grade (from the weak case), Goth. tunÞus (from dem
acc. tunÞu = Lat. dentem ) “tooth” (derivative O.E. tūsc “fang” from *tunÞ-ska- );
Lith. dantìs , gen. pl. dantų̃ (dial. also dančiu ̨̃ ) “tooth”;
Slav. probably in Pol. dzięgna “ stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay,
inflammation of the gums “ (*dęt-gna, s. Berneker 190).
forms with e-grade don ”t stand firm accordingly; O.N. tindr “cusp, peak, crag “, M.H.G.
zint, - des “prong, spike, tine “, O.E. tind m. ds., O.H.G. zinna (*tindjü ) “pinnacle”, O.H.G.

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egnis : ognis
English meaning: fire
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Feuer”
Note: Root egnis : ognis : “fire” derived from Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng- ): coal < Root
okʷ- : “to see; eye ”
Grammatical information: m.
Material: O.Ind. agní-ḥ m. “fire” (= Hitt. Agnis , Hroznū ZA . 38, 185, after Laroche,
Recherches sur les noms of dieux hittites 119, taken over from Hurrians);
Lat. ignis, -is m. “fire, flame, light, blaze, glow ” (*egnis );
Lith. ugnìs f. (O.Lith. also m., Specht KZ. 59, 2782), Ltv. uguns m. f. ds.; u derives from
O.S. ughn “oven”;
O.C.S. ognь m. “fire” (*ognis ; i-stem, secondary i̯o-stem), Cz. oheň (ohně), Russ. ogónь
(ognjá); about Cz. vūheň f. “flue, chimney, smithy ”, Ser.-Cr. vȉganj m. “blacksmith ”, with
quite unclear anlaut, s. Meillet Slave comm.2 85, lastly J . Holub Stručny ́ slovnik etym .
jazyka česko Slov. 341.
Maybe Alb. vigan “giant” : Ser.-Cr. vȉganj m. “ blacksmith ” [a translation of Cyclops who
were giant blacksmiths; they got their name for covering one eye as a spare if one got
damaged from sparks of melted metal, that is why Root egnis : ognis : “fire” derived from an
extension of Root okʷ- : “to see; eye ”]; common Alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.
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eg-
English meaning: a lack of smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mangel”
Material: Lat. egeō , -ēre “ want, be in need; with genit. or abl. to be in want of, to be without,
not to have; also to desire, wish for, want “, egestüs “ poverty, indigence, need; with genit.,
want of “, egēnus (*egesnos ) “ needy, destitute; with genit. or abl., in need of “. Hereu pon
also Osc. egmo f. “a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance; possessions, property,
wealth; interest, advantage, benefit; cause, ground, reason; a matter of business; a law suit,
action “ (to meaning development compare Gk. χρή : χρ῅μα);
O.N. ekla “lack”, ekla “barely”, O.H.G. ekorōdo “bare, only ”, ekrōdi, eccherode “thin,
weak”.
References: WP. I 114 f., WH. I 394 f.
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eĝhero - (*heĝhero -)
English meaning: lake, inner sea
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Landsee ”?
Note:
From Root eĝhero - : “lake, inner sea ” derived Root ad(u) -, ad-ro- : “water current ”: Illyr.
pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common Alb.-Illyr.-Balt -ĝh- > -d-, -z- ; O.Pruss. -Illyr. -ĝh- > ss-, s-
phonetic mutation].
Material: Maybe Illyr. TN Oseriates (Osseriates ) [common italic -Illyr. -ĝh- > ss-, s- phonetic
mutation].
Der comparison from Bal.-Slav. *ežera - n. ‘sea shore ” in O.Pruss. assaran n. ‘sea”, Lith.
ẽžeras m. (out of it dial. also ãžeras ), Ltv. ezers m., O.C.S. (j)ezero , Russ. ózero ds., with:
Balt *eži̯ü f. “ border line “ in O.Pruss. asy, Lith. eže ̃, Ltv. eža; Slav. *е̌žъ m. in Serb.-
Church Slavic jazь “canal”, O.Cz. jěz “ water weir “, aRuss. ězъ, Russ. jaz “ fish weir “, is
doubtful, also the with pannon. VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες in the flat sea surface (because of. of σ it
must be Thrac.), and with:
Gk. ᾽Αχέρων , -οντος , river of the underworld (therefrom ᾽Αχερουσία λίμνη and ἀχερωΐς “
abele, white poplar “), whose α (instead of ε or ο) could indeed derive from ἄχος “ a
trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm “;
Note: common Gk. -ĝh- > -χ- phonetic mutation
Bal.-Slav. forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *ažera -, in which case one
could place IE *aĝhero -.
References: WP. I 1841, Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.
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eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s)
English meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Igel”
Note: probably short form to eĝhi-no-s “ of the serpent, serpent eater “ (see above S. 44).
Note:
Root eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s): “hedgehog (*serpent eater) ” derived from Root angʷ(h)i - (*egʷhi -,
ogʷhi - and eĝhi-) : ‘snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater) ”
Material: Arm. ozni “hedgehog ”;
Phryg. εζις “hedgehog ”;
Gk. ἐχῖνος “hedgehog ”;
Maybe Gk. χήρ χηρό ς “hedgehog ” (= Lat. ēr, ēris ds., ērīcius , ērinüceus, hērinüceus ds.)
O.H.G. igil, M.H.G. igel, M.L.G. egel, O.E. igil, igl, īl “hedgehog ”, O.N. igull ‘sea urchin ”
(with ī O.H.G. also īgil, by Luther Eigel , O.N. also īgull);
Lith. ežy ̃ s, Ltv. ezis “hedgehog ”;
Church Slavic ježь (*eĝhi̯os ) ds. (in addition Russ. ježevíka , ožína “ blackberry “, ožíka “
bulrush” etc., s. Berneker 267).
Here probably following Balt-Slav. appellation of perch (prickly fish):
O.Pruss. assegis m. “ perch “, Lith. ežgy ̃ s , ežegy ̃ s , egžly ̃ s , O.Lith. ẽkšlis , jẽkšlis “chub”;
lengthened grade Slav. *ězgъ , out of it *ěždžь, čеch. ježdík “ perch “, Pol. jażdż , jaszcz
(also jazgarz ) “chub”; basic form perhaps *ē̆ĝh(e)-g(h)i̯os “ hedgehog-like “.
Maybe Alb. ( *eĝh) esh “hedgehog ”, according to the shift [common O.Pruss. - Illyr. ĝh- > z- ,
ss- phonetic mutation].
maybe Lat. (*essecus ) ericius -i , m. “hedgehog; miLith. , chevaux de frise ” : Alb. iriq
“hedgehog ” [common Lat. -s- > -r- rhotacism].

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eĝhs (eĝhz )
English meaning: of, out, from
Deutsche Übersetzung: “from”
Note: Aspirata erwiesen through Gk. ἔσχατος .
Material: Maybe nasalized zero grade Alb. (*ĝha) nga “ of, out, from “
Gk. ἐξ (dial. ἐς, before consonant ἐκ, ἐγ) “from”, prefix and preposition m. ablative, (genitive)
and (ark.-Cypr., pamph.) dative; Ion. Att. ἐκτός “ out of “ (after ἐντός with τ for θ, compare:)
lokr. ἐχθός (from ἐκσ + τος Schwyzer Gk. I 326) epidaur. to ἔχθω , ἔχθοι reshaped, ἔσχατος “
of the extreme, last “ (based on * ἐσχο - from *eĝzgho -, older *eĝhs -ko-), less certainly
ἐχθρός “fiend, detested “, originally “ Landflũchtiger “ or “foreigner, stranger ” from *eĝhstros ,
wherefore were created after αἰσχ-ρός : -ίων, -ιστος , -ος further ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος , ἔχθος ,
also ἔχθεσθαι , ἀπεχθάνομαι , ἀπεχθαίρω etc.;
Lat. ex (out of it ē before b, d-, g-, l-, m- etc., ec before f) “from”, prefix and preposition m.
abl., Osc.-Umbr. (about *eχs) ē-, e.g. Osc. ehpeilatas set “*are pillaged, are assigned “,
Umbr. ehe-turstahmu “ drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish “; Lat. exterus “outward,
foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl. extremus - a -um,
outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an end; “ex-
tremum”, acc., for the last time; “ad extremum ”, to the end or at the end; in degree or
quality, extreme; esp. loWest, worst; “extremum bonorum, malorum ”, the highest good, evil;
superl. extimus - a -um, out- ermost” (exterior, extrēmus, externus, extrü, extimus ), because
of in *ek-t- indicating Osc. ehtrad “ outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside
of, without; except for “, Umbr. ap ehtre “* ab extrim “, O.Ir. echtar , Welsh eithyr “ outside;

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except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside of, without; except for “, O.Welsh heitham ,
Welsh eithaf ( : extimus ) its x previously was restored from ex;
O.Ir. ess-, preceding ass-, a, Welsh eh-, Gaul. ex- (e.g. in Exobnus “fearless” : O.Ir.
essamain , M.Welsh ehofyn ), before consonant ec-, prefix and (Ir.) preposition m. dat.(-abl.);
O.Pruss. esse , assa , assæ (with an unclear extension), es-teinu “ from now on “;
with hard i: Lith. iž, ìš, Ltv. iz, is, O.Pruss. is, O.C.S. iz, izъ, is “from”, prefix and
preposition m. abl.(-gen.), probably also partly real gen.; after Meillet Slave comm.2 155,
505 zero grade Bal.-Slav. * iž (?); s. also Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 33, about Ltv. īz 507.
WH. I 423 places also Arm. preverb y- (e.g. y-aṙnem “ uplifts me “: Lat. ex-orior “to come
out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear ”) and the preposition with abl. i “from” here
(doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the Toch. A-Postposition - ṣ
“not at all ” from * -kṣ. common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. negative particle s” “not at all ” : Toch. A-postposition -ṣ “not at all ”
About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. Gk. ἐκ-φέρω, Lat. ef-ferō “ to carry
out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove “, O.Ir. as-biur ‘say, express, *take out ” (*ek̂s-
bherō ), Gk. ἔξ-ειμι, Lat. ex-eō “ to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw, retire “, Lith.
iš-eĩti, O.C.S. iz-iti ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f.
Maybe nasalized Alb. nxjerr “bring out, take out ” : Lat. ex-orior “to come out, come forth,
spring up, rise, appear ”
References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gk. I 326.
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eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō
English meaning: I
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ich”
Note: -ĝh- besides -ĝ- is ensured only for O.Ind., thus probably secondarily after dat.
máhyam .
Note:
From Root ehem , eheu , eho (*eĝh-): “interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise ”
derived Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “I”
Material: O.Ind. ahám , Av. azǝm , O.Pers. adam (*eĝ(h)om );
Note:
The shift ĝ(h) > d, t is recorded in Alb. and O.Pers. alone see below.
Arm. es (from * ec, IE eĝ before conservative anlaut);
Gk. ἔγω, ἐγών, boot. ἰω, ἰών; Lat. egō ̆ as Gk. ἐγώ has changed from * egom , perhaps
while *ἐγὸν φέρω stretched after ἐγὼ φέρω, egō ̆ ferō, and *ἐγών are directed after * ἔδων “
gave “ etc. (about Lat. egomet “I myself” s. WH. I 396)? fal. eko, ego; probably also Osc. íív
“I?”; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.;
Ven. eχo “I” (compare meχo “ me “);
Goth. ik, O.H.G. ih (ihh-ü “ I myself “ with the particle - ü), O.S. ic, Run. ek, ik, O.N. ek and
enclitic Run. -ika (*eĝom ), WestGmc. also *īk (lengthening after *tū) in O.E. īc, Ger. fränk.
aich, O.N. also ēk (Proto-Gmc. *ékan, from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka);
Lith. àš, old eš, Ltv. es, O.Pruss. es, as (*eĝ);
O.C.S. azъ (quite seldom jazъ) from *ēghom ?, nSloven. Russ. Pol. ja (to explanation of
anlaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm.2 452);
Note:

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Maybe: O.C.S. jazъ derived from Swedish jag “I “
Toch. ñuk “I” after Petersen Lang. 11, 204?;
Hitt. ú-uk (uk) with u after am-mu-uk “me, I”, secondary “I”, that against u has related
from the 2. sg. tu-uk “you (dat.) you ”.
Maybe reduced nasalized Alb. (*unk) unë “I” : Alb. Arbëresh uthë “ I” [common Alb. -k > - th
phonetic mutation]
Note:
The common shift ĝh > d also kh > t is found only among Persian tongues and Albanian
dialects. With regard to Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “ I” the shift ĝ(h) > d in O.Pers. [Av. azǝm ,
O.Pers. adam (*eĝ(h)om )] corresponds to Alb. ĝh > th [eukham- > utha “ I”] of Alb. Arbëresh
which is the oldest cognate. It was then nasalized in Alb. Arbëresh utha “ I” > Alb.Tosk
(*unta) unë “ I” [common Alb. phonetic mutation t > nt > n ].
Also important is the fact that Hitt. language uses the endings before the word like Lat.
while Alb. uses the ending after the word like Indian and Persian tongues. But clearly Illyr.
marks the intermediate period between satem and centum languages. Alb. A rbëresh
[eukham- > utha “ I”] is the only cognate similar to Hitt. ú-uk (uk) “ I” with u after am-mu-uk
“me”, and Toch. Toch. ñuk “I”.
In archaic Alb. the ending of the word actually stood before the word like in Hitt.
IE eĝ(h)om is presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which actually stands for
“(my) hereness “ and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is considered worth under
*ghe, *gho enclitic particles.
References: WP. I 115 f., WH. I 395 f., 862; Schwyzer Gk. I 209, 602, 6042, Trautmann 72,
Pedersen Hitt. 73 f.
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ehem , eheu, eho (*eĝh-)
English meaning: interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausrufe
Note: mostly independent neologisms
Material: Ved. áha, O.Ind. ahahü ̆ , ahē, ahō, hamhō etc.;
Lat. ehem , hem (an exclamation of joyful surprise), eheu , heu (: O.Ind. ahō) “ach, oh!”,
eho “hey there! ”;
Ger. hem, hum, hm (: Lat. hem); compare Ger. aha, oho!;
for O.Ind. ah-, Lat. eh- one could place IE *eĝh- .
References: WP. I 115, WH. I 396 and above S. 281 ē, ō.
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eibh- (: oibh-), i̯ebh-
English meaning: to copulate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “futuere”
Note: probably a taboo with rearrangement of anlaut
Material: O.Ind. yábhati “ copulated “;
Gk. οἴφω, οἰφέω “ copulate “; οἰφόλης “ obscene “;
Dor.-Illyr. mythical PN Οἴβαλος “ of or belonging to one ’s birth “;
perhaps Gmc. * aiƀō “ family, a district, canton, province, region “ in langob. - aib (Ant-aib,
Burgund-aib ), O.H.G. - eiba (Weter-eiba , Wingart -eiba);
Slav. *i̯ebō “ copulate “ in Russ. jebú, jetí, Ser.-Cr. jèbêm , jèbati (with newly formed
infinitive), etc.
References: WP. I 198, Specht KZ. 59, 1212, Schwyzer Gk. I 7221 (sieht in Gk. ὀ- ein
preverb e, o, above S. 280).
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eig-, oig-
English meaning: to complain, entreat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut jammern, kläglich bitten”
Material: Gk. οἶκτος “ pity, compassion, the lamenting “, οἰκτρός “ pitiable, in piteous plight,
lamentable, wretched “, οἰκτί̄ρω (Eol. οἰκτίρρω) “have mercy on, bemoan “;
in addition verb * eigi̯ō in M.Ir. éigid “ screams “, éigem f. “cry”, to-formation in lachtaid “
groans, shouts “;
Goth. aihtrōn “ ask, cadge “ (denominative of Gk. οἰκτρός corresponding noun agent or
rather of neuter *oiktrom ).
References: WP. I 105 f.
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ei-3
English meaning: multicoloured; reddish
Deutsche Übersetzung: Farbadjektiv “rötlich, bunt”
Note: extended (e)i-u̯o-, (e)i-u̯ü “yew” etc.
Material: Arm. aigi “ grapevine “ (*oiu̯ii̯ü );
Gk. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα “ service-tree, rowan tree ” (*oiu̯ü) = Lat. ūva “ a grape, berry of the vine “;
Gaul. ivo-, urIr. iu̯a-, O.Ir. ēo m., Welsh ywen m., O.Corn. hiuin , Bret. ivin m. “yew”;
O.H.G. īwa, M.H.G. īwe, mnl. ijf, Ger. Eibe f., O.E. īw m., O.Ice. ȳr “ yew” (*eiu̯o-), named
after the red-brown wood;
besides *ei-ko- in O.H.G. īgo, O.S. pl. īchas , Swiss īche, īge, O.E. īh, ēoh “ yew”;
Lith. ievà, jievà f., Ltv. (with irregular intonation) iẽva “ alder buckthorn, alder dogwood “
(*eiu̯ü), O.Pruss. iuwis “ yew” (*iu̯a-), named after the red-brown wood;
R.C.S. iva, Ser.-Cr. ȉva (= Ltv. iẽva), Russ. íva “Weide”, O.Cz. jíva “ yew, sallow “;
O.Ind. ḗta- “ glimmering, varicolored ”, m. ‘steed, bird, antelope “ etc., urind. PN (14. Jh.)
Aita-ggama “riding on a ram ” (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. ḗnī, in addition (with ṇ for n after
hariṇī , Femin. to harita “yellowish ”, compare also hariṇá - “ gazelle “): ēn ̣ a- m. “ kind of
antelope “ (Schulze Kl. Schr. 123).
References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge12 s. v. Eibe, Specht Decl. 63, 205.
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ei-4 : oi-
English meaning: pole; thill
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange”, dann “Deichsel ”
Note: extended through s- or l-, n-, r-stem; oi̯-es- : īs- : ois- ‘shaft”
Material: O.Ind. īs ̣ ü ́ ‘shaft”;
Gk. οἰήιον “ rudder, helm “, Att. οἴᾱξ, -κος ds.; Gk. * οἰ[σ]ᾱ corresponds:
Balt *aisü as wellspring from finn. wotj. (etc.) aisa “ shaft, pole of the helm, thill “;
ei̯-el- in Lith. íelekstis f. “Deichselstange ”, Ltv. ielukši , ablaut. il̃kss, ilkmis ds.; Lith. ailė “
shaft, pole ”, žem. áilis “ a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club “, Ltv. ailis “ shaft, pole ”;
ei̯-en- in Lith. íena f. “ thill pole “;
oi̯-er- in O.Ice. O.E. ür “ helm pole “, that according to the Lw. finn. airō and Ltv. aĩr-is,
aĩre, Lith. vaĩras “ rudder “ based on Proto-Gmc. * airō;
oi̯-es- also in Sloven. Ser.-Cr. Cz. oje ‘shaft” (gen. Sloven. ojese ).
References: WP. I 167, Lidén Studien 60 ff., Specht Decl. 101.
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eis-1 (*ḫeu̯is )
English meaning: to move rapidly, *iron
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(sich) heftig, ungestũm, schnell bewegen; antreiben = anregen,
erquicken; also of Entsenden, Schleudern von Geschossen, Pfeilen ”
Material: O.Ind. iṣṇǘti , íṣyati “ sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes
floating; it hurries, presses forward “, ḗṣati “ glides “ (ēs ̣ a ́- “hurrying”, ḗṣa- “the rush “), ī́ṣatē
“hurries away ” (adv. īs ̣ a ́ t “ approaching “), iṣaṇat “ he came floating “, iṣaṇyáti “ comes
floating, stimulates, animates “, iṣayáti “is fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated “, íṣ- f. “
refreshment, invigoration “ (also in íṣ-kr̥ti- “healing”), iṣirá- (: ἱαρός, Isara ) ‘strong, active “;
Maybe Alb. Alb. (*euse ) ethe f. “fever” see Root eus- : “to burn”
Av. aēš- “ set in hasty motion “ (present stem iša-, išya -, aēšaya- , O.Pers. aišaya -), Av.
aēšma - m. “anger”;
Gk. Dor. ἱαρός (: O.Ind. išira ́-), Att. ἱερός (r̥ : er, Schwyzer Gk. I 482), Lesb. Ion. ἶρος
(*isros ) ‘strong, lively “; further Gk. ἶνάω, ἰνέω (if read with ι:, so that is deducible from * ἰσν-
άω, -έω) “ send away, empty, drain; pour out “, Med. “ empty oneself “ (compare O.Ind.
iṣṇǘti ); οἴω, οἴομαι (οἴσσατο , ἀνωιστός , ἀν-ωιστί , ωἴσθην , ὀισθείς) “ meine, komme mit
meinen Gedanken worauf, verfalle worauf “, by Hom. with ι: either through metr.
lengthening from * ὀ-ῐ[σ]-ω or from* ὀ-ι[σ]ι̯ο:, after Hom. o ἶμαι (from οἴομαι );
with ablaut. oi:
οἶμα “ stormy attack, rush ”, οἰμάω “ tear off “, beides from bird of prey, as ved. ēs ̣ ati also
from shooting out the bird of prey on his nest (Gk. basic form * οἶσμα , compare Av. aēšma -);
here also still οἶστρος “ the gadfly, breese, an insect which infests cattle; a sting, anything
that drives mad; the smart of pain, agony; mad desire, insane passion; madness, frenzy “

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Maybe Lat. asilus “a gad-fly, horse-fly ”
next-related to Lith. aistrà “ intense ferventness, passion ”, aistrùs “ ardent “ (not better
above S. 12); in similar meaning ἰστυάζει ὀργίζεται ;
if Gk. ἰάομαι “heal”, ἰατρός “physician, medicine man, magician ” here belong, is dubious;
Att. forms without Asper speak rather against intervocalic - s- and ī against anlaut. ei-; it is
not surprising by a cultural word would be of foreign origin; Theander (Eranos 21, 31 ff.)
derives from the sacred name ἰά from, which would also define the swaying quantity of ἰ (die
Heilgötter “ Iᾱσώ, “Iησώ f., “Iά̄σων , ᾽Iήσων m. etc., perhaps also the root name “Iά(F)ονες,
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 80, as ἰά-Rufer);
ἰαίνω “warm” has and requires ĭ furthermore in spite of Schwyzer Gk. I 681, 694, 700 it
doesn”t belong to it; see above S. 11 and W. Schulze Qunder ep. 381 ff.; after Wissmann
nom. postverb. 203 should explain ἰάομαι the sound-symbolic lengthened zero grade the
root eis-, it did not need to be separated of the quantity difference because of ἰαίνω ;
Lat. īra, Plaut. eira (*eisü) “anger”;
perhaps here Gaul. Isarno- PN, isarno-dori “ a door made of iron “, O.Ir. īärn, M.Ir. īarann
n., Welsh haiarn (required ĭ-), O.Corn. hoern , Bret. houarn “ iron “ as ‘strong metal “ in
contrast to soft bronze;
maybe old laryngeal ḫ- in Alb. (*ḫeur) hekur “iron” : Spanish hierro : Eng. iron [(Du. ijzen, G
Eisen ), PN ísarn , Goth. eisarn , f. Gmc, prob. f. Celt. and rel. to L aes, ais bronze, OE ar ORE
n.1, Skt ayO.S.]
Gmc. *īsarnan n., Goth. eisarn , O.H.G. O.S. O.N. īsarn “iron” is because of ī- maybe
borrowed from Ven.-Illyr. *eisarnon before Gmc. alteration from ei to ī; compare Ven. FlN
“Iσάρας , later Īsarcus , Ger. Eisack (Tirol);
in addition the urIr. PN I(s)aros , O.Ir. Īär, balkanIllyr. iser, Messap. isareti (Krahe IF. 46,
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further perhaps Celt.-ligur.-Ven.-Illyr.-Balt FlN word Is- in Celt. FlN Isarü , Ger. Isar, Iser ,
Fr. Isère ; *Isiü, Fr. Oise; *Isurü , Eng. Ure, etc. (Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161);
Ger. FlN Ill, Illach, Iller could also go back to Proto-Gmc. *Is-l- and be compared with Ltv.
FlN Isline, Islīcis , wRuss. Isɫa (it could not be genuine Slav. because of -sɫ-) etc.; the name
the Iller: *Illurü could be compared with VN the Illyrii;
the full grade *Eis- besides in Īsarcus still in many Balt FlN: *Eisiü , Lith. Iesià , *Eislü , Lith.
Ieslü , Lith. Eisra, etc. (Būga RSl. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 47); whereas Būga
introduces back wRuss. Istra, Ltv. Sea name Istra, Lith. FlN Isra, O.Pruss. FlN Instrutis “
Inster “ and Thrac. ῎Iστρος from *Instr -; yet one could explain ῎Iστρος from * Is-ro-s;
from *ois- go back wRuss. Jesa (urLith. * aisǘ), Lith. Aĩsė; It is unclear, if defies anlauts
Αἴσαρος (Bruttium), Ven. Aesontius > Isonzo , Umbr. Aesis , Aesinus may be placed here;
O.N. eisa (*ois-) “ storm along “, Nor. FlN Eisand , wherefore O.E. ofost, O.S. oƀast
“haste, hurry, eagerness “ from *oƀ-aist- ;
here also O.Ind. íṣu-, Av. išu- m. “ arrow “; Gk. ἰός ds. from * isu̯-os, compare to meaning
οἰστός;
etrusk. aesar “god”, Ital. *aiso- , *aisi- ds. are to be kept away and barely equate with Gk.
ἱερός.
References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 282, 4825, 491, 6797, 681, 694, 700,
823.
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ei-s-2, ei-n- (*ḫeu̯is )
English meaning: ice
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eis, Frost ”
Material: Av. isu- “ icy”, aēxa - n. “coldness ”, pü M.Ir. īš “coldness ”, Osset. yex, ix “ice”,
afghO.N. asai “frost” (if from inchoative formation * is-sk̂-?; different Specht Decl. 18, 201,
234);
O.N. íss, pl. íssar m. “ice”, O.E. îs n., O.S. O.H.G. M.H.G. îs n. “ice”;
Bal.-Slav. *ini̯a- m. and *īnii̯a- m. “ hoarfrost “ in Church Slavic inej, inij ‘snow flurry ”,
Russ. ínej m. and O.Cz. jínie n. “ hoarfrost “, Lith. ūnis m. (also fem. i-stem).
References: WP. I 108, Trautmann 104.
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ei-
English meaning: to go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gehen”
Note: extended ei-dh-, ei-gh-, i-tü- and i̯-ü-, i̯-ē- : i̯ō- : i̯ǝ-
Material: O.Ind. ḗmi, ḗti, imáḥ , yánti “go”, Av. aēiti, yeinti , O.Pers. aitiy “goes”, themat. Med.
O.Ind. áya-tē etc. (apparent lengthened grade of O.Ind. ǘiti, Av. üiti “ goes to, comes to,
comes up to, approaches, draws near “ is *ü-aiti, with prefix ü);
Gk. Hom. εἶμι “ will go “, εἶ (*eisi), εἰ̃σι (Dor. εἶτι), pl. ἴμεν, ἴτε, ἴᾱσι (neologism for * ἴε̄σι
instead of hε̃σι, *hεντι, IE *i̯-enti, O.Ind. yánti ); Impf. Att. ἦια (neologism for * ἦα = O.Ind.
ǘyam ); Konj. ἴω (instead of * ἔω, IE *ei̯ō, O.Ind. 3. sg. áyat); Opt. εἴη (instead of * ἴη, IE *ii̯ēt,
O.Ind. iyü ́ t), Imper. ἔξ-ει (Lat. ī, Lith. eĩ-k), ἴθι (O.Ind. ihí, Hitt. i-i-t);
Maybe Alb. ik-i : Lith. eĩ-k “ go “
Lat. eō “go” (*ei-ō for athemat. * ei-mi), īs, it, pl. īmus , ītis (neologism as Lith. ei-mè), eunt
(*ei̯-onti for previous * i̯-enti), Imper. ī (*ei), particle present iēns instead of *i̯ēns = O.Ind.
yán, gen. yat-áḥ (*i̯-n̥t-es, compare Gk. ᾽Επίασσα ), O.Lith. ent- (instead of * jent-); perf. ĭī (*ii̯-
ai: O.Ind. iy-üy-a), secondary īvī;
päl. eite = “you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass ”, Umbr. etu = “to go, walk, ride, sail,
fly, move, pass ” (ampr -ehtu, apretu “ ambit, circuitous route ”, en-etu = in-ītō), etu-tu “he/she
shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass “, eest, est “he/she will go, walk, ride, sail, fly,
move, pass “ (*ei-seti), ier “be going away “ (demonstrates a perf. * ied), etc.; Osc. eítuns
(set) “they will be gone” (*ei-tōn-es);
Welsh wyf “I am”, actually “I go” 2. sg. wyt (different about wyt Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394
Anm.);

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Goth. iddja “I walked “ probably = Lat. ĭī, O.Ind. iy-ǘy-a; s. die Lith. by Feist 288; O.E.
ēode “ walked “ is unexplained;
O.Pruss. ēit “goes”, ēisei “ you go “, perēimai “ we come “, Inf. perēit ;
O.Lith. eĩmi, eĩsi, eĩti, pl. eimè, eitè, and eimì, eisì, eĩt(i), pl. eĩme , eĩte; Dual eivà, eità,
preterit ėjaũ, Inf. eĩti; Supin. eĩtų (= O.Ind. étum Inf.); Ltv. eĩmu (older *eĩmi), iêmu
(secondary eju, *ietu, Lith. dial. eitù etc.); Inf. iêt, iẽt; Supin. iêtu;
O.C.S. Inf. iti (== Lith. eĩti), present idǫ, Aor. idъ, neologism to Imper. * i-dhi > *idь > idi,
as also Lith. eidu “I go” to Imper. * eidi;
Toch. A ymäs “ we go “, В yam “he goes”, usually no-present yanem “they go”, etc.;
Hitt. Ipv. i-it (it) “go!” (= Gk. ἴ-θι), medial e-ḫu “come!”; pa-a-i-mi (paimi , with preverb * pe-)
“I go away ”, 3. pl. pa-an-zi (*-i̯-enti, O.Ind. yánti ), etc.; s. Pedersen Hitt. 129 f.;
unclear is the IE basic form of a voiced stop i-ja-at-ta-ri (ijattari ) “goes, marches ”;
compare Couvreur H ̯ 101;
-i̯-o- “going” as 2. composition part in Gk. πεζός among others, s. W. Schulze LEN. 4353.
t-formations: O.Ind. ití- f. “ gait, alteration ”, ityü ́ “ gait “, dur-itá- (Av. duž-ita-) “ hardly
accessible “, prütar -ítvan - “ frũh ausgehend oder auskommend “ , itvará- “going”, vīta ́- (*vi-
ita-) see under; ḗta- “hurrying”; Infin. étum ;
Maybe Alb.Tosk vete “I go”, Gheg me vajt “to go”
Gk. ἁμαξ -ιτός “ mobile for carriage “, ἰταμός , ἴτης “( brave =) pert, foolhardy “, εἰσ-ιτήρια “
Antrittsopfer “; o-grade οἶτος “ fate of people, destiny “? (compare “ course of the world “, s.
different above S. 11);
Lat. exitium, initium (: fem. O.Ind. ityü ́ ); itiō “ going out or away; hence destruction, ruin;
also a cause of destruction “ (: O.Ind. ití-); iter, itineris n. “way, alley ” (compare Toch. A ytür
f., В ytürye f. “way, alley ”, Hitt. i-tar, gen. innas “ the going “, O.Ir. ethar m. “ scow, ferry-boat
“), originally r/n-stem; com- es, -itis “ companion “; itus, -ūs m. “ gait “, next to which zero

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grades * ei-tu-s probably as base from Osc. eituam , eítiuvam “ property, riches, wealth,
*incomings “ (compare to meaning “ entrance, incomings, returning, return, εἴσοδος” or “
moving property “);
O.Ir. pass. ethae “ gone away, departure ”, ethaid “goes”, ad-etha (*-it-üt) “ seizes “;
perhaps O.Ir. ōeth “oath”, O.Welsh an-utonou , M.Welsh an-udon “ perjury “ = Goth. aiÞs,
O.N. eiðr, O.E. üÞ, O.S. ēth, O.H.G. eid “oath” (formal = Gk. οἶτος , meaning perhaps
evolved from “ oath way, stepping forward to taking of an oath “, compare Swe. ed-gång ?,
s. but above S. 11.);
asachs. frēthi “ apostate, fleeting “, O.H.G. freidi “ fleeting, bold, foolhardy “ (from * fra-
iÞya-, *pro-iti̯os “the the gone away, the departed “, compare O.Ind. prēti- f. “ leave, escape,
departure “, in addition prētya “ after the death, on the other side “);
Maybe Alb.Gheg me pritë (*pre-ita ) “to host”
probably O.N. vīðr “ capacious, wide, vast, spacious ”, O.E. O.S. wīd, O.H.G. wit, Ger. weit
from *u̯i-itos “ gone apart “ (compare O.Ind. vīta ́- “gone, dwindled, missing, without ”, vīta-
bhaya- “fearless”, vīti- f. “go away, pass over, depart, seclude oneself ” and Lat. vītüre , see
under).
iterative i-tü- in Gk. ἰτητέον, ἰτητικός el. ἐπ-αν-ιτᾱκώρ , Lat. itō, -üre, O.Ir. ethaid “goes”,
Umbr. (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu , etato “have gone,
will go”; unclear Gk. φοιτάω “go here and there ” (ἰτάω with prefix * φοι, to Goth. O.H.G. bi-
??), Lat. vītüre “ to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade “ = “(by Plaut. m. dative) go from the
way, go from sb “; doubtful, if here Lat. ūtor (aLat. oetor , oitile) “ to use, make use of,
employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with “, päl. oisa aetate “ get used
to an enjoying life “, Osc. úíttiuf “ usufruct “, with prefix o-, originally “ approach, wherewith
deal with “ (úíttiuf still distinct with corresponding Lat. itiō; still it remains to be clarified, if the
present from * o-itürī would be transferred in the way of the root verb);

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if οἴσω “ will carry “ as “ go up to something “ or “ go with something “ as based on ūtor
from * o- + *it-? After Schwyzer Gk. I 7529 rather from * oi-s-; compare under οἴχομαι .
dh-formations: Gk. ἴθμα n. “ gait “, εἰσίθμη “ entrance “; doubtful ἰσθμός , Att. inschr.
ΏIσθμός “ narrow access, tongue of land, promontory, isthmus; neck “ (basic form *idh-
dhmos? at least the way of the penetration from σ would not be clear in older * ἴθμος );
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 49212;
O.N. eið “ isthmus “;
Lith. instr. eĩdine “ in amble, easy pace “ (of horses), O.C.S. idǫ “go” (see above).
m-formation:
O.Ind. ḗma- m. “ gait “ (but Gk. οἶμος , οἷμος “ gait “ to ἐείσατο , s. u̯ei- “ἱεμαι” ); Lith. eisme ̃ “
gait, Steige ” with Lith. -sm-suffix.
u̯-formation:
O.Ind. ḗva- m. “run, departure, way, consuetude, custom ”; O.Ind. dur-ḗva- “ of bad kind,
mad, wicked, evil ”; O.H.G. ēwa (*oiu̯ü) f “ law, norm, covenant, matrimony “, O.S. ēu, ēo m.,
O.E. ǣw, ǣ f. “ law, sacred custom, matrimony “ (for resemblance with ēua “ eternity,
perpetualness “ pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also Goth. ƕaiwa “as, like” (if from
*qʷōiu ̯ os from *qʷo-oiu̯os ; so also Gk. ποῖος under likewise?, see under qʷo);
e-grade Lith. péreiva , péreivis “ landloper “, after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from adj. * ejùs, to
ved. upüyu ́ - “ approaching “.
l-formation probably in intensive O.S. īlian, O.H.G. īllan “hurry, rush “ (from * ijilian ; *ei̯eli̯ō ,
formation as Lat. sepeliō ); at most, yet very doubtful, Nor. dial. eil f. “ gully resembling a
dent “, Swe. dial. ela ds., Lith. eile ̃ “row, furrow ”, Ltv. ailis “ area, row ”.
gh-extension in:
Arm. ēj “ descent “, ijanem (Aor. ēǰ) “climb down, go down ”, ijavank” pl. “ inn “, ijavor
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Maybe Alb.Gheg hyj “enter” [Alb. preserves the old laryngeal ḫ-]
Gk. εἴχεται οἴχεται Hes., οἴχομαι “ go away, be away “, οἰχνέω “go, come ”, perhaps also
ἴχνος , ἴχνιον “ footprint “ (as “tread, step ”);
O.Ir. ōegi, gen. - ed “guest”;
Lith. eigà f. “gait “.
i̯ü- in:
O.Ind. yü ́ ti “goes, travels ”, Av. yüiti ds., O.Ind. yü ́ na -ḥ m. “pathway”, n. “ gait, vehicle ”, Av.
yüh- n. “crisis, (turning point), verdict “ (s-stem);
Gk. “Επ-ίασσα “pressed, squeezed, being upon ” (with - nt-suffix), epithet of Demeter (:
O.Ind. yatī́ “ the going “);
Lat. Jünus “altItal. God of the doors and the beginning of the year; he had a small temple
in the Forum, with two doors opposite to each other, which in time of war stood open and in
time of peace were shut “, jünua “ doors “;
O.Ir. ü “ pivot, axle, cart “ (IE *i̯ü), üth “ford” (*i̯ü-tu-s; Brit. supplementary assumes
Pedersen KG. I 322 f.);
Lith. jóju, jóti, Ltv. jâju, jât “ride”, Lith. jódyti “ ride continually “;
O.C.S. jadǫ, jachati (s-extension * i̯ü-s-) “drive, be carried, conveyed “, particle pass. prě-
javъ, jazda “the going, riding ”, jato “herd, flock ” (see to Slav. forms Berneker 441 f., v. d.
Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Brũckner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348 f.); in addition Slav. FlN
Jana (Nowgorod), Janka (Vilna), Jana (Bulgaria), Ger. Jahna (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski
RSl. 6, 64.
Perhaps also here Ltv. Jünis (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of the sky
gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Balt Sprachwiss. 134;
Toch. A yü “he walked “, В yatsi “go”, with p- extension yopsa “ he entered “, etc.
(Pedersen Toch. 231); compare O.Ind. yüpa ́ yati “ allows to reach to “.

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i̯ē- in i̯ēro-: i̯ōro-: i̯ǝro- “year, summer ”:
O.Ind. paryürín ̣ ī - (pari-yürín ̣ ī -) “ calving after one year only “ (?);
Av. yürǝ n. “year”;
Gk. ὥρα “ season, daytime, hour, right time ”, ὧρος “time, year ”;
perhaps Lat. hōrnus “ of this spring, this year ’s “, if being based on * hōi̯ōrō “in these
years”, compare O.H.G. hiuru “this year ” from *hiu jüru ;
Proto-Celt. *i̯arü (*i̯ǝrü), Welsh Bret. iar “hen”, Gaul. PN Iarilla , M.Ir. eir-īn “ chicken “
(O.Ir. * air-īn); incorrect O ”Rahilly Eriu 13, 148 f.;
Goth. jēr, O.N. ür, O.E. geür, O.S. O.H.G. jür n. “year”;
R.C.S. jara “ spring “, Russ. jarь “ summer harvest “ (etc., s. Berneker 446, therefrom
derivatives for one-year-old animal, e.g. Russ. járec “ one-year-old beaver ”, járka “ sheep
lamb “, Bulg. járka “young chicken “);
against it certainly here M.H.G. jün “row, way “, Ger. Jahn “ way, row of mowed grain “,
Swe. mundartl. ån ds.
References: WP. I 102 ff., WH. I 406 ff., 658 f., 668 f., 723, Schwyzer Gk. I 674.
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ek̂u̯o -s (*hek̂u̯o -)
English meaning: horse
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pferd”
Note:
Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why from
Root akʷü- (correct ǝkʷü): ēkʷ- : “water, river ” derived Root ek̂u̯o -s : “horse”.
Material:
O.Ind. áśva -ḥ, Av. aspa - O.Pers. asa- “horse”; about Osset. yäfs see under;
Gk. ἵππος ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: ῎Αλκ-ιππος etc.);
Thrac. PN Βετέσπιος , Οὐτάσπιος , Autesbis, Esbenus , Lyc. Κακασβος ; about Lyc. esbe -di
“cavalry” (Phryg. Lw.?) s. Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 51, 67 ( *ek̂u̯ii̯o -m?);
Lat. equus “a horse, steed, charger ” (compare Osc. names Epius, Epidius , Epetīnus , yet
s. Schulze EN 2204, 355);
O.Ir. ech, Gaul. epo- (in Eporēdia, Epona “ The Celtic horse goddess whose authority
extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey “, etc.), Welsh
Corn. ebol “foals” (*epülo -);
O.E. eoh m., O.N. iōr “horse”, O.S. in ehu-skalk “ groom, stableman “, Goth. in aíƕa -tundi
“briar” (“*horse tooth “);
Toch. A yuk, gen. yukes , В yakwe “horse” with prothet. y (as in Osset. jäfs, neuind. dial.
yüsp ds.); out of it borrowed Turk. etc. jũk “ horse’s load “, from which Russ. juk “ Saumlast
“ etc.
About Lat. asinus “an ass”, hinnus “mule”, Gk. ὄνος etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849.

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fem. O.Ind. áśvü , Av. aspü -, Lat. equa , O.Lith. ašva ̀ , ešva “mare” (the formation held by
Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 29, LXIV rightly for single-linguistic, Lommel IE Fem. 30 f. for previously
Proto-form);
O.Ind. áśv(i)ya- , Av. aspya- , Gk. ἵππιος “ of a horse, of horses “; Lat. equīnus “ of a
horse, of horses “, O.Pruss. aswinan n. “kumys, mare milk ”, Lith. ašvíenis m. ‘stallion”,
compare also FlN Ašvine , Ašva ̀ ; Gk. ἱππότ-ης “ equestrian, horseman “ : Lat. eques, -itis m.
ds “a horseman, rider ”. (letzteres from * eqʷot -).
The Gk. word could exist because of tarent. epid. ἴκκος Illyr. Lw.; compare pannon. PN
Ecco , Eppo , Maced. PN ᾽Επό-κιλλος , the builder of the Trojan horse ᾽Επειός , VN ᾽Επειοῖ in
Illyr. Elis, etc. (Krahe Festgabe Bulle 203 ff.); neither the Asper nor ι can be explained by
Gk., yet the various treatments from k̂u̯- in Gk. were not surprising, because also the
labiovelars are treated dialectically differently there (Risch briefl.).
Maybe Lat. caballa “mare”, caballus “a nag, pack-horse, hack, jade ”
Ru. kobūla “mare”, then Cz. komoň “horse” finally:
O.C.S. : kon”ь “horse” [m jo]
Russian: kon” “horse” [m jo]
Czech: ku̥ň “horse” [m jo], koně [Gens]
Slovak: kôň “horse” [m jo], koňa [Gens]
Polish: koń “horse” [m jo]
Serbo -Croatian: kò ̀nj “horse” [m jo]
Slovene: kònj “horse” [m jo]
Indo-European reconstruction: kab-n- io-?? {1} (kom-n- io-??) {2}
Maybe Alb. patkonj pl. “horseshoes ”, Alb.Gheg potkoi “horseshoe ” : Rom. potcoavů
“horseshoe ” < Russ. подкова (podkova ) “horseshoe ” [Slav. * pod “under” + Ital. cavallo
“horse” folk etymology]

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elkos -
English meaning: boil n.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geschwũr”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. árśas - n. “ hemorrhoid ”;
Gk. ἕλκος n. “wound, esp. pustulating wound, ulcer ” (SpIr. asper after ἕλκω ), ἕλκανα
τραύματα Hes., ἑλκαίνω “ I am wounded “;
Lat. ulcus , -eris “ulcer” (*elkos ); to Lat. ulcus probably also ulciscor , ultus sum “ to
avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense “ as “ collect bitterness, rancor
against somebody “.
The latter would be placed against it from Pedersen KG. I 126 incredible to O.Ir. olc, elc
“bad, evil, wicked, ugly, unlucky ”, s. *elk- “ hungry; evil, bad ”.
References: WP. I 160.
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el-1, ol-, el-
English meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Farbwurzel with der meaning “rot, braun ”, bildet Tier- and
Baumnamen
Note: mostly i-, u- and n- (also m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended
then with g or k̂. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is “white, gleaming ”, as
in al-bho- “white” refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical
originally.
Material: A. Adjektiva:
O.Ind. aruṇá -ḥ “reddish, golden “, aruṣá -ḥ “ fire-color “, Av. auruša - “white”;
Gmc. * elwa- “brown, yellow ” in O.H.G. elo (elawēr ), M.H.G. el (elwer );
compare also Gaul. VN Helvii, Helvetii , perhaps also Swiss FlN Ilfis (*Elvisi̯ü ). B. el- in
tree names for “ alder “, “elm” and “ juniper “:
1. “ alder”
Lat. alnus “ alder” (from * alsnos or *alenos ; the anlaut al goes back to older el-);
Maced. (Illyr.?) ἄλιζα (*elisü) “ abele, white poplar “;
after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places Proto-Gaul. * alisü “ alder “ in many PN and
FlN; besides die later dominant meaning “ service tree “ in *alisia , Fr. alise, Ger. Else; Illyr.-
ligur. origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FlN Aliso , Alistro etc., alzo “
alder “); compare Gaul. PN Alisia , FlN Alisontia , Fr. Aussonce, Auzance , Ger. Elsenz , etc.;
for Goth. is according to spO.N. aliso “ alder “ ein *alisa “ alder “ must be assumed;
O.H.G. elira and with metathesis erila, Ger. Eller, Erle , M.N.Ger. elre (*alizō ), else (*alisō),
Dutch els ds., O.N. elri n., elrir m.; alr, ǫlr (*aluz-) ds., O.E. alor ds.; IE e root is guaranteed

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through O.Ice. jǫlstr (*elustrü ) “ alder “ and ilstri “ willow, Salix pentandra ” (*elis-tr-i̯o-;
M.H.G. dial. hilster, halster ds. with secondary h, as Swe. ( h)ilster ); an adj. formation is
O.H.G. erlīn “of alder “; perhaps to compare also O.E. ellen , ellern , Eng. elder “elder”;
It is to be compared further Lith. al̃ksnis , elksnis , Ltv. àlksnis , E.Ltv. èlksnis , E.Lith. alìksnis ,
O.Pruss. alskande (Hs. abskande ) “ alder”, yet one will have to assume various basic forms
*alsni̯a , *elsni̯a (with ablaut) and * alisni̯a (Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 6, yet compare v. d.
Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 192). The suffix from O.Pruss. alskande reminds after Trautmann an
Slav. *jagnędь “ black poplar “;
also the Slavic shows old e/o-ablaut; go back to Slav. *jelьcha (*elisü ): O.Bulg. jelьcha “
alder “, Bulg. (j)elhá ds.; on Slav. *olьcha (*olisü ): Pol. olcha , Russ. ólьcha “ alder “ (dial.
also ëlcha , elócha , volьcha);
Maybe Alb. (*vel) ver “ alder” : Russ. dial. also ëlcha , elócha , volьcha “ alder “ [common Alb.
prothetic v- : Slav. j- before bare initial vowels].
Slav. *jelьša, respectively *olьša lies before in Ser.-Cr. dial. jȅlśa (compare jèlüšje “ alder
bush “ from * jelьšьje), Sloven. ję́ɫša, dial. ǫ́ɫša, jóɫša ds., Russ. dial. olьša, olьšína , elьšína
and lešína (compare Pedersen KZ. 38, 310, 317).
As derived adj. appears Balt-Slav. *al(i)seina- : Lith. alksnìnis , E.Lith. alìksninis , O.Bulg.
jelьšinъ (compare O.H.G. erlīn).
2. “elm”: elem -.
Lat. ulmus “an elm, elm-tree ” goes to IE *ol-mo-s or to zero grades *l̥-mó-s back; full
grade (but s. S. 309) in M.Ir. lem “elm” (*lemos ). There, one puts Gaul. Lemo-, Limo- etc.;
Welsh llwyf “elm” falls out of the frame, that due to the basic form * leimü must be placed
probably to elē ̆ i- “bend” (see 309).
Compare further O.H.G. ëlmboum “elm”, O.N. almr (with o-grade), M.L.G. O.E. elm ds.;
Ger. Ulme , M.H.G. ulmboum should derive from Lat. (Kluge), what is not sure at all,

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because compare O.E. ulmtréow , M.L.G. olm, so that possibly the Gmc. contains all three
abl.-grades contains; Russ. ílim, G. íl”ma etc. derives from Gmc.
3. juniper and other conifers: el-eu-, el-en-.
Arm. eɫevin, gen. eɫevni “ cedar “;
perhaps Gk. ἐλάτη “fir, spruce ” (*el-n̥-tü);
Lith. e ̃glius m. (for * élus after ẽglė “fir”) “ juniper “, Ltv. pa-egle f. ds.;
Slav. *ělovь cь “ juniper “ in Cz. jalovec , Russ. jáɫovec ds., besides n-forms in wRuss. jel-
en-ec etc.
C. el- in animal names:
1. “deer and similar to animal. ”
a. with k̂-forms ( Gmc. Slav. olk̂̂is):
O.H.G. ëlho, ëlaho “elk”, O.E. eolh, Eng. elk ds.; with o-gradation (* olk̂ís) O.N. elgr ds.;
from an initial stressed form Gmc. *álχis derives Lat. alcēs , alcē f. and Gk. ἄλκη f. “elk”;
Russ. losь, Cz. los, Pol. ɫoś, O.Sor. ɫos “elk” (from * olkis); zero grade: O.Ind. r̥śa-ḥ ŕ̥śya-ḥ “
male antelope “, pam. rus “wild mountain sheep “.
b. stem el-en-, el-n̥- (elǝnī “ hind “); zero grade l-ō̆n-:
Arm. eɫn, gen. eɫin “deer”;
Gk. ἔλαφος m. f. “deer” (*eln̥-bho-s ), ἐλλός “young deer ” (*elno-s );
Welsh elain “ hind “ (*elǝnī = O.Bulg. alъni, lani ds.), O.Ir. elit “roe deer ” (*eln̥-tī) perhaps
also M.Ir. ell f. “herd” (*elnü ); ablaut. *lon- in Gael. lon m. “ elk “; Gaul. month name Elembiu
(: Gk. Ώ᾽Ελαφηβολιών );
Lith. élnis and élnias , O.Lith. ellenis m. “deer” (out of it M.H.G. elent , Ger. Elen), Ltv. al̂nis
“elk”;
O.C.S. (j)elenь “deer” (older consonant-stem), Russ. olénь etc.
Femin. *elǝnī - and *alǝnī - “ hind “ in:

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Lith. élnė and álnė ds., O.Pruss. alne “animal”;
O.Bulg. alъni, lani “ hind “ (= Welsh elain ), Russ. (with junction in die ĭ-Decl. ) lanь, Cz.
laní etc.;
in addition further very probably as *l-on-bho-s (with the same suffix as ἔλαφος ) also
Goth. lamb ‘sheep”, O.N. lamb “lamb, sheep ”, O.H.G. lamb “lamb” (mostly neutr. -es-stem,
what appears basic Gmc. innovation after calf);
As rearrangement from * elen- understands Niedermann IA. 18, 78 f. Gk. ἔνελος νεβρός
Hes.; Lat. ( h)inuleus borrowed out of it.
2. waterfowl: el-, ol-, with guttural extension or r- and u-stem.
Gk. 1. ἐλέᾱ f. “ a kind of owl, a small marsh bird “ (to ἕλος n. ‘swamp, marsh ”?); 2.
ἑλώριος “ rotfũßiger Stelzenläufer “ (not quite supported word, leg. ἐρῳδιός?);
Lat. olor ‘swan” (*elōr);
O.Ir. elae (*elou̯io -) ds., with k-suffix O.Corn. elerhc , Welsh alarch (a- from e-, s.
Pedersen KG. I 40);
older Swe. and Swe. dial. alle, al(l)a , al(l) (finn. Lw. allo), Swe. written-linguistic alfågel “
long-tailed duck “, Nor. dial. hav-al, -ella; with IE g-derivative: O.N. alka “black and white
North Atlantic auk, razorbill, penguin “; alka could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots
el-, ol- “cry” (see 306);
Maybe Alb.Gheg alka, alkë (*alkʷha ) “ white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool ”.
because IE -k(o)- suffix is common in animal names (above Corn. elerhc ), could be also
added perhaps: Gk. ἀλκυών “ kingfisher “ (Lat. alcēdo seems reshaped out of it), Swiss
wīss-elg and birch-ilge from variant kinds of duck.
3. “polecat”?
Perhaps here the 1. component from O.H.G. illi(n)tī̆so, Ger. Iltis and O.H.G. elledī̆so (Ger.
dial. elledeis ), N.Ger. ũllek “polecat”, if from * illit-wī̆so (to Ger. Wiesel ); Gmc. * ella- from * el-

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el-2
English meaning: to lie
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ruhen”??
Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a IE root el- “rest” and base *elī̆- with
consecutive pattern: O.Ind. iláyati “ stands still, gets some peace “ (iḷáyati should be faulty
spelling), an-ilaya-ḥ “ restless, not still ”, wherefore probably O.Ind. alasás “idle, tired, dull ”
(to s-stem * alas- “ tiredness “ as rajasás : rájas -; after Uhlenbeck Wb. 15 belongs though
alasá -ḥ as a-lasa- “ not awake, not animated, not blithe “ to lásati , s. las- “ greedy,
insatiable “), Lith. alsà “ tiredness “, ilstù, il̃sti “ become tired “, ilsiúos , ilse ́tis “rest”, ãt-ilsis “
relaxation “. The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces Gk. ἐλῑνύω “ lie, rest, be
powerless, hesitates, stops “. The whole construction is very dubious; compare about
ἐλῑνύω lei-2 “ crouch “ and lēi- “ slacken “.
References: WP. I 152.
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el-3 : ol-
English meaning: to rot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “modrig sein, faulen ” (?)
Note:
The extension of Root el-3 : ol- : “to rot” into elkʷh- caused kʷ > p, b then b > mb > m
phonetic mutations.
Material: A root with variant determinative root.
without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in Nor. ul “become
moldy”, dial. also “ fill with disgust “, Swe. ul “ rancid “ etc., Du. uilig “ decayed “ (from
wood); derived verbs are Nor. schw. ula, O.N. Nor. schw. ulna. If O.Ind. üla- n., ülaka - (*ōl-
n̥-ko-) “ poison “ belongs here, it remains dubious.
mabe Alb. helm “healing drug, posion, medicine, herb ” similar to Sanskrit üla- “poison”.
obviously Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
clearly Alb. shows that from Root al-2 : (to grow; to bear; grove) derived Root el-3 : ol-: (to
rot, poison).
guttural extension lies before in:
O.Ind. r̥jīṣá́-ḥ “ viscous, smooth, slippery “, Lat. alga f. “ seaweed, kelp “ from * elgü
(compare O.E. wōs ‘slime, mud, dampness “: Eng. woos ‘seaweed”) and very numerous
Gmc., esp. skand.-Ice. forms, as: Nor. dial. ulka “ fester, disgust “, refl. “ start to rot “, ulka “
mildew, adhesive mucus; repulsive, unclean woman ”, etc. hereupon also D an. ulk “
bullhead “, Nor. ulk “ toadfish “, further Nor. dial. olga “ feel disgust, nausea “, elgja “ want to
vomit “ etc., Ice. also ǣla (*alhian ); Nor. dial. alka “ pollute, litter “, N.Ger. alken “ touch
impure things, step on dirt “; -sk show Dan. dial. alske “ pollute “, N.Ger. alschen , Fris. alsk,
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Maybe Alb. alka “floating cream, wool fat, dirt, stain ”
That Lat. ulva (*oleu̯ü ) “ swamp-grass, sedge “ moreover belongs, is very probably; Lith.
álksna “puddle” could go back to *olg-snü.
Dental extension appears in:
Arm. aɫt (*ḷd-) ‘smut, filth “, aɫtiur, eɫtiur (under elteur ) “ damp lowland, depression ”. In
addition alt N.. ū̆ldna “ mildew “, O.H.G. oltar “ dirt crumb “, probably also O.N. ȳ̆lda “
mustiness smell “.
m-formant is found in:
Nor. dial. ulma “ mildew “, N.Ger. E.Fris. olm, ulm “ decay, esp. in wood ”, M.L.G. ulmich “
fretted from decay “, M.H.G. ulmic ds.; Lith. el̃mės , almens “ the liquid flowing from the
corpse “.
bh-extension lies in Arm. aɫb “ filth “ before.
References: WP. I 152 f., WH. I 28 f., Petersson Heterokl. 165 f.
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el-4, ol-
English meaning: expressive root, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel
Material: Arm. aɫmuk “din, fuss, noise, agitation etc. ” (*l̥mo-), alavt”-k” “ imploration ”, olb
“lament”, olok” “urgent request ”;
Gk. ὄλολυς “lamenter, effeminate person ”, ὀλολυγή “ wailing, lament “, ὀλοφυδνός “
lamenting ”, ὀλοφύρομαι “ lament “; perhaps also ἔλεγος n. “dirge”, ἔλεος m., later n. “pity”;
asl. jalmr “din, fuss, noise ”, jalma ‘shout, make a harsh noise, hiss, whiz, rattle, crack,
creak, rustle, clatter, tinkle, jingle, chink “, Nor. dial. jalm, jelm “ clangor “, Swe. dial. jalm
‘scream, harsh sound “; Nor. dial. alka “ starts to complain “, E.Fris. ulken “ drive to
confusion, cry, mock, scoff “ (Ger. ulken ), Swe. dial. alken “ begin to growl “;
Lith. nualde ́ti ‘sound”, algóti “ summon, name ”;
perhaps belong also the names for waterfowl from a root el-, ol- here (yet s. S. 304);
somewhat different is the sensation value from ul-.
References: WP. I 153 f., Pisani Armen. 8 f.
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el-5, ol- (*hel-)
English meaning: to destroy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vernichten, verderben ”??
Material: Arm. eɫeṙn, gen. eɫeṙan “misfortune ”; oɫorm “ unlucky “;
Gk. ὄλλυμι ‘spoil” (*ολ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω, perf. ὀλώλεκα (older intrans. ὄλωλα ) etc., after
Schwyzer Gk. I 747 ὀλ- instead of * ἐλ- after the causative * ὀλέω; ὀλέκω “destroy”, ὄλεθρος
m. “ruin”;
after Loth (RC 40, 371) here M.Bret. el-boet “hunger” (to boet “nourishment, food ”), Bret.
(Vannes) ol-buid “ lack of food “, ol-argant “lack of money ” etc., perhaps also O.Ir. el-tes “
lukewarm “ (tes “heat”);
about Lat. aboleō “to destroy, abolish, efface, put out of the way, annihilate ” s. WH. I 4 f.;
if el- lies as a basis for roots elg-, elk- ?
possibly Hitt. hu-ul-la-a-i “ he defeats, destroys “, Couvreur H ̯ 134 f., different Hendriksen,
Laryngaltheorie 27, 47.
References: WP. 1159 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 361, 363, 696, 747, Petersson Heterokl. 159.
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el-6, elǝ- : lā -; el-eu-(dh-)
English meaning: to drive; to move, go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treiben, in Bewegung setzen; sich bewegen, gehen ”
Material: Arm. eɫanim “I become ”, Aor. 1. sg. eɫē (*eɫei), 2. sg. eɫer, 3. sg. eɫeu-, elanem “ I
rise up, climb, ascend, come out, emerge “, 3. sg. Aor. el; in addition eluzi “ I made spry,
animated “ (*el-ou-ghe- ), thereafter eluzanem “ I make come out “;
Gk. ἐλα- in Imper. koisch ἐλάτω, Fut. ἐλᾶντι (*ἐλαοντι ), Aor. ἐλάσαντες and poet. ἐλάω
“drive”; suppletive to ἄγω (see under Celt. el-), Fut. Att. ἐλ῵, Aor. ἤλασα ; mostly ἐλαύνω
“drive, travel ” (from a noun * ἐλα-υν-ος, Brugmann Grundriß II, 1, 321);
with dh-extension “come”: Aor. ἦλθον (from ἤλυθον ), out of it Dor. etc. ἦνθον ; perf. Hom.
εἰλήλουθα , Att. ἐλήλυθα ; Fut. Ion. ἐλεύσομαι ; about perf. ἐλήλυμεν (*elu-), adj. προσ -ήλυτος
“ someone who comes ”, ἔπηλυς , -υδος ds., s. Schwyzer Gk. I 7042, 7697;
one places still here ἰάλλω ‘send, throw, cast ” (*i-el-i̯ō), Aor. Hom. ἴηλα, Dor. ἴηλα
(Schwyzer Gk. I 648, 717); but O.Ind. íyarti “ he excites, stirs “ belongs rather to er-1;
O.Ir. luid “ walked “ (*ludh-e ), 3. pl. lotar (*ludh- ont-r̥); as in Gk. is supplied in Celt. aĝ-
“drive, push ” by el-, however, partly also the root pel- “ to beat, strike, knock, push, drive,
hurl, impel, propel “ has coincided (see there), so certainly in O.Ir. Fut. eblaid “will drive,
push” (from * pi-plü-s-e-ti), Fut. sek. di-eblad “would wrest “;
el- appears in Brit. only in subjunctive: present 1. sg. M.Welsh el(h)wyf , 3. sg. el, Corn. 1.
sg. yllyf, 3. sg. ello, mbr. 3. sg. me a y -el “ I will go “ (у is removed hiatus; lh and ll go back
to l + intervocalic s); perhaps here die Gaul. FlN Elaver > Elaris > Fr. Allier (*еlǝ-u̯er- : *elǝ-
u̯en-, see above ἐλαύνω) and Elantia > Ger. Elz;

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el-7, elǝ-, with -k-extension elk-, elǝk -
English meaning: hungry, bad
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hungrig, schlecht ” (?)
Material: O.Ir. elc “mad, wicked, evil ” (but olc ds., gen. uilc places * ulko- ahead!); about Lat.
ulciscor “to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense ” see under elkos -;
perhaps O.N. illr “mad, wicked, evil ” (*elhila -);
Lith. álkti, Ltv. al̂kt (besides s-al̂kt) ‘starve” (*olǝk -), O.Pruss. alkīns , Lith. álkanas ‘sober”;
O.C.S. lačo ̨ and alъčo ̨, lakati and alъkati, Sloven. lákati ‘starve”, Cz. lakati “long, want ”,
where the stem Slav. *ólka derives from Präter.; in addition the adjectives O.C.S. lačъnъ,
alъčьnъ, Cz. lačny ́ “ hungry” and O.C.S. lakomъ “ hungry”, Cz. lakomū “ greedy “, etc.
Maybe Alb. lakmi “desire, hunger ”.
References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.
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el-8, elē ̆ i-, lē ̆ i-
English meaning: to bow, bend; elbow, *rainbow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: A. Here names position themselves at first for “elbow” and “ulna, ell”:
Gk. ὠλένη “elbow”, ὠλήν, -ένος ds.; ὠλέκρᾱνον (from ὠλενο -κρᾱνον through remote
dissimilation, compare Brugmann Ber. d. sächs. Ges. d. W. 1901, 31 ff.) “ the point of the
elbow “; ὦλλον την τοῦ βραχίονος καμπήν Hes.;
Lat. ulna (from *olinü ) “ elbow, arm; an ell “;
O.Ir. uilenn “ elbow “, M.Ir. uillind “elbow” (-ll- from - ln- the syncopated case, compare
Pedersen KG. II 59), Welsh elin, O.Corn. elin, Bret. ilin “elbow” (*olīnü );
Goth. : aleina “ulna, ell” shows the same long middle vowel, however, Gmc. forms have
remaining short middle vowel: O.E. eln (Eng. ell), O.H.G. elina , M.H.G. elline , elne, Ger.
Elle; AltN.. shows form variegation: O.Ice. seldom alen (aNor. also alun) with preserved
middle vowel, otherwise ǫln, eln (ǭln, üln);
simple root *ō̆lē̆- in O.Ind. aratní -ḥ m. “elbow”, Av. arǝϑna- ds. frü-rüϑni- “ulna, ell”,
O.Pers. arašniš ds.;
in Alb. lërë Gheg lans “ arm from elbow to wrist, ell “ (*lenü; yet compare Pedersen KZ.
33, 544) lacks the anlaut vowel.
Note: Alb.Gheg lans “ ell “ derived from zero grade of * alana “elbow”
B. The same root placed furthermore in: O.Ind. ün ̣ í-ḥ m. “ pin, leg part about the knee “
(*ürni-, IE *ēlni- or *ōlni-), arüla -ḥ “ bent, curved “, ǘrtnī “ end of curve “, probably also in
alaka- “ hair lock “, perhaps in üla-vülam “ Vertiefung um die Wurzel eines Baumes, um das
fũr den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen “ ;

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Arm. oɫn (gen. oɫin) “dorsal vertebrae, backbone, spine, shoulder ”, ulu “backbone, spine,
shoulder ” (from IE*olen , respectively * ōlen); further Arm. aɫeɫn (gen. aɫeɫan) “bow,
rainbow”, il (gen. iloy) “ spindle, arrow, Spille “ (*ēlo-), ilik ds.;
Welsh olwyn (*oleinü ) “wheel”;
Gmc. ablaut. *luni- in O.H.G. O.S. M.H.G. lun “ axle pin, linchpin “, Ger. Lonnagel ,
compare O.H.G. luning “ linchpin “, O.E. lyni-bor “borer”, next to which a s-derivative O.E.
lynis, asächs. lunisa , M.L.G. lũns(e) , Ger. Lũnse ;
Lith. lušìs “ axle pin “ (Specht Decl. 100, 125, 163);
O.Bulg. lanita “cheek” (*olnita ).
C. further formations ē̆l-ē̆q-:
1. In names for elbow, arm, now and then also other body parts:
Arm. olok” ‘shinbone, leg ” (*eloq- or *oloq -);
Gk. [ἄλξ καὶ] ἄλαξ π῅χυς , ᾽Αθαμάνων Hes.;
Lith. úolektis f., Ltv. uôlekts “ell” (originally conservative stem *ōlekt -);
Maybe Alb. ulok “lame” : M.Ir. losc “lame”
O.Pruss. woaltis , woltis “ulna, ell, forearm ” (*ōlkt-); Lith. alkúnė , elkúnė f., O.Pruss.
alkunis “elbow”, Ltv. èlks n. èlkuons ds., O.Bulg. lakъtъ, Russ. lókotь “ ulna, ell “ (*olkъ-tь);
Russ. dial. alьčik (?) “ ankle, ankle bone; heel “.
2. Gk. λοξός “ bent, dislocated, slantwise “ (M.Ir. losc “lame”), λέχριος ‘slant, skew, quer ”
(*λεκσ-ριος), λέχρις “quer”, λικριφίς “quer” (diss. from * λιχριφίς , Saussure MSL. 7, 91, Hirt
IF. 12, 226; whose i of the first syllable probably rather from ε assimilated as with ι = e, as
indeed:) λικροί Hes. besides λεκροί “ the prongs of deer antlers “, λίξ, λίγξ πλάγιος Hes., as
“ incurvation, trough “ λέκος n., λέκις, λεκάνη “trough, platter “;
Welsh llechwedd ‘slope, inclination “, Gaul. Lexovii, Lixovii VN; M.Ir. losc “lame”;

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Lat. licinus “bent or turned upward, having crooked horns ” (from * lecinos ), lanx, -cis “ a
plate, platter; the scale of a balance “ (probably also lacus etc., s. *laqu- );
quite dubious is the interpretation from O.Bulg. lono “bosom, lap ” etc. from * loq-s -no- “
incurvation “, also from Bulg. lónec etc. “pot, pan” from loq-s -no- (see Berneker 732).
D. To lē ̆ i- “bend” belong also:
Perhaps Goth. undarleija “ loWest, faintest ”;
Ltv. leja “valley, lowland, depression ”, lejš “ situated low “.
1. With m-suffixes:
presumably Gk. λειμών “meadow ” (“*lowland, depression, indentation “), λιμήν “ harbor “,
Thess. “ market “ (“*bay”), λίμνη ‘sea, pond, pool ” (“*immersion, depression bent inwards,
dent” );
Welsh llwyf “elm” (*lei-mü), Ir. PN Liamhain (to *līamh ds.), perhaps zero grade M.Ir. lem
ds. (*limo- ), Ir. PN Leamhain (whether not from * lemo- , see under el-1);
Lat. līmus ‘sidelong, askew, aslant, askance; an apron crossed with purple; slime, mud,
mire”, līmes -itis “ a path, passage, road, way, track “, Osc. liímítúm “ a path, passage, road,
way, track “, līmen “ doorsill “ (“*crossbar, crossbeam ”);
O.N. limr (u-stem) f. “limb, member, thin twig, branch ” (“*pliable”), lim f. ds., lim n. “ the
fine branches which carry the foliage “, O.E. lim n. “limb, member, twig, branch ”, zero grade
O.N. līmi m. “ trunk, Körperstatur “ (Lith. liemuõ m. “tree truck, Körperstatur” , originally “
round timber, curvature “?).
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*lemes ) lamsh “ball of (pliable) wool, globe of earth, pool, spellet ”.
2. With r-suffix: perhaps Alb. klir-të “valley” from prefix kë+li-r.
3. With t-suffixes:
Lat. lituus “ a crooked staff borne by an augur, augur ’s crook, crosier, augural wand “
(being based on *li-tu-s “ curvature “);

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Goth. liÞus “limb, member ”, O.N. liðr (u-stem) “joint, limb, member, curvature, bay ”, O.E.
lið, lioðu - m., O.S. lith “joint, limb, member ”, O.H.G. lid, M.H.G. lit, lides m. n. “ds., part,
piece” (s-stem), wherefore O.N. liða “bend, bow ”, O.E. üliðian “ dismember, separate ”,
O.H.G. lidōn “ cut in pieces “ as well as O.N. liðugr “(flexible) a little bit movable, free,
unhindered ”, M.H.G. ledec “ available, single, free, unhindered “;
Toch. AB lit- “go away, die, tumble, fall down ”.
E. guttural extensions:
Lat. oblīquus “ sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew ” (-u̯o- could be suffix,
compare curvus ), liquis ds. (probably with ī), līcium “ in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a
leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof “ (“*weft”), lixulae “ a round pancake
made of flour, cheese, and water “;
perhaps Welsh llwyg (*lei-ko- ) “ balky horse ”, Bret. loeg-rin “an askance look ” (Loth RC
42, 370 f).
References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.
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e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- (*ḫeĝ(h)om)
English meaning: this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one
Note:
Root e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : “this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one ” derived from the reduced
Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “I”. Indic languages display -ĝ- > -y-, Germanic -ĝ- > -g-, Italic -ĝh-
> -cc, kk- , Slavic -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Deutsche Übersetzung: paradigmatisch verbundene Pronominalstamme “the, er”
Note: (e, i probably originally demonstrative particle). To i- is joined the relative stem i̯o-.
Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr. II2
2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron . dém. 311 ff.
Material: A. case- by-case used forms:
O.Ind. ayám “he” = gthAv. ауǝ̄m, jAv. aēm (after ahám “I” widened ar. * ai = IE *ei; IE *ei
of stem e-, as *qʷo-i of stem kʷo-, not lengthened grade to i-); O.Ind. idám “ it “ (without the
secondary - am-extension O.Ind. ít, Av. it̃ as emphasizing particle), O.Ind. iyám (extended
from *ī-) = Av. īm (i.e. iyǝm ), O.Pers. iyam “ she “, acc. sg. m. O.Ind. imám (extended from
*im) = O.Pers. imam (that after f. imüm etc.), gen. m. n. asyá , ásya = Av. ahe, fem. O.Ind.
asyü ́ h ̣ = Av. aiŋ ́ hü ̊ , dat. m. n. asmüí , ásmüi = Av. ahmüi , gen. pl. m. n. ēšü ́ m = Av. aēša ̨ m ,
dat. abl. pl. m. O.Ind. ēbhya ́ h ̣ = Av. aēibyō etc.; gthAv. as[-čit̃], ǝ̄ each once n. sg. m.; of
stem ü- pl. fem. gen. O.Ind. üsü ́ m = Av. ǘŋhąm , dat. abl. übhya ́ h ̣ = Av. übyō etc.
Maybe Alb. (*ayám ) ay, ai “he”, ayo, ajo ‘she” : O.Ind. ayám “he”
Kуpr. ἴν “ him, her “ (seems also in μίν, νίν blocked, s. Schwyzer Gk. I 6081); here Lesb.
Thess. Hom. ἴα (*ii̯ǝ) “ one, a single “ (originally “just this, only this ”), Hom. ἰ῅ς, ἰῆ, thereafter
also n. Hom. ἰῶ?; different Schwyzer Gk. I 588 (* s[m]i̯üs).

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Lat. is “he”, id “it” nom. sg. m. (old also īs, inschr. eis, eis-dem, provided either with -s IE
*ei = O.Ind. ay-ám, as one considers also for Umbr. er-e and certain for Ir. ( h)ē “he” such a
basic form * ei-s, or reshuffled of is after eiius, e (i)ī); acc. altLat. im (= Gk. ἴν) and em,
doubled emem “ the same, at the same time “ (from the parallel stem e-?) = adv. em “ then,
at that time, in those times “ and * im in inter-im “at the same time, meanwhile, in the
meantime “, in-de “ from that place, thence “, dat. abl. pl. ībus (: O.Ind. ēbhya ́ h ̣ ); Osc. iz-io “
he “, idic, ídík “ it “ (the affix - ík, -ic is itself the solidified adverb from n. * id + *ke), Osc. ís-íd-
um “ the same “ and esídum ds., Umbr. er-e “ he “ ers-e er̆-e “ it “, Umbr. dat. sg. esmei ,
esmik , gen. pl. Osc. eisun-k , Umbr. esom (= O.Ind. ēš ̣ ü ́ m );
thereout a stem * eiso- would be deduced besides in nom.-acc.-forms, e.g. Osc. eizois “ with
them “, Umbr. eru-ku “ with it “, however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n. * ed,
compare Lat. ecce “ behold! lo! see! “ (probably from * ed-ke) = Osc. ekk-um (*ed-ke- um) “
likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well “, and perhaps acc. mēd, tēd, sēd, if
from *mē, *tē, *sē + ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb * ed;
Ital. eo-, eü, in Osc.-Umbr. only in nom. (besides sg. m. n.) and acc., in Lat. mainly in
almost all case oblique (only eius from *esi̯o-s, thereafter dat. ei stands apart), e.g. Lat. ea
‘she”, eam “her”, Osc. iúk, ioc ‘she”, ionc “him”, under eam “her”, have derived from O.Ind.
nom. ay-ám corresponding form *e(i̯)om, because of their ending -om would be perceived
as acc. and entailed eam “her” etc.
iam by Varro 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam “her”. - From Lat. here
ipse ‘self, in person “ from *- is-pse (because of aLat. fem. eapse ), is-te (however, ille “ that,
that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the latter) ” only
afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare Umbr. estu “ that of yours, that beside you “;
O.Ir. ē (hē) “he” (probably * ei-s), see above; ed (hed) “it” (from * id-ü = Goth. ita,
wherewith formal identical O.Ind. idü “now, yet ”; but Lith. tadà “then” required because of

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E.Lith. tadù an auslaut in nasal); nom. pl. ē (hē) m. f. n. = mkymr. wy (hwynt- wy) probably at
least partly from IE *ei (additional information by Thurneysen Gk. 283), acc. sg. Bret. en
“him, it” (prefixed), Welsh e (also), Ir. - an- (also), - i (suffixed after verbs; after prepositions
partly also, e.g. airi from * ari-en “ on him “, partly only more as having a lasting softening
effect, e.g. foir from *u̯or-en), gen. sg. * esi̯o, f. *esi̯üs “his, her”, prokLith. a, older partly still
e, æ; Welsh *eið- after the example of the conjugated preposition to differentiated M.Welsh
eidaw , f. eidi, wherewith identical O.Ir. a “his, its” (len.) and “her” (geminated), Welsh Corn.
y, Bret. e, etc.; about O.Ir. accentuated üi, üe “his, her” and dat. pl. -ib s. Thurneysen Gk.
285;
Goth. is “he”, acc. in-a, neutr. it-a (see above) “it” (in addition new formed plural forms:
Goth. eis from *ei̯-es, acc. ins, dat. im, O.H.G. O.S. im) O.H.G. er, ir, acc. in-an, in; n. iz;
O.S. in-a, n. it; O.N. Relative particle es, er, Run. eR; of stem e-: gen. sg. Goth. m. is, f.
izos, O.H.G. m. n. es(is) , f. ira(iru), O.S. es(is) , era(ira) ; gen. pl. Goth. ize, izo, O.S. O.H.G.
iro; dat. sg. f. Goth. izai, O.H.G. (with other ending) iru; m. n. Goth. imma , O.H.G. imu, imo,
O.S. imu; of stem ī- Goth. acc. ija (O.H.G. sia etc. with s-suggestion after nom. sī̆),
whereupon new formed plural forms, Goth. nom. acc. ijōs (O.H.G. sio);
Lith. jìs “he”, acc. jį̃ (to anl. j- s. Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 331), fem. jì, acc. ją̃ (jõs, jaĩ etc.);
but O.C.S. acc. sg. f. jǫ, nom. acc. pl. f. ję (about the other case s. Brugmann aaO.), acc.
sg. m. -( j)ь in vidity-jь ‘sees him”, vъń-ь “to him” etc. (about further Slav. supplementary,
e.g. jakъ “ interrog. of what kind?; reLat. of the kind that, such as; indef. having some
quality or other. adv. qualiter, as, just as “, jelikъ “ interrog. how great?; exclam. how great!;
interrog. how much?; exclam. how much!; reLat. as much as; for how much, at what price;
by how much “, s. Berneker 416 f.) rather from IE i̯o-;

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according to Pedersen Hitt. 58 f. should contain the Pron. -aš “he” etc. ein o in ablaut to
IE *esi̯o etc. (?); since stem i- has probably preserved n. it “it” in association with netta “ and
as you “ (*nu-it-ta) (Friedrich Heth. Elem. I 27); compare hierogl. Hitt. is “this”, acc. jO.N.
B. Relative stem i̯o-:
O.Ind. yás, yü ́, yád, Av. yō, Gk. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ “who, what, which, the one that ”, Phryg. ιος (νι) “
whoever “, Slav. *i̯a- in i-že, f. ja-že etc., Balt under Slav. in the solidified form of adjective,
e.g. Lith. geràs -is, O.Pruss. pirmann-ien, - in, O.C.S. dobry-jь (see Berneker 416 f.,
Trautmann 105 f.). Dubious (Lith. jeĩ “ what if, when “, Goth. jabai “ what if, when “) s. by
Brugmann II2 2, 347 f. (Lith.); Celtic by Pedersen KG. II 235, Thurneysen Gk. 323, however,
Welsh a can not belong to it.
comparative O.Ind. yatará -, Av. yatüra -, Gk. (Cret. gort.) ὅτερος “ one or the other of two
“; compare O.Ind. yüvat , Gk. ἕως, Dor. ἇς (*ἁ:Fος) “ as long as “, O.Ind. yüd “ inasmuch, as
“ = Gk. ὡς “as”; s. Schwyzer Gk. I 528, 614 f.
C. particles and adverbs:
About the nominal and adverbial particle ē̆, ō̆ see above S. 280 f.
e-, ē- Augment ( “*then, at that time “) O.Ind. a- (also ü-, e.g. ü-vr̥ṇak ), Av. a-, Arm. e-
(e.g. e-lik” = ἔ-λιπε), Gk. ἐ- (also ἠ-, e.g. Hom. ἤFείδη).
e- in O.Ind. a-sü ́ u “that” (besides Av. hüu), a-dáḥ “that; there ”, a-dyü ́, a-dyá “today (this
present day) ” (stem compound?), á-ha “certainly, yes ”;
Arm. e-t”e (besides t”e) “ that, in the event that “;
Gk. ἐ-χθές, ἐ-κεῖ, ἐ-κεῖνος (besides κεῖνος);
Osc. e-tanto , Umbr. e-tantu “, of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth so
much; by so much “, Osc. päl. e-co “ this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in this
matter; hereupon “, Osc. exo- (*e-ke-so ) “ this, this one; this present; here; in this place, in
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O.C.S. (j)e-se “ behold! lo! see! “ (besides se ds), aRuss. ose, Russ. é-to “there, that, that
here”, é-tot “that here, that, this ” (besides tot “that”); Serb. Bulg. e-to “there, that ” (etc., s.
Berneker 259 f);
Maybe Alb. a-të “that, the one there ”, a-to f. “they”, a-ta m. “they”, a-tje “there” a
“interrogative particle ”; enclitic particle of gen. and (attribute) adj. m. i (from he), f. e (from
she).
insecure Goth. i-bai, i-ba interrogative particle , O.H.G. ibu, oba, O.S. O.N. ef “if” and
“whether”, O.E. gif, Eng. if ds.;
about *eno- in Gk. ἔνη etc. see special headword.
To e- also the comparative formation Av. atüra - “ this, the one from the two, the other “,
ds., Alb. ját(ë)rë “other”, Umbr. etro- “other”, Lat. in cēterus “ the other, the rest; acc. n. sing.
as adv. otherwise, moreover, but “, O.C.S. eterъ, jeterъ “whoever ”, pl. jeteri (ji) ‘some, few ”,
nsorb. wótery .
Note:
Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
ed (nom. acc. sg. n.): about Lat. ecce , mēd see above; Av. at̃ to the emphasis of the
preceding word (as it̲, see under; Bartholomae AltIran. Wb. 67); probably also in O.C.S. jed-
inъ, -ьпъ “ someone “ as “*just, only one ”; whether also Church Slavic jede, kyjь “ a certain,
a kind of, as one might say “ from doubled *ed-ed or after ide in attached ending * ed?
(Berneker 261, disputed from Brũckner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet Slave comm.2 444.)
ēd and ōd (abl.): O.Ind. üt “ therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so ”, Av. üat̃
“next, therefore, then; and; but; since “, E.Lith. e ̃ “and but” (O.C.S. i “and” is rather *ei), Lith.
õ “and, but” = O.C.S. a “but”.
ei (loc.): Gk. εἰ “*so, if, whether “ (εἶ-τα “ then, next “, εἴ-θε “ would that! “, ἐπ-εί (compare
el. ἐπ-ή) “ after that, after, since, when “, ἔπ-ειτα “thereupon ”; besides dial. αἰ, loc. of f. stem

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ᾱ, and ἠ instr. “if”; O.C.S. i “and, also ” (compare ti “and” of stem * to-; from Brũckner KZ. 46,
203 placed against it = Lith. teĩ), Goth. - ei relative particle (compare Þei of stem * to- in
same meaning), e.g. sa-ei “who, what, which, the one that ”, after Junker KZ. 43, 348 also
Arm. abl.-ending -ē. See also under ī-.
em (aLat. em, see above S. 282) lies before in Gk. ἔνθα “ there, to there, at that time “,
rel. “where, whereto, where, whence ”, ἔνθεν “ there, from there, from where ” etc. (Schwyzer
Gk. I 628); about O.Ir. and see above S. 37 and compare Cypr. ἄνδα αὕτη.
e-tos: O.Ind. á-taḥ “from here ” (see under eti).
i: probably in loc. in IE -i; further the base of the comparative formation *i-tero-: O.Ind. i-
tara- “the other ” (neuIran. equivalent by Bartholomae IF. 38, 26 f.);
Lat. íterum “ again, a second time, once more, anew “; further in O.Ind. i-va “as”
(compare above ἠ-Fε “as”); in Gk. ἰ-δέ “and” (compare ἠ-δέ).
i-dha and i-dhe:
O.Ind. i-há, prükr. idha, Av. iδa “here”;
Gk. ἰθαγενής “(* born in lawful wedlock, legitimate; born here “, hence:) inborn, lawfully
born “ (about ἰθαιγενής s. Schwyzer Gk. I 448);
Lat. ibī “ in that place, there “ (the sound development dh to f, b after ubī; in auslaut
directed after the locative the o-stem), Umbr. ife “ in that place, there “, ifont “ in the same
place, in that very place, just there, on the spot “ (ar. and Ital. forms could contain
themselves also -dhe, compare O.Ind. ku-ha = O.C.S. kъ-de “where” [Alb. kudo
“everywhere ”], sь-de “here” and Schwyzer Gk. I 6274);
M.Welsh yd, у Welsh ydd verbal particle, Corn. yz, yth-, Bret. ez-? (see Pedersen KG. II
234, Lewis-Pedersen 243, Thurneysen Gk. 324 f.); in addition also O.Ir. prefixed - id- from
*id(h)e or*id(h)i.

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i-t(h)-: O.Ind. itthǘ, itthü ́ d “here, there ”, Av. iÞü ̆ ‘so”, O.Ind. itthám ‘so” and with - t- (-tǝ or-
ti?) O.Ind. íti ‘so”; Lat. ita ‘so”, item “also, likewise ”, Umbr. itek “ in this manner, in this wise,
in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said “, M.Welsh preverb yt-, Welsh yd-,
e.g. in yr yd-wyf “I am”; Lith. dial. it “ by all means; as “, ìt, ỹt “ completely, very much “, Ltv.
it, itin “ surely, just “.
ī́ (stressed to the strengthening of a deixis word, unstressed behind a relatively used
word):
O.Ind. ī́ (also ī́m), Av. ī́ emphasizing postpositive, after relative in ved. yad-ī;
Gk. οὑτοσ -ί̄, -ί̄ν (= O.Ind. īm? or previously new extension from -ī́ ?), ἐκεινοσ -ί:, el. το-ΐ;
Umbr. probably in po-ei “interrog. adj. which? what? what kind of?; exclam., what!; indef.
any, some; reLat. who, which, what, that; interrog. in what manner? how?; reLat. wherewith,
wherefrom; indef. somehow ” (etc.), Lat. in utī “ how (interrog. and exclam); reLat. as, in
whatever way; as, as being; as when, while, since, when; where; how; o that; granted that;
so that, namely that; final, in order that; that, to; that...not ” (from * uta-ī);
O.Ir. ( h)ī deixis particle and particle before relative clauses;
Goth. - ei Relative particle in sa-ei, iz-ei, ik-ei whereas probably IE *ei, see above;
O.C.S. intensifying in to-i (see Berneker 416), O.C.S. e-i “ yes, indeed “ (? Berneker 296).
Also in 1. part from O.Ind. ī-dr̥c̨- “ looking so, resembling so “, Lith. ū-pačiai “ particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “, y-patùs
“ lonely, only, apart, peculiarly “.
Doubtful, if from IE *ei or ī: O.E. ī́dæges “ of the same day “, īsiðes “to same time ”, īlca (*ī-
līca) “the same ”, wherewith perhaps O.N. ī dag “today” (although understood as preposition
ī) and refined afterwards ī gæ ̄ r “ yesterday “, ī fjǫrð “ a year ago, last year “ interrelate;
It is unclear üi (loc. fem. in adverbial solidification) in O.Ind. üi-ša ́ mah ̣ adv. “this year ”,
meaning “just this year - the same ” as Gk. ἰῶ ἤματι , s. Schulze KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 5396,

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Holthausen KZ. 47, 310, Junker KZ. 43, 438 f., with O.Ind. words also Arm. aižm combined
from *ai žam . The same as mentioned before Arm. demonstratives ai-s, ai-d, ai-n contain
*üi in conjunction with Pron.-stem *k̂o-, *to-, *no- (Junker ааО.); compare Benveniste
Origines 129 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 548 f.
i̯üm (= acc. sg. f.): Lat. iam “ now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently,
soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed “, Goth. ja, O.H.G. jü ̆ “ indeed “; with the
ending of loc. sg. in *- ou- the u-stem: *i̯ou, *i̯u “already” (from Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466
placed against it to * i̯eu- “new”) : Lith. jaũ “already”, Ltv. jàu, O.C.S. ju “already”, zero grade
Goth. O.H.G. O.S. O.E. ju “already” (the formation is similar to Goth. Þau, Þau-h, O.E. Þea-
h, O.Ind. tú “but” to stem *to-).
i̯üi (== loc. sg. f.): Goth. jai “ yea, in truth, indeed “, Ger. jē (jeh), Umbr. ie perhaps “ now,
by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover;
just, indeed “ in ie-pru, ie-pi; but Welsh ie (disyllabic) “ yes, indeed “ from M.Welsh ī-ef “this
(is) it”.
D. compositions and derivatives (not classed above thus far):
O.Ind. ē-ša ́, ē-šü ́, ē-tát, Av. аēšа-, aēta- “ he himself “ (*ei-so , -to-, while Arm. aid from
*üi-to-, see above; Osc. Umbr. eiso- , ero- against it from gen. pl. * eisōm );
(m) Arm. i-sa, i-ta, i-na Dimin. from * ei-k̂o-, -to-, -no- (Junker KZ. 43, 346 f.);
O.Ind. ē-vá, ē-vá-m ‘so”, wherefore with the meaning-development “ just in such a way,
just him - only him - only, one “;
Av. aēva -, O.Pers. aiva- “ one, solely, only “, Gk. οἶος, Cypr. οἶFος “by himself, only ” (IE
*oiu̯e, *oiu̯os ); s. also above S. 75.
oi-nos: O.Ind. ē-na- “he” (could also be *ei-no-);
Arm. -in the identity adverb andrēn “ ibid “, astēn “ just here “, perhaps also the identity
pronoun so-in “the same here ”, do-in “the same there ”, no-in “the same there ” (“ just him,

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one and the same “; *oino-s at first to ēn, still in the meaning “god”, d. h. “the one”, and in
so-in etc. weakened to - in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-in he also considers * k̂o- + ĕnos );
different Meillet Esquisse 88;
Gk. οἶνος , οἶνη “ one in the dice “;
Lat. ūnus , old oinos ;
O.Ir. ōen “one”; Welsh Bret. Corn. un “one, a (also indefinite article) ”;
Goth. ains, O.H.G. ein, O.N. einn (here belongs alt N.. einka “ particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “ and further ekkja “
widow”, ekkill “ widower ”);
O.Pruss. ains (f. ainü) “one”, ablaut. Lith. ūnas and ìnas “ surely, really “; besides with
präfig. particle (?):
Lith. víenas , Ltv. viêns “one” (because of Lith. vičveĩnelis “all alone, completely “ from
*einos ), ablaut. Ltv. vińš “he” (*vini̯as ; compare Ser.-Cr. ȉn from *ēino-); s. Trautmann 3,
Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 356, 381 f.
Maybe Alb. (*vini̯as ) vetë “he himself, she herself; self, in person “, vetëm “one, alone
unique” [common Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation].
O.C.S. inъ “ one; only one; one and the same “ and “ another, other, different “, ino-rogъ “
unicorn “, vъ inǫ “ on and on, always “, inokъ “ alone, only, single, sole “ (= Goth. ainaha “
solely, unique “, Lat. ūnicus , O.N. einga , O.E. ünga , O.H.G. einac , O.S. ēnag , Ger. einig ),
next to which O.C.S. jed-inъ (to 1. part, probably IE *ed, see above) “one”, from which by
shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. jednogo (inscribed jedьnogo ), Russ. odinъ,
odnogo.
Note:

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This is all wrong etymology. Root e-3, ei-, i-, fem. ī- : “this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one ”
derived from the reduced Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “I”. Indic languages display -ĝ- > -y-,
Germanic -ĝ- > -g-, Italic -ĝh- > -cc, kk- , Slavic -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
O.C.S. : jedinъ “one” [num o]; jedьnъ “one” [num o] derived from eĝ(h)omn [common Balt-
Illyr. -ĝh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon. Common prothetic Slavic j-, Baltic Illyrian v- stand for the
lost laryngeal ḫ-.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ĝ(h)omn ) një “one” similar to Alb. njoh (*ĝnē-sk̂ō) “know”.
With formants -ko- (as O.Ind. dviká “consisting of two ”) O.Ind. ēka- “ one; only one; one
and the same “, ēkatī́ya “the one”, urind. (in Hitt. Text) aika-vartana “ a spin, one rotation “
(Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93); about Lat. ūnicus , Goth. ainaha , O.C.S. inokъ see above ë
Maybe compound Alb.Gheg (*nie uka ) nuk, Tosc nuku, nukë “(*not one) no, not ”
With formants - go- Goth. ainakls “ single, spouseless “ (also above O.N. einka etc.),
Church Slavic inogъ “ solitary, of male beasts which have been driven from the herd:
hence, savage, ferocious, a griffin or dragon “; s. Feist 22 f.
Similar reverting together with e- (e.g. O.Ind. asü ́ u ) and üi- (O.Ind. üiša ́ mah ̣ , Arm. ain etc.)
see above.
It seems that root lemma for number one spread spread from Indo European to Dravidian,
then to to Semitic:
Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *ainaz, Western : Old English+ án, Middle English+ an, English
one, Scots ane, Old Frisian+ en, W.Frisian ien, Frisian (Saterland) aan, Dutch een, W/S
Flemish ièn, Brabants iën, Low Saxon een, Emsland ein, Mennonite Plautdietsch een,
Afrikaans een, German eins, Central Bavarian oans, Swabian oes, Alsatian eins, Cimbrian
òan, Rimella ais, Rheinfränkisch ääns, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent, Swiss
German eis, Yiddish eyns, Middle High German+ ein, Old High German+ ein, Northern :

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Runic+ æinn, Old Norse+ einn, Norweg ian en ( Ny. ein), Danish én, Swedish en, Faroese
ein, Old Icelandic+ einn, Icelandic einn, Eastern : Gothic+ ains, Crimean+ ene, Italic:
Oscan+ uinus, Umbrian+ uns, Latin+ u:nus, Romance : Mozarabic+ uno, Portuguese um,
Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un, Valencian
u, Old French+ un, French un, Walloon onk, Jèrriais ieune, Poitevin in, Old Picard+ ung,
Picard in, Occitan (Provençal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat vun, Limosin un,
Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun in, Sursilvan in, Vallader ũn, Friulian
u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese ũn, Milanese vun, Genovese un,
Venetian on, Parmesan von, Corsican unu, Umbrian unu, Neapolitan unë, Sicilian unu,
Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur, Sardinian unu, Celtic: Proto-
Celtic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *ônos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un, Cardiganshire în, Breton
unan, Vannetais unan, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan, Modern on, Devonian+ un,
Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ óen, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon, Manx nane, Hellenic:
Mycenean Greek+ e- me (*hemei), Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greek éna, Cypriot énas,
Tsakonian éna, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se, Albanian: Albanian një ,
Gheg (Qosaj) n”â, Tosk (Mandritsa) ni, Armenian: +Classical Armenian mi, Armenian mek,
Baltic West : O.Pruss.+ ai:ns, East : Lithuanian víenas, Latvian viêns, Latgalian vi:ns, Slavic
East : Russian odín, odín, Belarussian adzín, adzín, Ukrainian odín, o dy”n, West : Polish
jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ janũ, Czech jeden, Slovak jeden, West jeden, East
jeden, Upper Sorbian jedyn, Lower Sorbian jaden, South : Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu,
Bulgarian edín, Macedonian eden, Serbo -Croat jèdan, Slovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+
*a:nt-, Luwian+ *a- , Lycian+ sñta, Indo -Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *aiwas, Iranian
Eastern: Ossetian Iron iu, Digor ieu, Avestan+ ae:uua-, Khwarezmian+ “yw, Sogdian+ “yw,
Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ s ’s”au, Pashto yaw, Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu,
Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushani yi:w, Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli

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(Tashkorghani) iw, Parachi zhu, Ormuri so:, Western NorthWest : Parthian+ “yw, Yazdi ya,
Nayini yak, Natanzi yæk, Khunsari yäg, Gazi yeg, Sivandi yä, V afsi yey, Semnani i,
Sangisari yækæ” , Gilaki yek, Mazanderani yak, Talysh i, Harzani i, Zaza zhew, Gorani yak,
Baluchi yek, Turkmenistan yak, E Hill yak, Rakhshani (Western) yekk, Kermanji (S) Kurdish
yak, Zaza (N) Kurdish e:k, Bajalani ikke:, Kermanshahi yäkî” , SouthWest : Old Persian+
aiva, Pahlavi+ e:vak, Farsi yak, Isfahani ye(k), Tajik yak, Tati yæ, Chali i, Fars yek, Lari yak,
Luri ya, Kumzari yek, Nuristani : Ashkun ach, Wasi- weri i pũ:n, Kati ev, Kalasha -ala ew,
Indic : Sanskrit + éka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ ege, Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy):
Spanish yes, Welsh yek”, Kalderash yek(h), Syrian e:kâ, Armenian jäku, Iranian yek,
Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay, Maldivian eke, Northern India: Dardic:
Kashmiri akh, Shina êk, Brokskat e:k, Phalura a:k, Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek,
Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli ek, Gawar-bati y ok, Pashai i:,
Shumashti yäk, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek, Western: Marathi ek, Konkani êk, Sindhi hiku,
Khatri hakro, Lahnda hikk, Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek, Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraiki hik,
Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani) ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik,
Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k, East Central: Nepali ek, Maithi li
ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k, Chattisgarhi e:k, Eastern: Oriya ek,
Bengali æk, Assamese ek, Mayang a:

Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui asi, Northeast : Kurukh onta:, Malto ort, Central : Kolami okkod, Naiki
okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okati, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unr i, Manda
ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:ndi, South : Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga
ondu, Kodagu ondũ, Kurumba - onde, Toda wïd, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu,
Irula vondunder

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Burushashki
Hunza hik, Yasin hek

Etruscan
Etruscan+ thu(n)

Semitic
East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:hid, Kashka-Darya fad, Saudi waahid, Yemeni
waahid, Syrian wa:hed, Lebanese wähad, Cypriot ?éxen, Iraqi waahid, Egyptian wa:hid, E
Libyan “wahad, N African (Darja) wa:hed, Moroccan wahed, Sudanese wa|ahid, Nigerian
wa:hid, Zanzibari wa:hi, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+ “-h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd;
Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ “ahat, Modern Hebrew “axat, Classical Aramaic+ xadh,
Modern Aramaic âha d, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Van he;
South: Old S. Arabian+ “-h-d, South Arabian (Harsusi) t”a:d, (Sheri) t”ad, Socotra t”ad;
N Ethiopic : Geez+ ? ah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya had e;
S Ethiopic : Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ahad, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajjä, Soddo att
Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor Att.

References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671, 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72,
105, Schwyzer Gk. I 548, 588, 608, 613 f., 628 f., 651.
Page(s): 281-286

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embhi -, empi-
English meaning: a kind of mosquito or bee
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechmũcke, Biene”
Note: With taboo variation bh : p?
Material: Gk. ἐμπίς, -ίδος “a mosquito “;
O.H.G. imbi (oldest evidence impi pīano ), M.H.G. imbe (*embi -o-) ‘swarm of bees,
beehive”, previously late-M.H.G. “bee”, Ger. Imme , changing through ablaut O.E. imbe
(*umbia ) ‘swarm of bees ”.
References: WP. I 125, WH. I 57.
Page(s): 311

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em-, em-
English meaning: to take
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nehmen”
Grammatical information: originally athematisches present
Material: Lat. emō, -ere, ēmī (Lith. ėmiaũ ), emptum (= Lith. im̃tas , O.Pruss. imtü f., O.Bulg.
jętъ) “take (only in compounds), buy ”, Osc. pert-emest “ to take away entirely, annihilate,
extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent “, pert-emust “ taken away entirely “, per-emust “
has taken wholly, seized entirely, taken possession of, seized, occupied “ (to perf. * emed ),
pert-umum ‘shall take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent “
(assil. from * pertemom ); Umbr. emantu (r) “be taken without effort, received, got, accepted “
emps “ taken out, taken away, removed “;
O.Ir. em- in ar-fo-em- “take, receive “, Verbaln. airitiu (: Lat. emptiō , Lith. iš-imtìs “
exception “), dī-em- “ shield “, etc.;
Lith. imù, preterit ėmiaũ , im̃ti “take”, E.Lith. present jemù, O.Pruss. imt ds.; Ltv. jęmu ,
jẽmu , jem̃t and jem̂t, besides ńemu , ńêmu , ńem̂t (probably through contamination an
equivalent originated from Goth. niman “take”, Endzelin, Ltv. Gk. 564);
O.C.S. imǫ (ьmǫ, compare vъz-mǫ “ take away “, etc.) jęti “take” (perfective), besides
imperfect: jemlǫ, imati ds., and as “have”: stative verb imamь, imějǫ, iměti (*emü-, *emē-);
besides IE em- formant the rhyme roots jem- and nem-, probably originally different and
only secondary now and then adapted;
Hitt. ú-e-mi-ja-mi (u-emijami ??) “I catch, find ”, Pedersen Hitt. 821, 135.
References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave commun2 80,
203 f., EM2 300 f.

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(enebh -1), embh -, ombh -, nō ̆ bh - (nēbh -?), m̥bh-
English meaning: navel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nabel”
Note: plural with l- formant.
Material: O.Ind. nábhya - n. “hub”, nü ́ bhi - f. “navel, hub, kinship ”, nübhīla - n. (uncovered) “
pubic region, navel dent ”; Av. nabü -nazdišta - “ der verwandtschaftlich nächststehende “ ,
besides with ar. ph: Av. nüfō, Pers. nüf “navel”;
Gk. ὀμφαλός (nom. pl. also ὄμφαλες ) “navel, shield boss “, probably also ὄμφακες “ the
unripe grapes or olives or other fruit “ (als nabelartig vorgestũlpte Knöpfchen), ὀμφακίς “
cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine ”;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. mbulonj “cover, shield, protect ”.
Lat. umbilīcus “navel”, umbō , -ōnis “ a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss “;
O.Ir. imbliu “navel” (*embilōn -), M.Ir. imlecan ds. (an attempt to the suffix explanation by
Pedersen KG. I 495);
O.H.G. naba , O.E. nafu, O.Ice. nǫf “hub of a wheel ” (also in O.H.G. naba-gēr, O.E. nafu-
gür, O.Ice. nafarr “grober borer ”), O.H.G. nabalo , O.E. nafela , O.Ice. nafli “navel”; in
addition after Lide ́ n KZ . 61, 17 O.H.G. amban, ambon , m. ( o-stem) “paunch”, O.S. ámbón “
the belly, abdomen “, nom. acc. pl. m. on-stem (Gmc. * amban- , IE *ombhon -);
O.Pruss. nabis “hub, navel ”, Ltv. naba “navel”.
Perhaps here O.E. umbor ‘small kid, child ”, also the Ital. VN Umbri (*m̥bh-), other ablaut
in Gmc. VN Ambrones (*ombh -) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 116 f.
References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Decl. 100.
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(enebh -2): nebh -, embh -, m̥bh -
English meaning: wet, damp; water; clouds
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, Wasser ”, out of it “Dampf, Dunst, Nebel, Wolke ”
Note: (Kontaminationsform nembh -); partly emb-, omb- from embh -, ombh -
Material: nebhos -: O.Ind. nábhas - n. “fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven ”,
besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. nü ́ bhah ̣ (?); Av. nabah- n. pl. “ airspace,
sky, heaven ”;
Gk. νέφος , -ους n. “cloud, fog ” (Denom. primary form ξυννέφει “ es umzieht sich “,
ξυννένοφε “it is cloudy ”);
also (see below nem- “bend” ) O.Ir. nem (n. es-stem), Ir. neamh , Welsh Corn. nef ‘sky,
heaven”;
O.Bulg. nebo , -ese n. ‘sky, heaven ”, to i-stem reshaped in Lith. debesìs f. and m. “cloud”
(but older konson. pl., e.g. gen. pl. debesų̃ ! d for n through influence of dangùs ‘sky,
heaven”);
Note:
Common n- > nd- > d- phonetic mutation
Hitt. ne-pi-iš (nebis ) n. ‘sky, heaven ” gen. nebisas ;
with l-forms (nebhelü ):
Gk. νεφέλη “cloud, fog ” = Lat. nebula “haze, mist, fog, cloud ”;
maybe Alb. (*nebula ), avull “vapor, steam, *cloud ” [the shift b > v ] from the same root as
Rom. abur “fog”.
but O.Ir. nēl m., gen. nīuil “cloud, fog ” not from * nebhlo- , but loanword from Welsh niwl,
nifwl, nCorn. niul ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. Lw. from late Lat. * nibulus for
nūbilus );

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maybe Alb.Gheg (*nil, ni ‘sky” + altus “high”) naltë “high, above ”, Alb. tosk (* nil ‘sky” + altus
“high”) lartë “high” [clearly the typical Alb. tosk rhotacism *nil-alt , *nil-art > lart “high” L > R];
the initial ni- was dropped in a similar way in Alb. (*nebula ), avull “vapor, steam, *cloud ”
O.H.G. nebul m. “fog”, O.S. neƀal “fog, darkness ”, O.E. nifol ds., O.Ice. nifl-heimr below
likewise, njōl “darkness, night ” (Gmc. *neƀla - and *niƀula - from -elo-; O.Ice. nifl- from *niƀila -
);
Maybe Alb. (*njōl) njollë “(white stain), bad vision ” : O.Ice. njōl “ darkness, night “].
doubtful O.Ind. nabhanú - m., nabhanū ́ - f., probably “wellspring ”; Av. aiwi-naptīm asti “he
(befeuchtet =) besudelt with blood ”, napta - “humid, wet ” (*nab- ta-), Pers. neft “ naphtha “;
perhaps here Lat. Neptūnus “ God of the springs and rivers, then of the sea, son of
Saturn and brother of Jupiter “ from * nebh -tu-s; of -p- in skyth. FlN Naparis , O.Pers. spring,
fountain N Νάπας derives from Iran. apa- “water, wellspring ” (Brandenstein, OLZ 1940, 435
ff.).
m̥bh-(ro-):
O.Ind. abhrá - m. “ gloomy weather, cloudiness “, n. “cloud, airspace ” (*m̥bhros ), Av.
awra- n. “cloud”; remains far off because of the meaning Gk. ἀφρός ‘scum, froth, foam ”
(Meillet BSL 31, 51);
in i-Decl. converted Lat. imber, imbris “ a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring
rain “ = Osc. Anafríss , probably “ a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain “.
Here also the river names Gaul. * Ambrü , M.Welsh Amir, Amyr as well as Ger. Amper and
Ammer (Celt. *Ambrü ), Emmer (Celt. *Ambriü ); in addition also Eng. Amber ; Fr. Ambre ,
Ambrole ; spO.N. Ambron, Ambror ; Ital. Ambra , Ambria, Ambro , Ambrio etc., latter are
particular Ven.-Illyrian; compare without formant r Gaul. inter ambes “ between streams “,
ambe “ a small stream, brook “, O.Brit. Amboglanna “bank, shore of the stream ”, as well as
Arm. amb and (with IE b) amp “cloud”.

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emb(h) - : omb(h) - :
O.Ind. ámbhas - n. “ rainwater “; ambu n. “water”, Gk. ὄμβρος m. “rain” (to b compare
above Arm. amp and Schwyzer Gk. I 333); here also lak. ὀμφά ‘smell, odor, breath,
breeze”, arkad. εὔομφος “wohlriechend ”, etc.
nembh -:
pehl. namb , nam, Pers. nem “ moist, humidity “, pehl. nambītan “ moisten “;
Lat. nimbus “ cloud, mist; esp. a black rain-cloud; a storm, shower “.
From Slav. languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *ŋi̯o ̆ bu
English meaning: to pour
Turkic protoform: *ju(b)-
Mongolian protoform: *jeɣũ-le-
Tungus protoform: *ńiabe -
Korean protoform: *nūb-
Note: ТМС 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk . ńewte , Evn. ńewte ‘spring, well ”
(*”washing or pouring place ”) and perhaps also OJ mjiwo “water-way, seaway ” (if mji- is to
be analysed as “water”, the -wo part stays completely obscure).
References: WP. I 131, WH. I 681, II 151 f., Specht Decl. 16 f.
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enek̂-, nek̂-, enk̂-, n̥k̂- (*henek -)
English meaning: to reach; to obtain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reichen, erreichen, erlangen ” and (nur Gk. Bal.-Slav. ) “tragen”
Material: O.Ind. aśnṓti , Av. ašnaoiti (*n̥k̂-neu-) “ if something is obtained, achieved “, perf.
O.Ind. üna ́ m ̣ s ́ a (IE *ōn-onk̂e = O.Ir. ro-ünaic );
O.Ind. náśati , Av. -nasaiti (*nek̂-, originally probably athematic, compare 2. sg. nakṣi
etc.), O.Ind. nákṣati “ achieved, attained “, Desid. ánakṣati “ tries to reach, strives for “,
áṃśa -ḥ m. “ allotment “, Av. ąsa- “ party “, O.Ind. náṃśa -ḥ m. “ obtainment “, -naṁśana -
(hybridization from aṁś- and naś-); common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Arm. hasi “have arrived “, thereafter hasanem “ come to close to something, arrive “; after
Pisani Armen. 5 here hunj-k”, hnjo-c̣ “harvest” (*onk̂os );
Maybe Alb. has, Alb. (Calabria) (* kë-hasem ) këyasem “ encounter “
Gk. (*ēnek ̂ -) δι-ηνεκής “ passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual “ (Dor. and Att.
διᾱνεκής from *δια-ηνεκής ?, different Boisacq s. v.), ποδ-ηνεκής “ bis zu den Fũßen
herabreichend “, δουρ -ηνεκής “ a far javelin-throwing “ = “ as far as one ’s spear can reach “
or pass. “ obtain a javelin “, as κεντρ -ηνεκής “ the goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick,
drive on “; pass. Aor. ἠνέχθην “ wurde getragen “, perf. κατ-ήνοκα Hes., ἐν-ήνοχα (ἐν- is
therein probably reduplication; also in Med. ἐν-ήνεγμαι , joined as 3. sg. ἐν-ήνεγκται instead
of *ἐν-ήνεκται , after Aor. ἐνεγκεῖν );
*enk̂- in red. Aor. ἐν-εγκ-εῖν (*enk̂-enk̂-) “bear, carry ”; see under Hitt. ḫenkzi ;
*onk̂- in ὄγκος “Tracht, load ” (= O.Ind. áṃśa -ḥ, Bal.-Slav. *naša -);
ἤνεικα against it to root * seik- “ suffice, reach “, see there and Boisacq 251 f. m. Lith. ;
through hybridization with it became ἤνεγκον to ἤνεγκα , ἤνειγκα ;

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Lat. nactus (and nanctus ) sum, nancisci (arch. also nanciō , -īre) “ to light upon, obtain,
meet “ (-a- = e, so nactus = Gmc. * nuh-ta-; the nasalization of present is probably
secondary (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 163);
O.Ir. ro-icc “ reaches “, do-icc “ comes “, air-icc- “find”, con-icc- “be able” etc.; probably in
the themat. conjugation transferred lengthened gradees * ēnk ̂-ti, from which * īnk-, *ĭnc-, icc- ;
verbal nouns rīchtu , tīchtu ; s-Konj. -ī from *ēnk ̂ st ; perf. ro-ünaic (see above); s-preterit du-
uicc (*onk̂-i-s-t) “has brought ” etc. see under S. 347; zero grade n̥k̂- in Welsh di-anc
“escape, flee ”, cyfranc (*kom- ro-anko- ) = O.Ir. comracc “ encounter “; after Loth RC 40, 353
Ir. oc, Welsh wnc, wng “by” from *onk̂o - “ neighborhood “?; in addition M.Welsh ech-wng
“expulsion ”; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the Gaul. VN *Selva-nectes (latinis.
Silvanectes ) “ property which is acquired “, to O.Ir. selb “ possession “;
Goth. ganah (preterit-present) “ it suffices = is enough, it meets the needs “, Inf.
ganaúhan (about Gmc. * nuh- see above), O.H.G. ginah , O.E. geneah ds.; Goth. *binaúhan
“ be permitted “, Goth. ganaúha m., O.H.G. (etc.) ginuht f. “ sufficiency “; ō-grade: Goth.
ganōhs “ sufficient, much, a lot of ”, O.E. genōh, genōg , O.N. (g)nōgr , O.H.G. ginuog “
sufficient “ etc.; ē-grade, as it seems, O.N. nü “ approach, reach, obtain “, O.E. (ge)næ ̄ gan “
approach to somebody, address, attack “;
about Goth. nēƕ adv. “nahe, nahe an ”, nēƕa ds., O.S. nüh, O.E. nēah “nah”, preposition
“nahebei”, O.H.G. nüh adj. “ adjacent “, adv.-preposition “by”, Ger. nach see above S. 40;
one places also Alb. nes, nes-ër “ tomorrow morning “ (*nōk ̂-);
Note:
Alb. (*në “in” + aušra ̀ ), nesrë, nesëret, nesër “ tomorrow morning, tomorrow ” derives from
Root au̯es - : “to shine; gold, etc. ”.
in addition, also Ltv. nãku , nãki “come”, Lith. pranókti “overtake ”, nókti “ripen”, but the
presupposed IE ü; compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin, Ltv.-D. Wb. II 698;

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about that Jokl SBWienAk. 168, I 36 with pranókti compared Alb. kë-nak “ satisfy, delight
“ s. the same IA. 35, 36;
Bal.-Slav. * nešō “bear” (compare O.Ind. naśati ) in:
Lith. nešu ̀ , nešiau ̃ , nèšti ; Ltv. nesu, nešu, nest ; in addition iterative Ltv. nẽsât , Lith. ne ̃šiai
= Ltv. nēši m. pl. “ Tracht Wasser “, Lith. našta ̀ , Ltv. nasta f. “load”;
O.C.S. nesǫ , nesti , iterative nositi etc.;
Bal.-Slav. *naša - m. “carrying, the bearer “ (= O.Ind. aṁśa -ḥ, Gk. ὄχκος ) in:
Lith. už-našai pl. “ poured out beer “, lengthened grade są́-nošai m. pl. “ washed ashore
stones “;
Church Slavic pο-nosъ “ envy “, Russ. za-nós ‘snow flurry ”, etc.;
Hitt. *nenék̂ -ti, pl. *nenk̂ -énti, out of it ni-ik-zi (nikzi) “be uplifted ”, 3. pl. and ni-in-kán-zi, ni -
ni-ik-zi (ninikzi ) “lifted”, 3. pl. ni-ni-(in-)kán-zi (Pedersen Hitt. 147);
ḫi-in-ik-zi (ḫenkzi ) “divided to ” is placed to ἤνεγκον ; about na-ak-ki-iš (nakīs ) “ heavy “, s.
Pedersen Hitt. 147, 194;
about Toch. A eṃts -, В eṅk- “take, catch ”, s. Meillet MSL 18, 28, Pedersen Tochar. 236
and Anm. 1;
Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50 f. disassembles en-ek̂- “bear, carry ”, which he understands as an
extension from en- (see S. 321 under enos -) ds.; just there further supposition about en-ek̂-
“reach”.
References: WP. 1 128 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50 f., EM2 652, Trautmann 198, Schwyzer Gk.
647, 744, 766.
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e-neu̯en , neu̯n̥ , enu̯n̥
English meaning: nine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “neun”
Note:
Root e-neu̯en , neu̯n̥ , enu̯n̥ (*henekʷt -): “nine” was created as a compound of Root neu̯os , -
i̯os : “new” + Root ok̂tō(u) : “eight”.
Material: O.Ind. náva , Av. nava (neu̯ṇ ) “9”;
Arm. inn (sprich inǝn) “9” (*enu̯ṇ ), pl. in(n)unk”;
(*Gk. *ἔFνα- through transposition to Gk. * ἔνFα-) Gk. * ἔνFα- in Hom. εἰνά-ετες, -νυχες ,
böot. ἐνα -κη-δεκάτη, Ion. εἰνα-κόσιοι , Att. ἐνα-κόσιοι ; Ord. εἴνατος , Att. Eol. ἔνατος ; *ἐνFα
also in Hom. ἐνν῅μαρ (*ἐνF ἦμαρ ) “9 days”; besides * νεFα (*neu̯ṇ ) in ἐννέ[F]α (prefixed with
ἐν, Schwyzer Gk. 1 591); thereafter became ἐνήκοντα “90” to Ion. Att. ἐνενήκοντα ;
Thrac. ενεα (v. Blumenthal IF. 51, 115);
Note:
This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root ok̂tō(u) : “eight” + Root neu̯os , -
i̯os : “new” > Gk. *ἔFνα-: εἰνά-ετες. The shift kʷ > p, gʷ > b is a common Gk. phonetic
mutatIon. Greek also reflects an Illyr.-Alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after
the noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.
[Phonetically attribute] Alb. nëndë “9” (*neu̯ṇti - “number of nine ”, as Slav. devętь “9”,
O.N. niund “number 9 ” and O.Ind. navatí -, Av. navaiti- f. “90”, actually nine of tens);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb.
teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” : Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven” later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute

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endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta “eight” is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight”. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuügintü “80”].
Alb.Tosk nanta , Gheg nanda “ nine “ derived from Lycian ñuñtãta “nine”.
Slav. follows Alb. attribute -të [nasalized -ntë; -ndë ending]
Lat. novem “ nine “ (-m for -n? after septem , decem );
O.Ir. nōi n -, Welsh Corn. naw, Bret. nao (to a s. Pokorny IF. 38, 190 f.);
Goth. O.H.G. niun, Run. niu, O.N. nīo “9”, O.S. nigun , O.Fris. ni(u)gun , O.E. niʒon (from
*niu̯u̯un );
Note: This is wrong etymology. Germanic family reflects the compound (* niu̯ktu̯un ) from
Root neu̯os , -i̯os : “new” + Root ok̂tō(u) : “eight”.
Lith. devynì , Ltv. devińi (n- still in ordinals O.Pruss. newīnts ), O.C.S. devętь “ nine “ (d-
becomes steady probably through dissimilation against auslaut n and through influence of
the 10; Berneker 189);
Note:
O.C.S. devętь “ nine “ derived from Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” the same as Alb.Tosk nanta ,
Gheg nanda “ nine “ [common Alb.-Illyr. n > nd > d phonetic mutation].
Toch. AB ñu “ nine “.
ordinals: * neu̯eno - in Lat. nōnu s; introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n Umbr.
nuvime “ the ninth “, O.Ind. navamá -, Av. naoma- , O.Pers. navama- ; O.Ir. nōmad , Welsh
nawfed (*neu̯m̥ -eto-); -to-formation also Gk. εἴνατος , ἔνατος (*enu̯ṇ -to-); Goth. niunda ,
O.H.G. niunto , O.N. nionde , O.S. nigundo, niguðo , O.Fris. niugunda , O.E. niʒoða; Lith.
deviñtas , O.Pruss. newīnts , O.C.S. devętъ ; Toch. В ñunte , oblique of ñuñce .
Note:

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engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn (engʷh -)
English meaning: swelling
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geschwulst, Leistengegend ”
Material: Gk. ἀδήν , ένος m., older f. “glandula ” (*n̥gʷḗn ) =
Note:
Common Illyr. -gʷh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon. In Gk. -gʷ- > -b- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd
> d common Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutation but not Gk.
Maybe taboo in Alb. anda “pleasure, delight (sexual?) ”
From Illyr. * engʷhi > idi derived Root īli- (engʷhi, indi ): groin, intestines [common Lat. -d- > -
l- phonetic mutation] (see below).
Lat. inguen, -inis n. “ groin, the genitals, tumefaction in the pubic region “;
O.Ice. økkr ‘swelling, lump, growth ” (Proto-Gmc. * enkwa -z), økkvinn ‘swollen”, Swe. dial.
ink “ blain, boil, furuncle of horses “.
IE (e)ngʷ- presumably ablaut from *enegʷh - (with gʷ from gʷh through immediate
encounter with the nasal), whereof:
negʷh -ró-s “kidney, testicle ” (“round intumescence “; perhaps older r/n-stem, Pedersen
KZ. 32, 247 f.) in:
Gk. νεφρός , mostly pl. , “ kidneys”;
pränestin. nefrōnēs , lanuvin. nebrundinēs “ kidneys, testicles ”;
O.H.G. nioro m. “kidney”, partly also “testicle”, M.Eng. M.L.G. nēre, O.S. niūre , O.Ice.
nȳra n. “kidney” (Gmc. *neuran- from * neʒʷhran- ; O.Ice. umlaut is to be explained from a
reshuffling of *neurian- ).
References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gk. I 486.
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en1
English meaning: in, *into, below
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in”
Note: (: *n̥; Slav. also *on?); eni, n(e)i; perhaps also n̥dhi (ending as epi, obhi etc. perhaps
related to loc. in -i, if if not even created after it).
Material: O.Ind. in ánīka - n. “ front “ (= Av. ainika- ds.) from * eni- oqʷ-;
*ni- in O.Ind. ni-já- “ inborn, inherent, fixed, own “, Av. ni-zǝnta - “ innate, natural “, O.Ind.
ní-tya- “ continuous, fixed, own “ = Gaul. Nitio-broges , VN (contrast to Allo-broges ) = Goth.
niÞjis “kinsman, relative ”, O.N. niðr “kinsman, relative ”, O.E. niððas pl. “ men, people ”, also
in verbal prefix ar. ni- “in, into”, e.g. O.Ind. nígam -, Av. nigam- “enter into a condition ”;
Arm. i (before vowel y and n-) from * in, older * en “in”, adnominal m. loc. and acc. ;
Gk. ἐν, dial. ἰν and (poet.) ἔνι, ἐνί (so Hom. always as postposition; Att. only more ἔνι as
predicate = ἔνεστι ) “in”, adnominal with dat. (= loc.), gen. and in part also still with acc.
(“whereto, where ”), in latter meaning elsewhere after ἐξ to ἐνς (Att. εἰς; thereafter εἴσω
extended as ἔξω, anti conservative out of it ἐς); zero grade ἀ- (n̥) e.g. in ἀ-λέγω etc.;
about the debatable ἔστε, ἔντε “ until “ s. Schwyzer Gk. I 629 f.;
Maced. ἰν;
Messap. in;
Alb. inj “ until, in “ (*eni̯);
Lat. in, oldest en; Osc. en, Umbr. en- (en-dendu “ stretch out, reach forth, extend “),
postposition Osc. - en, Umbr.- em, -e, adnom. with dat. (= loc.), acc. and gen. (of ambit);
O.Ir. in- “in” adnominal m. dat. and acc.; nasalized), in- (derived from * eni, compare ingen
from urIr. ini-gena “daughter ”; mixed with ind- = Gaul. ande -, s. Thurneysen Grammar 531
f., Pedersen KG. I 45), O.Welsh O.Bret. en, in “in”, Corn. Bret. en, Welsh yn-, Gaul.

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essedon (*en-sedon ) “ chariot “, embrekton “ immersed (swallowed) bite “ (see under
mereq- );
Goth. in “in”, adnom. m. dat. , acc., gen.; O.H.G. O.S. O.E. in, O.N. ī “in”, adnom. m. dat.
and acc., from * eni (about derivatives as Goth. inn “in, into”, inna, innana , probably from
*eni-n-, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 304 f.);
O.Pruss. en “in”, adnom. m. dat. and acc., Ltv. ie- (only prefix); zero grade * n̥ in Lith. į̃
(older and nowadays dial. in, int ) “in”, adnom. m. loc. and acc. ;
O.C.S. on- (on-ušta “ footwear “, ǫ-dolь “valley”), zero grade vьn-, vъ “in”, adnom. m. loc.
and acc.;
Toch. AB y-, yn- , В in- (only prefix).
n̥-dhi: O.Ind. ádhi “about, on ”, O.Pers. adiy “in”; Gaul. intensive prefix Ande- (PN Ande-
roudus “ the very red “), Welsh an(ne)- in anne -l “ contrivance “ = O.Ir. inde-l (*n̥dhi-l-om),
Welsh an-daw “ eavesdrop “ (to taw “ closemouthed “); O.Ir. ind- (partly from * indi-, partly
from secondary * indo-) in ind-reth “ incursion “ (*indi-reto-), indnaide (see further under),
etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also place here Goth. und “up to”; s. about other possibilities
above S. 50 and S. 181.
(e)nero - “ inner “: Arm. *nero- “ the inside “, assumed from ner- “ within, in, into ”, nerk’s “
inside “, nerk”oy “ inside, within “; perhaps Gk. ἔνεροι as “ those below, those beneath the
earth, of the dead and the gods below “, namely in the earth; or better Hypostase from οἱ ἐν
ἔρᾳ?
ni-, nei- “low, base ”, comparative nitero - “low” (in contrast to “ upper “):
O.Ind. ní, Av. nī “ down; downward “, O.Ind. nitarü ́ m “ underneath “, Av. nitǝma - “ the
loWest “;
Arm. ni-, n- “low”;

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Celt. *nē from * nei in O.Ir. ar-nëut-sa, in-nëut-sa “ I expect, anticipate “, (urIr. *-nē-sedū ),
Verbaln. indn(a)ide (*indo-nē-sodi̯on ) and in ar-neigdet “to pray” (*ari-nē-gedont ); compare
different Bergin E ́ riu 10, 111;
O.H.G. nidar , O.S. nithar , O.E. niÞer , O.Ice. niðr “ down; downward “, O.H.G. nidana ,
O.S. nithana “under”, O.E. neoðan, niÞan “down, downward, under ”, O.Ice. neðana “ from
here below “, preposition with acc. “below”, O.S. nithe adv. “under”, O.H.G. nida preposition
with dat. and acc. “below, under ”;
O.Bulg. nizъ “ down, downwards “ (formation as prě-zъ etc.);
in compound:
O.Ind. nīpa- “ low lying “ (ni + ap- “water”);
*ni- okʷ- as “ holding down the eyes “ in:
O.Ind. nīcü ́́ “ downwards “ (compare nyañc - “ pointed down “);
O.Bulg. nicь “ inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past; precipitous,
steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy “, poniknąti, ničati “ be inclined “;
Wackernagel-Debrunner O.Ind. Gk. III 230 f., Trautmann 198 f.
with formants -u̯о-:
Gk. νειός f. “field, entryway “ (*lowland, depression ”), νείατος , νέατος “the uttermost ,
loWest, extreme, outermost “, νειόθεν “from under, from the bottom “, νείοθι “below, at the
bottom “, νείαιρα γαστήρ “ the lower part of the belly “, νήιστα ἔσχατα , κατώτατα Hes., theb.
Νήιτται πύλαι (η seems to stand for ẹ̄ from ei before pal. vowel);
O.Bulg. n̂iva “farmland ” (“*lowland, depression ”), Ser. -Cr. njȉva (whence j?), Cz. Russ.
níva ds. (*nēiu ̯ ü f);
zero grade O.E. neowol, nēol, nihol “ inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or
past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy “ from * niwol , M.L.G. nigel
“low, base ”;

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here probably also with full grade Lith. néivoti “torment, smite ”, Ltv. niẽvât “verächtlich
behandeln, vilify, niederdrũcken” (also Goth. *naiw “ἐνεῖχεν” Marc. VI 19?).
Maybe Alb. nivel “levelled ground ”
compare IE ni-zdos “nest” under sed- ‘sit, place”. As “run down, tell off, rebuke ” (as Ltv.
niẽvât ) based on probably also neid- “ reproach, rebuke, censure, blame, esp. by word “,
neit- “ to be hostile towards, attack “ neiq- (see there), in nei-, ni-.
enter, n̥ter “ between - in”, en-tero- “ inward “:
O.Ind. antár , Av. antarǝ , O.Pers. antar “ between “, adnom. with loc. , instr. , acc., gen.;
O.Ind. ántara - “ internal “, Av. antara - “ inner “, superl. O.Ind. ántama - “the closest “ (not to
ánti, ánta-), Av. antǝma - “ the most internal, intimate, inmost “; O.Ind. antrá -, also with
Vr̥ddhi üntra ́ - n. “ intestines, entrails “;
Arm. ǝnder-k” pl. “ intestines, entrails “ (Gk. Lw. ? s. Hũbschmann Arm. Gk. 1447 f.);
Gk. ἔντερον , mostly pl. “ intestines, entrails “;
Alb. nder “ between, in ”, further ndjer, ngjer etc. “until” (*entero- );
Also zero grade (* nderi ) deri, deri-sa , gjer-sa “until”.
Maybe prefixed Alb. pre-enda , brenda “inside”
Lat. enter , inter “ prep. with acc. between, among, amid; during, in the course of “,
adnom. m. acc. (solidified m. gen. intervias, interdius ), intrō, intrü, intrin -secus , interus “
internal “, interior, intimus, intestīnus (see under), Osc. Entraí “* Interae “, zero grade, Osc.
anter “ between, among, amid; during, in the course of “, Umbr. anter , ander “during”,
adnom. m. loc. and acc. ;
O.Ir. eter, etir, etar “ between “, adnom. m. acc. , Corn. ynter , yntre , Bret. entre (the
ending after tre-, dre = Welsh trwy), O.Welsh ithr “ between, among, amid; during, in the
course of “; Gaul. inter ambes “between streams ”;

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O.H.G. untar etc. “under = between ” = Osc. anter (different from Gmc. * under , O.H.G. etc
untar “below” from *n̥dher , Lat. infrü); compare Goth. undaúrni -mats “ lunch “ = “ breakfast “,
O.N. undorn n. “morning (at nine clock) ”, O.S. undorn , O.E. undern “midday”, O.H.G. untorn
“midday, lunch ” (n-suffix as in Lat. internus ); zero grade as Gk. ἔντερα etc. O.N. iðrar pl. “
intestines, entrails “ (from * innrar , *inÞerōz ), innre , iðre “the inner ” (if not specific N..-ro- has
derivatived from inn = Goth. inn “hinein”, see above);
Slav. *ętro in O.C.S. jątro “liver”, ablaut. ǫtroba “liver, *intestines, cavity of the body ”, ǫtrь
“ εἴσω “.
about Hitt. antūrii̯as “ inner, interior “, andurza “ inside, within “ s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320 f.
entós “(from) inside “ (compare O.Ind. i-táḥ “from here ”, Lat. caelitus etc.):
Gk. ἐντός “ inside “, whereof ἔντοσ -θεν, -θι and further ἐντόσθια , ἐντοσθίδια “ intestines,
entrails “ (or latter with from ἔντοσθε lengthened in θ for *ἐντοστια , compare O.Ind.
antastya- n. “ intestines, entrails “, Fick I4 363, Vendryès Rev . ét. Gk. 23, 1910, 74);
Lat. intus “from inside, within; inside “, therefrom with analog rearrangement intestīnus
“inward, internal; n. as subst., sing. and plur. the intestines ”;
M.L.G. Ger. dial. inser “ eatable internal parts of animals “, O.N. īstr п., īstra f., “ the fat
surrounding the intestine “ (*en-s -tro-);
O.Pruss. instran “fat”, Ltv. îstri pl. “ kidneys ” (*en-s -tro-); Ltv. ìekša “Inneres”, pl. “
intestines, entrails “ (*en-t-i̯ü), O.Lith. insčios “heart”, Lith. į́ščios “ intestines, entrails “ (*en-
s-ti̯o-).
About die compression Lat. endo , indu “in”, wherefore Gk. τὰ ἔνδῑνα , O.Ir. inne “
intestines, entrails “, see above S. 182 -- About Gk. ἔν-δον “*in the house, indoors ”
(wherefore ἔνδο-θεν, -θι, Lesb. Dor. ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θεν, -θι, οἴκοι) s. dem- “to build”.
References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 711 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f.,
198 f. W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 70 ff.

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en-2
English meaning: year
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Jahr”
Material: Gk. ἔνος “year” Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., δί-ενος “ biennial “, τετρα -ένης, -ες
“quadrennial, four years old ”, Hom. acc. sg. ἦνιν, acc. pl. ῑνής “annual”, πρητ -ήν “ one-year-
old lamb ” (to Dor. πρᾶτος from *pr̥̄tos ?); ἐν-ιαυτός “year” (to ἰαύειν: “ wenn das Jahr ruht,
Jahreswende “??).
zero grade -n- in:
Goth. fram fair-n- in jēra , O.S. fer-n-un ge ̂ re , M.H.G. verne “ last year “;
Lith. pér-n-ai “ last year “, Ltv. pę̃rns “the previous year ”;
Russ. dial., Cz. lo-ni (*ol-ni) “ letztjährig “ .
Specht Decl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in Gk. ἔνη “that (day or that year ”?).
Note:
Gk. ἔνος “year” : Lat. annus “year” (*atnos ) “year” : O.Ind. hü ́ yana - “yearly”, hüyana ́ - m. n.
“year” prove that Root en-2 : “year” : Root at-, *atno- : “to go; year ” : Root u̯et- : “year”
[prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn - :
“winter; snow ”
References: Schwyzer Gk. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Specht Decl. 15 f.
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en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥ , nōmn ̥ , [*(d)e(m)pen]
English meaning: name
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Name”
Note:
Root en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥ , nōmn ̥ , [*(d)e(m)pen ]: “name” derived from p- extension of Root dü
: dǝ- and düi- : dǝi- : dī̆- : “to share, divide ”: p- extension düp-, dǝp-; dǝp-no-, -ni- “ sacrificial
meal “, hence it was a taboo word.
Material: O.Ind. nü ́ ma , instr. sg. nü ́ mnü , Av. nüma “name”;
Arm. anun , gen. anuan , after Meillet Esquisse 48 from * anuwn , *onomno -, after EM2 675
from *onōmno -;
Gk. ὄνομα (from reduced *eno- with assimilation e - o), dial. ὄνυμα , *ἔνυμα in lak.
᾽Ενυμακαρτίδας , (reduced υ derived before μν from gen. *ἔνομνος ), ἀνώνυμος , νώνυμνος
“nameless ”;
Alb.Tosk emër , Gheg emën (*enmen -);
Note:
(*da-a- ma-an) > Alb.Gheg emën [common Alb.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutation]
Lat. nōmen, -inis, n. Umbr. nome , abl. nomne “name” and “people”;
O.Ir. ainmm n- n., pl. anmann (*enmn̥-); O.Welsh anu, pl. enuein , out of it Welsh enw;
Corn. hanow , M.Bret. hanff , hanu , Bret. ano;
Goth. namo n., O.Ice. nafn n., O.E. nama , O.H.G. namo m. “name”; with ō-grade O.Fris.
nōmia , M.H.G. be-nuomen “name”;
Note:
Taboo word for ( *dap- no-) “ sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal “.
O.Pruss. emnes , emmens m. (* enmen -);

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enos- or onos -
English meaning: burden
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Last”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. ánaḥ n. “load wagon ” = Lat. onus , -eris “ a load, burden “ (onustus “ loaded,
laden, burdened, freighted “, onerüre “ load, burden, fill, freight “).
In addition perhaps Gk. ἀνία, Eol. ὀνία “ grief, sorrow, distress, trouble ”, ἄνιος , ἄνιᾱρός “
grievous, troublesome, annoying ” (the dialect distribution from ἀνία : ὀνία as with the
preposition ἀνά : ὀν); after Wackernagel Gl. 14, 54 f. but dissimilated from * αμῑFᾱ = O.Ind.
ámīvü f. “ grief, sorrow, distress, trouble, plague “ (see under omǝ-).
References: WP. I 132 f.;
See also: s. also under enek̂ -.
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eno- (probably e-no-): ono - : no - : -ne-
English meaning: that
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pronominalstamm “jener”
Material: O.Ind. instr. anē ́ na , anáyü “this, that ”, gen. loc. Du. anáyōḥ ; anü “ for, sure “; Av.
gen. Du. anayü ̊ , instr. ana (O.Pers. anü), pl. anüiš ; about O.Ind. anyá - “other”, ántara - ds.,
which someone might place here, compare above S. 37;
Arm. so-in “the same ”, if from * k̂o-eno-s , Junker KZ. 43, 343; Gk. ἔνη (sc. ἡμέρα) “ der
ũber morgige Tag “ , (ἐ-)κεῖνος “that”, Dor. τ῅νος ds. (*κε-, *τε-ενος), ὁ δεῖνα “ der und der,
ein gewisser “ (after ταδεῖνα = *τάδε ἔνα “ this and that “); about ἔνιοι “ a, some, few ” (from
*en-io-?) compare Schwyzer Gk. I 6144;
Lat. enim altLat. “ yea, in truth “, later “ for, namely “ = Osc. íním, inim “ also, too,
besides, moreover, likewise, as well, even “ (whose í- in proclitic from e), Umbr. ene, enem
“ then, at that time, in those times “ besides eno(m), ennom etc. ds.;
IE *oni̯o-, with i̯- (probably of Rel. * i̯o-) in O.H.G. ienēr , obd. ener, M.H.G. geiner (=
jeiner ), O.E. geon , Goth. jains “that” instead of *janjis through the influence of ains; O.N.
enn, inn “the”, with k̂о-: hinn “that”, hünn , hann “he” (*kēnos );
Lith. añs, anàs “that”, žem. “ he”; O.Pruss. tüns “he” (*t-anas : *to);
O.C.S. etc. onъ (ona, ono) “that, he”, Serb.-Church Slavic onakъ “from that kind of ” (=
Lith. anõks ds.);
about Hitt. an-ni-iš (annis ) “that”, Adverb an-na-az (annaz ), an-ni-ša-an “once, one day,
some time, some day ”, comparePedersen Hitt. 63, Couvreur H ̯ 91 f.
no-, nü in:
O.Ind. nü-nü ‘so or so”;

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Arm. - n article, na “then” (*no-ai, Meillet Esquisse2 88), a-n-d “there” (d from IE t; also not
similar O.Ir. and “here”, above S. 37, wherefore still Cypr. ἄνδα αὕτη, Schwyzer Gk. I 613);
Maybe Alb. andej “there”
Gk. ν῅ς τὸ ἔνης, Dor. νᾶς Hes.; νή “ yea, in truth “, instr. (= Lat. nē ds.), ναί, ναίχι ds.
(compare αἰ : ἠ “if”, δαί : δή “also”);
Maybe alb në se “if”
Lat. nam “for, namely ” (acc. sg. f), nem-pe “certainly, without doubt, assuredly, of course,
as everybody knows ”, nem-ut ds.; nē “ yea, in truth “, instrumental;
doubtful whether Slav. *nü, Interjektion Russ. na “ there you have!” etc. belongs here.
Also Alb. na “ there you have! ”
Maybe Pol. na pewno “certainly” : Lat. nem-pe “certainly”
Doubtful is also, whether the consecutive particles belong here:
ne in:
O.Ind. ná “as though, as ”;
Av. yaϑ-na “and namely “;
gr Thess. ὅνε, τόνε, τάνε, with double inflection gen. sg. τοῖνεος etc. “this”;
Lat. ego-ne, tū -ne, dēnique (*dē -ne-que), dōnicum, dōnec (*dō -ne-kʷom , compare Umbr.
arnipo “ as far as “ from * ad-ne-kʷom ), quandō -ne, sīn (*sī-ne “ if, however “), etc.; also -ne
in the question;
O.H.G. ( ne weist tu ) na “ not knowing whether “;
O.Lith. ne “as”, Lith. nè, nègi, nègu “as” (after comparative), néi “as” (*ne-i), Ltv. ne “as”;
akls. neže , Ser.-Cr. nȅgo “as” after comparative; aRuss. ni ds., Pol. ni “as” (*ne-i).
Maybe Alb. (*nse) se : poln niż “than” : akls. neže “as” after comparative.
nē in:
O.Ind. ví-nü “without”;

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Av. yaϑa-nü ̆ ‘straight as ”, ciϑǝ-nü for the introduction of a question (= Lat. quid-ne);
about Gk. ἐγώνη, which could also be ἐγω-νη, see under ē, ō; νή s. S. 320;
Lat. nē “ yea, in truth “ see above S. 320;
Goth. - na in afta-na adv. “from behind ”, hinda- na adv. “beyond”, etc.; O.H.G. - na in oba-
na “from here above “; O.N. Þēr-na “ to yourself, to you “, etc.;
O.Bulg. vъ-ně “ outside “;
probably Phryg. νι “and” (in ιος νι “and who ”) remains far off; about Toch. A -ne in kus-ne
“who, what, which, the one that ”, compare Couvreur (Tochaarse Klank- en Vormleer 50); s.
also Schwyzer Gk. I 612;
References: WP. II 336 f., WH. I 339 f., 370 f., 386 f., 404 f., Trautmann 7 f., 195, Schwyzer
Gk. I 606, 612, Specht Decl. 306.
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enq-, onq - (*hok-)
English meaning: to sigh, groan, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel: ‘seufzen, stöhnen” (enq-), “brũllen, brummen” (onq-)
Note: both vocalizations also with various emotion value, so that perhaps would be spoken
from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voiced-
nonaspirated eng-, ong-, n̥g- “groan, moan, sigh ”, without such such meaning separation
after the vocalizatIon.
Material: Gk. ὀγκάομαι “cry, shout (bray, of the ass) “ (of donkey), ὄκνος “ bittern “
(*ὄγκνος );
Alb. nëkónj , Gheg angój “ groan, sigh, complain “ (*enq-);
Lat. uncō , -üre “ to sound or roar like a bear “. But Welsh och “ a sighing, a sigh, a groan,
a lamentation, complaint “, interjection “ah!”, is not deducible from * oŋq- and probably
certainly a new interjectional creation;
Slav. *jęčati , R.C.S. jaču, jačati ‘sigh”, jaklivъ “ having an impediment in one ’s speech”,
Russ. dial. jača ́ tь “groan, moan, plaintive shout “.
With voiced-nonaspirated:
M.Ir. ong “ the groaning, sigh, lamentation “, in addition probably O.Ir. ennach “crow”
(from * eng-n-ükü) and enchache f. “ buffoonery, scurrility “;
M.L.G. anken “groan, moan, sigh ”, Nor. dial. ank “ whimpering, sigh, distress, repentance
“, Dan. ank, anke “ lament, complaint “, wherefore changing through ablaut Dan. ynke , Swe.
ynka “have mercy on, deplore, bemoan “, at most also Ger. Unke after her pitiful cry (yet
onomatopoeic word M.H.G. ūche “ toad “; s. still Kluge11, the hybridization this ūche with
M.H.G. O.H.G. unc ‘snake” [see above S. 44] considers).
An onomatopoeic word is Lith. ùngti , ùngau “ whimper like a dog “.

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ent- (better ant-?) (*ḫ-ent)
English meaning: to weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anzetteln, weben ” (??)
Note:
Root ent- (better ant-?) : “to weave ” derived from a truncated Root u̯ebh -1 : “to weave, plait ”
through an Illyr.-Alb. intermediary Alb. venj “I weave “ (*u̯ebhni̯ō ) : Alb. ent, int “ weave “
(*ent-i̯- or *n̥t-i̯).
Material: O.Ind. átka-ḥ m. “ garment, mantle ”, Av. aδka-, atka- m. “ Upper dress, mantle”
(n̥t-ko-s );
Alb. ent, int “ weave “ (*ent-i̯- or *n̥t-i̯) : O.Ind. ubhnü ́ ti , umbháti , unábdhi “tie together ”,
ū́rṇü-vábhi - m. “ spider “, Gk. ὑφή “the weaving “, Alb. venj “I weave “ (*u̯ebhni̯ō );
Note:
Alb.- slavic use prothetic v- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
Gk. Att. ἄττομαι (*n̥t-i̯o-) “ weave “, δίαζομαι ds. (compare Debrunner IF. 21, 216), ἄσμα ,
δίασμ a “ setting the warp in the loom, i.e. beginning the web “; if, however (Petersson
Heterokl. 262) ἄνταρ ds., ἀντήριος ds. belong to it, must have begun rather like root * ant-.
However, exists with Gk. culture words the suspicious origin and O.Ir. étid “ dressed “, étiud
“ clothing “ could be shaped secondary to étach ds. ( *en-togo- );
also the equation O.Ind. átka-ḥ : Gk. ἀσκός ‘skin, hose, tube “ is because of of this
dubious meaning; Gk. ἤτριον , Dor. ἄ̄τριον “ the warp in a web “ are suspectly of pre-Greek
origin.
References: WP. I 134.
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epero -
English meaning: boar
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eber”
Material: Lat. aper, aprī “ boar “, Umbr. acc. pl. apruf , abrof , acc. sg. abrunu , acc. pl. abrons
“pigs” (yet about Lat. Aprōnius , mars.-Lat. Aprufclano see Schulze Eigennamen 111, 124
f.); a probably after caper ; derived Lat. aprugnus “of boar” with suffix -gno- zur root ĝen-;
here perhaps the PN Eprius ;
Gmc. *ebura- , O.N. jǫfurr m. “prince, lord ” (in figurative meaning, actually “boar”), O.E.
eofor m. “boar”, M.N.Ger. ever, O.H.G. ebur, Ger. Eber.
With (analogical?) v-suggestion belong asl. veprь m. “boar”, Ser.-Cr. vȅpar (gen. vȅpra ),
Pol. wieprz (gen. wieprza ), Russ. veprь (gen. véprja ) here;
Ltv. vepris ds. (PN Lith. Vẽpriai Plur., and O.Pruss. Weppren ) is not borrowed of Slav. ,
but common origin;
unclear is Thrac. ἔβρος “ he-goat; billy goat “.
References: WP. I 121, WH. I 56, Trautmann 351.
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eph-
English meaning: to cook
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kochen”
Note: Only Gk. and Arm.
Material: Arm. ep”em “cook”;
Gk. ἕψω “cook”, Fut. ἑψήσω, participle ἑφθός (does not prove in itself IE ph, because
also *ἑπστός should lead to ἑφθός); however, ἕψω so- would be present (compare δέψω :
δέφω) and Arm. p” derived from IE ph .
References: WP. I 124, Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 706.
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epi, opi, pi
English meaning: at, by
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nahe hinzu, auf - darauf, auf - hin ”, zeitlich “in addition, darauf,
örtlich “ hinter, after ” (also “bei etwas herunter ”? so partly die Gmc. forms)
Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -oi in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with
abbreviated ebhi , obhi.
Material: O.Ind. ápi “also, in addition ” (adv.), seldom ved. preposition m. locative “by, in”,
prefix api-, pi- “to, by” (pi- in pi-dhüna - n. “ covering, cover, lid “, pi-nahyati “ tethered,
fastened to ”, py-úkṣṇa - “ cover of the bow “: Gk. πτ-υχή “ crease, layer “, if from * πι̯-υχᾱ,
πτύσσω “lay, place together, crease “, pīd ̣ ayati : πιέζω, s. *sed-); common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ-
phonetic mutation
Av. aipi, аp. apiy, adnominal “about - to, by (acc.), by (temporal, loc.), after (temporal,
instr.)”, adv. “in addition also, likewise also, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in
particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; hereafter, later ”, prefix “to”; with lengthened
grade of final syllable Av. ape “after” (m. acc.), compare apaya adv. “ hereafter,
prospectively “, -pe emphasizing particle;
Arm. ev “and, also ”; *pi in anlaut h- united verbs, as h-aganim “pull myself to “?
Gk. ἐπί, ἔπι “auf to, an ”, adnominal with dative (= IE loc., instr. , acc., gen., prefix, ἔπισσον
τὸ ὕστερον γενόμενον Hes. (i.e. probably “ progeny “, basic form * ἔπι-τι̯ο-, Schulze, Kl. Schr.
70 ff., 675), πι- prefix (see above); opi in Hom. ὄπι-θε(ν) “behind, afterwards ”, Ion.
Att.ὄπισθε (ν) ds. ( -σ- after πρόσθε (ν), compare also ὀπίσ(σ)ω “behind, backwards ”;
hereafter “ (*opi-ti̯ō), ὀπίστατος “ hindmost, last ”; ὀπ-ώρα “autumn”, S. 343); presumably
(with IE contraction from *opi-oqʷ to *opīqʷ , to *oqʷ- ‘see”) όπι:-πέυω ‘stare at”,

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παρθενοπῖ πα “ girl gazer, onlooker “, *ὄψ (formation as ἄψ, Lat. abs, ἀμφίς, see under Ital.
ops-) base from ὀψέ, Eol. ὄψι “late”;about Gk. ἐπ-εί “there” see above S. 284;
Illyr. PN Epi-cadus (compare Gk. κεκαδμένος “ parading, showing off “); Ven. PN Opi-
tergium (to Tergeste “Triest”, O.Bulg. trъgъ “ marketplace “; Alb. tregu “ marketplace “);
Messap. pi-dō (*dō-t) “bore profit ”;
Alb. épërë “ situated above “; Illyr. Epirus (*epi-u̯eri̯ō ) “ situated above, highland “ : Ériu
“Irland” (*epi-u̯eri̯ō “ enclosed land, hill, island), Welsh Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon , *epi-
u̯eri̯onos ) [common Illyr. n > nd > d phonetic mutation].
Lat. ob adnominal m. acc. “ prep. with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of,
on account of “, altLat. also “ around, round about, all around, near together, in close
proximity “, and prefix from op- before voiced consonant originated (as ab from ap[o] ); op
still in operio from * op-veriō , oportet from * op-vortet “ it is necessary, needful, proper,
becoming, or reasonable; it behooves; I (thou, he, etc.) must or ought “; about opücus s.
EM2 703 and above S. 54; * ops- (see above) usually before t- in compound, e.g. o(p)s-
tendo ; Osc. úp, op “by” with abl. (= *instr. );
O.Ir. iar n-, iarm- “after, afterwards, in the next place, secondly “ m. dat., perhaps Neutr. a
derivative *epi-ro-m (Thurneysen Gk. 516); epi- seems also obstructed in O.Ir. íа-daim “
close “ (compare Lat. ob-dō), éi-thech “ perjury “ (compare Gk. ἐπι-ορκέω ), Ériu “Irland”
(*epi-u̯eri̯ō “ enclosed land, hill, island) = Welsh Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon , *epi-u̯eri̯onos ), Ir.
éibheall “blaze, glow ” (*epi-bhelo -);
opi in O.Ir. oíbell m. “blaze, glow ” = Welsh ufel m. ‘spark” (*opi-bhelo -); Welsh uffarn ,
Bret. ufern “ankle” (opi-spernü );
Goth. iftuma (formation as aftuma “last”) “ subsequent, later ”; ibdalja m. “ descent, slope ”,
O.E. eofolsian “ blaspheme “ (*eƀ-hülsian ), eofut , eofot n. “blame” (*eƀ-hüt);

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in addition perhaps also the group “evening”: O.N. aptann, eptann , West-Gmc. with ü
O.E. ǣfen m. n., O.S. üƀand , O.H.G. üband ; perhaps the WestGmc. has dissimilation
reduction of the first dental experienced in the basic form *üptanto - or is IE *ēp-onto- the
basic form and O.N. aptann from derived aptan “ hereafter “;
to the possible fusion from * ap- and * ep- in Gmc. compare above S. 53 f.;
Lith. ap-, before labial also still api-, in nominal compound apy- prefix “around, about, by ”,
apiẽ “ around, about “ m. acc. , O.Lith. and dial. E.Lith. dievíe -p “by god” under likewise,
sūnau ̃ s -pi “for the son ”; Ltv. ap- “around, about ”, pìe with gen. and acc. “by, in”, pìe- “to
there, in-, full- ”; O.Pruss. ep- (ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- “around-”, rather as * epi
here, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb- to IE ebhi, obhi; in addition to the
postposition lit - p(i) hinter gen. namó -pi “on the way home, homeward ”) and loc. ( namié -pi
“to the house, homeward ”), Ltv. - p (only adverbial use), Е. Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin
Gk. 524 ff.;
in addition one places also Lith. suffix in dvej-ópas “ twofold “ etc., as well as das suffix in
Illyr. VN Hadriopes , Δερρίοπες , etc. (??);
here also Slav. preposition о “ around, in ” (*op); to coincidence with IE obhi see above S.
287, Meillet Slave commun2 155 f., Trautmann 1;
about Hitt. appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to Gk. ἐπί as
Gk. ἀπό;
Lyc. knows only the extended forms epñ-, epñte “after”;
about Toch. gen.-ending A - üp, В -epi, which one could put here (also in Lith. would
strengthen the gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Toch. 50 ff.
References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 23, Schwyzer Gk. I 325, 5507, 620, 628,
6317, Trautmann 1.
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epop, opop
English meaning: a kind of exclamation
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ruf of Wiedehopfs
Material: Arm. popop , Pers. pūpū “hoopoe”;
Gk. ἐποποῖ ποποπό ‘shout, call of hoopoe ”, ἔποψ , -οπος “hoopoe”, ἔπωπα ἀλεκτρυόνα
ἄγριον Hes. (-ωπ- probably through support in - ωψ); ἄπαφός ἔποψ , τὸ ὄρνεον (assimilated
from *επαφός , which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix –αφος = Alb. kafshë
(*–αφος , *haphos ) “animal”);
Lat. upupa “hoopoe”;
N.Ger. Hupphupp under likewise; Ger. Wiedehopf , O.H.G. wituhopfo , O.S. widohoppa is
a reinterpretation after Gmc. widu- (IE u̯idhu -) “tree, wood ” and M.H.G. hopfen “hũpfen” ;
Ltv. puppukis “hoopoe”.
similar, but not reduplicated, O.Sor. hupak , Pol. hupek “hoopoe”, O.Sor. hupać “cry like a
hoopoe”, compare also more in general slovak. húpati “cry”, Russ. old chupsti sja “ vaunt,
boast “.
References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge11 S. 689.
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ereb-, orob -, rōb -
English meaning: to drill, make holes
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bohren, aushöhlen; spitzes Werkzeug in addition” ?
Material: Ltv. ir̂bs “knitting needle ” (rhyme word to virbs ), ir̃bulis “little peg, stylus ”; Lith.
ùrbinti “ make a hole with the awl “, ur̃bti = Ltv. urbt “bore”, urbulis “awl, stylus ”; Lith. ruõbti
“hollow out ”, ruobtùvas “ Hohlmesser “, Ltv. ruobs “ incisure, incision, rabbet, lack, feud “.
The ablaut relation speaks for IE age of the family, although the citation of Gk. ἄρβηλος “
round shoemaker ’s knife “ and ἀρβύλη “ strong shoe covering the whole foot “ (if originally “
hollow clog “) remains quite doubtful, because latter can be also based on a word for “ shoe
“ of quite other origin
References: WP. I 146.
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ered- (*ere-danos)
English meaning: to flow; dampness
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(zer)fließen, Feuchtigkeit”
Material: O.Ind. árdati , r̥dáti “ flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs ”, ardáyati “
makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills “, ürdra ́ - “humid, wet, damp ”, r̥dū- (in
compounds) “ dampness “, Av. arǝdvī - f. name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly as a
female divinity.
from in addition Gk. ἄρδᾰ ‘smut, dirt “, ἄρδαλος “dirty, filthy ”?
Perhaps here the frequent Celto-ligur. FlN Rodanos (Fr. Rhône = Ger. der Rotten , Ital.
Rodano etc.) as “the flowing ” (gräzis. ᾽ Ηρίδανος from iberisiert. *Errodanos ), in addition
Rednitz (Bavaria) from * Rodantia.
maybe Illyr. GN Redon ‘sea god”.
References: WP. I 148, Pokorny Mil. Boisacq II 193 ff.
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eregʷ(h)o -, erogʷ(h)o -
English meaning: pea
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erbse, Hũlsenfrucht”
Material: Gk. ὄροβος m. (from * ἔροβος after gen. etc. ὀρόβου ); compare however, W.
Schulze Kl. Schr. 81), ἐρέβινθος m. (Asia Minor suffix proves not exactly such origin, there
in plant names also, otherwise, seeming, thus in λέβινθοι ἐρέβινθοι Hes.) “ chickpea “;
Lat. ervum n. “ a kind of pulse, the bitter vetch “ (from * erou̯om , *eregʷ(h)om or
*erogʷ(h)om);
O.H.G. araweiz , arwiz , Ger. Erbse , O.S. er(iw)it, M.L.G. erwete , N.Ger. erwten pl., O.N.
ertr f. pl. (dat. ertrum ) ds. (- ait probably pure suffix);
but M.Ir. orbaind “grains” stands for *arbainn , older arbanna (above S. 63).
Probably borrowings from a common, probably east-mediterranean origin, from which
derives also O.Ind. aravindam “ lotus “.
References: WP. I 145, WH. I 419 f., 863.
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erek-1 (er[e]gh -)
English meaning: louse, tick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Laus, Milbe ”
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: O.Ind. likṣǘ “nit, louse ” common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation (probably from
*lakṣǘ through influence of likháti “ scarifies “);
Lat. ricinus 1. “ itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick “ (doubtful
is the affiliation from 2. “ a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus “) could go back to older *recinos
and be shared with Lith. érkė “tick, sheep louse ” (*erki̯ü ), Ltv. ẽrce “ cow’s mite, wicked, evil
person” under IE *erek- . Furthermore it is to be compared Arm. o(r)jil “nit, louse ” (here
seems to be a root variant er(e)gh- , as also in the consecutive Alb. form) and ork”iun
“ringworm, itching, erysipelas ” (from *orqii̯ōno - (?) with a- no-suffix as in Lat. after Petersson
KZ. 47, 263 f.), Alb. ergjiz ‘small louse ” (see G. Meyer Alb.Wb. 96; doubt by Hermann KZ.
41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and AlbO.N. could be based on taboo
distortion).
References: WP. I 145, II 344.
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er(e)k -2, rek-, rok -
English meaning: to tear, cut, split
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufreißen, spalten, schinden”
Material: O.Ind. r̥kṇá-ḥ “ flayed, rubbed off bald “, r̥kṣá-ḥ “naked, bald, bleak ”, r̥kṣara -ḥ
“cusp, peak, thorn ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lith. j-ėrkà, pra-j-ėrkà ‘slit”; (about Ltv. er̃cis “ juniper “ etc. see above S. 67 f.); with other
ablaut grade Lith. rankù , ràkti ‘stick in, poke ”, rakštìs ‘splinter, thorn ”, etc.
References: Persson Beitr. 839.
See also: In addition belongs also: eres-1 “prick”.
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ere-s-2 (ers-, r̥s-, eres-), and rē ̆ s-, rō ̆ s-
English meaning: to flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließen”; von lebhafter Bewegung ũberhaupt, also “ umherirren”
and “ aufgebracht, aufgeregt sein ”
Material: 1. O.Ind. rása-ḥ “juice, sap, fluidity” , rasü ́ “ dampness, humidity ”, also mythical
river name equally Av. Raṅhü (i.e. Rahü ), out of it the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ;
Lat. rōs, rōris “dew” (conservative stem with originally bare nominativischer lengthened
grade ō);
Alb. resh, reshën “ it is snowing, it is raining “, also “ shower of ash, fire ” (probably
likewise from * rōs-);
Gk. ἀπ-εράω (*erǝsō ) “ pour liquid, spew away “ (?), ἐξ-εράω “ empty, spit out, spew “,
κατ-εράω “ pour in “, μετ-εράω “ transfuse “, συνεράω “ pour together “; after Debrunner IF.
48, 282 the basic meaning from ἐράω “ spill, pour on the earth “ and the verb would derive
from ἔρα “earth” (above S. 332);
O.C.S. rosa “dew”, Lith. rasà ds.
Maybe Alb. rosa f. “duck, water bird ”
2. root form ers-, r̥s-; r̥sen “virile”.
O.Ind. árṣati “ flows “; further with the meaning “virile” (from “ moistening, pouring seeds
“) O.Ind. r̥ṣa-bhá-ḥ “bull”, aja-rṣabhá -ḥ “he-goat”, Av. O.Pers. aršan “man, husband, penis ”,
Gk. Hom. ἄρσην , Att. ἄρρην , Ion. Eol. Cret. ἔρσην (without F-!) “virile” (in addition
*αρνη Fός, Hom. ἀρνειός “ of a lamb or sheep, ram ” = Att. ἀρνεώς , Eol. ἀρνήαδες f., in
addition ἀρνεύω “ make an aerial jump, dive “, actually “ make a leapfrog “, ἀρνευτήρ “ one
who flips over in the air, capers, jump about “, Lith. by Boisacq under ἀρνειός and ἀρνευτήρ

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Nachtr.), probably also O.H.G. or[re]huon , O.N. orre “ grouse “ (out of it M.H.G. ūrhan , Ger.
Auerhahn through hybridization with O.H.G. ūr, ūrohso ).
3. affiliation of our root * eres- to * er-, *or- “ set in motion, lively movement “ is worth
considering. Other s-forms show additional meaning from root er-, or-:
Arm. eṙam (*ersü-i̯ō; compare above O.Ind. arṣati ) “ boil, flow; be in perpetually in
motion; be teeming; be excited passionately; be or become keen, angry “, er̄andn “ surge
etc.; excitement “, z-eṙam “ moves me around, stirs me, I am strongly moved, excited, swim
etc.”;
Gk. ἐρωή “ swing, verve, rush ” (*rōsü ́; therefrom but also ἐρωέω “flow, stream, hurry “);
Lat. rōrürii “ light armed skirmisher, kind of light-armed Roman troops, who usually made
the first attack and then retired, skirmishers “ (derivative from * rōsü “ swing “ = βελέων,
δουρὸς ἐρωή);
O.N. rüs f. “run”, M.N.Ger. rüs n. “ intense current ”, O.E. ræ ̄ s m. “run, attack “ (Eng. race
skand. Lw.), M.H.G. rüsen “dash”, O.E. ræ ̄ san “ onrush “, O.N. rüsa “dash forth, rush
along”; O.N. ras n. “haste, hurry ”, rasa ‘stream, glide, slide ” (ablaut *rōs- : *rēs- : *rǝs -?);
Goth. rēs in PN Rēs-mēr;
in addition with the concept partly of the worried, also aimless movement, partly of the
excitement, the violent rage:
on the one hand : Lat. errō (*ersüi̯ō ) “to wander, to wander or stray about, to wander up
and down, to rove ” (= Arm. eṙam ), Goth. aírzeis “ wander, enticed “, O.H.G. irri “ wander “,
Goth. aírziÞa f. “error, deceit ”, O.H.G. irrida ds., irr(e)ōn (*erziōn ) “err”;
on the other hand: O.S. irri “angry, irate ”, O.E. eorre, yrre “angry, irate, rancorous ”,
eorsian, iersian “ to wish a person ill “.
4. eres- in O.Ind. irasyáti “ is angry, is ill-disposed, behaves violently “ (*eres-), irasyü ́ - “the
ill-will “ and ī́rṣyati “ is envious “ (*erǝs-), Av. participle arǝšyant - “ envious “, O.Ind. īrs ̣ yü ́ - “

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envy, jealousy “ Av. aras-ka- “ envy “, M.Pers. Pers. arašk “ envy, eagerness “, zero grade
Av. ǝrǝši - “ envy “; ved. ŕ̥ṣi- m. “ bard, seer “ (*lunatic);
Arm. heṙ “anger, envy, strife “;
Gk. ἄρος ἀκούσιον βλάβος Hes., Hom. ἀρειή “ defamatory word “ (= O.Ind. irasyü ́ ), in
addition ἐπήρεια “ violent, hostile action “ (Proto-Gk. ü, compare ark. ἐπηρειάζεν , with
lengthening in compound due to a * ἐπ-ᾱρής ), compare also ἐρεσχηλέω “ banter “; ῎Αρης “
god of revenge “ seems if personification of the related Subst. ἀρή “ ruin, outrage, act of
violence “, whereof ἀ̄ρήμενος “ distressed, injured, hurt, disabled, afflicted “;
Lith. aršu ̀ s “violent”;
Hitt. arsaniya- “ be jealous, envious “, Denom. from * arsana - “ jealous “ (compare above
O.Ind. īrs ̣ yü ́ “ envy “), Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 139;
after Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18 here Toch. A ürs ̣ al “ poisonous worms “, В arṣüklai ‘snake”
(*r̥sütlü );
to O.Ind. árṣati “ flows “ (above S . 336) places Couvreur H ̯ 96 Hitt. a-ar-aš-zi (arszi ) “
flows “;
Toch. A yär-s-, В yar-s- “bathe” (-s- from - sk-), without sk-suffix A yär- ds., would be
compared with Hitt. arra- “wash” (?).
References: WP. I 149 ff., WH. I 416 f., 863, Trautmann 237.
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ereu-1
English meaning: to seek, ask
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nachsuchen, forschen, fragen ”
Material: Gk. *ἔρευμι , *ἔρυμεν , thematic become: ἐρέ[F]ω, ἐρέ[F]ομαι (Eol. ἐρεύω) and
εἴρομαι (ἔρFομαι) “ask, search, seek ”, Cret. ἐρευταί “ ζητηταί , πράκτορες “, due to en-stem:
*ερεF-ων “inquirer, searcher ”, ἐρευνάω “ feel, investigate “ and Hom. ἐρεείνω “ investigate,
ask” (*ερεFεν-ι̯ω), finally due to a * ἔρF-ως: ἐρωτάω Hom. εἰρωτάω “ask”; Hom. ἐρείομεν is
after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form;
O.N. raun f. “ attempt, test, investigation “, reyna “ examine, get to know “.
References: WP. II 366, Schwyzer Gk. I 680.
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er(ǝ)d - (er/ǝ/d -), er(ǝ)dh -
English meaning: high; to grow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hoch; wachsen ”
Note:
Root er(ǝ)d - (er/ǝ/d-), er(ǝ)dh - : “high; to grow ” derived from Root al-2 : “to grow; to bear ”
dh- Extensions: ai. r̥dhnóti , r̥náddhi , r̥dháti , ŕ̥dhyati “ prospers, succeeds, does succeed,
manages “, Av. arǝdat̃ “ he allows to prosper “, ǝrǝdüt - “ make prosper “.
Material: Av. ǝrǝdva - “high”;
Lat. arduus “high, upright ”;
Gaul. Arduenna silva , O.Ir. ard (*r̥̄du̯o-) “high, big, large ”; Welsh hardd “beautiful ”;
O.Ice. ǫrðugr “ upright “ puts away (as at most also ǝrǝdva -) a parallel form in dh-, while
various extensions exist from er- “(set in motion, invigorate) bring up ” through dh (compare
ὀροθύνω ‘set in motion, invigorate ” etc.).
Certainly with dh Lat. arbor “tree”, wherefore kurd. ür- from * ard- “tree” in ürzang “ dark
hue on the trees caused by wind and weather “, eig. “tree rot”;
Alb. rit “grow”, from r̥d- or r̥dh-; (zero grade) < Rom. ridica “pitch, raise, elevate, lift, perk
up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount, ascend,
balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest, suspend,
encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up, erect,
found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene, assemble,
muster, collect ”
Slav. *orstǫ , O.Bulg. rastǫ , Russ. rastú , Cz. rostu etc. “grow” (*ord-, ordh-tō);
Toch. A orto “ upwards “.
References: WP. I 148 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.

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erǝ-1, rē-, er(e) -
English meaning: to row
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rudern; Ruder ”
Material: O.Ind. arí-tra- m. “ driving; rudder “, n. (also áritra -) “ rudder, helm “, aritár -
“oarsman ”;
Gk. ἐρέ-της “oarsman ”, replacement for * ἐρετήρ (= O.Ind. aritár -) wherefore receive fem.
᾽Ερέτρια PN, ἐρέσσω, Att. ἐρέττω “row, oar ” (*ερετ-ι̯ω, denominative), ἐρετμός , pl. ἐρετμά
(instead of * ἐρ῅μος = Lat. rēmus , after ἐρέτης , Schwyzer Gk. I 4932) “ rudder “, Hom.
εἰρεσίη (εἰ- metr. lengthening) “ the rowing “, ὑπηρέτης “ enslaved oarsman, sailor “;
figurative: “ hardly working servant “, πεντήρης “ having five banks of oars, a ship or galley
having five banks of oars, a quinquereme “; εἰκόσ -ορος , τριᾱκόντ -ορος , Ion. τριηκόντ -ερος
etc. (die - ορος -forms through Gk. assimilation of ο from ε?); ἁλι-ήρης “ rowing through the
sea “, ἀμφ-ήρης “having two banks of oars ”, τριήρης “three-decker ”;
Lat. rēmus “ rudder “, triresmom, septeresmom Columna rostrata (basic form rather *rē-
smo- as *ret-smo-);
Maybe Remus , i, m., the brother of Romulus (*rē-smo “placed into sailing the basket? ”
The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and
Remus, the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which
Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a
woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and
Remus and brings them into his home. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore
the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to found
their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first king
and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus.

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O.Ir. rü- “oar, row”, imb-rü- “oar, row, sail, navigate a ship ” (e.g. Impf. -raad , perf. imm-
rerae ‘set out, departed “, Verbn. imram “ the rowing “), rüme “ rudder “;
O.N. rōa, O.E. rōwan , M.H.G. rũejen “oar, row”; O.H.G. ruodar , O.E. rōðor n. “ rudder “,
O.N. rōÞr (u-stem *rōÞru -) “ the rowing “;
Lith. iriù, ìrti “oar, row”, ìrklas “ rudder “, ablaut. O.Pruss. artwes f. pl. “ sailing “.
References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.
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erǝ-2, rē-
English meaning: to be still
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ruhen”
Material: Av. airime adv. ‘still, peaceful “ (*erǝ-mo-), armaē -šad, -śtü “ sitting quietly,
standing still “ (*er-mo- or *erǝ-mo-; mere graphic - i- are seen in airime Meillet Dial. indoeur.
66);
Gk. ἐρωή (πολέμοιο ) ‘stop the fight ”, ἐρωέω “ cease “ = O.N. rō, O.E. rōw, O.H.G. ruowa ,
Ger. Ruhe (*rōu ̯ ō), changing through ablaut with O.H.G. rüwa ds.; ἀρά-μεναι ἡσυχάζειν
Hes. (?);
Welsh araf “ peaceful, mild, slow ” (*erǝ-mo-);
after Rozwadowski R. Sl. 6, 58 f. ostensibly here the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ as “ quiet, still
water “ from * Rava (mordvin. Ravo ) to Lith. rova (= Gmc. * rōu ̯ ō “ tranquility “), Ltv. rüwa “
still water “, Lith. FlN Rova = Slav. Rava ; better above S. 336.
apposition from Gk. ἔρως “love”, ἔραμαι “love” (compare O.Ind. rámate “ rests, stands
still, can be enough, finds favor, cherishes love “) is at most quite a weak possibility (see
Boisacq m. Lith., Persson Beitr. 667).
A s-extension *r-e-s-, r-o-s- in Goth. rasta “mile (relatively great distance) ” (“rest”), O.N.
rǫst f. ‘stage of a journey ”, O.H.G. rasta f. “ tranquility, rest, stage of a journey, stretch of
time”, O.S. rasta and resta (*rastja ) “ tranquility, lair “, O.E. ræst and rest “ tranquility, lair,
grave”; changing through ablaut M.L.G. ruste , roste “ tranquility, stage of a journey ”,
LateM.H.G. rust “ tranquility “; Goth. razn n. “house”, O.N. rann ds., O.E. ærn, ren n.
“house” (with strange meaning ræsn n. “plank, ceiling ”); Note: (similar meaning shift as in
md. humil ‘sky, heaven ”; O.H.G. himil “ ceiling “)
Maybe Alb. rrasë “plank”

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ergh-
English meaning: to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful, sinful
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtteln, erregen, beben” od. likewise
Note: probably extension from er- ‘set in motion ”.
Material: O.Ind. r̥ghüyáti “ shakes, roars, attacks, storms ”;
Gk. ὀρχέω “ πάλλω , κινέω “, mostly ὀρχέομαι “ dance, hop, jump, shake “.
Because of similar present meaning in er-3 ‘strife, quarrel, contention ” under likewise
could stand furthermore in relationship:
Av. ǝrǝɣant- “bad, hideous ”;
O.H.G. ar(a)g “ fearful, idle, mad, wicked, evil, bad ”, O.E. earg ds., O.Ice. argr and with
metathesis ragr “ unmanly, lustful, evil, bad ”;
Lith. aržu ̀ s “ lascivious, sensual “.
Maybe Alb. herdhe “testicle” [common Alb. -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation]
Note:
From Root ergh- : “to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful ” derived Root orĝhi -, r̥ĝhi- : “testicle”
(hence a taboo word)
References: WP. I 147 f.
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erkʷ-
English meaning: to shine; to praise
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strahlen; hell klingen, lobpreisen ”
Material: O.Ind. árcati ‘shines; sings praise, greets, honors, venerates ”, arká- m. “ray,
lightning, sun, fire; song, bard, singer ” (= Arm. erg), r̥c-, nom. sg. r̥k f. “radiance; poem,
verse”, r̥kvan - “lobpreisend, jubelnd ”;
Arm. erg “ song “;
O.Ir. erc ‘sky, heaven ”, M.Ir. suairc “pleasant, beautiful, radiating ” (*su-erkʷis );
Toch. A yärk, В yarke “worship, veneration ” (Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18);
Hitt. ar-ku-u̯a-nu-un “I prayed” (arku̯anun ); different Hendriksen 45 and 74.
References: WP. I 147, Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 360; compare above S. 65.
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er-1, or-
English meaning: eagle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Adler”
Note: Arm. Gk. “(large) bird generally “
Note:
O.Ind. r̥ji-pyá “ darting along “ epithet of the bird śyená - (“eagle, falcon ”), Av. ǝrǝzi -fya- (cf.
Gk. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ ), Arm. arcui (< * arci-wi) “eagle”, prove that
from Root er-1, or- : “eagle” derived extended Root ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : “glittering, white,
fast” and its subsequent zero grade Root reĝ-1 : “right, just, to make right; king ”.
Material: Arm. oror, urur “ seagull, consecration ”;
Gk. ὄρνις , -ῑθος, Dor. -ῑχος “bird; rooster, cock, hen ”, ὄρνεον “bird”;
O.Ir. irar, M.Ir. also ilar, Welsh eryr, M.Bret. erer (Bret. Corn. er through haplology, barely
= Lith. ẽras) “eagle” (*erur- );
Goth. ara, O.Ice. ari, ǫrn (from * arnuz ), O.E. earn, O.H.G. aro, aru “ eagle “, M.H.G. adel-
ar “ noble eagle “, Ger. Adler ; Proto-Gmc. * aran- = Hitt. aran-;
Lith. erẽlis , dial. arẽlis , O.Pruss. arelie (lies arelis ), Ltv. ḕrglis (from ḕrdlis ) “eagle”; Balt
basic form *ereli̯а-, compare Lith. ẽras, ãras “eagle” (whether old?);
O.Bulg. orъlъ (*arila-) “eagle”, Russ. orëɫ, gen. orɫá;
whether urn. erilaR , O.Ice. jarl, O.E. eorl, O.S. erl “man, husband ”, esp. “noble man,
husband ”, so that is to be connected in accordance with O.Ice. jǫfurr “prince, lord ”, actually
“boar”, is doubtful;
Maybe the compound in Toch. B: arśakärśa “bat, (*mouse?) ” [from (*ḫaras) arśa- “*eagle,
bird” + kärk- ‘steal, *prey ”]
Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-aš (ḫaras), gen. ḫa-ra-na-aš (ḫaranas ), n-stem “eagle”, as Goth. ara.

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ARINNA: Hittite Sun Goddess. She sent an Eagle out in search of Telepinus. The effort
failed. The name of Hittite sun goddess is an attribute name created according to Illyr. ḫa-a-
ra + -nta formant.
Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun
and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather
god Tarhun = Zeus.
From ARINNA derived the name of the Illyrian war god Ares.
Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the
sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Albanians still call themselves the
eagles. Hittites borrowed the double headed eagle from Sumerians.
The oldest cognate for was found in Hittite. The same cognate was found in Sum. urin,
ùri[ŠEŠ]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [ ŠEŠ ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25;
concatenates 2 sign variants], u̅u-rí-in: eagle (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I ; Orel & Stolbova
52 *”ar-/*war- “eagle”; NOTE that AHw says that urinnu II , ‘standard, totem ”, is a Sumerian
loanword), AKKADIAN: erû (arû) “eagle”.
References: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hitt. 41, Specht Decl. 47.
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er-2, eri-
English meaning: goat; sheep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bock; Schaf, Kuh, Damtier ”; perhaps ursprũnglich “ Horntier”
Material: Arm. or-oj (assimil. from * er-oj) “ a lamb, usually for sacrifice, a ewe lamb “, erinj “
young cow, heifer, calf, young bull, an ox, a bull, a cow “;
Gk. ἔριφος ( *eri-bho- ) m. f. “kid, young goat ”;
Lat. ariēs, -etis “Aries, a ram; a battering ram; a prop, beam “ [for the kindr. forms arvix
and harvix , in Varr. and Fest.; v. arvix; poet. aries] ( a after aper, caper ); Umbr. erietu “
arietem “;
O.Ir. heirp (*erbhī -) f. “ a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope; as meat, venison, a she-goat;
also a star in the constellation Auriga “, erb(b) “cow” (*erbhü ), M.Ir. (with secondary f-)
ferb(b) ds., Ir. earb, fearb f. “red deer, cow ”, schott.-Gael. earb f. “roe deer ”; to Celt. * erbü :
ἔριφος compare Gk. σέρφος : σέριφος “insect”; after Kleinhans ( Ét. Celt. 1, 173) here M.Ir.
reithe “Aries, ram ” from * ri-i̯o-ti̯o-;
in O.Pruss. eristian “lambkin”, Lith. ( j)e ́ras, Ltv. jêrs “lamb”, litt. ėrienà “lamb meat ” =
R.C.S. jarina “wool”, etc., Bal.-Slav. *ero- “ he-goat; billy goat “ and *jōrü- “year” (see above
S. 297) have probably been mixed;
O.H.G. irah “ he-goat; billy goat “ etc. is borrowed from Lat. hircus “a he-goat ”.
References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 326

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er-3 : or- : r-
English meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich in Bewegung setzen, erregen (also seelisch, ärgern, stir,
tease, irritate); in die Höhe bringen (Erhebung, hochwachsen), partly also von Bewegung
after abwärts”
Note: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-, ere-, erǝ- (?), erei-,
ereu- and (under besond. article) eres-
Note:
Root ar-1*, themat. (a)re -, heavy basis arǝ-, rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi- : “to move, pass ”
and Root er-3 : or- : r- : “to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born ”
derived from the same root Root er-1, or- : “eagle”.
Material: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff.
a. Basic forms er-, ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined i- and u-forms):
O.Ind. redupl. present íy-ar-ti “ sets in motion “, Med. īrtē (*i-er-); gthAv. īratū “ he
should rise “; O.Ind. intensive present álarti ; from ereu- (see under S. 331) r̥ṇṓti r̥ṇváti “
rises, moves, animates “ (Gk. ὄρνῡμι “ urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir
oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep ”), ǘrta (compare ὦρτο), ǘrata (compare ὤρετο; themat.
as rantē , ranta ), perf. üra : ὄρ-ωρα, Fut. ariṣyatí , participle r̥tá- (īrn ̣ a ́- “ moved, excited “ with
separation of ī from īrta or or real form of a heavy base);
Av. ar- “(be) set in motion, arrive at, reach ”, present-stem ar- : ǝrǝ-, iyar- : īr- (as O.Ind.
íyarti : īrta ), Kaus. üraya -, participle -ǝrǝta -;
sk̂o-present O.Ind. r̥ccháti “ bumps into something, encounters, reaches “, next to which
*re-sk̂ō in O.Pers. rasatiy “ comes, arrives at “, Pers. rasad ds.;

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The following cognates are compounds of Root sem-2 : one + Root er-3 : or- : r- : “to move
*stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born ” = [fight together]:
O.Ind. sam-ará- m., sam-áraṇa - n. “fight, struggle, contention “, Av. ham-arǝna -, O.Pers.
ham-arana- n. “ hostile encounter, fight, struggle “, Av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants
hamǝrǝϑ a- m.) “ adversary, rival, enemy ”; O.Ind. írya- “ vigorous, strong, energetic “ (could
belong to i-basis), irin- “vast, grand, violent, forcible “, ártha - n. m. “(*wherefore one arrives
at )” “ affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage ”, Av. arϑa- n. “thing,
affair, incumbency, litigation “;
Maybe Gk. Homer *”war (of Ilion?) ” : O.Ind. sam-ará- m., sam-áraṇa - n. “fight, struggle,
contention “, Av. ham-arǝna -, O.Pers. ham-arana- n. “ hostile encounter, fight, struggle “,
Av. hamara- m. (and with th- formants hamǝrǝϑ a- m.) “ adversary, rival, enemy ”; Hence
Homer was not a bard. The Old Persian compound meant “war (of Ilion) ”.
O.Ind. r̥tí-, ŕ̥ti- f. “attack, fight ”, Av. -ǝrǝti- “ energy “ (compare O.Bulg. ratь);
O.Ind. ürta- “ afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing “, ürti- f. “ mischief, affliction
“ (*ü-r̥ta-, -r̥ti-);
O.Ind. árṇa- “ flowing, surging, flooding “, m. “ surge, tide, flood “, árṇas - n. “ flowing flood
“ (formal = Gk. ἔρνος n.; compare S. 328 O.H.G. runs), arṇavá - “ billowing, surging “; m.
“flood, surging sea ” (u̯o- further formations to árṇa-? or in older formant relationship to
r̥ṇóti? The latter is sure for:) Av. arǝnu - m. “fight, struggle, contest “ (: O.H.G. ernust S.
331);
from the themat. root form (e)re- O.Ind. ráṇa- m. n. “fight, struggle ” (versch. from raṇa- m.
“lust”) = Av. rǝ ̄ na- n. “action, struggle, fight ”; Av. rüna-, rąna- m. “ fighter, combatant “;
Arm. y-aṙnem “ I stand up, I am lifted “; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar “people”
(see under Lat. orior); with -dh- (compare S. 328 ἐρέθω, ἐρεθίζω, ὀ ρο-θύνω): y-ordor “ fast

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“, yordorem “ encourage, arouse, irritate “; arm “root” (: ὄρμενος); ordi, gen. ordvoy ‘son”
(*ordhii̯o );
Gk. ὄρνῡμι “ urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse
from sleep ” (: O.Ind. r̥ṇṓti; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 696β; das о after ὀρέομαι?), Aor. ὦρσα,
ὤρορον, ὄρσω, Med. ὄρνυμαι, ὦρτο “ aroused, animated, uplifted “, Fut. ὀροῦμαι, thematic
Aor.ὤρετο, participle ὄρμενος, perf. ὄρωρα “ have been excited “; with ορ - as iterative
vocalism ὀρέ-ομαι, -οντο ‘sally, burst forth, rushed forth ”, with er- still ἔρετο ὡρμήθη Hes.,
ἔρσεο διεγείρου Hes., ἔ ρσῃ ὁρμήσῃ (which then permeated through ὤρετο, ὄρσεο forms); a
present * ἴρνυμι (as κίρνημι) follows from Cret. Ζεὺς “Επιρνύτιος (Schwyzer Gk. I 695); -
ορτος in νεορτό ς “new born ”, θέορτος “ celestial, heavenly “, etc.; Κυν -, Λυκ -όρτας , Λᾱ-
έρτης; Hom. οὖρος “ favorable sailing wind “ (*όρFος, “ navigating the ship ”), ὄρος m. “
actuation, drive “;
with gh-extension ἔρχομαι “ start, set out, come or go, come to, arrive at “ (only present),
ὀρχέομαι “ dances” (Schwyzer Gk. I 702); see under O.Ir. regaid ;
ὄρμενος “ shoot, sprout, or stem, stalk “, about ὄραμνος “ twig, branch ”, ὀρόδαμνος,
ῥάδαμνος ds., s. Schwyzer Gk. I 3132;
er- in ἔρνος (ἕρνος, Schwyzer Gl. 5, 193) ‘sprout, twig, branch ” (“*shot up “, as Nor.
runne , rune “twig, branch ”: formal = O.Ind. árṇas - n.); ἐρέας τέκνα. Θεσσαλοί Hes., ἐρέθω,
ἐρεθίζω “ agitate, perturb, irritate “ (ὀροθύνω “ enrage, encourage, cheer, irritate “);
From an es-stem *eros “elevation ” from: O.Ind. r̥ṣvá- “high”, Gk. ὄρος n. “ mountain ” (the
vocalism after ὄρνῡμι , partly changed perhaps also after ὄρρος); about οὖρος = ὄρος s.
esp. Schulze Qunder ep. 407 ff.; is Dor. ὦρος and Att. ᾽Ψρείθυια with ὦμος from * ŏmsos to
compare and lead back to (reshuffled after an adj. *ors- os or *ors-u̯os : O.Ind. r̥šva-)
*ὄρσος?; Gk. ὀρσοθύρη “ back door “ (probably as high escape door, emergency exit??),
by Hes. εἰρεθύρη ὀρσοθύρα;

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about Gk. ὄρρος “ buttocks “ see under ers-;
Phryg. ειροι “ children “ (Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 151a);
Alb. jerm “ frenzied, phrenetic, wild “ (*er-mo-); about përrua “ riverbed, stream “ (për-rēn-
, lengthened grade), prrua ‘spring” (*prër-rua “ effluence “) (see below);
Maybe Alb. ora “mountain nymph ”
Lat. orior, -īrī, ortus sum “ to rise; to spring up, be born, proceed from a source or cause “
(ortus = O.Ind. r̥tá-; o of orior either from ortus or from Аor. -stem, EM2 713), ortus , -ūs “
rising “, orīgo “ origin, source, beginning; an ancestor “ (kann as orior on the i-basis based
on), Umbr. ortom “have risen ”, urtas “have been risen, arisen ”, urtes “arisen, stirred,
agitated”;
O.Ir. Imper. eirg “go!” (*ergh-e), Fut. regaid (*rigüti , IE *r̥gh-); see above Gk. ἔρχομαι;
Celt. or- in M.Welsh cyf-or m. “ troop “, dy-gyf-or “elevation ”, ad-orth “ excitement, help ”(*ati-
or-to-), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43, 271 (about M.Ir. or f.
“bank, border, shore ” s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);
Gmc. *ermana- , *irmino “big, large ” (: ὄρμενος, Church Slavic raměnъ, s. Brũckner KZ.
45, 107) in O.H.G. irmin- deot etc. (see above S. 58); O.Ice. ern (*arnia -) “proficient,
energetic “, Goth. arniba adv. “certainly” (but O.Ice. ürna, -aða “go, drive, run ” secondary
from ǣrna = Goth. airinōn ), O.H.G. ernust “fight, struggle, seriousness “, O.E. eornost “
seriousness, eagerness “ (: Av. arǝnu - “fight, struggle ”); with similarl meaning Gk. ἐρέας
τέκνα Hes., perhaps Run. erilar , O.Ice. jarl, O.E. eorl, O.S. erl “noble man, husband ” (see
under er- “eagle”) ; O.Ice. iara “fight” (*era);
Note:
Run. erilar , O.Ice. jarl, O.E. eorl, O.S. erl “noble man, husband ” : Lith. erẽlis , dial. arẽlis ,
O.Pruss. arelie (lies arelis ), Ltv. ḕrglis (aus ḕrdlis ) “eagle”; Balt basic form *ereli̯а-, derived
from Root er-1, or- : “eagle”. Hence the original meaning of those cognates was “eagle

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men”. Celtic people called themselves after the sacred bird of the sky god. Hence the eagle
was a war god that is why eagle bones are found in Stonehenge monuments. Clearly the
Celtic cognate derived from Balt languages.
Goth. rinnan , rann “rush, run ” (*re-nu̯-ō), urrinnan “rise, from the sun ”, O.Ice. rinna “flow,
run”, O.H.G. O.S. rinnan “flow, swim, run ”, O.E. rinnan and iernan, arn ds.; Kaus. Goth.
urrannjan “ allow to rise “, O.Ice. renna “ make run “, O.S. rennian ds., O.H.G. M.H.G.
rennen , rante “run” (ein after rinnan with nn provided * ronei̯ō = Slav. roniti under S. 329);
zero grade Goth. runs m. ( i-stem), O.E. ryne m. “run, flow, river ”, O.Ice. run n. “rivulet,
brook”, Goth. garunjō “ inundation, flood “, O.H.G. runs, runsa “run, flow of water, river ”,
runst f. “ the runnel, flowing, riverbed “; Goth. garuns (stem garunsi -) f. “road, market “ (eig.
“ the place where the people gather “; Gmc. runs-: O.Ind. árṇas -). In the use of shooting up,
growth the plants (compare ἔρνος, ὄρμενος) O.Ice. rinna “ sprout, grow ”, Nor. runne, rune
“twig, branch ” and Swe. dial. rana “ shoot upwards, take off into the air “, Nor. rane “ shaft,
pole “, M.H.G. ran (ü) “ slim, thin “, O.H.G. rono “tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter ”; “
exaltation, elevation “ generally in Nor. dial. rane “cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge “,
O.Ice. rani “ snout, proboscis “;
O.Ir. rind (*rendi -) “cusp, peak ”; for d(h)-extension see under;
This root form * re-n- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu̯-o) one also seeks
in Alb. përrua “ riverbed, brook bed “ (për-rēn-, lengthened grade), prrua ‘spring” (*prër-rua “
effluence “) and in O.Bulg. izroniti (Bal.-Slav. * ranei̯ō ) “ pour out, pour forth, shed, spread
abroad “, Russ. ronítь “make or let fall “, Serb. ròniti “ shed tears, melt, urinate “, Goth. -
rannjan ; compare Trautmann 236 f.;
d(h)-extension in Lith. participle nusirendant, nusirendusi “from the setting sun ”, rindà “
gully, runnel “ (stógo r. “ gutter “), “ crib, manger “, Ltv. randa “ dent where the water runs off
“;

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O.Bulg. ratь, Russ. ratь, Ser.-Cr. rȁt “fight” (*or(ǝ)ti -), O.Bulg. retь ds. “ an assiduous
striving to equal or excel another in any thing, emulation, jealousy, envy, malevolence “,
Russ. retь “quarrel, strife “, O.Bulg. retiti “to strain, stretch, exert; of missiles, to shoot, cast;
intransit., to strive, strain, exert oneself, hasten; of statement, to assert with confidence,
maintain.In relation to another: transit., to compare, contrast; intransit., to compete ”, Russ.
retovatьśa “ be angry “, retívyj “keen, eager, stormy, hot tempered, violent, fiery ” (goes back
to thematic ( e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by Russ. dial. jeretítьśa “be angry, quarrel,
squabble ”); about Church Slavic raměnъ see above S. 58 under 328.
Maybe in * -ska formant Alb. rrah ‘strike”, rrihem “quarrel, fight ” (*ra-sko) [common Alb. h <
sk phonetic mutation]
From Hitt. here (Pedersen Hitt. 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in
1. a-ra-a-i (arüi) “uplifts”, besides a-ra-iz-zi ds., preterit 3. pl. [ a]-ra-a-ir;
2. a-ri “ comes “ (previous perf.), preterit a-ar-ta (arta) or ir-ta;
3. Med. present ar-ta-ri “ stands, it is placed upright “ (compare Gk. ὄρωρα : Lat. orior), 3.
sg. Preterit a-ar-aš (ars) “went over, looked over ”;
4. iterative a-ar-aš-ki-it (arskit ) “ reached repeatedly “ (compare above O.Ind. r̥ccháti );
5. causative (compare above S. 61) ar-nu-uz-zi (arnuzi ) “ bring to, set in motion ” (r̥-nu-;
compare above O.Ind. r̥ṇōti); Imper. 2. sg. ar-nu-ut (arnut) = Gk. ὄρνυ -θι, Verbaln. a-ar-nu-
mar (arnumar );
to what extent Toch. A ar-, В er- “ produce, cause, bring forth “, with sk- Kaus. ars-, ers-
ds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB ar-, ür-
“cease”, with sk-Kaus. ars-, ürs- “ abandon “ (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6, 22).
b. extension er-ed- (d-present?): s. ered- “ deliquesce “, O.Ind. árdati , r̥dáti “ flows etc. ”,
also “ perturbed, agitated “; with Kaus. ardáyati “makes flow; throngs, presses, afflicts, slays
“ was equatable O.Ice. erta (*artjan ) “ incite, provoke, banter ”, yet is connection with *ardi-

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“cusp, peak, sting, prick ” (above S. 63) at least equivalent; a dissyllabic form in ἀράζουσι
ἐρεθίζουσιν Hes., ἄραδος “ excitement “;
further here or to er-5 O.Ind. rádati “ scratches, digs, hacks, scarifies “, ví-radati “
cleaves, splits apart, opens “;
perhaps also O.Pruss. redo “furrow” (Persson Beitr. 667).
c. extension er-edh-: see above S. 327 ἐρέθω etc. under under S. 339.
d. basis erei-; and reiǝ- : rī-; roi̯o-s, rī-ti- “ flux “.
O.Ind. írya- see above S. 327;
O.Ind. riṇǘti , ríṇvati (áriṇvan ) “ allows to flow, run away, escape, dismisses, releases “,
rīyatē “ gerät ins Fließen, löst sich auf “ , rīn ̣ a- “ in Fluß geraten, fließend “ , rītí- “ stream, run,
line; run of the things, kind, way “ (latter meaning also in M.Ir. rīan “way, manner ”), rit-
“entrinnend ”, raya- m. “current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency ”, rētas - n. “
downpour, stream, seed, sperm “, rēn ̣ u ́- m. “dust” (: aRuss. rěnь ‘sandbank ”); to u-suffix
compare under Lat. rīvus ;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. rri (*rni)’stay, stand ” : Arm. y-aṙnem “ I stand up, I am lifted “; also
Alb.Gheg rana, Tosc rëra (rhotacism n/r) ‘sandbank, sand ” : aRuss. rěnь ‘sandbank ”
Arm. ari “get up, stand up! ” (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-aṙnem , S. 327;
Gk. Lesb. ὀρί̄νω, (*ὀρι:-νι̯ω) ‘set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage “; ἔρις, -ιδος “ fight,
strife, quarrel, contention “ (perhaps in i to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer
Gl. 12, 17 to ἐρείδω “ support, stem, bump, press, poke, push ”); ark. ἐρινύειν “ be angry
with” from ᾽Ερῑνύς eig. “ the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer “ (??);
Alb.Gheg rîtë “humid, wet, damp ”, eig. “* flowing “ (*rinëtë : O.Ind. riṇǘti , Slav. rinǫti );
Lat. orior, orīgo see above; rīvus (*rei-u̯o-s) ‘stream, brook ”; in O.Bulg. rьvьnъ “ rival “
corresponding meaning change rīvīnus and rīvülis “ rival in the love ” (latter form reshuffling
after aequalis , sōdülis ), actually “ one who lives near a brook “;

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probably here irrītüre “ excite, exasperate, anger, provoke “, prorītüre “ to incite, entice,
allure, tempt, provoke, cause, or produce by irritation “, (probably intensive to an * ir-rī-re);
Ir. rīan ‘sea” and (compare O.Ind. rītí-) “ kind, way “, Gaul. Rēnos (*reinos ) “Rhein (large
river)” (whether also after Stokes KZ. 37, 260 Ir. riasc “a marsh ”, rīm “bad weather “??),
Welsh rhidio “ go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together, go or come
together in a hostile manner, to encounter “ (: O.E. rīð, O.Ind. rītí-ḥ), O.Ir. riathor , Welsh
rhaiadr , O.Welsh reatir “waterfall” (*rii̯a-tro-);
O.E. rīð m. f., rīðe f. ‘stream, brook ”, O.S. rīth m. “burning hot, rushing, torrential “, M.L.G.
rīde f. ‘stream, brook, watercourse ”, Ger. -reid(e) in place names; Dimin. (* rīÞulōn ) N.Ger.
rille “furrow after rainwater, gully ”; further O.E. ü-ræ ̄ man “raise, uplift, soar, rise ”, M.Eng.
rō ̨ men , Eng. roam “ wander “, O.Ice. reimuðr “ wandering around “, reimir ‘snake”, Þar er
reimt “ there it is scary, haunts “, reima “ annoy, disturb, infest “ (meaning as O.Bulg. rijati
“bump, poke ”). About rinnan see above.
With Gmc. s-extension: Goth. urreisan “rise”;
Maybe Alb. urrenj “hate, be stirred ” : Goth. urraisjan “ make rise, uplift, set up, awake,
animate” not from lat horreo “to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough ”.
O.Ice. rīsa, O.E. O.S. rīsan “rise”, O.H.G. rīsan , M.H.G. rīsen “ascend, fall ”; O.H.G. reisa “
departure, migration, campaign, journey ”, Goth. urraisjan “ make rise, uplift, set up, awake,
animate”, O.Ice. reisa ds., O.E. ræ ̄ ran “raise, uplift, uplift, set up, erect ”, O.H.G. rēren “
make fall, make pour down, pou r “;
Maybe Alb. re “cloud, rain ”, Alb.Gheg ra “fall”, reshje “rainfall, downpour ” : diminutive
M.H.G. risel m. “rain”.
N.Ger. rēren “fall”, M.H.G. riselen “drip, rain ”, Ger. rieseln , M.H.G. risel m. “rain”, O.Ice.
blōð-risa, M.H.G. bluotvise “ blood-spattered “, O.Fris. blōdrisne “ bleeding wound ”; from
“fall” becomes “ dropped, fallen ” in O.E. ( ge)rīsan “befit”, O.H.G. garīsan “ approach, suit, fit

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“ (compare s-extension O.Bulg. ristati ), M.H.G. risch “ spry, quick, fast “ (compare O.Bulg.
riskanije );
Lith. rū-tas “ morning “ (“*sunrise”, compare Goth. urreisan ), Ltv. rietu, -ēju, -ēt “ break
out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth “, riete “milk in the brisket “ (compare formal O.Ind.
rēta-);
Slav. *rai̯a- m. “current” (: above O.Ind. raya-ḥ m. ‘stream, run, flow ”) in O.Bulg. izrojь “
ejaculation of semen “, sъrojь “confluence ”, naroj “rush”, roj ‘swarm of bees ” (*roi̯o-s); in
addition rěka (*roi-kü) “river” ;
Maybe Alb. re “cloud” : Rom. roi ‘swarm, hive, cluster, cloud ”; a loanword from Proto -Slavic
form: rojь; See also: rějati ; rěkà; rinǫti ; Russian: roj ‘swarm” [m jo]; Polish: rój ‘swarm” [m
jo], roju [Gens]; Serbo -Croatian: rōj ‘swarm” [m jo]; Slovene: ròj ‘swarm” [m jo]
Also Alb. rrëke “current” from Proto -Slavic form: rěkà See also: rějati; rinǫti; rojь; O.C.S. :
rěka “river” [f ü]; Russian: reká “river” [f ü]; Czech: řeka “river” [f ü]; Slovak: rieka “river” [f ü];
Polish: rzeka “river” [f ü]; Serbo -Croatian: rijèka “river” [f ü]; Slovene: rẹ́ka “river” [f ü]
Slav. *rēi̯ō “poke, push ” in O.C.S. rějǫ, rějati “flow” (nSlav.) and “bump, poke, urge, press,
push” (as ὀρί̄νω “budge”); in addition the changing by ablaut O.C.S. vyrinǫti “ ἐξωθεῖν “,
rinǫtisę “ to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down, go to ruin “; aRuss. rěnь
‘sandbank ”;
maybe zero grade in Alb.Gheg ranë (*arvan ) ‘sandbank, sand ”
Clr. riṅ ‘sand, river detritus, pebbles “ (compare O.Ind. rēn ̣ u ́-); in other meaning (see above
to Lat. rīvīnus ) O.Bulg. rьvьnъ “ rival “ rьvenije ‘strife, quarrel, debate, contention “, Cz.
řevniti “ compete “, Pol. rzewnić “move, stir, agitate ”.
Maybe in -sko formant Alb. rrah (ra-sko) “ quarrel” [common Alb. -sk > -h phonetic
mutation].

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With s-extension Bal.-Slav. * reisti̯ō in O.Bulg. rišto ̨, ristati “run”, riskanije “ to run, move
quickly, hasten “, Lith. raĩstas (“run time” =) “ rutting “, Ltv. riests ds., Lith. rìstas “quick, fast ”,
riščia ̀ instr. sg. “ in gallop “.
e. basis ereu-; er-nu- “ contest “, or-u̯o- “hasty”.
O.Ind. r̥ṇṓti (perf. üra but IE *ōra), arṇavá -; Av. arǝnu - see above S. 327;
O.Ind. árvan -, árvant - “hurrying, rusher, racer ”, Av. aurva -, aurvant - “quick, fast, valiant ”;
perhaps Av. auruna- “wild, cruel, savage, from animals ”; very doubtful O.Ind. rū-rá- ‘stormy,
hot tempered, of fever ”;
Note:
O.Ind. árvan -, árvant - : Messap. FlN Arvō prove Illyr. displayed satem character; there is
proof Illyr. belonged to the Celtic family Gaul.-Brit. FlN * Arvü, Eng. Arrow , Fr. Erve, Auve
(*r̥u̯ü); Messap. FlN Arvō.
Gk. ὄρνῡ -μι, οὖρος see above; previous causative ὀ ρούω “ overthrow me, outleap “,
ἀνορούω “ jump up “ (probably as *ορου[σ]ω zur s-extension, see under); compare
Schwyzer Gk. I 683;
Lat. ruō, -ere “run, hurry, storm along ”;
M.Ir. rūathar (*reu-tro- ) “onrush”, Welsh rhuthr ds., O.Ir. rū(a)e “ hero, demigod “ (*reu-i̯o-
); here Gaul.-Brit. FlN * Arvü, Eng. Arrow , Fr. Erve, Auve (*r̥u̯ü); Messap. FlN Arvō;
O.S. aru, O.E. earu “ swift, ready, quick “, O.Ice. ǫrr “rash, hasty, generous, ( *arwa- = Av.
aurva -; here as originally “ generous “ perhaps also Goth. arwjō “ gratuitous, free “, O.E.
earwunga , O.H.G. ar(a)wūn “ free, for nothing, in deception, in error “, arod “ forceful, agile ”;
O.H.G. ernust s. S. 328.
O.E. rēow “agitated, stormy, wild, rough ”, Goth. unmana-riggws “wild, cruel, savage ”.
extension reu-s-:
O.Ind. róṣati , ruṣáti “is sullen”, ruṣitá -, ruṣṭá - “ irritated “;

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Swe. rūsa ‘storm from there, hurry ”, M.L.G. rūsen “dash, rage, clamor, rant, roister ”,
rūsch “ intoxication “, O.Ice. rosi “ Sturmbö “ , raust “voice”, O.S. ruska ‘storm ahead, hurry ”;
[but Goth. raus n., with gramm. variation O.Ice. reyrr m., O.H.G. rōr “ reed “, rōrea “duct,
tube, pipe ” (*rauziōn ), with stem stress (as Goth. ) Swe. rysja , O.H.G. rūssa, rūsa, riusa f.
“baskey for catching fish, snare, trap ”, other formations with k-suffix O.E. rysc f., M.H.G.
rusch (e) f. “ bulrush”, probably remain far off];
Lith. ruošu ̀ s “ diligent, active “, Ltv. ruošs ds., Lith. ruošiu ̀ , ruošiaũ, ruõšti “ provide “,
reflex. “ take care “;
Slav. *ruchъ in Russ. ruch “restlessness, movement ”, rúchnutь “tumble, fall ”, Pol. Cz.
ruch “movement ”, ablaut. čеch. rychɫū “ quick, fast “, in addition causative Slav. * rušiti “
overturn, upset “ in O.C.S. razdrušiti “destroy”, Russ. rúšitъ ds., etc.
Maybe Alb.Gheg zdroj , Tosc rrëzonj “tumble, fall ” : O.C.S. razdrušiti “destroy”.
References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann 240
f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f.
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er-4 (er-t-, er-u̯-) [*herĝʷhe ]
English meaning: Earth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erde”
Note:
Root er-4 (er-t-, er-u̯-) [*her g ̂ ʷhe ] “earth” derived from Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move *stir,
animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born ”
Material: Gk. ἔρᾱ “ earth”, ἔρα-ζε “to earth” (perhaps therefrom ἐράω, see under S. 336; with
common extension of probably πολύηρος πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος Hes.); ἔνεροι, see above
S. 312; ἐρεσι -μέτρη γεωμετρίαν Hes.;
Gmc. *erÞō in Goth. aírÞa , O.N. jǫrð, O.H.G. (etc.) erda “earth”;
Maybe TN Illyr. Ardiaei (*er-ĝʷhe) [common Illyr.-Alb. -ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation]
Gmc. *erō in O.H.G. ero “earth”;
u̯o-extension in O.N. jǫrvi (*erwan- ) ‘sand, sandbank ”, and Welsh erw f. “field”, pl. erwi,
erwydd , Corn. erw, ereu ds., O.Bret. M.Bret. eru, Bret. ero “furrow” (*eru̯i-);
Note:
Those cognates derived from O.Ind. árvan -, árvant - : Messap. FlN Arvō prove Illyr.
displayed satem character; there is proof Illyr. belonged to the Celtic family Gaul.-Brit. FlN
*Arvü, Eng. Arrow , Fr. Erve, Auve (*r̥u̯ü); Messap. FlN Arvō. [see above]
perhaps Arm. erkir “earth” (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for * erg- (IE *eru̯-) after erkin ‘sky,
heaven”.
References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gk. I 424.
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er-5, erǝ-, thematic (e)r-ĕ-
English meaning: rare, loose, crumbly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “locker, undicht, abstehend; auseinandergeben, auftrennen ”
Material: O.Ind. r̥tē with abl. , acc. “ with exclusion of, without, except, besides ” (loc. a
participle * r̥ta- “ separated, secluded “), nírr̥ti-ḥ “ resolution, decay, downfall, ruin ”; ár-ma- pl.
“ debris, ruins “, armaká - “ trũmmerhaft “ or n. “ Trũmmerstätte “ (meaning somewhat
doubtful); *erǝ- in īrma- “wound”; themat. *( e)r-e- in virala- “ standing apart, leaky, rare “;

Maybe zero grade in Alb. ( *erala-) rallë “rare”.
Gk. ἐρ῅μος, Att. ἔρημος “ lonely “;
quite doubtful Lat. rürus “having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture, not
thick or dense, thin, loose, scattered, scanty, far apart; miLith. in loose order; in gen. rare,
infrequent; sometimes extraordinary, distinguished. adv. raro, rare, seldom, rarely “ (*erǝ-ró-
s), rather credible rēte “net, thread ” (compare under Lith. re ̃tis, Ltv. rēta);
maybe Alb. (*rēte) rrjetë “net”
Lith. yrù, ìrti ‘separate, resolve, distinguish ”, paĩras “ lax, loose “; re ̃tis m. “ phloem sieve “
(with unoriginal second accent, as often in i-stems), Ltv. rēta, rēte ‘scar”, rēni rudzi “ leaking
standing rye “; Lith. er̃tas “wide, far, spacious “ (“*standing apart “); from the light basis rẽtas
“thin, spacious, seldom ” (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e- , as also:) rẽsvąs ‘seldom, thin ”,
paresvis “ sparse “;
O.C.S. oriti “dissolve, overthrow, destroy ” (Kaus. * oréi̯ō “make break up ”), Ser.-Cr. obòriti
“prostrate, throw down ”, Cz. obořiti “destroy”, Russ. razorítь ds.
Maybe Alb. rrëzonj “bring down ” : Russ. razorítь
er-dh-:

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O.Ind. ŕ̥dhak “ especially, peculiar, particular “, árdha -ḥ “ part, side, half “, ardhá - “half”, n.
“part, half ”;
Lith. ardaũ, -ūti ‘separate, split ” (Kaus., as Church Slavic oriti) ; er̃dvas “wide, capacious ”,
Ltv. ǜrdaws, ir̃dens “ lax, friable ”, ḕrds “ lax, commodious (capacious “), ir̃dít, ir̃dinât “loosen,
separate ”, ḕržu, ḕrdu, ḕrst ‘separate”.
rē-dh-:
O.C.S. rědъkъ ‘seldom” (probably shifted stress, compare Cz. řidkū , Sloven. rẹ́dǝk, in
spite of Serb.-kroat. rȉjedkī , rîdkī);
about ered- see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.
To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of
*er(ǝ) - roots really derive rē-d- ‘scratch”, rei-, reu- “tear open ”, is doubtful; die by *er(ǝ) - esp.
significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or
recognize at least not as dominant meaning.
References: WP. I 142 f., Trautmann 12 f.
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ers- : orsos
English meaning: behind; tail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hinterer, Schwanz ”
Material: Arm. oṙ “ buttocks “ (mostly pl. oṙ-k”, i-stem);
Gk. ὄρρος m. “ buttocks “ (in addition οὐρά : f. “tail” from *orsi̯ü ) =
O.H.G. ars, O.E. ears m., O.Ice. ars, rass “ buttocks ” =
Hitt. a-ar-ra-áš (arras ), dat. ar-ri-iš-ši (arrisi ); whose - si enkLith. pronoun;
e-grade O.Ir. err (*ersü ) f. “tail, end” (also of chariot), therefrom eirr “ chariot combatant “
(*ers-et-s), gen. erred ;
References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H ̯ 98, Pedersen KG. II 101.
See also: it is often placed “elevation, protrusion, preceding body part “ to er-3 (above S.
326).
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es-en-, os-en-, -er-
English meaning: harvest time, *summer, *autumn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erntezeit, Sommer ”
Note:
Root es-en-, os-en-, -er- : “harvest time, *autumn ” derived from a zero grade of Root u̯es-r̥ :
‘spring”. The -en-, -er- extensions of Root es-en-, are created from an attribute noun root
[common -ta > -nta, - na Illyr. attribute noun formation] (see Alb. numbers).
Note: in Gmc. also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and dem earnings out of it
Material: With a relationship as between Lith. vasarà and vãsara ‘summer” : O.Bulg. vesna “
spring “, here (after Schulze Qunder ep. 475) Hom. etc. ὀπώρα ‘summer end, harvest time ”
(see S. 323) ὀπωρίζω “ harvest “, ep. ὀπωρῑνό ς “ autumnal “ (probably actually ὀπωαρῐνός)
from ὀπ- (: ὄπιθεν) + *ὀ [σ]αρᾱ “ phase of conclusion *τὰ̄ ν *ὀάρᾱν, i. e. τὸ θέρος”; ω as
contraction from οα - confirms Alcman (Gk. poet) ὀπά̄ρα, s. Boisacq s. v.;

Maybe from truncated Lith. vasarà and vãsara ‘summer” derived Lat. ver veris n. ‘spring ;
“primo vere ”, in the beginning of spring ; “ver sacrum ”, an offering of the firstlings. [Lat.
rhotacism s > r]
Lat. aestüs, - ütis “warm season, summer “ : Alb. (*aestü -, *vesna, *vièsienta ́) vjeshta
“autumn, harvest time (long summer) ”: Go. asans “harvest time, summer ” [common Alb.
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels] hence Vesta “goddess of hearth and its sacred fire ”
was an Illyrian goddess, clearly there was a common origin of Illyr. Albanoi tribe and the
founders of Alba Longa (Rome), also Alb. vatra (*vas-tra ) “hearth” with -tre suffix.
Note:
Clearly there was the shift from Root u̯es-r̥ : ‘spring”: O.Ind. vasan -tá- m. (*u̯es-en-to-) “
spring “, vasantü “in the spring “ (widened from *vasan- ); vasar -hán “ striking early “,

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vüsara ́ - “ matutinal “ to Root es-en-, os-en-, -er- : “harvest time, *autumn ”: Alb. (*aestü -,
*vesna, *vièsienta ́) vjeshta “autumn, harvest time (long summer) ”.

The following cognates are exntensions in -en [common -ta > -nta, - na Illyr. attribute noun
formation] (see Alb. numbers):
Goth. asans (o-grade) f. “harvest, summer ”, O.N. ǫnn (*aznō ) “harvest, hardship ”, O.H.G.
aren m., arn f., M.H.G. erne “harvest” (in addition O.H.G. arnōn “reap”);
Goth. asneis , O.E. esne , O.H.G. asm “Taglöhner” , derived from the equivalent from O.S.
asna “earnings, tribute, tax ” (*Erntelohn), in addition O.H.G. arnēn “verdienen ” = O.E.
earnian ds.; compare Wissmann nom. postverb. 1454;
Serb.-Church Slavic jesenь , Ser.-Cr. jȅsên ; Russ. ósenь , wRuss. jèsień; O.Pruss.
assanis (from * esenis or *asanis );
Note:
Clearly O.C.S. : jesenь “autumn” [f i] derived from the drop of initial prothetic v- in Illyr. Alb.
(*aestü -, *vesna, *vièsienta ́) vjeshta “autumn, harvest time (long summer) ”.
doubtful, whether here M.Ir. ēorna (*esor-n-i̯ü) “barley”;
References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.
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esu-s (: su -)
English meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gut, tũchtig”
Material: Gk. ἐύς, ἠύς “proficient, good ”, Adverb εὖ (acc. n.), belongs to prefix εὐ -
Hitt. a-aš-šu-uš (assus ) “good” ; to a- s. Pedersen Hitt. 167 under Anm.; perhaps as zero
grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su-, see there;
moreover perhaps Lat. erus “ the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master,
owner, lord “, fem. era, aLat. esa “ mistress, lady “;
however, Hitt. iš-ḫa-a-aš (isḫas) “master, mister ” is to be kept away, because this belongs
to Arm. isxan “master, mister ”, isxal “rule, reign ” (?), even it is not IE origin (Couvreur H ̯ 9);
Gaul. GN Esus (with ē-) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, Ais- in
the earliest 1. ais- or 2. ais- (above S. 16), less probably 2. eis- (above S. 299); also the
O.Ir. PN Éoga n (*ivogenos ) and the Welsh PN Owein (older Ywein , Eugein , Ougen ) = O.Ir.
PN Úgaine (*ou̯o-geni̯os), compare in addition Bergin E ́ riu 12, 224 f.
References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Ein etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object.
Konjugation 16 ff.
See also: es-.
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es-
English meaning: to be
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sein”
Note:
Root es- : “to be” derived from Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “I” [O.Ind. ásmi “I am” = ahám
(*eĝ(h)om ) “I”]
Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative aspect
of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root bheu̯ǝ - : bhū- .
Material: 1. O.Ind. ásmi , ási, ásti, smás , sthá, sánti , Av. ahmi , 3. sg. asti, 3. pl. hanti ,
O.Pers. amiy ;
Note: O.Ind. ásmi “I am” = ahám (*eĝ(h)om ) “I”;
Arm. em, es, ē;
Gk. Hom. Att. εἰμί (= ẹ̄mi, Eol. ἔμμι, Dor. ἠμί), εἶ (= ei from * esi, only Att. , Hom. εἰς, ἐσσι),
ἐστί, εἰμέν (as εἰμί ; Att. ἐσμέν as ἐστέ; Dor. ἠμές), ἐστέ, εἰσί (Dor. ἐντί), Dual ἐστόν;
Ven. est;
Alb. jam (*esmi ); (*jesem ) : (aor. isha)
Lat. sum (through influence the 1. pl.), es(s) , est (Inchoat. escit, as Gk. ἔσκε), sumus ,
estis, sunt (Inchoat. escunt ); Osc. súm, est (íst); Umbr. est;
Note: Lat. zero grade sum (*esom ) “I am” : Lat. Lat. egō ̆ (*eĝ(h)om ) “I”
O.Ir. (only as copula) am (*esmi ), a-t, is, ammi (*esmesi ), adi-b, it (*senti , O.Welsh hint);
Goth. im, is, is, 3. pl. sind (*senti ); O.Ice. em, est (ert), es (er); O.E. eom (after bēom ),
northUmbr. am (*os-m̥), eart (ending of Präteritopräs.), is; 3. pl. northUmbr. aron (*os-ṇt),
etc.;

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O.Lith. esmì , (nowadays esù, dial. esmù) esì, ẽsti, Dual old and dial. esvà , estaũ and
està; Ltv. esmu (dial. esu), esi etc.; O.Pruss. asmai, assai (essei ), est (ast);
O.C.S. jesmь , jesi, jestъ (*esti), jesmъ , jeste , sǫtъ (= Lat. sunt); Dual jesvě, jesta , jeste ,
etc.;
Note:
Alb. jam (*jesem , aor. isha ) : [truncated] Pol. jestem “I am”, Alb. je (*jesi, aor. ishe) :
[truncated] Pol. jesteś “you are (sing.) ”; Alb. asht (*jesti, aor. ishte ) “he is” : poln jest “he is”;
Alb. jemi (*jesemi ) : [truncated] Pol. jesteśmy “we are”, Alb. jeni (*jesenti ) : [truncated] Pol.
jesteście “you are”, Alb. janë (*jasanta : hitt asan ): Pol. są (*santa ) “they are”.
Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-. Alb. proves that Root es- : “to be” derived
from Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om , eĝō : “I” : Proto -Slavic form: (j)azъ, Lithuanian : àš, eš (OLith.) “I”,
Latvian : es “I”, O.Pruss. : as, es “I”.
Toch. present В 3. sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. pl. skente, stare, skentar ; Imperf. A 1.
sg. ṣem, 2. sg. ṣet etc., В ṣai(-), with optative formants IE -oi- (after Pedersen Tochar. 161
should also В nes-, A nas- “be” contain the root es-, the preverb n- is identical with the post
position В ne ??);
Hitt. e-eš-mi (esmi ), 3. sg. e-eš-zi (eszi), 3. pl. a-ša-an-zi (asanzi ; whose as through vocal
harmony from * es-?).
2. significant congruities:
Imperf. O.Ind. ǘsam , üs, üs, respectively perf. ǘsa, ǘsitha , ǘsa, pl. ǘsma , ǘsta, ǘsan ,
Dual. ǘstam , ǘstüm : Gk. Hom. 1. sg. ἦα, 2. Sg Hom. Att. ἦσθα, 3. sg. Dor. etc. ἦς, pl. Hom.
ἦμεν, ἦτε, ἦσαν, 3. Dual Hom. ἤστην; with ἦσθα compare Hitt. e-eš-ta (ēsta) “was, were ”;
[Alb. isha], themat. 1. sg. 3. pl.Eol. ἔον ( *e-s-om, respectively *e-s-ont): truncated 3. pl.
O.Ind. san, Av. hǝn (*sent or *sont).
Lat. erat (*es-ü-t) = Welsh oedd “was” seem neologisms.

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Gk. Imperf. ἔσκον, ἔσκε : a Lat. escit (the future tense meaning reminds an Arm. i-c̣em
“that I am ” from prothet. * i + s + (s)ke-, Meillet Esquisse 121);
Konjunkt. ved. 2. sg. ásas (i), 3. sg. ásat(i): Lat. Fut. eris, erit;
Optat. ved. s(i)yü ́ m; Gk. εἴην (das ε from *ἐσμι): Lat. Konj. siem , siēs, siet, Umbr. sir, sei “
you are, exist, live “, si, sei “he is, exists, lives “, sins “they are, exist, live “: O.H.G. 3. sg. sī;
Imper. 2. sg. gath.-Av. zdī : Gk. Att. ἴσθι (* es-dhi); 3. sg. Gk. Hom. Att. ἔστω : Lat.estō(d) :
Osc. estud ;
3. participle sent-, sont-, sṇt- “being”, partly with development to “ truely, really “, and
further partly to “ good, well “, partly to “the real perpetrator, the culprit ”: O.Ind. sánt- sát- m.,
n. (f. sat-ī́) “being, good, true ”, Av. hant-, hat- ds.;
Maybe Alb. send “thing, *being ” perhaps used as a taboo.
Gk. ἐόντ-, ὄντ-, Dor. ἐντ- “being” (Schwyzer Gk. I 473, 525 4, 567, 678), nom. pl. τὰ ὄντα
“present, verity, possession ”, derived ουσία, Dor. ἐσσία, ὠσία f. “ property, nature, reality ”,
etc.;
Lat. in prae-sēns, -sentis “presently ”, Osc. praesentid “ at hand, in sight, present, in
person “, ab-sēns “ absent, not present “; sōns , gen. sontis “ culpable, harmful “ (compare
sonticus morbus “ epilepsy “?);
Maybe Alb. sonte “tonight, this night, present day ”.
Proto-Gmc. * sanÞa - “true” in O.N. sannr , saðr, O.H.G. sand , O.S. sōð “true”, and “
whose debt stays without doubt “, O.E. sōð “true”; besides zero grade Gmc. *sun(ð)já-z,
Goth. *sunjis “true” (sunja “verity”); the real meaning still in bisunjanē “multi-sided, all
around”, originally gen. pl. “ being all around “ = O.Ind. satyá - “true, right ” (*sṇti̯o -), n.
“verity”, Av. haiϑya- “true, genuine ”, O.Pers. hašiya - ds.;

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with preserved or assim. d O.H.G. suntea , O.S. sundea , O.Fris. sende , O.Ice. synð , synd
< M.L.G. sũnde , O.E. synn f. “ sin, crime “ (Proto-Gmc. *sunðī: *sun(ð)jüz), further to O.S.
O.H.G. sunnea “hindrance, need ”, O.Ice. syn “ renunciation, denial “;
O.Pruss. nom. sg. sins, dat. sg. sentismu , O.Lith. acc. sg. m. santį , Lith. są̃s, sañčio
(newer ẽsąs , e ̃sąs m., ẽsanti f.), Ltv. esuots “being”; Gerundium Lith. sant;
O.C.S. sy (: O.Ind. sán), gen. sg. m. sǫšta ;
Hitt. aš-ša-an-za (assanz ) “being”;
to-participle *s-e-tó-, s-o-tó- in Gk. ἐτά ἀληθ῅ . ἀγαθά Hes., ἐτάζω “prũfe” , ἐτεός, ἐτυμό ς
“true, really “ and ὅσιος “ right, allowed, godly, pious ”;
ti-Abstrakta: O.Ind. abhí-ṣti- f. “help” (abhi-ṣtí- m. “ helper “), Av. aiwišti - f. “ devotion,
study “; O.Ind. úpа-stí- m. “ subordinate “ (O.Ind. sv-astí- f. “ well-being “ probably ar.
neologism); compare Gk. ἐστώ “ οὐσία “, ἀπεστώ , ἀπεστύς Hes. “ absence, not present “
under likewise;
about that perhaps belonging here Gk. ἐσ-θλός “proficient, good, lucky ”, Dor. ἐσλός,
arkad. ἑσλός compare Schwyzer Gk. I 5335, Specht Decl. 256.
References: WP. I 160 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 676 ff., Trautmann 71, etc.
See also: esu-s
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eti
English meaning: out; further, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “darũber hinaus” , out of it “ferner, and, also ”
Material: O.Ind. áti m. acc. “about - out, against ”, prefix áti (Av. aiti-, O.Pers. atiy-) “ over- ,
back-” (contains also part IE ati-, see above S. 70 f.);
Phryg. ετι in ετι -τετικμενος “ curses “ (to O.Ir. tongid ‘swears”);
Gk. ἔτι “ moreover, further, still “;
perhaps Messap. - θι “and” (Krahe KZ. 56, 135 f., compare WH. I 863); : Alb. edhe “and”.
Lat. et “and also ”, päl. Umbr. et ds.; Lat. et-iam “and, also, still ”;
Gaul. eti “also, further ”, eti-c “and also ” (*eti-k̂e); in O.Bret. et-binam gl. lanis, O.Welsh et-
met “ to beat back, blunt, dull “ (Loth RC 37, 27);
Goth. iÞ “but, δέ” (an 1. place), prefix id- in id-weit n. “disgrace, shame , insult” = O.E.
O.S. edwīt , O.H.G. ita-, itwīz ds. (O.H.G. it(a), O.N. ið- “again”, O.E. O.S. ed- “again”,
besides O.H.G. ith-, O.E. eð-, Jacobsohn KZ. 49, 194, yet is O.E. eð- after Sievers-Brunner
1651 only spelling mistake), perhaps also in Goth. id-reiga f. “ repentance, penance,
atonement ” (compare Feist 289 f.);
O.Pruss. et- besides at-, probably as O.Welsh etc. et- besides at- (to ati above S. 70),
different Trautmann 16;
about Toch. A atas “from here ” (?), A aci, В ecce “from there ” (*eti) compare Van
Windekens Lexique 8, 16, Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 161.
References: WP. I 43 f., WH. I 421 f., the eti in e- (see above S. 283) and - ti (as in au-ti
above S. 74, etc.) zerlegen wIllyr.
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euk-
English meaning: to be used to
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich gewöhnen, durch Gewöhnung vertraut sein”
Material: O.Ind. ókas - n. “ dwelling, house, residence, home, custom, habit, tradition ”, úcyati
“is habitual “, ucitá - “ habitually, adequate “;sogd. ywčt (yōčat ) “ he teaches “, yɣwtčh “
accustomed “ (with secondary y-), Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 23, 76;
Arm. usanim (k after u palatalized) “learn, I am accustomed ”;
Gk. ἕκηλος (Pind. ἕκᾱλος) besides ε ὔκηλος “ in unobstructed pleasure “; maybe from u̯ek-,
respectively euk-?
O.Ir. to-ucc- “ understand, comprehend , conceive “ (cc = gg) from * u-n-k -; whereas go ro-
uicc “ has carried “, do-uicc “ has brought “ to *-onk̂-i-s-t (back to enek̂ -, see above S. 317);
Goth. bí-ūhts (*unkto- ) “ habitual, customary “;
Lith. jùnkstu , jùnkti “ become habitual, customary “, jaukùs “ accustomed to people,
tamed, domesticated ”, jaukìnti “ accustom , tame”, jùnktas “ accustomed “; Ltv. jûkt “
become accustomed, habitual, customary “, jaukt , jaûcêt “ accustom “; O.Pruss. jaukint “
train, practice “; Lith. ū́kis “ farmstead “ (actually “dwelling”, compare O.Ind. ōkas ds.); to j-
see under eu-3;
O.C.S. učiti “instruct, teach ”, ukъ “doctrine”, vyknǫti “be accustomed “;
References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 335, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 187 with Anm.
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eu-1, euǝ- : u̯ā-, u̯ǝ-
English meaning: to lack; empty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mangeln, leer ”
Note: esp. in partizipialen no-formations
Material: O.Ind. ūna ́-, Av. ū̆na- “ insufficient, inadequate , lack, be short of ”, Av. uyamna ds.
(participle present Med. to present u-ya- ); Pers. vang “ empty, bare, lacking , poor, needy ”,
pümir vanao “ Leerheit, vanity, pride “;
Arm. unain “ empty, bare, lacking ” (IE ū);
Gk. εὖνις, -ιδος “ stolen; looted , lack, be short of ”; about Gk. ἐτός, (F)ετώσιος, that could
also belong here, see above S. 73;
perhaps here Lat. vünus “bare, lacking , containing nothing, empty, void, vacant “; very
dubious (because the k-extension is attested only in Ital.) vacō , -üre “ be empty, be void, be
vacant, be without, not to contain “ (besides vocō , -üre EM2 1069); Umbr. vac̨etum ,
uasetom “ make faulty, injure, spoil, mar, taint, corrupt, infect, vitiate, defile “, antervakaze,
anderuacose “ a breaking off, intermission, interruption, discontinuance “, uas “ a fault,
defect, blemish, imperfection, vice “;
Goth. wans “ lacking, missing, wanting “ (*u̯-ono-s or *u̯ǝ-no-s), O.Ice. van-r, O.Fris. O.E.
O.S. O.H.G. wan ds.;
after Mũhlenbach -Endzelin IV 462 here Lith. vañs -kariai “ unincubated eggs “, Ltv. vàns -
kar(i)s “ infertile, not fertile egg” (with s-k from s-p).
cognitional seems u̯üsto -s “ deserted, abandoned, forsaken “ in:
Lat. vüstus “ empty, unoccupied, waste, desert, devastated “ = O.Ir. füs “ empty, bare,
lacking”, füsach “ desert, waste, wasteland “, O.H.G. wuosti “ deserted, abandoned,

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eu-2
English meaning: to put on
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anziehen ”
Material: Av. aoϑra- (: Lat. sub-ūcula ) n. “ footwear “;
Arm. aganim “ draw something to me “ (IE *óu-mi); aut”-oc “ bedspread “;
Lat. ex-uō “ to draw out, take off, pull off, put off “, ind-uō “ to put on, assume, dress in “
(at first from -ovō, IE probably * eu̯ō), ind-uviae “ clothes , garments “, ind-uvium “ bark, outer
covering of a tree “, exuviae “ that which is stripped off, clothing, equipments, arms “,
reduviae “ a hang-nail, loose finger-nail “, subūcula “ a man’s undergarment, under-tunic,
shirt “ (*ou-tlü, compare Ltv. àukla ), ōmen and ōmentum “ retina around the intestine,
mesentery fat, fat, intestine; also leg skin, cerebral membrane “, ind-ūmentum “ a garment,
a covering , clothing “ (about indusium, intusium “a woman ’s under - garment “ s. WH. I 695
f.); Umbr. anovihimu “ induitor “ (from * an-ou̯i̯ō: Bal.-Slav. au̯i̯ō see under);
from Celt. presumably O.Ir. fuan (not but das Fr. Lw. Welsh gŵn, Corn. gun “dolman,
woman’s cape “) as *upo- ou-no-;
Lith. aviù, -e ́ti “ bear footwear “, aunù , aũti “ put, dress footwear “, Ltv. àut “ds.; dress “,
Lith. aũklė “ foot bandage “, auklis “rope”, Ltv. àukla f. (*au-tlü) “cord”, аPruss. auclo “ halter
“, Lith. (*au-to-s, participle perf. pass. ) aũtas , apaũtas “ shoed , pl. foot bandages “, Ltv. àuts
“kerchief, cloth, bandage “ (: Lat. ex-ūtus);
R.C.S. izuju, izuti “ take off footwear “, O.C.S. obujǫ , obuti “dress footwear “, Russ.
obútyj “ shoed “ (: Lith. apaũtas ds.), in addition O.C.S. onušta “ ham, smoked meat from
the hindquarter of a hog “, Russ. onúča “ foot bandages “, etc.
Maybe Alb. (*kë-putë) këpucë ‘shoe”
from here (Pedersen Mursilis 72 ff.) Hitt. unuu̯ü (i)- “adorn”?

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eu-3, with present formants -et- : u̯et-, ut-
English meaning: to feel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũhlen”
Material: O.Ind. api-vátati “understands , comprehends ”, Kaus. api-vüta ́ yati “ stimulates
spiritually, makes understand “, Av. aipi-vataiti “ is familiar with a thing “, Konj. aipiča aotüt̃ “
she understands “ (*eut- );
Lith. jaučiu ̀ (*euti̯ō ), jaučiau ̃ , jaũsti “ feel “, Ltv. jaušu , jautu , jaust , in addition Lith.
jaũsmas m. “ emotion “, jautrùs “ emotional, passionate, sentimental, tender ”, Iterat. jáutotis
“ searching, ask “; in ablaut ( IE u) juntù , jutãu , jùsti “ feel “, Ltv. jùtu, jutu, just ds. About the
j-suggestion s. Endzelin Ltv. Gk. p. 30c, different (as reduplication?) Specht KZ. 68, 551.
References: WP. I 216, Trautmann 72, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 54.
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eus-
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen”
Material: O.Ind. óṣati “burns”, participle uṣṭá- (= Lat. ustus ), uṣṇá - “hot, warm ” (ōs ̣ a ́ m “fast,
rapid, hurried , immediately, right away ” perhaps “*stormy, hot tempered, burning “?);
Gk. εὕω (*εὔhω, * eusō ) ‘singe”, Aor. εὗσαι, εὔστρᾱ “ pit, pothole, the place for singeing
slaughtered swine “;
Alb. ethe f. “fever”;
Lat. ūrō, -ere, ustus (thereafter ussī) “ to burn; to dry up, parch; chafe, gall; to disturb,
harass (trans.) ”, ambūrō - ἀμφεύω “to burn round, scorch; of cold, to nip, numb; in gen., to
injure”;
O.N. usli m. “glowing ash ”, O.E. ysle f. ds., M.H.G. ũsel(e) f. ds.; O.N. ysja f. “fire”, usti
‘scorchs, deflagrates, incinerates “, with gramm. variation eim-yrja , O.E. ǣm-yrie (Eng.
embers ), M.H.G. eimer (e) f., Ger. dial. ammer “glowing ash ”; Nor. dial. orna “ become warm
“ (*uznēn ); perhaps as “ burning, stormy, hot tempered = keen, eager ” here O.H.G. ustar “
greedy, gluttonous ”, ustrī “industria ”, ustinōn “fungi”;
Lith. usnìs “ scratch thistle “ (a kind of thistle) or “ alder buckthorn “.
In the one *eus- under ** eu̯es - to be combined with *u̯es- “burn” one attributes to Lat.
(Osc. ) Vesuvius , the but also as “the bright, the radiant, the glowing “ can be placed to
*(a)u̯es- “gleam, shine ” (above S. 87).
References: WP. I 111 f.
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eu̯egʷh -
English meaning: to praise, worship
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feierlich, rũhmend, prahlend sprechen, also especially religiös
geloben, preisen ”
Material: u̯egʷh - : O.Ind. ved. vügha ́ t - “ the vowing, worshiper, organizer of a sacrifice “, Av.
rüštarǝ -vaɣǝnti- EN;
Arm. gog ‘say!”, gogc̣es “ you can say “;
Lat. voveō , -ēre, vōvī, vōtum (this at first from * vŏvĕ -vai, -tum) “ to vow, promise
solemnly, engage religiously, pledge, devote, dedicate, consecrate “, Umbr. vufetes (= Lat.
vōtīs) “ a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow , to dedicate, devote,
offer as sacred, consecrate “, vufru “ of a vow, promised by a vow, given under a vow,
votive “, Vufiune , Uofione “ a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow
“.
eugʷh -: Av. aog- (aojaite , aoxta , aogǝdü ) “ announce, declare, say, speak, esp. in
ceremonious way “, wherefore O.Ind. ṓhatē “ praises, vaunts, boasts “;
and presumably Arm. uzem “I wish, like “, y-uzem “I search, seek ”;
Gk. εὔχομαι “ I promised, prayed, wished, praised “, athemat. Impf. εὖκτο (= gath. -Av.
aogǝdü , j.-Av. aoxta “ spoke, talked, conversed “) to a present * eugh -tai (Schwyzer Gk. I
679); εὖχος n, “ thing prayed for, object of prayer , boast, vaunt, vow, votive offering “, εὐχή “
profession, declaration, prayer, request, imploration ”; in addition perhaps also αὐχέ ω
“boast, brag, vaunt, boast ”, abstracted from κενε -αυχής “ the empty boasting “ (*κενε -ευχής,
Bechtel Lexilogus 192).
References: WP. I 110.
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ē̆ 1, ō̆
English meaning: a kind of adverbial/ nominal particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: adnominale and adverbale Partikel, etwa “nahe bei, zusammen
with”
Note: out of Aryan and partially also already in this in the meaning coloring, in Gmc. as
sense “ under, after, behind, back, again, away “ extend ed cognitional with Pron.-stem e-,
o-, either as its originator or, what is obvious esp. for the long vowels ē, ō, therefrom as an
Instrumental formatIon.
Material: O.Ind. ü, Av. O.Pers. ü “ in, to there “, e.g. ü-gam- “ near to, draw near, get near,
come close “, as postposition with acc. “to - toward “, with loc. “on, in, to - toward “, with abl.
“from - away “; with O.Ind. ü-dü “ receive (in) “, ü-da- “ receiving; getting in possession “
compare O.Ind. düyüda ́ - m. “ hereditary receiver “ (düya ́ - “inheritance ”), Gk. χηρωστής “ wer
ledig gewordenen Besitz ( τὸ χ῅ρον ) zu eigener Nutzung oder zur Verwaltung bekommen
hat “ (*-ω-δτᾱ, compare O.Ind. participle ü-t-ta-ḥ “ receive “), Lat. hērēs “ an heir, heiress “
(*hēro- = χ῅ρο- + ē-d- “ receiving “). In adj. compounds has ar. ü the concept of the
convergence, e.g. O.Ind. ü-nīla- “ blackish, darkish “ (also probably Gk. ὠ-χρός “pale, wan,
yellowish ”, probably also ἠ-βαιός besides βαιό ς “ little, small “, and Slav. ja- see under).
About Av. a- insecure affiliation in the nominal setting s. Reichelt Av. Elementarbuch 270;
Arm. in y-o-gn “much, a lot of ” from preposition i + *o-gʷhon - or *o-gʷhno - (to O.Ind. ü-
hanás - “tumescent, luscious ” s. gʷhen - “to swell” );
Gk. ὀ- probably in ὀ-κέλλω “ set in motion, drive, animate “ (see qel- “drive, push ”), ὀ-
τρύ̄νω (see tu̯er- “hurry”), ὀφέλλω, ὀλ όπτω (see lep- ‘schälen” ), ὄαρ “ wife” (see ar- “ decree,
edict, mandate, dispose, arrange; reconcile, settle; resign, submit to “, above S. 56), ὀ-
νίνημι (see nü- “help”), ὄ-πατρος “ by the same father, being descendant by same father “,

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ὄ-τριχες ἵπποι “ of similar mane “ under likewise, ὄζος “ attendant, servant ” (*o-zdos eig. “
Withgänger “ , to root sed-, as also IE *ozdos , Gk. ὄζος “ bough” as “ ansitzendes
Stämmchen “ , compare ὄ-σχη, ὄ -σχος “ twig, branch ” to ἔχειν, ἐχεῖν), ὄ -τλος (see tel- “bear,
carry”), ὄ-φελος, ὄ -ψον, ὄ -βριμος (see below gʷer- “ heavy “), perhaps also in οἶμα and
other under *eis- “ move violently, fast “ discusse d words;
after Schwyzer Gk. I 433 though lies in ὄπατρος before Eol. ὀ- instead of ἁ (*sm̥-),
according to Risch (briefl.) also in ὄαρ, ὄτριχες and ὄζος “ companion “;
Gk. ἐ- probably in ἐθέλω besides θέλω; ἐ -γείρω “ arouse, stimulate; wake up, awaken ”;
Gk. ω in χηρωστής (see above);
Gk. η probably in ἠ -βαιός (see above);
ē : ō in O.H.G. ümaht “ eclipse (of a hevenly body); want, defect; flowing/dropping down ,
faint, swoon, temporary loss of consciousness “, üteilo “ free from; without; lacking
experience; immune from “, O.E. in ǣwǣde “ nude “, O.H.G. ümüd : uomüd “ after reaping,
harvesting “, üwahst : uowahst “ growth, development, increase; germ (of idea); offshoot;
advancement (rank) “, “ occiput, back part of the head or skull “, O.E. ōgengel “the
(retreating) Querriegel “, ōleccan “ flatter, compliment, chatter, wheedle “ from *ō-lukjan ; ō
suffixed in acc. sg. the pron. Decl., e.g. Goth. ƕanō -h, ƕarjatō -h, Þana etc.
In Slav. * ē or *ō, colorless in some compounds, as skR.C.S. ja-skudъ besides Church
Slavic skǫdъ “ugly” (see Berneker 441); ĕ following the loc. and with this deformed in type
O.Bulg. kamen-e and Lith. rañkoj -e “in the hand ”.
References: WP. I 95 f., WH. 388, 642, Specht KZ. 62, 56, Hirt Indog. Gk. IV 54, Schwyzer
Gk. I 434, 6483, 7221.
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ē 2, ō
English meaning: interjection (vocative)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausrufpartikel, daher also Vokativpartikel
Material: O.Ind. ǘ emphasizing behind adverbs and nouns: “oh!”;
Gk. ἦ “ hey, hallo!, you there! ”, also emphasizing and questioning “ really!?” ἤ ἤ σιώπα,
Lesb. ἦ μάν etc., also inἤ -τοι, ἐπει -ή, ἠ(F)ε “ or”, ἤ-δη; probably also lak. tar. ἐγ ών-η,
whereupon Hom. τύνη etc.;
Lat. eh “ei, hey, hallo!, you there! ”, ē-castor “ by Castor “, edepō ̆ l “ by Pollux “, ēdī (*ē
deive ), etc.;
O.H.G. ihh-ü “I (just)”, N.Ger. iǝkǝ, Run. hait-ik-a, probably also O.H.G. nein-ü “ no, nay”
under likewise;
Lith. ẽ, e ́, Ltv. e, ē, exclamation particles;
about Slav. e- in exclamation see under S. 283;
References: WP. I 99, WH. I 1, 389, 396, Schwyzer Gk. I 606.
See also: s. further under ehem .
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ēg ̂-, ōg ̂-, ǝĝ-
English meaning: to say, speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen, sagen ”
Material: Arm. asem ‘say”, if s instead of c (= IE ĝ) is established through the position in the
3. sg. * as from * ast = *ǝĝt; Verbaln. aṙ-ac “ proverb “;
Gk. ἦ “ he spoke “ (the unique Hom. form; from * ēg-t), wherefore is joined after Hom. 1.
sg. Imperf. ἦν, 1. 3. sg. present ἠμί, ἠσί (Dor. ἠτί) as neologisms after ( ἔ)φη : (ἔ)φην, φημί ,
αησί. perf. ἄν-ωγα “ order, command “ (originally “ I announce “ (?), ἀνά as in ἀνακαλεῖν “
shout loudly “ under likewise), presently reshaped ἀνώγω; about ἤχανεν εἶπεν s. ЕМ2 30
and Liddell-Scott s. v.;
Lat. ai(i)ō “ say, speak, state “ (*agi̯ō), the prophetic god Aius Locūtius, adagiō , -ōnis,
later adagium “ proverb, saying “, prōdigium “ a prophetic sign, token, omen, portent,
prodigy “ (“prophecy ”); axümenta “carmina Saliaria ” (about anxüre “vocare, nominare ” s.
WH. I 44);
Osc. angetuzet “ put forth, set forth, lay out, place before, expose to view, display , bid,
tell, command “, if syncopated from * an-agituzet (from a frequentative *agitō ) “in- saying,
speaking, uttering, telling, mentioning, relating, affirming, declaring, stating, asserting “;
Umbr. aiu (*agi̯ü) “ a divine announcement, oracle “; perhaps also acetus “ answer, reply,
respond, make answer “;
O.Ind. ǘha, üttha “ spoke “, um dessentwillen the root form was earlier attached as * üg ̂ h-,
is because of Av. üδa “ spoke, talked “, present ůδaya -, üδaya - lead back to a different root
adh- (Gũntert Reimw. 84).
References: WP. I 114, WH. I 24 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 678; different ЕМ2 30.
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ēik-
English meaning: to possess; to be capable
Deutsche Übersetzung: “to eigen haben, vermögen”
Material: O.Ind. ī́śē, ī́ṣṭē (ī originally present perfect reduplication) “has owned, possessed,
governed “, īs ́ vara ́ - “ wealthy, ably; m. master, lord “; Av. iše “is master, mister about ”,
išvan - “vermögend” , īšti- “ blessing, fortune, grace, wealth “ (Gmc. aihti-), üēšü - “fortune,
property”.
hereupon Goth. * aigan (aih, aigum , secondary preterit aihta ) “ have, own, possess “, O.N.
eiga (ü, eigom , ütta), O.E. ügan , O.Fris. üga, asächs. ēgan , O.H.G. еigan ds.; participle
*aigana-, aigina- in the meaning “ own, personal, private “ and substantiv. n. “property” :
O.N. eiginn “ particular, characteri stic, singular “, O.E. ügen (Eng. own), O.Fris. ēgin, ēin ,
asächs. ēgan , O.H.G. eigan etc. ds., Goth. aigin n. “property”, O.N. eigin , O.E. ǣgen etc.
ds. hereof has derived * aiganōn: O.N. eigna , -aða “ assign, allot “; O.E. ügnian “make have,
possess, own ”, further O.H.G. eiginēn “ make have, possess, own, appropriate, allot “ etc.
ti-Abstr. Gmc. * aihti : Goth. aihts “property”, O.N. ǣtt, att in the abstract meaning
“gender, sex, quality of being male or female “; also “ firmament, heavens, skies “; O.E.
ǣht, O.H.G. ēht “ possession, rightful possession, property ”. compare further O.N. eign f. “
property of reason and ground “ (*aig-ni-);
Proto-Gmc. *aihtēr “ holder, owner, occupier, possessor “ is to acquire to be acquired by
lapp. üita ̂ r ds. (: O.Ind. īs ̣ itar - ds.);
after Pedersen Groupement 30 f. here Toch. В aik-, aiś- “ know, have knowledge of “.
References: WP. I 105, Feist 20.
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ē̆i 2
English meaning: vocative particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausrufpartikel
Material: O.Ind. ē “ Ausruf der Anrede, des Sichbesinnens “ etc.; ai ds., ayi before the
vocative ;
Av. üi before the vocative; it could also belong to ai, above S. 10,;
Gk. εἶα (*ei! + a) “ on! up! away! ” (besides εἶεν);
Lat. ei, hei “ ah! woe! oh dear! ” therefrom, ēiulō “cry out, wail , lament “, oi-ei “ alas! woe is
me!”;
O.Ir. ( h)ē “ Exclamation of joy and pain “;
O.H.G. ī; M.H.G. Ger. ei have not developed from it phonetically;
Lith. eĩ “ exclamation of warning “, Ltv. ei “ hey, hallo!, you there!; wow! ”;
Ser. -Cr. êj, Pol. Russ. ej “ hey, hallo!, you there! ”.
References: WH. I 396 f., Trautmann 67.
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ēlā
English meaning: bodkin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ahle”
Material: O.Ind. ǘrü “ pricker, awl ”, O.H.G. üla f., M.H.G. üle ds. (Gmc. * ēlō) O.E. ǣl; ablaut.
altN.. alr m. “ pricker, awl , gimlet”, > nEng. awl besides O.H.G. alansa, alunsa “ pricker,
awl”.
From Goth. *ēla derives O.Pruss. ylo, from which Lith. ūla “ awl, gimlet “, Ltv. ĩlęns ds.
References: WP. I 156, Vasmer by Senn Gmc. Lw.-Stud. 47.
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ēl-
English meaning: line
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘streifen”?
Material: O.Ind. üli-, ülī f. ‘stripe, line ” could belong to Gk. ὠλίγγη “ wrinkle under the eyes “
(*ōlin-g-ü); here one could also put O.Ice. üll (IE *ēlo-) “gully or dent in river, deep valley
between rocks, furrow or stripe along the back of animals “;
compare O.Ice. ülōttr “ striped, lined, having stripes or bands “, Nor. dial. aal = O.Ice. üll and
Ger. Aal “ stripes in the cloth “; Ger. Aalstreif , -strich “ stripes on the back of animals “
nevertheless, could belong though to Ger. Aal “eel”, whereas vice versa the possibility of
the naming of the eel after its long-stretched figure would be possible.
References: WP. I 155, Specht Decl. 213.
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ē̆neu, ē̆nu
English meaning: without
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ohne”
Material: Gk. (Lokat.?) ἄνευ, ἄνευθε (ν) “without”; Dor. ἄνευν , el. ἄνευς , meg. ἄνις (shaped
after χωρίς );
from * eneu-, Goth. inu “without”;
with lengthened grade: O.Ind. ünu-ṣák, Av. ünu-šak “ one after the other, in succession “
(to O.Ind. anu-sac- “ follow, go after, ensue, follow as a consequence of, happen as a result
of, result from, result, arise from “, root sekʷ-); altN.. ün, ōn, O.Fris. ōni, O.S. üno, O.H.G.
ünu, üno, üna, M.H.G. üne, ün, Ger. ohne from *ēnunder
Not entirely certain that only from Gramm. is cover ed O.Ind. anō “not” (= Gk. ἄνευ), also
Osset. änä “without”; relationship with Lat. sine etc. (Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 30, Nr. 89, 81)
might exist, yet under no circumstances certain.
References: WP. I 127 f., Feist 295, WH. I 677.
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ēpi-
English meaning: comrade
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gefährte, Kamerad, traut”
Note:
The original root was Root ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp- : “to take, grab, reach, *give ” > Root ēpi- :
“comrade ” > Root ai-3 : “to give”.
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Gheg nep (*na ep ) “give us (*take) ” : Hitt. e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi )
“take”, 3. pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi ) : Gk. ἅπτω “ give a hand. [see above]
Material: O.Ind. üpí- “friend, ally “, üpyam “friendship , companionship ”;
Gk. ἤπιος “ friendly, mild; helping ”.
Perhaps to *epi “ near, to there , ἐπί “, so that * ēpi-s (and *ēpi-os) would have meant “the
helpful companions close to a rest station “, from which also “ trust, rely on, have
confidence in “.
To ἤπιος from Gk. still ἠπάομαι originally (?) “ heal” (compare ἤπια φάρμακα πάσσειν)
and out of it “ join two sides of a wound or incision using stitches or the like , patch, piece
up”?
References: WP. I 121 f.
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ē̆reb(h)-, ō̆rob(h)-
English meaning: a kind of dark colour
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for dunkelrötliche, bräunliche Farbtöne
Material: Gk. ὀρφνός “ dusky, dim, dour, gloomy, dark ” (ὄρφος “ a dark-tinted sea fish “?);
for growing pale the real color meaning Rozwadowski Eos 8, 99 f. in Russ. rjabinóvaja nočь
“cloudy, stormy night ”, as Hom. ὀρφναίη νύξ;
with dissimilation reduction of the first -r- Alb.-ligur.-Celt.-Gmc. eburo - “ rowan, mountain
ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles “:
in Alb.-Gheg ber-sh-e m. “yew” (*ebur -isio- , with collective suffix), ligur. PN Eburelianus
saltus , gallorom. eburos “yew” (in many PN and PN), O.Ir. ibar m. “yew”, also as PN, Welsh
efwr “ acanthocephala, class of parasitic worms which have rows of thorn-like hooks “,
M.H.G. eberboum , Ger. Eber -esche ;
O.Ice. iarpr “brown”, O.H.G. erpf “ dark, swarthy, dusky; husky; hoarse “ (often in FlN),
O.E. eorp “ swart, black, dark “; therefrom O.Ice. iarpi “ hazel grouse “ and N.Ger. erpel “
drake, male duck “ (in contrast to brighter females); with full grade the 2. syllable O.H.G.
repa- , reba-huon , Swe. rapp-höna “ partridge, game bird “ < M.L.G. raphōn ;
Ltv. ir̃be in meža ir̃be “ hazel grouse “, lauka-ir̃be “ partridge, game bird “ (see above
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin, Ltv.-D. Wb. I 708 f.; barely Slav. loanword as Lith. íerbë ėrube ̃ ,
jėrube ̃ , jėrublė̃ “ hazel grouse “, compare Clr. jarubéć );
Slav. with nasalization: mbg. jerębь , R.C.S. jaŕabь , *jeŕabь , Ser.-Cr. jȁrêb etc. “ partridge,
game bird “, named from the color, as Clr. oŕábyna , orobūná , Sloven. jerebíka , Cz. jeřáb
etc. “ rowan berry “; without anlaut. vowel Russ. rjabój “ dappled, dotted, spotted “ (compare
above rjabinóvaja nočь , O.Bulg. rębъ, Russ. rjábka “ partridge, game bird “, rjabína “ rowan
tree “, rjábčik “ hazel grouse “, etc.).

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from here also LateO.N. raf n. “ amber, yellowish brown color “, O.Ice. refr “fox” as “the
red “? But probably here O.Ice. arfr “ox” etc. as “the rubiginous, rust-colored, reddish-brown
“.
compare Specht Decl. 115 f., it derived from a color root er-; s. also rei-, reu-b- “ striped
in different colors, multicolored; dappled “; to b : bh s. Specht 261 f.
References: WP. I 146, Jokl Symb. gramm. Rozwadowski II 242 f., Trautmann 104 f.
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ē̆s-r̥(gʷ) ( gen. es-n-és)
English meaning: blood
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Blut”
Grammatical information: older r/n-stem
Material: O.Ind. ásr̥k, ásr̥t, gen. asnáḥ “blood”, asr̥jü RV. 3, 8, 4, nachved. asra- n. ds.;
Arm. ariun “blood” (*esr̥-);
Gk. poet. ἔαρ, εἰ̃αρ (ἦαρ Hes.) “blood” (probably Proto-Gk. * ἦαρ with ders. lengthened
grade as ἦπαρ; s.Schulze Qunder ep. 165 f.);
aLat. aser (asser ), assyr “blood”, assarütum “ drink from the mixed wine and blood “
(probably aser with simple s; compare WH. I 72);
Ltv. asins “blood” (*es en-?), pl. asinis ; compare in addition Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 14,
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 143;
Toch. A ysür;
Hitt. e-eš-ḫar (esḫar), gen. esḫanasal.
References: WP. I 162, WH. I 72, 849, Meillet Esquisse2 39.
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ē̆s-
English meaning: to sit
Deutsche Übersetzung: (nur medial) ‘sitzen”
Material: O.Ind. ǘstē, Av. üste “he sits” (= Gk. Att. ἧσται ds.), E.Iran. üs-, 3. pl. O.Ind. ǘsatē
(== Gk. Hom. εἵαται , lies ἥαται ), Av. ü̊ŋhǝntē , Gk. Infin. ἥσθαι , participle ἥμενος , secondary
Att. κάθηται , inverse ἧσμαι ; the Asper after ἑδ- (*sed-)? Hitt. Med. e-ša (esa) ‘sits”, e-ša-ri
(esari ) ds., Infin. a-ša-an-na (asanna ) etc., perhaps zero grade a-ša-ši “ places, sits “;
hierogl.-Hitt. es- ‘sit”.
References: WP. II 486, Schwyzer Gk. I 679 f., Couvreur H ̯ 99 f., Pedersen Hitt. 91, 101,
104, 110.
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ēter-
English meaning: intestines
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eingeweide ”
Material: Gk. Hom. ἦτορ n. “heart” (gen. μεγαλ -ήτορος etc., Eol. form for *ētr̥, *ἦταρ ); ἦτρον
“belly, lower abdomen ”;
O.N. ǣðr f. “vein” (*ēter; through misinterpretation of -r transferred as nominative *- z in
the i-Decl. , dat. acc. ǣði, pl. ǣdir, ǣðar ), O.E. ǣdre , ǣder f. “vein”, pl. also “ kidneys ”,
O.H.G. üd(a)ra, M.H.G. üder, üdre “vein, sinew; pl. intestines, entrails “, with inn(a) “ inside
“, clustered together anfränk. inn-ēthron gl. “fat, lard, grease; intestine fat ”, O.S. ūt-
innüthrian “disembowel, remove the entrails from ”, besides an older composition with in “in”
and stress shift * ō in O.H.G. (with suffix exchange) inuodili “ intestine, entrails “;
the fact that also O.Ir. inathar “ intestine, entrails “ are deducible from * en-ōtro-, is but
barely doubtful; it would have received * enathar (from * en-ōtro-) through influence of the
preposition in- being i ; about O.Welsh permed -interedou gl. “that part of the abdomen
which extends from the loWest ribs to the pubes , the groin , flank”, M.Corn. en-eder- en “ the
chief internal organs of the body, significant organs “ s. Loth RC 42, 369; M.Corn. - eder-
could go back to *-ōtro-, against which O.Welsh word could belong to preposition * enter .
from here Av. xvüϑra- “ moments of joy, cheerfulness, contentment “ as *su-ütra-?
References: WP. I 117, Schwyzer Gk. I 519, Meillet E ́ t . 167 f., Specht Decl. 81.
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ētī-
English meaning: diver
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eidergans ”?
Note: Root ētī- : “diver” derived from the abbreviated Root anǝt- : “duck”
Material: old N.. ǣðr f. (gen. ǣðar ), ǣðarfugl , out of it Eng. Dutch Ger. eider , Nor. ærfugl
(and æfugl ); Swe. åda, dial. åd “eider duck ”. Perhaps with O.Ind. ütí-, ütī “ a water-bird “ in
connection to present. However, see under anǝt- “ duck “ (see 41 f.).
References: WP. I 118, Kluge14 s. v. Eider .
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ēt-mén-
English meaning: breath, *soul, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hauch, Atem ”
Material: O.Ind. ütma ́ n -, gen. ütma ́ nah ̣ m. “breath, breeze, soul ”;
O.E. ǣðm m., O.S. üthum “breeze, breath ”, O.H.G. üdhmōt (Isid.) “ flat “, otherwise in
O.H.G. m. gramm. variation ütum (= üdum Isid.) m. “breath”, Ger. Atem and (with dial. о
from a) Odem.
from here Ir. athach (*ǝt-üko-) “breath, breeze, wind ”?
References: WP. I 118.
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ētro-
English meaning: hurried, swift
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rasch, heftig ”?
Note:
Root ētro- : “hurried, swift ” derived from Root üt(e)r - : “fire”
Material: O.H.G. ütar (*ētro ́-) “keen-scented; acute, sharp, perceptive , swift, fleet, quick,
speedy”, O.E. ǣdre “immediately, forthwith, at once, right away, instantly, now , fully, totally,
completely ”, O.Fris. ēdre, O.S. üdro ds., O.Ice. üðr “early, matutinal, before, previously, in
the preceding time, at an earlier time ” one places (in ablaut) to Ltv. ãtrs “rash, hasty, violent,
stormy, hot tempered ” (*ütro -), Lith. dial. otu “quick, fast ”, Ltv. ãtri adv. ds., ãtrumã “in the
haste, hurry, in the heat ”; N.Lith. ãtrus “violent, stormy, hot tempered, irascible, irritable ”,
ütrē(i) adv. ds. and “quick, fast ” could be borrowed from Ltv. .
The supposed ablaut ē : ü nevertheless, is doubtful lengthened grade; also the vocalism
of Toch. A atär, В etär “hero”, whether correct, is unclear; compare Van Windekens Lexique
23; Balt forms could moreover belong to üt(e)r - “fire” (above S. 69).
References: WP. I 118, Trautmann 203, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 245.
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ēudh -, ōudh -, ūdh -
English meaning: udder
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Euter”
Grammatical information: r/n-stem; O.Ind. occasional forms of -es- stem (secondary?),
Slav. men- stem.
Material: O.Ind. ū́dhar (and ūdhas ) n., gen. ūdhna ́ h ̣ “udder”;
Gk. οὖθαρ, οὖθατος (α = -n̥) “udder”;
Lat. ūber, -eris n. “ a teat, pap, dug, udder, suckling brost; fullness, wealth ” (ūbertüs
“richness, fulness ”; out of it ūber adj. “rich, fertile ” inferred after paupertas : pauper );
O.H.G. dat. ūtrin, M.H.G. ūter, iuter, Swiss ūtǝr, O.S. O.E. ūder n. “udder”, next to which
the changing by ablaut * ēudhr - in O.Ice. ju(g)r ds. and O.S. ieder , O.Fris. iüder ds.;
Lith. ūdruo ́ -ju, -ti “ udders , be pregnant ”;
Slav. *vymę in Cz. vūmě, Ser.-Cr. vȉme “udder” (*ūdh-men-);
Note:
Wrong etymology as Slav. like Illyr. -Balt use prothetic v- before bare initial vowels. besides
-m- < -mb-, -b- common Alb. phonetic mutation, hence, a reduced Lat. uber “udder” > Slav.
vymę
probably as “the swelling, the swollen ”, compare Russ. úditь or údětь “to bloat, bulge,
swell”, also perhaps the volsk. FlN Oufens, Ufens.
References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 334, Schwyzer Gk. I 518.
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gag-, gōg -
English meaning: a round object
Deutsche Übersetzung: “etwas Rundes, Klumpiges ”
Note: word the Kindersprache
Material: Ice. kaka “cake”, Nor. and Swe. kaka ‘small, round and flaches bread ”, Dan. kage
“ cake” (Gmc. *kakan- ), wherefore the diminutive O.E. cicel, cycel “ small cake ” (Eng. cake
is N.. loanword) and changing through ablaut Nor. kōk “clump”, Swe. koka “ clod, clod of
earth”, M.L.G. kōke , O.H.G. kuocho (Gmc. * kōkan -) “round bread, cake ”, in addition the
diminutives O.E. cæ ̄ cil , cēcil and O.H.G. kuocheli(n) “ small cake ”;
Maybe Alb. kokë “round object, head ”
Lith. gúogė “ cabbage head, head, thick skull “, guogìngas “ mit Kopf versehen “, guogióti
“ Köpfe ansetzen (vom Kohl) “ .
From Gmc. *kakan- derive finn. kakko , lapp. gakko “ cake”, finn. kakkara “clod of earth,
lump of earth, bread ”;
about prov. katal. coca “ cake” (N.Ger. Lw.) s. Meyer- Lũbke3 4734.
References: WP. I 530 f., Kluge11 333.
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gal-1
English meaning: bald; naked, *callow (without feathers)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kahl, nackt ”
Note:
Root gal-1 : “bald; naked ” derived from Root koi-lo- : “naked; miserable ”.
Material: O.H.G. kalo (*kalu̯a -), inflectional kalwēr , M.H.G. kal “naked, bald, bleak ”, O.E.
calu, Eng. callow “naked, bald, bleak, callow ”; O.H.G. calua “ baldness, a bald spot “;
Ltv. gàla, gàle f. (lengthened grade) “ thin ice cover, glazed frost , ice “, gü ̀ ls “ ice-smooth
“;
akl. golъ “naked”, Sloven. gòɫ, Russ. góɫyi “bald, bleak, naked ”, Cz. holū ds., holek “
beardless fellow “, holka “girl”, etc.; in addition Church Slavic golotь f. “ice”, Cz. holot , Russ.
góɫotь f. “ ice, icing, glazing “;
Bal.-Slav. *galu̯ü f. “head” in:
Ltv. gal̂va f., Lith. galvà (acc. gálvą) f. “head (substantive adj.) ”,
O.Pruss. gallū , acc. galwan ds.; Lith. galvótas “ köpfig “ (= Ser.-Cr. glàvat );
O.C.S. glava “head”, Ser.-Cr. gláva (acc. glâvu ), Russ. goɫová (acc. góɫovu); Ser. -Cr.
glàvat “ having a large head “, Cz. hlavatū “ köpfig “ ;
Balt and slaw. intonation ( gálvą : góɫovu) do not agree; compare Meillet Slave commun2
183, 503; Balt pushed intonation spoke after Trautmann 77 rather for kinship with Arm. ġlu-
x “head” from *ghōlu -ko- (Meillet Esquisse 36); then however, Gmc. words must be
observed as Lat. Lw. (from calvus ).
References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 596
f., Specht Decl. 85, 132.
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gal-2
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien ”
Material: 1. Welsh galw “call, shout, cry , subpoena, send an invitation to court, summon ”,
M.Bret. galu “call, appeal; claim, summons; plea ” (*gal-u̯o-), M.Ir. gall “fame, glory, honor “
(*gal-no-s; covered only doubtfully), probably also gall ‘swan”;
O.C.S. glagolją , glagolati (*gal-gal-) ‘speak”, glagolъ “word”, Russ. gologólitь “chatter,
joke, jest, tell a funny tale “; perhaps O.Ind. gargara- ḥ “ a certain music instrument “ (=
O.C.S. glagolъ , if with r from IE l, Meillet E ́ t . 229; or to * ger- or *gʷer -, what in alignment
these onomatopoeic words are not closed, compare from still from one more such O.Ind.
gharghara- “ rattling, clashing , gargling, gurgling; m. din, fuss, noise ”).
2. gal-so- in:
Osset. ɣalas “ φωνή “, O.C.S. glasъ , Russ. gólosъ “voice”, Lith. galsas “echo “, O.N. kall
n. “ the calls “, whereof kalla “call, shout, cry, sing ”, O.E. callian (Eng. call) ds., O.H.G.
kallōn “ speak, babble, chatter a lot and loudly “, with - ll- from -lz-, next to which - ls- in O.N.
kalls n. “provocation, incitation, irritation ”.
from Lat. gallus “rooster, cock ” (only afterwards supported in the Gaul ’s name)
vorderO.S. Lw., also as Gk. κάλλαιον “ a cock’s comb “?
Maybe Alb. gjel “rooster, cock ”
In addition perhaps as extensions, but rather independent onomatopoeic words:
3. glag-:
Gk. γλάζω “ lets a song resound “ (*γλαγι̯ω );
O.N. klaka “chirp, twitter ”, O.E. clacu f. “insult”, further plural with function in “resounding,
roaring, banging blow ” M.H.G. klac “applause, clapping of the hands , slam, bang, strike,

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noise, crack ”, klecken “ meet, break, crack with a bang “, Eng. clack “clatter, rattle, clash,
chat, prate ”, O.N. klakk-sürr “ injurious, malign, pernicious “, and m. d. meaning “ make
move, put into motion slapping, tattling , splotch, stain; smear “ M.H.G. klac also “ splash,
splotch, stain , blob, spot, blot “, M.L.G. klacken “ make blot, splash, splotch, stain “ (Ger.
klecksen , Klecks = N.Ger. klakks ), O.N. klakkr “ blot, splash, splotch, stain, clump, cloudlet,
cloudling, small cloud “;
4. gal-gh-, g(a)lagh- “ lament , wail, scold, chide ”:
O.Ind. garhati, - te, ved. 3. pl. gr̥hatē “ complains, reproves, rebukes “, garhü “reprimand ”,
gr̥hú- “ beggar, mendicant “, Av. gǝrǝzaiti “ complains, cries, wails “, Osset. ɣärzun “groan,
moan”, Av. grǝza , Pers. gila “ lament”;
O.H.G. klaga “ lament”, klagōn “ wail “;
Maybe Alb.Gheg ( *klagōn ) klanj , Tosc qanj “ wail “
M.Ir. glüm “clamor, curse, swear word, evil proclamation “ (*glagh-smü);
5. nasalized glengh - : O.H.G. klingan “ring, sound, clink ” (without close connection to Lat.
clangor , Gk. κλαγγή ‘sound”), next to which with Gmc. “thin, fine; delicate; weak, feeble ”
O.H.G. klinkan ds., Eng. clink, Swe. klinka “ clink “.
In Gmc. furthermore *kalt- , *klat- , *klap- , e.g. M.H.G. kalzen , kelzen “ babble, chatter ”;
O.Fris. kaltia ‘speak”; O.E. clatrian “clatter, rattle, clash ”, Ger. Klatz ‘smirch, stain, splotch,
smear “, bekletzen ; O.N. klapp n. ‘sound of a kiss; sound of a lash; gossip, rumors, blow,
knock”, O.H.G. klapf m. “gossip, slam, bang, strike, blow, knock, shove “.
References: WP. I 538 f., WH. I 580 f., Trautmann 77.
See also: compare the similar to onomatopoeic words ghel-, kel -.
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gal-3 or ghal-
English meaning: to be able
Deutsche Übersetzung: “können”
Material: Welsh gallu “ to be able, can be able “, Corn. gallos “power”, Bret. gallout “ to be
able “ (ll < ln), Ir. gal f. “ braveness, boldness, courageousness “, O.Bret. gal “ skill, ability,
power “; O.Ir. dī-gal f., Welsh dial, Corn. dyal “ revenge, vengeance “; gallorom. *galia “
power “ (Wartburg); in addition Celt. VN Galli, Γαλάται;
Note:
The name VN Galli, Gk. Γαλάται, Keltoi seem synonymous as Keltoi is an attribute noun
modelled after Illyr. adj. (see Alb. numbers).
Galatea
[Greek] One of the Nereids, and the beloved of Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. She was also
loved by Polyphemus, who killed Acis with a boulder in jealousy. From his blood, Galatea
created the river Acis on Sicily.
Goliath
giant Philistine warrior killed by a stone from David ’s sling (Biblical); giant.
Lith. galiù , galė́ti “ to be able, galià , gãlios “fortune, ability, capacity, power ”, ne-gãlė f. “
indisposition, minor illness “;
with unclear formation R.C.S. golěmъ “big, large, high ”, Bulg. golěḿ “big, large, high,
wide”, Ser.-Cr. gȍlijemno “big, large ”, O.Cz. holemū “big, large ”, Ser.-Cr. gòlem “big, large ”,
Russ. dial. goljamyj “high, mager ” and adv. galjamo “much, a lot of, very ” (further by
Berneker 320 and Trautmann 77).
References: WP. I 539 f., Trautmann 77.
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gan(dh) -
English meaning: vessel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gefäß” ?
Note: Only Celt. (?) and Gmc.
Material: M.Ir. gann (*gandhn- or *gandh -) “vessel” (very doubtful covered: Stokes BB. 19,
82);
Ice. kani “ vessel with a handle, bowl (poet.), Nor. dial. kane “ a bowl with a handle “,
Swe. dial. kana “ sled “, Dan. kane “ sled “ (older Dan. also “boat”), M.L.G. kane “boat”
(from which O.S. kani “boat”), Dutch kaan ‘small boat, barge ” (from dem N.Ger. derives also
Ger. Kahn , s. Kluge EWb. s. v., v. Bahder, Wortwahl 30); with it changing through ablaut
O.Ice. kæ ̄ na “kind of boat ”; in addition further(< * gandhnü ) O.N. kanna , aschw. kanna , Dan.
kande , O.E. canne , and. kanna , O.H.G. channa “ carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase “,
from which is borrowed late Lat. canna; from fränk. kanna also prov. cana “ measure of
capacity “, afr. channe “ carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase “, s. Meyer- Lũbke 1596,
Gamillscheg EWb. d. Franz. 168; besides O.H.G. chanta , canneta, fränk. cannada “ carafe,
glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase “ (< gandhü ).
Maybe Alb. kanë “carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ”.
References: WP. I 535, WH. I 154.
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gang -
English meaning: to mock
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spotten, höhnen”
Note:
Root gang- : “to mock” derived from the onomatopoeic duplication of Root gha gha, ghe
ghe, ghi ghi : “to cackle (of geese) ”.
Material: O.Ind. gañja -ḥ “ disdain, contempt , derision, ridicule ”, gañjana -ḥ “ scornful,
ridiculing , mocking”;
Gk. γαγγαίνειν τὸ μετὰ γέλωτος προσπαίζειν Hes.;
O.E. canc under ge-canc “ derision, ridicule, reprimand ” (= O.Ind. gañja -ḥ), cancettan “
mock “, O.N. kangen-yrðe “ mocking words ” (O.E. cincung “ loud laughter “, Eng. dial. kink “
laugh loudly “ has expressives i, as Ger. kichern etc.);
perhaps belongs Ir. geōin “clamor, din, fuss, noise, pleasure, joy, mockery, jeering “ here,
if from * ganksni- , older * gang -sni-; M.Ir. gēim “ bellowing, braying, roar “, gēssim “cry”,
gēsachtach “peacock” could then also belong to it .
The family seems originally onomatopoeic coloring. Similar to onomatopoeic words are
O.Ind. gúñjati “ buzzes, hums “, Gk. γογγρύζειν “ grunt, snort “, LateGk. γογγύζω “ grumble,
coo “, O.C.S. gǫgъnivъ “ speaking heavily “, Russ. gugnati (old) “mumble, murmur ”, gugnjá
“ stammerer, stutterer “, Pol. gęgać , gęgnać “ gaggle, cackle “ (from the goose), etc. Lat.
ganniō “ to bark, snarl, growl “ is probably independent onomatopoeic word formatIon.
Maybe expressive Alb. gagac “ stammerer, stutterer “, gogësinj “belch, burp ”, gugat “to sing
(pigeon, dove).
References: WP. I 535, WH. I 582 f.
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garǝg ̂ -
English meaning: grim, grievous
Deutsche Übersetzung: “grauenvoll; Grauen ”
Material: Arm. karcr “hard”, karcem “I dread, believe ”;
Gk. γοργός “ grim, fierce, terrible , wild ”, Γοργώ “bugbear, spectre, bogeyman ”,
γοργου̃σθαι “ become wild (from horses, i.e. get a fright), to be hot or spirited “, γοργώψ,
γοργωπό ς “ looking terribly “ (Gk. words assimilated from *γαργό -??);
O.Ir. garg, gargg “rough, wild ”;
on the other hand M.Ir. grüin “ ugliness , disgust, repulsion, loathing , fear, shyness “
(*gragnis ), gründa (*gragnodi̯os ) “ugly”, Welsh graen “mourning, grief, distress; hideous ”;
Lith. gražo ́ ju , gražo ́ ti “ threaten “, Ltv. gražuo ̂ t “ grumble, rumble, be wilful “, gręzuôt
“threaten” (to Ltv. e from a following r s. Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 36 f.);
O.C.S. groza “ horror, dismay , shudder, shiver “, Ser.-Cr. gròzá , Pol. groza ds., Russ.
grozá “threat, austereness, severeness, thunder-storm, violent weather “, Church Slavic
groziti “threaten”, Sloven. groziti , Pol. grozić , Russ. grozitь ds.; gróznyj “terrible, cruel,
savage”.
References: WP. I 537, Trautmann 95, Leumann Homer. Wörter 154 f.
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gāu-
English meaning: to rejoice; to swagger
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich freuen, sich freudig brũsten”
Material: Gk. γηθέω , Dor. γᾱθέω “to rejoice “ (from *γᾱFεθέω = Lat. gaudeō ), γήθομαι , Dor.
γά̄θομαι ds., perf. γέγηθα , Dor. γέγᾱθα “ be pleased, rejoice “; i̯ṓ-present γαίω (*γᾰF-ι̯ω) “ I
am pleased “; present with ne-Infix ( IE *ga-né-u-mi) in γάνυμαι “ to brighten up “, wherefore
γανυρός “cheerful”, as well as as secondary formations with γαν- as stem γάνος “
brightness, sheen: gladness, joy, pride “, γανάω “ shimmer, glimmer, gleam, sparkle “, etc.,
Ion. διη-γανές λαμπρόν ; ἀγανός “ mild, gentle, kindly “; γαῦρος ‘stout, proud (boasting),
exulting i n “, γαύρηξ “ swaggerer, bragger “, γαυριάω “be minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent
“, γαυρόω “make minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent “ (ἀγαυρός “ stately, proud “ seems
hybridization with ἀγαυός “ illustrious, noble “ [*ἀγαF-σός], ἄγᾱν “very” [*αγαFᾱν]);
Lat. gaudeō (*güu ̯-edh-ei̯ō) “ to rejoice, be glad, be joyful, take pleasure, be pleased,
delight “, gaudium “ inward joy, joy, gladness, delight “;
Maybe Alb. gëzim (*gaudium ) “pleasure, joy ” : Dor. γᾱθέω “to rejoice “.
M.Ir. gūaire “noble” (*gauri̯os );
reconverted Lith. džiaugiu ́ os “ to rejoice “ (from *gaudžiu ́ os );
after Pedersen (Toch. 109) here Toch. В küw- “ lust, desire, crave; seek after “, küwo “
lust, desire, crave; seek after “, A küwas ds., küwälte “beautiful ”.
References: WP. I 529, WH. I 584.
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geid-
English meaning: to tickle, stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen, kitzeln ”?
Note: (“popular saying ”)
Material: Arm. kitak “prick, sting, point “, kitvac “ embroidery “, kcem “ itch, tickle “ (*gidi̯ō ),
kcanem (Aor. kic) “ sting, bite “; O.Ice. kitla, O.E. citelian (through metathesis Eng. tickle ),
O.S. kitilōn , M.L.G. ketelen , O.H.G. kizzilōn “ tickle “, kuzzilōn (with expressive variation i :
u).
Maybe Alb. gicilonj, gudulis “ tickle “.
References: WP. I 552 f.
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geiĝ-
English meaning: to prick, bite
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen, beißen”
Material: Osset. änɣezun “ferment, leaven, sour “ (urIran. * ham gaizaya -), WestOsset. ɣizun
“ become cold, freeze “;
Arm. kc-anem , Aor. 3. sg. e-kic “prick, bite ”, kc-u “bitter, rancid ”;
O.Ir. gēr ‘sharp, sour ” (*giĝ-ro-);
Lith. gìžti “ become sour “, gaižu ̀ s , gižu ̀ s “ rancid, bitter, grumpy, surly, sullen “, gaĩžti “
become bitter “;
about Alb. gjizë “Ziger, cheese ” s. rather Jokl IE Jahrb. 18, 152.
References: Lidén KZ . 61, 1 ff.
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gei-
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen ”?
Note: Only in Root extensions:
Material: O.Ind. jihmá -ḥ “ crooked, cunning, deceitful, slant, skew, slantwise, crosswise
recumbent, stoopedly, squinting “; different above S. 222;
O.Ice. keikr “ with crooked back, with high head and shoulders ”, Nor. keik ds., keik m. “
bend, turning, crookedness, dislocation, luxation “, O.Ice. keikia “ bend the upper part of the
body backward “, O.Ice. kikna “ bend backward “, Dan. kei, keitet “ left hand “.
geibh - :
Lat. gibber “ crook-backed , hunch-backed , hump-backed, protuberant “. gibber , -is m. “
hump, hunchback , hunch “, gibbus “ a hunch, hump “ (with expressive Gemination from
*gībus );
Nor. dial. keiv ‘slant, skew, twiddled, twisted , upside down, reversed “, keiva “left hand ”,
keiv, keiva “unskillful , clumsy person “;
Lith. geibùs “clumsy, unadept, unskillful “, geibstù , geĩbti “ become weak, collapse, perish
“; in addition with Anlaut variant gu̯ after Trautmann KZ. 42, 372: Lith. gvaibstù , gvaĩbti “
become senseless, unconscious , swoon, faint, blackout “, intens. gváibėti ?; Ltv. (with
dissimilation reduction of u̯ before b, or borrowing from Lithuanian ? s. Mũhlenbach -Endzelin
I 582, 695, 698) ǵibstu , ǵibt “ sink, fall, bend down “, ǵèibstu , ǵèibt “ perish, die ”, ǵeĩba “
dizziness, giddiness; swindle, clumsy, weak pers on”, gaĩba “ foolish woman “.
geim - :
Nor. dial. keima “bend askew , hold the head askew, swing, bin und her schweben “, kima
“ turn, sway (with joy) “.

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geis- :
O.Ice. keisa “bend, crook ”, PN Kīsi, Ice. keis “round belly ”, Nor. dial. keis “movement,
curvature “, kīs “ hump, hunchback “, Swe. kesa “ flee in wild escape “, Swe. Nor. dial. kīsa “
squint, leer, cross one ’s eyes, blink ”. In addition further with gramm. variation O.Fris. kēra,
O.S. kērian , kierian , O.H.G. kēran “ turn, twist “ (wherefore the retrograde formation kēr and
kēra “ turn, circular movement, spin “), M.H.G. kēren , Ger. kehren , Swiss chīren “ nach einer
Seite neigen “. (Different about kēran Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 296, it with Arm. cir “ circle “
combined, wherefore Petersson PBrB. 44, 178 still placed Osset. zīlin, zelun “ slue, turn,
turn around reverse “.)
Here also with Petersson LUA 1922, 2, 39 ff. Arm. kikel “crook, bend ” (to * kik <
*gisu̯o ??), and Russ. dial. žíchatь , zíchatьsja “ bend, give way, yield to, sway “, žichljatь “
make something stagger “?
References: WP. I 545 f., Persson Beitr. 83 ff., WH. I 597.
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gelebh -
English meaning: to plane, flay
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schaben, schabend aushöhlen, hobeln” (“geglättete Stange,
Balken”)
Material: Gk. γλάφω “ to scrape up , carve from ”, γλάφυ n. “ hollow, cavern ”, γλαφυρό ς “
hollow, hollowed “;
Slav. *globiti in Pol. wy-gɫobić (*globh -), imperfect -gɫabiać “hollow out ”, Sloven. glǫ́b-am
(-ljem ), -ati “hollow out; repair; gnaw “, Bulg. glob m. “ eye socket “; Russ. globà “crossbar,
crossbeam, long shaft, pole ”, iterative Serb. glȁb-âm, -ati (*gḷbh-) “ gnaw “; here perhaps
after Machek (Slavia 16, 199 f.) as nasalized form O.Bulg. glǫbokъ “deep” and with
expressive ch- O.Bulg. chlębь f. “depth, abyss “.
Beside these words leading back to IE *glü ̆̆bh - or in IE *globh- : gl̥bh- stands with it under
*gelebh-, gelobh- compatible *gelbh- , *golbh - in O.C.S. žle ̌ bъ , Russ. žolob etc. “ crib,
manger, gully ”, Russ. želobítь , Sloven. žle ̨ biti “ groove, make furrows or channels “,
and gallorom. gulbia f. “ chisel “, O.Ir. gulban (*gulbīno -) ‘sting, prick, bill, beak ”, O.Bret.
golbina “ having a beak, hooked, with a crooked point, beaked, with a curved front “,
O.Welsh gilb “ punch, piercer “, gilbin “ a point “, Welsh gylf, -in, -ant “bill, beak ”, O.Corn.
geluin “ a beak, bill, snout, muzzle, mouth “ (IE *golbh-).
References: WP. I 630, WH. I 625, Trautmann 90.
See also: compare though also under gleubh- .
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gel(ǝ) -3
English meaning: cold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kalt, frieren ”
Material: Lat. gelū (also gelus , -ūs and gelum , -ī) “coldness, frost ”, gelidus “cold”, gelō, -üre
“ congeal, freeze “; Osc. γελαν “πάχνην” (Steph. Byz.);
Gk. γελανδρόν ψυχρόν Hes. is perhaps incorrect according to (WH. I 867); gallorom.
*gelandron “frost” (Hubschmied VRom. 3, 130) is better with Bertoldi (ZrPh. 56, 187) and
Wartburg (see v. *gelandron ) through influence of Lat. gelū on gallorom. *calandron ds. to
explain (with mediterr. ending), to O.Ir. caile “(white) spot “; again different Specht Decl.
130; about gallorom. *gelabria “frost” s. Wartburg s. v. *calabra and gelabria ; Hubschmid
Praeromanica 18 ff.
about Lat. glacies see under;
O.N. kala, kōl “be cold, freeze “ (uPers. m. acc. mik kelr ), O.E. calan ds. ( hine orhim
cælÞ “ it freezes “) with a through reshuffling of a Kaus. *kaljan = *golei̯ō “make cold ”,
whence also the iM.Pers. construction with acc. ; O.E. ciele m. (nEng. chill) from * kali
“coldness ”; as a participle furthermore Goth. kalds , O.H.G. (etc.) kalt, Ger. kalt (in addition
O.N. kelda from *kaltiōn - “ fountain, well, source of water “, finn. Lw. kaltio ; with ablaut, due
to the older form *kul-da- of participle, O.N. kuldi m. = M.L.G. kũlde f. “coldness ”);
lengthened grade O.E. cōl, O.H.G. kuoli, Ger. kũhl, whereof O.E. cēlan , O.H.G. kuolen ,
Ger. kũhlen , O.N. kø ̄ la ds., zero grade O.N. kul (kol) n. “ chill breeze “, kylr m. “coldness ”;
with broken Redupl. IE *gla-g- (the base seems to have also been *gelǝ -), O.N. klaki m.
“frozen earth ’s crust “, wherewith Lat. glacies “ice” is to be connected under the
assumption, that *glagiēs was reshaped after aciēs (and other words in -aciēs );

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here also Swiss challen “ solidify, congeal (from fat) ”, O.E. cealer , calwer m. “ thick milk ”,
M.L.G. keller ds. (‘solidification “ is at first cooling off, e.g. from fat); O.H.G. chalawa , M.H.G.
kalwe “ shudder, shiver “, probably originally “ shiver before showers as before cold “; after
Machek (Slavia 16, 195) perhaps here with expressive ch- O.C.S. chladъ “coolness ,
coldness ” (*gol-do-).
References: WP. I 622, WH. I 585 f., 603, 867 f.
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gel-1
English meaning: “to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball, fathom, arm ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ballen, sich ballen; Gerundetes, Kugeliges ” etc
Material: evidence for the unadjusted root form are seldom and partly very doubtful:
O.Ind. gula-ḥ, gulī (Lex.), gulikü “ball, sphere , pearl “, gúlma - m., n. ‘swelling, lump,
tumor, growth, bush ” (to - ul- before Kons. s. Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 30); with n-suffix
O.Ind. guṇikü (Lex.) ‘swelling, lump, growth ”;
Gk. redupl. γαγγλίον n. ‘swelling, lump, growth, tumor, pearl “;
Lat. galla f. “ a gall -apple, gall-nut, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp “ as “ spherical outgrowth “ from * gel-nü or *gol-nü; out of it borrowed O.E. gealla ,
gealloc , Ger. “ nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the gall wasp “;
Alb. gogëlë “ball, sphere ; nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp “ (*gel-gal-nü);
older Du. kal “ core in apples and pears “; Swe. dial. kalm “ cairn, pile of stones set up as
a memorial or mark of some kind “;
O.C.S. žьly (žely) “ulcer”, Bulg. želka “gland, swelling, lump, growth ”, Russ. žolvь , žolvu ́ j,
želvak ‘swelling, blister ”, Cz. žluna , žluva ‘swelling, lump, growth ”, Clr. žola ́ “groundnut,
peanut, goober “; Pol. gleń, glon “clump, piece of bread ”.
A. guttural extensions:
gel-ĝ-:
Gk. γέλγῑς f., gen. γέλγīθος (also γέλγιος and -ιδος) “head of garlic ”, pl. γέλγεις “ the
cloves of garlic ” (if not because of ἄγλῑς , -ῑθος “ clove of garlic, head of garlic made up of
separate cloves “ = *ἁ-γλῑθ- “from nodule parts, cloves clustered together “ from redupl .
*γελ-γλῑθ- dissimilated; yet compare also:) O.Ind. gr̥ñja -ḥ, gr̥ñjana-ḥ “kind of garlic “,

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perhaps also Gk. γέλγη pl. “ antiquities “ (if perhaps “ round products, little nodules “,
compare Ger. Kurzwaren );
Swe. kälk “ marrow in wood ” (“marrow globules “), M.Eng. kelkes “eggs of fish”, colk,
colke “ apple core “.
The consecutive only Gmc. (and Celt.?) word groups ( IE gleĝ-, gloĝ-?) make no IE
impression with their expressive intensification and nasalization, so
glek- in O.N. kleggi (*klagjan -) “ haycock, haystack “, nasalized Ger. dial. (siebenbg.)
heu-kling, kläng “ haycock, haystack “, klang, klinge “ gravelly shallow place in the river,
sandbank ”; O.E. clingan “ contract, shrink “, Eng. cling “ cling, stick; adhere “, O.N.
klengiask “ auf jemand eindringen “ (“*cling “), M.H.G. klingen “ climb, ascend, go up, mount
“ (with consonant-sharpening Ger. dial. klinken “ cling “), O.H.G. klinga , Ger. Klinge “narrow
gorge, ravine, gulch, gully, canyon “, wherefore with gramm. variation (also IE *gle-n-k- )
Eng. clough (= O.E. *clōh from * klanh- ) “ steep gully, canyon, gorge “, O.H.G. Clüh-uelde ;
O.H.G. klunga “ ball (of thread, yarn), tangle, knot “, Dimin. klungilīn , Ger. Klũngel ds., Swe.
klunga “ congested heap, mass “, klänga “ climb, ascend “, O.N. klungr (*klung- ra-, -ru-) “
thornbush , rosehip, dog rose “;
with Gmc. -k- (partly IE g, partly Gmc. consonant-sharpening) O.N. klaki “frozen earth ’s
crust “, klakkr “ lumps, wool lumps, blot, cloudlet, small cloud “, M.H.G. klak “ spot, blot “;
O.E. clyccan “ pack, grapple, grasp “ (Eng. clutch ), to O.Fris. kletsie ‘spit, pike”, Swe. klyka
(*klykja ) “ agrafe, hook, clasp, fork “;
in addition (?) that in Proto-Celt. kk weisende M.Ir. glacc , Ir. glac “hand” , glacaim “ seize;
grasp”;
nasalized Nor. dial. klank and klunk “clump”, M.H.G. klungeler f. “ tassel (*mass of
tangled hair) “, glunkern “dangle”, Ger. Klunker “ excrement lumps, mucus lumps, slime of

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the eyes “ (from similar meaning of the uncleanness has perhaps derived also O.N. klæ ̄ ki n.
“disgrace, shame, humiliation “, O.E. clacn “insult”?);
N.Ger. klinken “ make ruffles in clothing, pleat , crease , shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up “, klinksucht “ consumption, tuberculosis “, M.H.G. klinke “ door handle
“, O.H.G. klenken (*klankjan ) “ lace, tie, bind ”, O.E. be-clencan “hold down ”, Eng. clench,
clinch “(the fist) clench; enclose; clasp together; hold tightly “, M.H.G. klank “ loop, noose ,
sling; trick , intrigue, conspiracy “.
In IE gleĝ- indicate though probably Russ. Church Slavic glez-nъ, -na, -no “ankle”, Pol.
glozna ds. and lengthened grade Russ. glazokъ “ pellet, globule ”, glazъ “eye”, Pol. gɫaz “
stone, cliff; little stones “, gɫaznū ‘smooth, skilled, adroit, clever ” (compare Berneker 301 m.
Lith., Persson Beitr. 792);
Note: Russ. glazokъ “ pellet, globule ”, glazъ “eye” are compounds of extended Root gel-1 :
“to curl; round ” into gleĝ- + Root okʷ- : “to see; eye ”.
Zupitza (KZ. 36, 236) places M.H.G. kluoc (-g) ‘smart, sly, cunning, courteous, polite ,
elegant” (Gmc. *klōʒa-), M.L.G. klōk (Gmc. *klōka -) ‘smart, cunning, adroit ” to O.Ir. glicc (Ir.
glic proves Proto-Celt. kk) “wise, judicious; discreet ”; originally “as a ball so smooth and so
movable ”??
B. Dental extensions:
gel-t-: at first (as “ intumescence, swelling; puffiness - womb - young of a human or
animal while in the womb or egg ”, as under by Kalb, kilburra ): O.Ind. jaṭháram “belly”, jarṭú-
“ womb, uterus ”; at most O.Ind. guṭikü “ pellet, globule, pill, pearl , drinking cup “ (rather dial.
from guḍikü ds.);
Goth. kilÞei f. “womb”, in-kilÞō “pregnant ”, O.E. cild n. “kid, child ”, Eng. child.
Maybe Alb.Gheg cullë “children”.

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Mikkola BB. 21, 225 connects also apparent zero grade Swe. kolla, kulla “girl; female of
different animals “ (*kulÞ -) with kilÞei ; about O.S. kolder “ children from a marriage “ s.
Lidén IF . 19, 335 and root gol-.
*gle-t- perhaps in Church Slavic glota “ commotion, uproar, turmoil, tumult, disturbance;
crowd, mob, multitude “, Serb. glȍta “ family (wife and children); poor people; weed, wild
plant; impurity, dirt “?
Because of the uncertainty of the consecutive O.Ind. example, certain recorded word
groups only in Gmc. ( IE *gel-d-, *gle-d-? ) are of dubious IE origin:
with the meaning of animal young O.Ind. gaḍi-h, gali-ḥ “young bull ” (?);
in addition zero grade O.E. colt “ the young of animals “, Eng. colt “ young male horse ,
(abundance, fullness) “?;
O.Ice. kialta, kilting “ puff, bulge , puffed crease of clothing ”, Nor. dial. kult “ wood stump,
mountain top, ungainly thick figure “ (Swe. also “ half-grown piglet “, compare above O.E.
colt);
nasalized ( *glend- ) O.S. klinter “ mountain top, mountain summit “, O.Ice. klettr “ rock,
cliff “, M.L.G. nnd. klint “ rock, cliff “, N.Ger. klunt , klunte “clump, heap; thick Weib ” = Ger.
dial. klunze , N.Ger. klunter “ clots of ordure or crap, muck ” (besides with Gmc. d N.Ger.
klunder “bunch, heap ”, Nor. klundra “ knag, knot “ under likewise);
Westfäl. klæ ̄ tern (O.S. *klütirōn ) “ climb, cling “ (actually “ adhere or cling tightly “), N.Ger.
klüteren, klatteren ds., nnd. klüter m. “ sticking dirt ”; with ō M.Du. Du. cloet , kloet ‘stick;
round grasp, sword handle “ (LateO.N. klot “ sword handle “ is Lw. from M.L.G. klōt = Ger.
Kloß “ dumpling , lump “);
with expressive - tt-: M.L.G. klatte “rag, cloth “ = Ger. dial. klatz “ smirch, stain, splotch “,
M.Du. klatten ‘smudge”, M.H.G. bekletzen ds., Nor. Swe. dial. klatra “work sloppily “;

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besides with expressive dd: N.Ger. kladde “ smirch, stain, splotch; burdock ” (i.e. “ the
sticking “); with Dent. + s: Nor. klessa (klass ) “ stick, cling, splash, bang, clap “, klessa
(kleste ) “ smudge, pollute “, klussa ‘smudge, pollute, lisp ”; O.Ice. kless “lisping”; compare
O.Ice. klasi S. 362.
C. Additional labials:
geleb (h)-, glēb(h)- (: glǝb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:gl̥b(h)-) “ conglobate “.
Lat. (probably actually Gaul. ) galba (*gelǝbh-?), after Sueton Gaul. name for “
exceptionally rich , filthy rich , outstandingly fat “; Gaul. *galbo- “ swelling , calf of the leg, arm ”
is also probably assumed from galbeus, -eum “ a kind of armband , fillet (worn as an
ornament, or for medical purposes) armlet, as a jewellery ”, perhaps from galbulus “ the nut
of the cypresstree “, which belongs to the vocalism presumably from * gelǝbh-;
O.N. kalfi m. “calf”, kalfabōt “ hip area; hip joint of meat “, Eng. calf “calf”, Ger. dial. Kalb “
muscle “, O.H.G. wazzarkalb “ dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid in body tissues “
(‘swelling, tumescence through water “), wherewith (as “ intumescence - womb - fetus ”,
compare Eng. in calf , with calf “pregnant ”) deckt O.H.G. kalb, pl. kelbir “calf”, O.E. cealf ,
calfur n., O.N. kalfr “calf”, Goth. kalbō f. “heifer, young cow, cow that has not had a calf “,
with e-grade O.E. cilfor-lamb , O.H.G. kilburra f. “ female lamb ”;
Maybe Alb. kalb ‘spoil” : O.H.G. wazzarkalb “ dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid in body
tissues “.
Lat. globus m. “ a round body, ball, sphere, globe, heap, clump ”, lengthened grade Lat.
glēba f. “ a lump of earth, clod; shred, clot “ (out of it borrowed Pol. gleba “clod of earth ”).
Is glēbō “ of the country, rural, rustic ” (“piling up clods “??) Gallic (then ĕ) or only arisen in
Latin part of Gaul?
O.H.G. klüftra f. “ measure of the stretched arms, fathom “ (*glēbh -); ablaut. O.N. klafi m.
“ neck yoke, packsaddle ”, M.L.G. klave “ neck yoke “ (*klaƀan - “the pressing together ”);

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Maybe Alb.Gheg klafë , Tosc qafë “neck”, (*për-klafonj ), përqafonj “hug, hold tight, wrap
one’s arms around ”;
O.E. clyppan “ hug, embrace, hold tight , wrap the arms tightly around (a person or thing) “
(*klupjan with -lu- as zero grade from -le-), O.Fris. kleppa ds., Swiss chlupfel “bundle”, Eng.
clasp (*claps- ) “ hug, embrace; hold by the hand; fasten together “ (probably also O.Ir. glass
“ lock, hinge , chateau, castle “ from * glabso- );
compare with the same meaning “ to press together (with the arms) “ and likewise at best
from a heavy root form glēbh -: glǝbh - to explanatory ablaut of the Balt family of Lit h. gle ́biu ,
gle ́bti “ enclose with the arms, embrace “ (glėbỹs “ armful, armload , hugging, embrace “),
glóbiu , glóbti “ hug, embrace, hold tight , support “, Ltv. glêbt , glâbt “ shield, protect “, Lith.
glabóti “ preserve, guard, save, keep; demand, beg “, Ltv. glabât “ protect, preserve, guard ,
wait, hold on ”, O.Pruss. poglabū “ cuddle “ (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 621, 623 under 626);
perhaps in addition Lith. gélbu , -ėti “help”, gil̃bti “ recover, recuperate “, O.Pruss. galbimai
1. pl. Konj. “ we help “, pogalbton “ helped, aided, assisted “ as *gelǝbh - (Trautmann 92);
Slav. *globi̯ǫ , *globiti in Serb. z-glȍbīm , zglòbiti “ fold, plait, fold up, merge , decree, edict,
mandate, dispose, arrange “, Pol. gɫobić old “press, merge, packetize, coalesce “
(lengthened grade Sloven. glâbim , glábiti “ pile, heap, place one on top of other ”) with IE ǝ
or rather о (: Lat. globus ).
Further with the meaning of “the clenched, round, klutzy, clumsy, awkward “ Gmc.
*klapp- (intensive consonant increase) in O.N. klǫpp f. “ Knũppelbrũcke “ , M.L.G. klampe
ds., Swe. klapper-sten “ round stones for the pavement “, M.H.G. klapf m. “cliff top”;
Gmc. expressives * klabb - in Nor. dial. klabb “ adhesive clump, of sticking lumps “, Swe.
klabb (e) “clot, chunk, mountain summit in the sea, short, thick boy “ (zero grade O.N.
klubba “club, mace, joint ”, whence Eng. club);

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Gmc. *klēp- (compare Lat. glēba ; Gmc. p from express. pp or at most a form with IE b) in
O.N. klüp-eygr “popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring eyes “, klüpr an abusive word ,
insult (perhaps “clot, chunk ”) u likewise; about IE qlēp- see there;
zero grade *kulƀ - in O.H.G. kolbo “ stump, club, mace, joint (as weapon), cudgel, club ”,
O.N. kolfr “ plant nodules, arrow “, kylfi, kylfa “club, mace, joint under likewise ”; besides with
Gmc. - p- N.Ger. kulp-ōge “ popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring eyes “, mrhein. Kũlp “
Schlagholz am Dreschflegel “, Swe. dial. kulp “thick person ”; M.Eng. cũlpe , nEng. kelp “
salsola (salt herb) “.
Nasalized glembh - (perhaps partly through hybridization from * glebh - and * glem -):
Maybe Alb. glemb, gjemb “thorn, sticky thorn, clinging thorn, prickly plant”.
M.H.G. klamben “ join tightly “, O.N. klembra “ climb, ascend “, O.Ice. klǫmbr “ agrafe,
hook, clasp “, M.H.G. klemberen “ cramp, clamp, staple, clip “, M.H.G. Ger. Klammer ; Eng.
clamber “ climb, ascend “, actually “ clip something to , cramp, clamp “, as also ablaut.
O.H.G. klimban “ clamber, climb, ascend “, O.E. climban , M.H.G. klimben, klimmen “
clamber , climb, ascend ; pinch, tweak, nip , pack, grapple, grip, seize “; O.N. klumba “club,
mace, joint ”, klumbu-fōtr “ clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot “;
with Gmc. p: O.S. klimper “clump, dumpling , lump “, O.Ice. kleppr “clump, rocky hill “,
M.H.G. klimpfen “ to press together tightly “; O.H.G. klampfer “ agrafe, hook, clasp “, M.L.G.
klampe f. “hook, gangplank, footbridge ”, nnd. klamp , klampe “clump, clot, chunk ” (Ger.
Klampe “ agrafe, clasp , hook , clot, chunk ” is N.Ger. Lw., genuine Ger. Klampfe ); O.E.
clympe “clump”, N.Ger. klumpe “clump” (Ger. Klumpe(n) is N.Ger. Lw.);
Pol. gɫąb, Cz. hloub “ stalk, stem of a plant “.
glem -:
Lat. glomus , -eris n. “ a clew, ball made by winding, lump dumpling, (as dish, food); ball,
tangle, knot “ (*glemos ), glomerüre “clench, clasp together “;

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O.Ir. glomar “bridle, rein, toggle ” (compare S. 360 M.H.G. klammer );
O.E. climman “ climb, ascend “, M.L.G. klimmeren ds., M.H.G. klimmen (partly with mm
from mb), also “make narrow, limit, restrict ” (Ger. beklommen ), O.E. clam(m ) “band, strap,
handle, grasp, manacle ”, O.H.G. klamma “ restriction, constriction, clamp, glen, mountain
valley, gulch, canyon “, Ger. Klamm , Kaus. O.H.G. Ger. klemmen , O.Fris. klemma , O.E.
beclemman “clamp”, M.H.G. klam “narrow, dense ”, Ger. (nd.) klamm “ steif (krampfig) vor
Kälte “ , zero grade Nor. dial. klumra “ work with stiff and frostbitten hands “;
Maybe Alb. (*k)lemcë “womb, uterus (of animals) ” : Goth. kilÞei f. “womb”, in-kilÞō
“pregnant ” [common Alb. gl- > l- phonetic mutation].
with erweit. * klam-d-: O.N. klanda, klandra “ disparage, anger, denigrate, annoy, try to
steal”;
Lith. glomó -ju, -ti “ hug, embrace, hold tight “; with -ĝ- extended Lith. glemžiu ̀ , glem̃žti “
snatch, snatch up ; crumple “, Ltv. glemzt “ eat slowly, babble, chatter nonsense “;
further glēm -, glǝm - with older meaning-development to “ stick together, mucilaginous
mass “:
Gk. γλάμων “ blear eyed, bleareyed “, etc. (Lat. glamae Lw.);
Alb. nglomë , ngjomë “humid, wet, fresh, young ” (*glēmo -);
O.N. klüm “ dirty speech “, Eng. clammy “ humid and sticky, clingy , cool and damp “,
E.Pr. klamm “ humid and sticky, wet ”;
Lith. glẽmės , gle ̃mes , gle ̃mos f. pl. “ tough slime “, Ltv. glęmas , glemi ‘slime, mucus ”,
glùmt “ become slimy, smooth “, glums “ smooth “ (also glemzt “ chat, prate thoughtlessly “,
glemža “ babbler “, compare z. meaning Ltv. gleîsts “ babbler “: glîst “ slimy become ”);
about Lith. gléimės see under S. 364.
Maybe Alb. (*g)lemzë “hiccup, involuntary spasms “ : Lith. glemža “babbler” [common Alb.
gl- > l- phonetic mutation]

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D. g(e)l-eu-, partly with further consonantal derivative:
O.Ind. glüu-ḥ f. “ globular object, ball, clenched mass “, Pers. gulūle “ball”;
Gk. γίγ-γλυ-μος m. “ a hinge joint: a joint in a coat of mail, bone joint, hinge “;
O.Ir. glō-ṡnáthe , gláo-ṡnáthe “ a linen thread, string, line, plumb-line , a measure,
standard “ (literally “ bale cord “);
O.N. klē m. ( *klew- an-) “ Webstein “, O.E. clyne n. “ metal lumps “ (*klu-n- ), Swe. kluns
m. “clump”, Ice. klunni “ klutzy, clumsy person ”; O.H.G. kliuwa, kliwa “ball, tangle, knot “,
kliuwi, kliwi “ ball, tangle, knot “ (Dimin. M.H.G. kliuwelīn , dissimilated Ger. Knäuel “ball,
tangle, knot ”), O.E. clíewen “ thread knot “ (Eng. clew); zero grade M.L.G. klǖwen , Du.
kluwen “ ball, tangle, knot “; in addition with lengthened grade and meaning-development “
the gripping: claw “ the family of Gmc. *klēwü : O.H.G. klüwa “ claw, talon, nail “, M.H.G.
klüwe , M.L.G. klü “ claw, talon , nail, hoof, O.Fris. klē, wherefore with ablaut das verb
*klawjan (has changed *klawan ) “ scratch, scrape, itch with the nails “, O.H.G. klauuenti “ to
itch or long for a thing , for blows, stripes, for pleasure, to be wanton “, M.H.G. klöuwen
‘scratch, scrape ”, O.E. clawan = O.N. klü “rub, scratch, scrape ” (O.N. klæ ̄ ja “itch” neologism
after the 3. sg. klæ ̄ r = *klawið ), wherefore *klawiÞan - m. in O.N. klüði m. “itchiness, itching,
scratching “, O.E. clæweða ds., O.H.G. glouuida (lies clouuida ) ‘scabies”; from the verb
derives the abbreviation from O.E. clawu f. “ claw , nail, hoof ” (Eng. claw) and clēa f. (Eng.
dial. clea) ds. ( the last = *klau from clawu ), as well as O.H.G. klōa “ claw , nail “; O.H.G.
cluwi “pliers, tongs ”; O.Ice. klō f. “ claw , nail, hook “; O.Ice. klunna “ attach tightly “, compare
O.E. clyne , Swe. kluns “clump”, O.E. clynian “ swathe, wrap up “;
probably O.Ir. glūn “knee” = Alb. glu-ri (Gheg), gju-ri (Tosc ) “knee” (with IE *ĝenu - “knee”
barely as dissimilation form compatible to *ĝnū-n- because of the Guttural difference);

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presumably Lith. gliaũmas “ smooth diminution of the whetstone “, gliaumùs “ smooth,
slippery “, Ltv. glaũms , glums “ slimy”, if “ slimy = sticking together, balling, massing-
together “, compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 622;
Maybe Alb. ( *(g)laum- ) lëmonj “to smooth ” [common Alb. gl- > l- phonetic mutation]
compare with - s- Nor. klyse (*klūsion -) “ slimy clump ”, that from M.L.G. klūs “mass”, nnd. “
ball, tangle, knot , confusion, mass ”, N.Ger. klū ̆ ster “ bundle, grape, type of fruit which grows
in clusters on a vine “, O.E. clūster , clȳster n. ds. are not to be distinguished; compare from
a root form *gle-s - O.N. klasi “lump of berries or fruit, mass ”.
extension with -t-:
Gk. γλουτός (τα γλουτά ) “buttock “, τὰ γλούτια “ medullary tubercles near the pineal gland
of the brain “;
Sloven. glûta , glúta “growth, swelling natured tumefaction, tree gnarl “ (Berneker 309);
changing through ablaut O.E. clūd m. “a mass of rock, hill ”, Eng. cloud “cloud” (“cloud
bundle “), compare with gemination ( *kludda- ) O.E. clodd (Eng. clod) “ clod, lump of earth “.
extension with -d-:
M.L.G. klōt m. “clump; testicle ”, M.H.G. klōz, Ger. Kloß, O.E. cléot , Eng. cleat “clump,
wedge”; changing through ablaut M.L.G. klūt, klūte “ clod, lump of earth “, E.Fris. klūt
“clump, piece, fragment ” (in further development of latter meaning also :) O.E. clūt m., Eng.
clout “rag; metal sheet “, LateO.N. klūtr “rag, clump ”; with expressive gemination ( *klutta- )
O.E. clott (Eng. clot) “clump” = M.H.G. kloz, Ger. Klotz.
Perhaps here Lith. glaudžiu ̀ , glaũsti , Ltv. glaũst “ mache etwas eng anschmiegen “,
glaudùs “ anschmiegend, dicht anliegend “, glúdoju “ liege angeschmiegt da “ (compare
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 622 f.);
Russ. glúda “clump, dumpling , lump “.
Maybe Alb. glasë “droppings ”

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extension with -bh-:
sylt. Fris. klēpi “kiss”, Russ. glūba “clump, Block ”, glūba zemli “clod of earth ” (Berneker
310; compare to - b- under *gle-b- ), perhaps Lith. glaũbti “ squeeze, caress the brost “,
glaubstūti “caress”.
E. glei-, partly with further, consonantal derivative (esp. glei-t-, -d-, glei-bh-; glei-m-)
“glue, put grease on, oil, smear ”, but probably originally derived from gel- “clench, clasp
together “; after Specht Decl. 144 basic meaning “gleaming ” (to ĝel-, gel- ?); nominal: gli-i̯o-,
-no-, -tu-; gloi-u̯o-.
Gk. γλία f. “ glue “ (sl. *glьjь, see under), γλίνη ds. (: sl. glěnъ , glina , O.H.G. klenan , O.Ir.
glenim see under), γλοιό ς “ any glutinous substance, gluten, gum, generally, oily sediment
in baths “, γλοιός “ humid and sticky, wet ” (*γλοιFός: Ltv. glievs , Slav. *glěvъ , see under),
γλιττόν γλοιόν Hes. (*γλιτF -ός: Lith. glitùs etc.), γλίχομαι “ cling to, strive after, long for “,
γλίσχρος “ glutinous, sticky, clammy, sticking close, importunate, penurious, niggardly, of
things, mean, shabby, of buildings, of painting, carefully, with elaborate detail ”, (presumably
with -ρο- from a *γλίσχω from *γλίχ -σκω);
Lat. glūs, -tis, glūten, -inis n. “ sticky oil; slime, glut en”, glūtinō “ glue together ” (ū from oi,
compare that of the changing by ablaut:) glis, -tis “ fat dormouse “, glittūs ‘soft, delicate,
tender, yielding “ (basic form *gleitos with intensive tt);
maybe nasalized Alb. ( *nglit ) ngjit “to stick to, climb, cling ” : Lith. gliejù , gliẽti ‘smear”, refl.
gliẽtis “ stick, glue, remain “, Alb. glisht “finger (to grasp, cling) ”.
O.Ir. glenim (*gli-nü-mi), Welsh glynaf “ to cleave or stick to a thing “; in addition further
O.Ir. fordíuclainn “ gobbles, engulfs, devours “, after Pedersen KG. II 540 from for-dí-uks-
glen- to *glenaid (from *gl̥-nü-ti); also Bret. geot “grass” from * gel-tü (Marstrander Pre ́ s .
nasal. 30 f.);

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O.E. clæ ̄ g (Eng. clay), M.L.G. klei “ loam, clay “, Dan. klæg “ glutinous , thick, loamy
slime, mud ” (Gmc. *klajja- ; in addition N.Ger. kleggen “ climb, ascend “); changing through
ablaut Nor. dial. kli ‘slime, mud, loam, clay “ (the derivative M.L.G. klick “ earth loam “
probably after slick “ slick, film of oil floating on top of water , silt, earth loam “?), O.H.G.
klenan “ stick, glue, smudge “ (= Ir. glenim, see above, compare also nominal γλίνη etc.; is
klenan as st. V. in the converted e-row, hence also O.N. klunna “ attach tightly ”?); zero
grade O.N. klina ‘smear” (*klīnian , schw. V.), with oi Nor. kleina ds.;
Lith. gliejù , gliẽti ‘smear”, refl. gliẽtis “ stick, glue, remain “;
sl. *glьjь in Russ. glej “clay, loam “, Pol. glej “ muddy, sludgy ground “ (: Gk. γλία;
extended Russ. dial. glëkъ “mucus, lymph, serum, clear fluid which separates from the
blood during coagulation “ from *glь-kъ);
Maybe Alb. glak, gjak “blood”
gleibh - (Slav. equivalents see under); an deducible also from IE *glei-p- .
O.H.G. klëbēn “ stick, glue, adhere, be stuck, be stuck up “, O.S. kliƀōn , O.E. clifian ,
cleofian “ stick, glue, attached, be linked “, O.E. clibbor “ sticking, adhesive “, zero grade
O.H.G. klīban “ adhere, stick, glue , cling “, O.S. biklīƀan ds., O.E. clīfan ‘stick, adhere, cling
“, O.N. klīfa “climb, ascend (pin, clinch, attach oneself) ”, M.Du. clīven ds.; O.H.G. klība, O.S.
klīva, O.E. clīfe “burdock”; with -oi- O.H.G. kleiben “clamp, fasten, stick, fix (make stick,
glue)”, Ger. kleiben “ stick, glue, paste, cause to adhere “; O.E. clæ ̄ fre (*klaiƀriōn -), M.L.G.
klüver , klēver “ clover, plant having leaves with three leaflets “; here also O.N. kleif f., klif n.
“ steep hill “, O.E. clif n., M.L.G. klif “ cliff “, O.H.G. klep (-b-) “ forelands, promontory “,
M.Du. , M.L.G. klippe f. “ crag, cliff “ (out of it Ger. Klippe as “ smooth rock “, as O.Ir. slīab
“mountain ” to root * sleib- “glide, slide ”); to what extent occurred besides *gle-m- bh also a
nasalized form from *glei- bh- in O.E. O.H.G. klimban “ clamber , climb, ascend “, is unclear;

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O.C.S. u-glьbl”ǫ “ get stuck “ Aor. uglъbǫ “ fixed “, uglebъ (e = ь) “fix or plant in “,
changing through ablaut ( *oi) R.C.S. uglěbl”evati “ fasten, implant, drive in, affix “, and ( *ei)
Serb. glîb “ordure” (Berneker 310).
glei-d- in M.Ir. glōed “ glue “, O.E. clüte f. “burdock”, clīte f. “ coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago
Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs “, Eng. dial.
clote , clite, cleat “burdock”, clite “ glue, slime, mud “ (: Ltv. glī̀de ̂ t “ become slimy “, compare
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 626, 627).
with m-formants: O.E. clüm “ klehriger Stoff, loam, clay “, wherefore O.N. Kleima “ name
of a giantess (*clod, heap?) “ O.E. clæ ̄ man “ smear, daub, tallow, lubricate “, O.H.G.
chleimen “ glue, attach with glue, paste, size “;
Ltv. gliemezis, gliems, glieme “ snail, mussel “; Lith. gléimės “mucus”, glimùs “
mucilaginous, of the sticky substance from plants; mucinous, slimy “; Ltv. glaĩma “ joke,
flattery, insincere compliments, excessive praise “, glaĩmuôt “ joke, flatter, caress “
(compare Nor. dial. kleima “ smear, daub, tallow, lubricate : caress “); Mũhlenbach -Endzelin
I 621, 628 f.; Trautmann 92; about Lith. gle ̃mės see above S. 361;
sl. *glěmyždžь in Cz. hlemūžd” ‘snail”.
with n-forms (see above γλίνη etc.) R.C.S. glěnъ “mucus, tough dampness “, glina “clay”;
glei-t- in O.E. ætclīÞan “ stick, adhere “, zero grade cliða, clioða m. “ plaster, wound
dressing “, O.E. cliðe “burdock” (“the sticking ”), O.H.G. kledda, kletta , Dutch klis, klit
“burdock”, Ger. klettern ; also probably M.H.G. kleit, Ger. Kleid , O.E. clüð ds.; M.H.G. klīster
“ paste, glue, dough “, Mod.Ice. klīstra “ paste, cause to adhere, stick “ (as *gleit-tro- here or
with Gmc. forms - stra- from the root form * klī-, IE glei-); Nor. kleisa “ stick, glue; (stick, glue
with the tongue =) lisping or impure, unclean talk ”, O.N. kleiss ī müle “ stammering,
stuttering, spluttering “.

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Lith. glitùs “ smooth, humid and sticky “, glyte ̃ “ nasal mucus, pl. isinglass, form of gelatin
obtained from fish products and used in the production of glue and jellies, fish glue “, Ltv.
glîts “ smooth, neat nice, pretty; lovely, kind “; Ltv. glīstu , glīdu , glîst “ be and become slimy
“, glīdēt “ become slimy “, gleîsts “ babbler “; s. Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 624, 627; compare
above S. 363 Gk. γλιττόν;
perhaps in Russ. (etc.) glistъ , glistá “ worm, earthworm, tapeworm “ (or to Ger. gleiten ;
Berneker 304);
Maybe Alb. glisht, glishta pl. “(smooth) finger, clinging finger “ : Russ. (etc.) glistъ , glistá “
worm”
with u̯-formants: Gmc. * klaiwa -, O.H.G. klēo-, klē “ clover, plant having leaves with three
leaflets “ (after the sticky juice, sap the bloom, blossom?) and * klīwōn -, M.L.G. klīe, O.H.G.
klīwa , klīa, Ger. Kleie f. (if with IE ī, so ablaut equally with Ltv. glīwe “mucus”).
Lith. gléivės f. pl. “mucus”, Ltv. glēvs “tenacious as mucus, slack ” (if with ē from IE *ē[i]?;
about Lith. gle ̃mės see above S. 361 under glem -), Ltv. glievs ‘slack” (= γλοιός), glīve “
mucus, green mucus on to the water “ (: O.H.G. klīwa , see above);
sl. *glě̌vъ (: Ltv. gli vs, γλοιός) in Russ. dial. glevъ m., glevá f. “ mucus of fish “, Pol.
gléwieć (besides gliwieć ) ‘spoil (of cheese ”), changing through ablaut Clr. klūva “ Beefsteak
fungus, Oak-tongue (a type of mushroom, species of mushroom “), Serb. gljiva “ type of
mushroom, fungus “;
References: WP. I 612 ff., WH. I 577 f., 580, 606 f., 608 f., 611 f., 617, 867 f., Trautmann
92.
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gel-2 and gʷel -
English meaning: to devour
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verschlingen ”
Note: the form with gʷ presumably after Osthoff IF. 4, 287, Zupitza Gutt. 86 through
hybridization from gel- with gʷer-.
Material: A. certainly gel- in: O.Ir. gelid “ consumes, eats, grazes “, gaile ‘stomach”; O.Corn.
ghel, Welsh gel, Bret. gélaouen “ bloodsucker, leech “, O.Ir. gelit ds. (participle f. in - n̥tī);
O.H.G. kela, O.E. ceole “throat, gorge, ravine, gulch, prow, bow of a ship ” (*kelōn -),
ceolor , O.H.G. celur m. “gullet”; O.Ice. kjǫlr m. (* kelu-) “ the keel of a ship “, M.L.G. kel, kil,
Eng. keel ds.; with g-extension O.H.G. kelah , -uh “ throat infection “, O.N. kjalki m.
“mandible, lower jaw bone , jaw (also hand sledge) ”; zero grade Dan. kulk “gullet, throat ”,
M.L.G. kolk, kulk , O.Fris. kolk m. “ water hole “ (Ger. Kolk), O.E. cylcan , Ger. dial. kölken,
kolksen “ belch, spit ”, as Ltv. gulgâtiês “ belch, vomit “ (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 678),
wherewith slovak. glg “gulp, pull ” perhaps is connected (onomatopoeic word?).
compare with other extension Swe. dial. kulp “gulp”, Nor. kulp “ water hole “,
N.Ger.kolpen, kũlpsen “ throw open, open quickly and forcibly; eruct, belch ”.
Maybe Alb. qelb “pus”: O.H.G. kelah , -uh “ throat infection “
B. certain ly gʷel- only in Gk. : δέλεαρ, -ατος “ bait” (*δέλε -Fαρ); besides δεῖλαρ (Callim.)
from *δέλ- Fαρ from the monosyllabic basis, and Eol. βλ῅ρ from *βλη -Fαρ from the heavy
root form *gʷ(e)lē -; δέλε-τρον “ bait”, δέλος n. ds.; βλωμό ς “morsel, mouthful, bread ” (*gʷlō -);
κα-βλέ-ει, κατα -βλέ-θει καταπίνει H es. from the root form *gʷ(e)le -, also βλέορον (correctly
βλέθρον?) βάθος, δεσμωτήριον Hes. ( “βάραθρον”, Fick BB. 29, 196), βλέ -τυες αἱ βδέλλαι
Hes.; compare Schwyzer Gk. I 519;

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in guttural ambiguous: Lat. gula (*gʷelü?) f. “ the gullet, weasand, throat “, compare in
vowel Arm. klanem , Aor. 3. sg. ekul “devour, swallow up, engulf, consume, gobble up, eat
hastily “, whereas - u- after all could be a result of Labiovelars; *gʷl̥-tó-s based on *glut-ós,
would be assumed from O.C.S. *glъtati (Russ. gɫotátь ) ‘swallow, gulp ”, *glъtъ “gullet”,
Russ. gɫot, gɫotók “gulp, mouthful “, Cz. hlt; compare also Lat. * gluō, the base of ingluviēs
“throat, voraciousness, appetite, gluttony, greediness “, glūtus “gullet”, glūtiō “ swallow,
devour “, glūt/t/ō , -ōnis “ gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater “.
Maybe Alb. (*( *gʷelü) gjellë “dish, food ” [common Alb. shift l > ll].
References: WP. I 621, WH. I 612 f., 625 f., Trautmann 93.
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gem-
English meaning: to grab, grip; be full
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(with beiden Händen) greifen, fassen (Fessel), zusammendrũcken,
-pressen (clump, Kloß); hineinstopfen, vollpacken (Ladung, Gepäck)” , intr. “vollgepackt, voll
sein, vereinzelt also from seelischer Gedrũcktheit”
Note: elaborated Persson Beitr. 78 ff., 933 m. Lith.
Material: Arm. čim, čem “bridle, rein ”, čmlem “push, press together ”;
Gk. Aor. γέντο “ he grasped ” (*γεμ -το), ὕγ -γεμος συλλαβή. ΢αλαμίνιοι Hes., ἀπό -γεμε
ἄφελκε. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄ -γμος “ furrow in ploughing, swath, , swathe in reaping, strip of
cultivated land, vast orbit of the sun, of a hippopotamus, wrinkled old age, row (of teeth) “
(see also under aĝ- “drive, push ”), redupl. presumably γάγγαμον, γαγγάμη “ small round
net, esp. for oystercatching “; γέμω “ be filled, packed full “, γεμίζω “ fill full of, load or freight
with, pack full, load “, γέμος “ the meat parts filling the body “, γόμος m. ‘shipload, cargo,
freight, load ” (γόμος ζωμός Hes., perhaps a mash for stuffing, fattening?);
Umbr. gomia , kumiaf “gravidüs” (out of it Lat. gumia , -ae m. f. “ a glutton, gourmand
gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater, devourer ”, actually “ obese person “), probably
also gemō , -ere ‘sigh, groan, moan ” as “ be pressed emotionally, have the heart full “ (=
γέμω “ be full “);
M.Ir. gemel , Welsh gefyn “ chain, series of metal rings which are linked together;
shackles, gyve, manacles, handcuff; pastern, part of a horse ’s foot between the fetlock and
hoof “;
O.E. cumbol n. “wound, swelling, lump, growth ”, Nor. kumla “clump; knead, compress “,
O.N. kumla ‘squeeze”; s-extension Nor. kams “ dumpling , lump “, kamsa “knead, stir, mix ”,
kumsa “mixture”;

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doubtful, if in addition with labial extension (there only Germanic) O.E. cimb , cimbe
“connection, joint, point of connection (between limbs) “, Swe. dial. kimb(e) “ stave (of a
cask) “, O.N. kim-bull “bundle”, M.L.G. kimmel “toggle”, kimme (mm from mb) “ frame, edge,
border “, etc. compare also genebh- S. 378 f.;
Maybe Alb. kumbull “plum, round fruit ”
Ltv. gùmstu , gùmt “ snatch; attack “, reflex. “ bow, bend oneself “; Lith. gùmulas ,
gumulỹs , gùmuras (besides gùb-) “clump, ball, tangle, knot “, o-grade gãmalas (besides
gãb-) “ snow ball, piece of bread, meat “; borrowing from Pol. is possible for Lith. gumulis ,
gumulė “ goat, cow without horns - actually, with lump instead of horns-, also hen without
tail “ because of Pol. gomoɫy “hornless ”, Cz. homolū ds.;
O.C.S. žьmǫ, že ̨ ti “ compress, press, jam, constrict, squeeze, pack “, že ̨ telъ “ dog-collar,
wooden collar worn by prisoners, collar as an ornament “, Clr. žmen ̌ a “ handful “; R.C.S.
gomola “ mash, mush, porridge, gruel, soft mixture, clump ”, Serb. gòmolja “ cheese lumps “,
Sloven. gomòt , gen. -óta “ crowd in a heap, confusion “, Cz. hmota (*gъmota ), old also
homota “ cloth, fabric, Material, matter, substance; stuff “.
References: WP. I 572 ff., 585, WH. 588 f.
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genebh -, genobh -
English meaning: a piece of wood
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pflock, stick, abgeschnittenes Holzstũck” ??
Material: Only Germanic, hence probably barely IE origin.
It concerns probably two different word groups:
1. Gmc. kamb-, kumb- “clot, chunk, clump, block, lump, cut-off piece of wood “.
O.H.G. kembil “ chain block “, kamp “ a (wooden) fetter or shackle, for the feet “, O.N.
kumbr “ block of wood “ with Gmc. - p-: M.H.G. kumpf “ truncated, chopped down, cut down,
cut off, dull ”, Eng. chump “ block of wood “ (anlaut from chop ), Nor. dial. kump “clump”, Nor.
Dan. kamp “ brow, edge of a hill or cliff “, O.N. kǫppusteinn , Dan. kampe-sten “ Rollstein “
etc. compare also under gem-.
2. Gmc. knab- , knabb- , knap- , knapp- (expressive gemination ) “peg, plug, stick, penis,
knave, boy ”.
With - b-: Ger. dial. knabe “peg, bolt “, O.H.G. knabo , Ger. Knabe “ boy “, O.E. cnafa ds.,
from which Eng. cnave “ knave “; O.N. knefill “ shaft, pole, picket, pole, stick ”, O.H.G. knebil ,
M.H.G. knebel “ toggle, ankle “ (also “ rascal, villain, scoundrel “, as also Nor. knebel ),
M.L.G. knevel “ short, thick transom, toggle “ and “ twisted moustache point “ (Ger. “ small
pointed beard “), Swe. dial. knavel “ thin shaft, pole ”;
with - bb-: Swe. dial. knabbe “tubers, clump ”, also “ stocky fellow, bovine animal, bull “;
knabb “peg, plug ” (Nor. “ brow, edge of a hill or cliff “);
with - p-: O.E. cnapo , O.S. knapo “young man, husband, servant ”, Swe. dial. knape “peg,
plug” and “knot”;
with - pp-: Ger. dial. Knappe “foot of a bench “, O.H.G. knappo “ youngling, knave, boy ”,
Ger. Knappe , Swe. dial. knappe “peg, plug, block of wood “;

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sometimes are above forms of the derivatives from gn-ebh- “ to press together “ (above S.
370) barely to make a distinction; compare above (see 370) O.N. knappr etc.;
O.E. cenep , O.Fris. kenep , O.N. kanpr “whisker, moustache ” (Gmc. * kanipa -), wherefore
probably M.L.G. kenneve “ neck block “, mnl. kanef-been “ maxilla, jaw, upper jawbone “
are probably contaminated somehow with ĝenu - “chin” (under S. 381 f.).
References: WP. I 585 f., Martinet Ge ́ mination 117 f., 196.
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gengh -
English meaning: to wind; to weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden, flechten, weben ”
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.N. kinga “ pectoral, chest decoration , brooch, pin, clasp “, probably to kengr
(*kangiz ) m. “bay, bend, hook “, kǫngur -vüfa “ spider” (O.E. gangelwæ ̄ fre ds., reshaped
after gangan ), M.H.G. Ger. dial. kanker “ spider”, finn. (from dem Gmc. ) kangas “ web,
webbing, strong cloth or fabric, net-like weave “, Swe. dial. kang “ droopy slender branch “,
kång (esp. from horses ) “agile, lively, excited, aroused “ (actually “ spinning violently “),
kynge “bundle”, O.N. kǫngull “ bundle of berries “;
Maybe Alb. kungull “pumpkin ”
finn. (from dem Gmc. ) kinkko, kinkon “bundle”; in addition compare also those mentioned
words under *gong- “clump” as M.L.G. kinke , see there;
O.C.S. gąžvica “ a long, slender, flexible shoot or branch “, Sloven. gôž ‘strap”, Serb.
gužva “ twig, shoot, basket or braid from plaited twigs ”, Russ. gužь “ twig used for tying up,
rope, cable ”, Cz. houžev , Pol. gąžwy pl. “ strap of a flail “.
References: WP. I 587 f., Petersson IF. 24, 265.
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geng -, gong -
English meaning: lump
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Klumpen, klumpig ”
Material: Gk. γόγγρος “ conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees “ (out of it Lat. gonger,
conger ds.), γογγρώνη “ swollen neck gland “, perhaps γόγγων μωρός Hes. ( “fat, obese and
stupid”?), γογγύλος “ round “ (-ύλος suffix as in στρογγύλος, ἀ γκύλος; compare also Lith.
gungulỹs “ ball “), γογγυλίς, γογγύλη “ turnip “, γιγγίς, -ίδιον “ a kind of beet, turnip “
(assimilated from *γεγγί -; the reminiscence in Lith. žinginis “a plant bog arun, Calla
palustris” and the O.Ind. flower names jiŋginī , jhiñjhikü are certainly coincidental);
Lat. gingīva f. (mostly Plur.) “gums”, further formations from * gengü ‘swelling, blister,
hump, hunchback “;
O.N. kǫkkr “ ball “ (*gongu-s ; against it derives O.H.G. kankur , Ger. Kanker “ malignant
growth, cancer “ from Lat. cancer “ cancerous ulcer, cancerous growth “), also O.N. vatn-
kakki m. (*gong- ) “ bucket; pail “.
In Gmc. perhaps (?)cognate words for “ coil, bind, wind, bend ”:
M.L.G. kinke , Nor. dial. kink(e) “ coil by a rope “, kink also “ small bend, contemptuous
movement of the head “, M.L.G. kinke also “ sinuous snail house “, Nor. dial. kank “
gyration, whirling, turning, rotation, circular movement, spin, knot in the thread,
unwillingness “, West Flem. konkel “whirl, maelstrom, whirlpool, eddy “ (but O.H.G. kunkala,
konakla , Ger. Kunkel “ distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) “ derives from
M.Lat. conucla , Dimin. from colus ); s. also under gengh- S. 380;
Lith. gùnga “ hump, hunchback , ball, clump ” (out of it Ltv. gùn̨ġis “ curvature, belly ”),
gungulỹs “ ball “, gùngu , gùngti “crook oneself ”, gùnginti “ go slowly, from a humped going
person “;

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maybe Alb. gungë “hump, hunchback ”
besides with palatal ( *gonĝ -, gunĝ-):
Balt *gunž - in gūžy ̃ s “ crop from birds, Adam ’s apple, head of the femur; cabbage head “,
gūžiù, gū ̃ žti “ conglobate, bundle up; sit down to the earth (from the chicken which spreads
out the wings) “, gūšta ̀ “ lair, camp, nest of a chicken, a goose “; O.Pruss. gunsix ‘swelling,
blister” (Lith. gùzas , gùzikas “ hump, hunchback , gland, knag ” under likewise from Pol.);
Maybe Alb. (*gunsa ) gusha “neck, Adam ’s apple “
Slav. *gǫz- (also *guz- with u from IE geu-ĝ-, see under geu-1 ) in Serb. gûz “buttock”,
Russ. guz, guzá , guzó “ the thick end of the sheaf, a beam “, gúzka “ backside, tail , rump “,
Pol. old gǫz, gǫż “tuber” , gęzić się “ crook oneself “ (with u nowadays guz ‘swelling, blister,
hunch “, guza “ buttocks “), Sloven. gǫ́za f. “buttock, backside ” (with u: gúza “ buttocks,
hunch “) under likewise;
participle perf. pass. *gǫstъ (*gn̥ĝ-to-) in Ser.-Cr. gûst, R.C.S. gustъ , Russ. gustój , Pol.
gęsty “thick, dense ”.
Because of Sloven. Pol. u and the Balt - un- (> -ū-) forms (which would perhaps be
normal however, as reduced grade colored in o-grade *gonĝ -) assumes Persson Beitr. 937
for the Slav. mixture from *gong- and *geuĝ -, guĝ- (extension from geu- “crook”, see there),
compare Ice. kjuka “ankle”, Nor. kjuka “knag, knot, spigot “ etc. and for Lith. gùžas “knag”
and for Balt gunž -, gūž- formation from such nasalized *gu-n-ĝ- (at most also *gūg ̂-), since
Balt forms with lengthened grade *gonĝ - are absent. Also those in velares g ending Balt
words, as Lith. gùnga , could be assigned to a parallel extension * geu-g-, compare under
geu-1: Lith. gugà “ bump in saddle, hump, hunchback “, gaũgaras “ acme, apex, summit “,
etc.
References: WP. I 637 ff., WH. I 601, Trautmann 101 f.
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gen-
English meaning: to pinch, pluck, press, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: as basis for extensions der meaning “zusammendrũcken, kneifen,
zusammenknicken; Zusammengedrũcktes, Geballtes”
Note: (Persson Beitr. 88 f.); therefrom are gnegh-, gneig-, gner -, gnes-, gneus- only Gmc.
Material: 1. gn-ebh-:
Gk. perhaps γνάμπτω “ bend, make curved; wind; arch, make arched, make vaulted;
incline, bow “ (formal as in the meaning but influenced through κάμπτω);
O.N. knafa ‘sodomize ”, compare “compress, squeeze women ”; with pp: Du. knap “
joining (*pressing, squeezing), narrowly, brief, fast “, N.Ger. knap ‘short, spare, small ” (out
of it Ger. knapp ), Nor. knapp “narrow, short, concise ”, with bb: knabbe “ pinch, cut off ”;
further with the meaning “ fold up the jaws “ and “ snap one ’s fingers “ and out of it deriving
sound suggestions of Swe. knäppa “ crack, snap , clink “, Du. knappen “break, crack, creak ”,
N.Ger. knappern, knuppern “ crunch, nibble “, Ger. knabbern “bite, gnaw “; finally as “the
crushed, clenched, rounded “ under likewise O.N. knappr “ bump, bulge, gnarl, handle,
knob “, O.E. cnæpp “ mountaintop (bulging); brooch, pin, clasp “ (from “ nub, button, knop,
knob “), N.Ger. knap(p) “ mountain top , tableland, hill, plateau, elevation , heel of the boot ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*knappen ) thembën “heel” [common Alb. k- > s- > th- phonetic mutation].
N.Ger. knappen “ cut off, shorten; live briefly “; from Slav. perhaps here Pol. gnębić , old
gnąbić (with secondary nasal vowel as a result of preceding n) “press, distress, maltreat,
stir, tease, irritate ”; compare also genebh- , S. 378 f.
2. gnegh -:
Swe. knagg “ knot, knag ”, M.Eng. M.L.G. knagge “knag, thick piece ”; with Gmc. kk: O.N.
knakkr “ foot (at tables, chairs), footstool (foot block) “. Here also O.H.G. kneht , Ger.

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Knecht , O.E. cniht “knave, boy, youngling, servant, warrior ” (*kneh -ta-, compare to meaning
Knabe, Knebel under likewise, to t-suffix Ger. bO.Ir. knũchtel “cudgel, club, bludgeon ”).
3. gn-eibh-:
Gk. γνίφων “ skinflint, scrooge, cheapskate, curmudgeon “ (if not because of older
record ed Κνίφων, Meisterhans -Schwyzer 74, with secondary anlaut softening, so that with
O.N. hnippa “bump, poke ” to the parallel root *ken- , kn-eib(h) -);
O.N. kneif “kind of pliers “, knīfr, O.E. cnīf “knife”, Ger. dial. kneif “knife”; besides with
Gmc. pp, p: M.L.G. knīp, Ger. dial. kneipf “knife”, Nor. dial. knīpa , M.L.G. knīpen (out of it
Ger. kneifen figurative) “ nip, squeeze tightly between two surfaces, pinch, break off by
pinching, squeeze, press “ (partly also “ be thrifty, stingy; run short, be used up, be
exhausted, running out of; pinch; run away “; s. similar under gnebh- ), nd. knippen “cut,
clip”, Ger. knippsen , nd. knipperig “ stingy, fugal, spare, thrifty “, Ger. Kniff (also = thievish,
sneaky trick under likewise), M.L.G. knippen “ blink, wink the eye , wink”;
Lith. gnūbiu , gnūbti , Iterat. gnáibau , gnáibyti “ pinch (with the fingers or tongs) “, besides
šny ́ biu , žny ́ bti ds., Trautmann 93.
4. gneig -:
O.N. kneikia “press, clamp “, Nor. dial. kneikja “ bend backward “; M.L.G. nd. Ger.
knicken , wherefore Knicks “ knee-bend , flexure, bowing, bending “.
5. gner -:
Nor. knart , knort “knag, knot, unreifes Obst ”, M.Eng. knarre “ hunch, outgrowth, knag ”,
M.H.G. knorre “knag” under likewise; besides O.H.G. kniurig “knorrig”, M.H.G. knūr(e) “
knot, knag, Klippe, mountain top “ with ablaut neologism.
6. gnes -:

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Nor. knast m. “knag” = nd. hd. Knast ; M.L.G. knōster “gristle”, Du. knoest “knag”, M.Du.
knoes “gristle”, knoesele “ankle”; Nor. dial. knös (*knōsia -) “ large mighty beggar “, Swe.
knase “ big, rich, obstinate, inflexible person “.
7. gnet -:
O.H.G. knetan , O.E. cnedan st. V. “knead”, zero grade O.N. knoða , -aða “knead”; with
Gmc. tt O.N. knǫttr (*knattu-z ) “ball, sphere ”, knatti “ brow, edge of a hill or cliff “, Nor. knott
m. “ short and thick body, knag, knot “, Swe. dial. knatte “ small bush ”; O.C.S. gnetǫ , gnesti
“press”, O.Pruss. gnode f. “ trough for kneading the bread “ (*gnōtü ), Trautmann 93.
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*ghnes- ) ngjesh “press” common Alb. gh- > gj- phonetic mutatIon.
8. gn -eu-:
O.N. knȳja “press, hit ”, O.E. cnū(w)ian “in mortar zerstoßen” (O.E. cnéowian “ coire “, as
Swe. knulla ds. compared with M.H.G. knũllen “bump, poke, hit ”); O.N. knūi “ knuckle “;
O.S. knūla , knyla “ knag, knot in trees, foot ankle “;
Maybe Alb. (*knyla ) nyja “ knag, knot ” [common Alb. kn - > n- phonetic mutation]
Serb. gnjáviti “press”, Sloven. gnjáviti “press, ruffle, crease, crumple, wrinkle, strangle,
throttle, choke “.
9. gn -eu-bh-:
Ir. gnobh “ knot in the wood, knot, node “ (*gnubho- );
O.N. knȳfill m. “ short, just come out horn “, E.Fris. knūfe “clot, chunk, clump, knag ”; O.N.
kneyfa “press”; Nor. knuva “ press, squash, crush “, E.Fris. knūfen , N.Ger. knuffen “bump,
poke, kick ”; with *ŭ: M.L.G. knovel “ knot, ankle ”; M.H.G. knũbel “ankle”; with Gmc. p(p)
(consonant-sharpening): Nor. dial. knupp m. “bud”, M.L.G. knuppe , knoppe “bud”, knuppel =
M.H.G. knũpfel “club, cudgel ” (these N.Ger.), O.H.G. knopf “ knot, knag, knop, knob “,
Swiss chnopf “knot, knop, knob, bud, small kid, child ” (in addition knũpfen ; a derivative is
Knospe , there probably from * knup -sōn-), and o-grade M.L.G. knōp m. “knot, knop, knob ,

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handle, button, pommel “, M.H.G. knouf , Ger. Knauf ; with Gmc. bb: Nor. knubb m. “clot,
chunk”, M.L.G. knobbe “knag”, M.Eng. knobbe (Eng. knob ) “bud, knop, knob, knag, knot ”,
Nor. knubba “bump, poke, kick, press ”;
Lith. gniáubti “ comprise, enfold , hug, embrace, hold tight “ (*gnēubh -), gniùbti “ lose
stability, fall, sink “; if from gniáužti (under 10.) through influence of gnūbti (above 3.)?
10. gn-eu-ĝ-:
O.N. knjūkr “round mountain top “, Nor. dial. knjuka , knoka “ankle”, O.N. knykill “ small
knot”; M.L.G. knoke m. “bone” , M.H.G. knoche “bone, knag, bundle ”;
Maybe Alb. (*knyk) kyc “ankle”
O.E. cnycel (?), M.L.G. knokel , M.H.G. knũchel , Ger. Knöchel ; but O.N. knoka “hit, knock ”,
Nor. dial. knoka “ press, squash, crush “, O.E. cnocian , cnucian “ knock at a door, thrust in
the mortar “, M.H.G. knochen “press” stand in ablaut to O.S. knaka “crack, creak ” and
indicate to onomatopoeic words ĝneg - (Wissmann 79), whereat also Kluge11 s. v. knacken ;
with Gmc. -kk-: M.L.G. knocke , M.Eng. knucche , Eng. knitch “bundle”, M.H.G. knock “
nape, cervix, neck “.
Lith. gniáuž -iu, -ti “ close the hand firmly “, gniū ̃ žis , gniū ́ žte , gniáužta “bundle, handful “,
gniùžti “ bend, fall, lose firmness “ (“*fold up, double or bend something over upon itself “),
Ltv. gnaûzt “grasp with the hand, press ” (Ltv. žn ́ augt “ strangle, throttle, choke “ from
*gńauž -?); compare (above 9.) Lith. gniáubti .
11. gn -eu-s-:
O.N. knosa, -aða “ abuse with blows “, Nor. knysia “ crunch, munch, chew with the teeth;
pulverize, grind into fine particles “, O.H.G. knussen “hit, crush ”, O.E. cnyssan “ crush, grind
“; with ū O.S. knusa = N.Ger. knūsen “press, squeeze ”, O.N. knūska “hit”, Ger. Swiss
chnūssen, chnūschten “thrash”; O.N. knylla “hit, bump, poke ” (*knuzljan , s. also above
under gneut- about Knollen ) = O.E. cnyllan “hit”, nd. knũllen (knullen from * knuz-lōn) “ to

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press together, zerknũffeln “ , M.H.G. knũllen “hit, bump, poke, cuff, strike, slap, pommel,
push, shove, thrust “; O.N. knauss m. “ round mountain corner “; with ū M.L.G. knūst m.
“knag”, Swiss chnūs “knag, clump ”; with ŭ Nor. knust , knysta “ coiled chunk, knag ”, schwed
dial. knose “ hunch, outgrowth “ (figurative bO.Ir. knös “ a youth, lad “, Swiss chnösi “thick
man, husband ”, nrhein. knösel “ dwarf, crippled being, unripe fruit “).
12. gn -eu-t-:
O.H.G. knŏdo (*knŭÞan -) “ knop, knob, ankle, bud ”, M.H.G. knödel “ ovary , dumpling,
small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed “, O.H.G. knoto (*knuða ́ n -), Ger. KNOTE n,
whereof O.H.G. knutil , Ger. Knũttel “thick stick ” (actually “ knotty walking stick “); O.E.
cnotta m., M.L.G. knutte “tubers, flax bud “, M.H.G. knotze “knag”, M.L.G. knulten “ knit, tie,
bind, knot “ = O.E. cnyttan , Eng. knit ds. and with the originally meaning “ to press together
“ bO.Ir. knauzen “ to press together “, nd. knutschen , M.H.G. knũtzen ‘squeeze, push,
shove, thrust “; O.N. knūtr (*knūdn -) “knot, knag ”, knūta “ capitulum, head of a bone, end of
a bone “, knȳta “ tie, bind, knot “; M.H.G. knūz “(* gnarled , snaggy, knobbed rising arms
against, daring, bold, audacious, perky, cheerful; bold; impudent “; M.H.G. knolle “clod of
earth, clump ”, O.E. cnoll m. “mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex “ (if from
*knuð -lá- or *knuz-lá for the root form *g(e)n- eu-s-);
Lith. gniutù , gniùsti “press”, gniutúoti ds., gniùtelė “ pole for pressing of the straw with the
roof cover “, gniùtulas “ bales, paper, lump, clump ”, gnùtulas “clump, fist-size clump ”
References: WP. I 580 ff., Wissmann nom. postverb. 83, 132.
See also: compare also under ken-.
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gerebh -
English meaning: to scratch, write
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ritzen” and Verwandtes
Material: 1. gerbh -:
Gk. γράφω “ scratch, carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching, write “ (*gr̥bhō ), γράμμα
“alphabetic letter ”, γραμμή “line”, γραφεύς “ scribe “, γραπτύς “ Ritzung der Haut “ (besides
dialect forms with - ρο- instead of - ρα-);
O.E. ceorfan (participle corfen ) “cut, clip, notch ”, O.H.G. kerban “ make incision, cut, clip ”,
Ger. kerben , M.H.G. kerbe f. “ incision, notch ”, kerp m. “ seam, joint, fugue “, O.E. cyrf m.
“cut”;
Slav. *žerbъ in O.C.S. žre ̌ bъ , Ser.-Cr. ždrȉjeb , Clr. že ́ reb “lot, fate” and Slav. žerbьjь in
O.C.S. žre ̌ bьjь “lot, fate, crumb ” (“*notched rod ”), O.Pruss. gīrbin “number” (“*crenation,
series of notches on the outer edges of a leaf or shell “).
Maybe Alb. krrabë ‘shepherd’s stick”
2. grebh -:
M.H.G. krabelen (with expressive intensification: M.H.G. krappeln , M.L.G. krabbelen , out
of it Ger. krabbeln ) ‘scratch, scrape, grovel, truckle, creep ”, O.N. krafla “ grovel, truckle,
creep “, krafsa ‘scratch, scrape, leicht anrũhren” ,
Maybe Alb. kref, kreh (*krefs ) “comb, clean ”
with expressive intensification Dan. Nor. krabbe ‘scratch, grapsen “ (and “ scrabble,
scribble, scrawl, scratch , grovel, truckle, creep “, originally “ grovel, truckle, creep, while one
gets stuck “), wherefore O.N. krabbi m., O.E. crabba , M.L.G. krabbe “crab” and O.H.G.
(krebiz ), *kraƀita -, krebaz (o), asächs. kreƀit , Ger. Krebs. - Quite doubtful Gk. γρόμφις ‘sow”
(better “ the grunting “?) as nasal form.

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3. Besides *gribh - (with expressive i?):
Gk. γριφᾶσθαι γράφειν. Λάκωνες. οἱ δε ξύειν καὶ ἀμύσσειν Hes. (compare from sker-: Gk.
σκαρῑφάομαι, Lat. scrībō ), ἀγρίφη, ἀγρεῖφνα “ rake , gardening tool with a comb-like end;
rack “ (ἀ- from *n̥- “in”, “ carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching “?);
Du. kribbelen “murmur”, kribelen “itch”, M.H.G. md. kribeln “ kitzeln (von der Sinuenlust)
“, Ger. kribbeln , and with Gmc. pp: O.H.G. kripfan “ rasch und wiederholt wonach greifen “,
Ger. kripfen “ esp. of scratching a groove “;
Ltv. grīpsta “ scratch “.
References: WP. I 606 f., Trautmann 87.
See also: compare gred- ‘scratch, scrape ”, grēb(h)o -s “hornbeam ”.
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ger-1, gere -
English meaning: to gather, put together
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammenfassen, sammeln ”
Material: Gk. ἀγείρω (ἀγερ῵ , ἤγειρα) “ gather; assemble ” (*n̥-ger-i̯ō; α- weak form from ἐν,
also “ collect, gather “?), Gk. Dor. ἀ-γρέ-τᾱς “ collector, gatherer “, Aor. ἔγρετο “ be gathered
“, Infin. ἀγρέσθαι; ἀγορά̄ , ἄγυρις “ congregation, meeting ”, ἀγύρτης “ collector, gatherer ,
beggar”, ἀγοστός “hand, crooked, bent arm ” (if from *α -γορστος, with Eol. ορ from r̥; for the
formation compare παλαστή “flat hand ”), γέργερα πολλά Hes., τὰ γάργαρα “ swarm, flock;
mass, crowd, heap ”;
broken reduplication * gre-g- in:
Lat. grex, gregis m. “herd, troop, multitude, crowd ”;
M.Ir. graig n. (with secondary a), gen. grega “ herd of horses “, Welsh Corn. Bret. gre ds.;
because of O.Ir. grafann f. “ horse race “ (*grego-su̯endnü ) barely borrowed from Lat. ;
Maybe Alb. (*grega ) grigja “ herd of sheep “
Bal.-Slav. gur- from * gor- in:
Lith. gurgulỹs m. “ coagulation , thickening “, gùrguolė f. “bulk, mass, lump “;
Maybe Alb. gurgullonj “boil (liquid coagulation ) “
Ltv. gùrste “ bundle of flax “ (*gursti - from * gurt-sti-) =
Maybe through metathesis Alb. (*gursti ) grushti “handful, thin, emaciated; fist ”; (*grist)
glisht , gisht “finger”.
Slav. *gъrstь in O.C.S. grъstь “fist, handful “, aRuss. gъrstь , Ser.-Cr. gr̂st (pl. gr̂sti)
“hollow hand ”, Pol. garść ds., Russ. gorstь ds.; R.C.S. pri-gъrъšča f. “ handful “ (*gursti̯ü );
Slav. *gъrtati and * gъrnǫti (from * gъrtnǫti ) in Ser.-Cr. gȑćêm , gȑtati “ scrape together “, Clr.
pry-hortáty ds., Pol. garnąć ds.;

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*gere- in Lith. gretà adv. “ side by side, abrost “;
remains far off O.Ind. gaṇáḥ “troop, multitude, crowd ”, because not IE (Kuiper Proto-
Munda 54 f.).
root extension grem -:
O.Ind. grü ́ ma -ḥ m. “heap, troop, multitude, crowd, village, congregational, parish,
community, township “;
Lat. gremium “armful; lap, bossom, womb, female genitals ”;
maybe Alb. ( grem- ) greminë “bottom, hole, abyss ”, gremis “throw to the abyss, pile up ”
M.H.G. krammen “ snatch with the claws “, O.H.G. krimman (kramm ) “ press, grip with
the claws “, O.E. crammian (Eng. to cram ) “ stuff, fill “ (actually “press”), O.Ice. kremia
“press, clamp “, krǫm “ consuming illness, disease, malady ”, ablaut. krumma , krymma
“hand”;
Lith. grumiúos, grùmtis “ with struggle somebody “, grùmulas “clump”, grum̃ (s)tas “ clod “,
grùmdau , -yti “ are pushing, filling, stuffing by force from above “; the same d(h)-extension
in Gk. γρόνθος “ clenched fist ”;
maybe Alb.Gheg grumull grumbull (*grem- ul) “mass, pile ” [common Alb. m > mb shift] : Lith.
grùmulas “clump”
Note: Alb. shares the cognate with Balt lang. not with Slav. lang. which means the Alb.
cognate is part of the inherited Illyr. Balt lexicon.
R.C.S. gromada, gramada “heap, mass ”, Pol. nsorb. also “ village community, local
meeting “.
Maybe Alb. (*gramada ) gërmadha “ruins, mass of stones ”
References: WP. I 590 f., WH. I 621 f., Trautmann 94, 102, Schwyzer Gk. I4335, 715, 7468.
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ger-2
English meaning: to scream (in expr. forms)
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten, especially for “heiser schreien ”
Material: A. O.Ind. járatē “ it rushes, sounds, crackles, shouts “, jarü “ the rustling,
murmuring “ (or to *ĝü̆r- or *gʷer -); perhaps gargara-h “ a music instrument “ (yet see also
*gal-);
Alb. ngurónj “howl” (from wind); [actually hunguronj “howl”]
O.N. kæ ̄ ra , kæ ̄ rða “ bring forward a matter, lodge a complaint, make a complaint to the
proper authorities, accuse “ (derived from a lengthened gradeen i-stem *gēri-); with
consonant increase O.H.G. carron “ squeak, screech, clash, jangle, squeal, grate, jar ,
resound, rattle, creak “ (schw. V.), cherran (st. V.) “cry, creak ”, M.L.G. kerren, karren
“creak”, O.E. ceorran “creak” (ceorung “ lament, grumble, growl, complain, repine, snarl “),
Nor. karra “ coo, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “, O.N. kurra “ growl, murmur ”, kurr
“murmur, rumor ”;
Lith. gùrti “ shrill, shriek, scream “;

B. Here the name of crane:
1. Lith. géršė “ crane , heron “; after Risch (briefl.) contaminated from gérvė and génšė ;
2. With formants -en-, to part with - u- and - g- extended:
Arm. krunk “ crane “ (*geru-n-g- ); compare under O.H.G. kranuh ;
Maybe truncated Alb. (*kranuh ) krahu “wing, arm ”
Gk. γέρην γέρανος Hes., γέρανος m. “ crane “ and “ crane for lifting weights, esp. used in
the theatre, quern, a fish “;

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Gaul. tarvos trigaranos (Inschr. about a bull with three plumes on the back); Welsh Corn.
Bret. garan (*gerenos) “ crane “;
O.H.G. kranuh (-ih), O.E. cranoc , cornuc , M.L.G. kranek m. (*grǝnug -);
O.E. cran, asächs. krano , M.H.G. krane , Ger. Krahn (*grǝnon -) m.; in addition O.Ice. trani
“ crane “ (with t- instead of k- after trami “ evil spirit, demon, evil supernatural being; devil “);
Lith. garnỹs m. “ heron , stork “ (*gor-n-i̯os); Ltv. gürns m. “ heron “.
3. With formants -ōu- : -ū-:
Lat. grūs, gen. gruis f. (later also m.) “a crane”, therefrom gruere “of crane’s call”;
Ger. West fäl. krūne “ crane “; see under O.H.G. kron;
Lith. gérvė , Ltv. dzer̃ve , O.Pruss. gerwe f. “ crane “ (*gerǝu ̯ i̯ü );
R.C.S. žeravь m. (*gerōu ̯ i̯os ), Ser.-Cr. že ̏ ra ̂ v , wRuss. žo ́ rou ̯ (gen. žo ́ rau ̯ la ); besides Ser.-
Cr. ždra ̂ lj (from *žьravlь ) and Russ. žura ́ vlь (gen. žuravlja ́ ).
C. from the same ōu-: ǝu-: ū-extension also O.H.G. krōn “ chatty, loquacious, talkative,
garrulous, gossipy, prattling, logorrheic ”, N.Ger. krӧ̄len (*krauljan ) “loud cry”, Du. kruilen “
coo “, krollen “ cry like cats “, M.L.G. krūschen “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle,
croak, yell “.
With i-extension redupl. Lat. gingrīre “ cackle, esp. from to geese “;
perhaps (?) here Gk. γίγγρᾱς, γίγγρος m. “ Phoenician flute ” etc.;
M.Ir. grith, Welsh gryd “ scream “ (*gri-tu-s), M.Ir. grinnigud “ creaking of the arrow “
(*gri-n-d-);
Maybe Alb. (*gri-n-d-) grindem “ scream, quarrel ”
M.H.G. krīschen “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “, M.L.G. krīten
“cry, howl ”, M.H.G. krīen ‘sharp cry”, Ger. kreißen , M.H.G. krīsten , Ger. kreisten.
D. grü- in WestGmc. N.. *krü- (with ō not changed to old ü through recent imitation of the
of a- a colored raven ’s croaking): O.H.G. krüen , Ger. krähen , M.L.G. kreien , O.E. crüwan

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ds., O.H.G. hanacrüt “ cock crow, call of a rooster; dawn, time of morning when roosters
crow “, O.H.G. krü(w)a , krüia , Ger. Krähe , O.S. krüia , O.E. crüwe ds., Lith. grioju , R.C.S.
grajǫ , grajati “ croak, caw “.
With guttural extension:
O.N. krüka “crow”, krükr “raven”, O.E. *crücian, cracettan “ croak, caw (of raven) ”, Ger.
krächzen ; Gmc. - k- from IE -g because of Ir. grüg “ croaking “ (*grüggo -); M.L.G. krakelen “
chatter, prattle, jabber; talk rapidly; talk nonsense “.
With IE k-: Lat. grüculus “jackdaw”, gracillō , -üre “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker
(from chicken) ”;
O.H.G. kragil , M.H.G. kregel “ gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering “, O.H.G.
kragilōn “ babble, chatter “, M.H.G. kragelen, kregeln “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker
“;
R.C.S. graču, grakati “ croak, caw “, grъkati “ coo (from the dove) ”.
E. With formant - g-, and from other hearing impressions:
O.Ind. garjati “ rages, roars, hums, bellows ”;
Arm. karkač “din, fuss, noise ”;
O.E. cracian, cearcian “ ring out; sound “, O.H.G. krühhon “crack, creak ”;
Lith. gìrgždžiu , girgžde ́ti “creak”.
In addition perhaps Russ. gróchot “din, fuss, noise, crash, blast, loud laughter “ under
likewise as new onomatopoeic words.
References: WP. I 591 ff., WH. I 583, 601 f., 615, 624, Specht Decl. 48, Trautmann 87, 94.
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ger-3
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden ”
Material: A. O.Ind. guṇá -ḥ (*gr̥-nó-s) “ the single thread of a string, line, cord; stain “ (dvi-,
tri-guṇa - actually “ consisting of two, three threads “); gárta -ḥ “ carriage seat of the chariot ”
(“*from rods twisted seat, carriage basket “), compare with formants -mo- O.N. karmr “
parapet, defensive wall, protective wall in front of a trench “, Swe. karm “ back, part of a
chair support from wickerwork, carriage basket “ (*gor- mo-s “ wickerwork “).
1. guttural extensions:
a. In IE -g: presumably Gk. γυργαθό ς “ wicker-basket, creel, twisted basket from willows,
weir, fish-snaring net “ (-υ-reduced vowel, ending as in κάλαθος “ basket narrow at the
base, esp. for wool, for fruit, (carried in procession in honour of Demeter), capital of a
column, in this form, wine-cooler, mould for casting iron, reservoir of an oil-lamp “);
O.N. kraki “ pole with hook; thin person “; O.H.G. krücho (*krēkan -), kracco (as *kraggan-
, gemination form to Gmc. *krag- see under) “ hooked device “, O.N. krükr and changing
through ablaut krōkr “bend, bay, hook “ (out of it M.Eng. crōk, nEng. crook “ curvature etc. ”),
krøkja “crook, snatch “, Swe. kräka , Nor. dial. kreka krak “ grovel, truckle, creep “, kreken
“weak, old age ”. Besides in Gmc. - g (probably = IE -k) O.H.G. krügo “ hook “; perhaps also
O.E. crōg, O.H.G. kruog “crock, pitcher, jug ”, if not in any leaning relationship to Gk.
κρωσσός (see under under greu-g- ). compare from the root form gr-ei- the same extension
in O.N. krīkr “bend, bay ”, -kriki (from which M.Eng. crike , creke , nEng. creek ) “ curvature,
bay”;
perhaps Ltv. gredzens “ring”.

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b. In IE -k: O.C.S. sъgrъčiti se ̨ “ draw together, collect, assemble “, Bulg. gъ́rča se “
bend, curve, crook, pull myself together “, gь́rča “wrinkle”, zgъ́rčen “ wizened, shriveled,
shrunk, dwindled “, Serb. gȑč “cramp”.
Maybe nasalized Alb. ngërç “cramp”, ngërth “kink”
c. Nasalized:
In IE -k certainly O.N. krü “point, edge, angle “ (*kraŋhō ) and probably also Gmc. forms in
-g: O.N. kringr m. “ring” = M.H.G. krinc , -ges “ring, battlefield ”, Ger. Kring , O.N. kringla “ ring
of a circle, circle, compasses, instrument for drawing circles and measuring, calipers “,
M.L.G. kringel(e) “ring, round pastry, cake “, M.H.G. kringel (and changing through ablaut
krengel ) ds., Ger. Kringel ; M.H.G. kranc, - ges “ circle, ring, district, region, area “, Ger.
Swiss chrangel “ curvature “, M.H.G. krangel “need, tribulation ” (from “entanglement,
curvature “) and “ring, circle ”; O.N. cranga “ grovel, truckle, creep, trudge, lumber “, with
figurative meaning krangr “weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated “; O.E. cringan
“fall”;
in IE -ĝ: O.E. cranc-stæf “ a weaver ’s device “, crencestre “ weaver “, M.Eng. crinkled “
twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “, Eng. crinkle “bend, curvature, crease, rumple,
wrinkle; make a rustling sound “, crank “ lever, handle, curvature “ (as Ger. Swiss chrank ),
older also cranke “ spool “, M.N.Ger. krunke “ crease, wrinkle, frill, ruffle; frizziness,
curliness; ruff “, Du. kronkel “ crease “, krinkel “ loop, noose, snare, crease, wrinkle ”, Nor.
krenkja “ dislocate, luxate, crick “; with the meaning-development to “ bent from disease,
malady “: O.H.G. krankolōn “ stumble, trip; transgress, go astray, lose one ’s way, become
weak “, M.H.G. krank “ narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, small, weak ”, Ger. krank , O.E.
cranc “weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated “, as well as O.E. crincan “ fall in
battle, die in battle, die in combat, die in war “(“*bend in agony ”);

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in IE -ĝ (not -g) point at Balt *grenžiō “ turn, twist, rotate “ in Lith. gręžiù , grę̃žti “ turn,
twist, rotate, drill, wimble, bore a hole “ (Iter. grąžūti ), grįžtù , grį̃žti “ retrovert, turn back,
return, go or come back “, grįžte ̃ “ roll of flax “ = Ltv. grī̀zte “ the twisted together “, Ltv.
grìežu “ turn, rotate “ (= Lith. gręžiù ), Lith. grą̃žtas “borer”, O.Pruss. granstis ds. (Lith.
grą̃žulas “ shaft, pole, rod, beam; long revolving bar used to transfer motion or torque to
gears or other parts “ presumably likewise from “ cord, rope, hank, halter, rope with a noose
for hanging criminals “).
2. Dental extensions:
a. gr-et(h)-: O.E. cradol m. “ cradle “ (*kradula- “ the plaited “), O.H.G. kratto “basket”
(*kraddan- ), krezzo , M.H.G. krezze , Ger. Krätze “ pannier “ (*krattian ).
b. Nasalized:
O.Ind. granth- , grathnü ́ mi , Fut. granthiṣyümi “ coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot “, participle grathitá - “winded, knotty, conglobated ”, granthí -ḥ m. “knot,
joint, intumescence “, grantha -ḥ “knot”, grathín - ‘scheming, deceptive ”, grathila- “raving,
mad”; but ghatü - “bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd ” is not a root. (Kuiper Proto-Munda 55
f.).
c. ger-d, gr-ed-, nasalized grend -:
O.Ir. grinne (*grend-n- i̯o-) “bundle, fagot, bunch, fascis ”;
O.N. kartr, O.E. cræt m. “ cart “ (probably “ twisted carriage basket “), probably also O.N.
kart-nagl “ deformed, twisted nail ”, Nor. kart m. “ unripe fruit, knag ”, E.Fris. kret ‘shrunk
fruit”, M.H.G. krenze “basket”, O.H.G. kranz , Ger. Kranz ;
Lith. grandìs (reduced grade grundis ) “ bracelet, iron ring, hoarfrost of wheel, round
cheesecake “, O.Pruss. grandis “ the ring in the plow which connects the plow crossbeam
with the front rack “, Ltv. grùods ‘stark twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, drall ”;
Pol. grędać się “ turn, rotate “.

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3. Labial extensions:
a. ger-bh-, gr-ebh-:
O.Ind. grapsa -ḥ, glapsa -ḥ “ bundle, tussock “, next to which with mind. development from
*gr̥psa -ḥ guccha-ḥ and as hypersanskrit. back-formation gutsá -ḥ “ tussock, bundle, bunch “;
belongs probably better to S. 455.
M.H.G. krëbe m. (*kreƀan -) “basket; intestines, entrails “, O.S. kribbia , O.H.G. krippa ,
O.E. cribb “ crib, manger “, in Ger. (and Du.) also “ wattle fence on shores, fish snaring net,
verge of a roof with brushwood bundles “ (tiefstufige additional form M.L.G. krũbbe , O.E.
cryb; with Gmc. - pp-: Ger. Swiss chrũp(e) “ crib, manger “, as on the other hand also
O.H.G. kripfa );
M.L.G. kerve “ weir, net ”, O.N. kiarf, kerf(i) n. “bundle, fascicle, sheaf “, O.S. kærve “ grain
bundle, fascicle, sheaf “, Swe. dial. karv “basket”, Ice. karfa, körv “basket” (but Ger. Korb ,
M.L.G. korf nevertheless probably only Lw. from Lat. corbis ).
In addition behaves perhaps Gk. γρῖφος “ shopping bag, fishing net; somewhat
complicated, riddle “ (whereas with π: γρῖπος “ fishing net ”, γρῑπεύς “ fisherman “), as scr-
ībō, σκάρ -ῑ-φος to *sker - “cut, clip”.
b. gerb-, with revelation of the meaning “ crinkle, wrinkle, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up, cramp “, but also for other kinds of of bending:
O.Ir. gerbach “wrinkly”;
O.Pruss. garbis “mountain ”, Lith. gárbana (see under) and garbanà f. “ hair lock “;
Maybe Pol. garbic się “to hump” : Alb. kërrus “to hump”, kurriz “( hunchbacked) spine ”
in addition ablaut. O.C.S. grъbъ “dorsum, cramp ”, grъbо -nosъ “ crooked-nosed “, Russ.
gorb “ hump, hunchback , hunch , outgrowth, elevation, back ”, Sloven. gr̂b, gŕba “ hunch ,
hump, hunchback, wrinkle ”, gŕbati “ make hunchbacked, crook, furrow “;
Mod.Ice. korpa f. “wrinkle, crease “, korpna “ contract, shrivel “;

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a heavy basis, perhaps *gerǝb - (?),seems the base from Arm. karth “ fishhook, hook ;
knee bow, popliteus, shinbone, leg ” (*gr̥̄pti-) and Lith. gárbana f. “ curl “; Berneker 368.
c. Nasalized:
O.H.G. krim(p)fan , M.H.G. krimpfen , M.L.G. krimpen “ shrink up, shrink “ = O.N. kreppa
(krapp ) “pull together ”, M.H.G. krimpf “crooked; cramp ”; O.E. crompeht “ crumpled, wrinkled
“, O.H.G. krampf “ writhed, crooked, humped “, substantivized krampf(o) “cramp”, krampf “
hook “, N.Ger. (and as Lw. Ger. ) Krampe “ hook for closing “, O.S. kramp(o) “cramp”, Kaus.
M.H.G. krempfen (*krampjan ) = O.N. kreppa (schw. V.) “pull together ”, Mod.Swe. krumpen “
wizened “, O.N. kropna (*krumpna ) “ shrink up, become stiff “, O.E. crump , O.H.G. krumpf “
writhed, crooked, humped “.
Besides O.E. crumb , O.S. krumb , O.H.G. krump , Ger. krumm presumably for IE u-root
from Gk. γρυμπάνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν Hes., γρῡπός “crooked” (see S. 389 under
B. 2.);
Ltv. grumbt “ gotten wrinkled “, grum̃bulaîns “ jolting “;
Maybe Alb. grumbullonj “pull together ”, grumbull “pile, heap ”
Lith. grumbù , grubaũ , grùbti (analogical nasalized form for *grumbaũ , *grum̃bti ) “ jolting,
hard or become insensible “, grubùs (for *grumbùs ) “ jolting, hard ”;
O.C.S. grǫbъ “ἰδιώτης, unlearned, untaught, ill -mannered “, Russ. grúbyj “rough, coarse,
raw”, Pol. gręby “wrinkly, rough, adverse “, Pol. grąba , gręba f. “elevation, hill, boundary “;
d. grep- or g(e)rǝp - (compare above S. 387 * gerǝb -) in M.L.G. krappe “hook, claw, talon
“;
maybe Alb. grep “hook”
Du. krap f. “cramp”, O.H.G. krü ̆ pfo “bent claw, talon, hook ”, Ger. Krapfen “hook; pastry of
such form “ (Gmc. pp; besides Gmc. - bb- in:) O.H.G. krüpo , M.H.G. krüpe “hook”, Swe. dial.
krabbe “hook for the search in water “;

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maybe Alb. kërrabë “crooked stick of the shepherd ”
O.N. krappr “eng”, Du. krap ds., Ger. bO.Ir. krapf “unprepossessing, small ”, Swiss chräpf
‘strong” (“*thickset) ”; O.H.G. Ger. Kraft (from cramping the muscles), O.S. kraft, O.E. cræft “
power, skillfulness, art “, O.N. krǫptr , kraptr m. “ power, witchcraft “, compare (as “ fest
worauf bestehen “) O.N. krǫf f. “ demand “, krefja “arrogate”, O.E. crafian ds.; Nor. krav m. “
Ice crust “ (besides O.N. krap n., krapi m. ds.; “wither, shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
wrinkle up “; N.. -p- probably for root form with IE b).
4. s-extension *gre-s-, only Gmc. : O.H.G. kresan “ grovel, truckle, creep “, Nor. dial.
krasen “weak, frail “; presumably O.S. O.H.G. kresso “ goby, small fish “, Ger. Kresse,
Kressling ds.; * ger-s- probably in Nor. karra “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle
up, friz, curl “.
Besides from the i-extension *gr-ei- also *gr-ei-s- in M.H.G. krīsen, kreis “ grovel, truckle,
creep “.
B. root form gr-eu-; grū ̆-mo- “ scraped together “:
Gk. γρῦ “ little dirt under the nail “ (i.e. “ what settles while scratching under the nail “);
Nor. kryl “ hump, hunchback “ (*krū-li-? *krūvila -?), dial. also skryl, kryla “ krummrũckig
sein “ (also gryla ), Swe. dial. krylas i hop “ creep together “, Nor. dial. krylt (grylt, skrylt ) “
hunchback person ” (the forms with g- belong together with O.N. grūfa “ sich
vornũberbeugen, auf der Nase liegen “ , Ger. Swiss grūben, groppen, gruppen “ crouch
down, stoop “ to a versch. root with Gmc. g-);
with the meaning “ crooked claw, talon, mit gekrallten Fingern zusammenscharren “: O.S.
krauwil , O.H.G. krouwil “ claw, talon, fork with crooked points “, Ger. Kräuel ds., O.H.G.
krouwōn , Ger. krauen , O.Fris. krüwia actually “ scratch, scrape with crooked fingers “;
maybe Alb.Gheg (*kraue- ) kruenj “ scratch, scrape “

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with formants -mo-: Gk. γρῡμέα, -είᾱ, -αία “junk, trash, trumpery, of fish small fry, also
pouch, bag or chest for old clothes “ (similarly the tü-derivative γρύ̄ τη “junk, of fish small fry,
woman’s dressing-case or vanity-bag, prob. a workman ’s tool-bag, frippery “, γρῡτοδόκη
“lumber room ”), actually “ scraped together “;
Lat. grūmus “ a little heap, hillock of earth “ (as earth scraped together);
M.H.G. Ger. Krume ; with ū: O.E. crūma m., mnl. krūme (ablaut, krōme ), Du. kruim “
crumb “ (“what one scratches from the hard crust “), Ice. krumr, kraumr , Swe. kråm , inkråm
(inkrom ) “ intestines, entrails of birds and fish, crumbs “.
1. guttural extension greu-g- in: O.Ir. gruc, Ir. grug “wrinkle” (*gruggu- ), M.Ir. grucünach “
corrugated “;
maybe Alb. (*greu-g-) krunde “ crumb, bread crumbs “ common Alb. -g- > -d- phonetic
mutatIon.
O.H.G. kriochan “ grovel, truckle, creep “, Ger. kriechen , ablaut. krauchen “ duck, slip,
crouch, grovel, truckle, creep “, Krauch “ road curve “ (M.Eng. crouchen , Eng. crouch “duck,
stoop”, is Fr. Lw.), M.Du. kroke “wrinkle, crease “, Du. kreuk ds. (* kruki -), M.Du. crooc “ hair
lock “ (*krauka- ), Nor. krjuka (krauk- ) “ shrink up, grovel, truckle, creep “, krūka “ crouch,
squat “, krøkla, krykla “ verkrũppelter Baum, hinfalliges Geschöpf, Knochenbrũchigkeit “ ; in
addition probably as ‘staff with crooked handle, grasp ” Nor. dial. krykkia , O.E. cryce f.,
nEng. crutch , O.H.G. krucka , M.H.G. krucke, asächs. krukka “ crutch “ (Gmc. *krukjō );
perhaps M.H.G. krūche (Ger. Krauche ), O.S. krūka , O.E. crūce “crock, pitcher ” (compare
above O.H.G. kruog ), O.E. crocc , crocca , O.N. krukka “pot, pan ”, therefore certainly also
old close relationship to Gk. κρωσσός “crock, pitcher ” from *κρωκι̯ός (about O.H.G. krūsel “
crucible, melting pot “ etc. s. Falk-Torp under krus m. addendum) stands to the
consideratIon. About Ger. Kriechbaum s. Kluge11 under Krieche.
2. Labial extensions:

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greu-p-: Gk. γρῡπός “ hook -nosed, aquiline, hooked, writhed, crooked, humped, with a
curved nose “, γρῡπόω “ bend, crook “, γρύψ, γρῡπός m. “ griffin (Griffin (after the crooked
beak and the crooked claws), a bird, part of a ship ’s tackle, or anchor “), nasalized
γρυμπάνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν Hes., wherefore probably at first O.E. etc. krumb
“crooked” (see above S. 387).
greu-b-: here perhaps schott.-Gael. groban “top or point of a hill ” (*grubb -);
O.N. krjūpa , O.E. crēopan , M.L.G. krūpen “ grovel, truckle, creep “ (“*curve like a worm
“), O.E. cryppan “bow, bend ”, Ger. dial. sich krũpfen “ crook oneself “ (Swiss chrũpfen
‘somewhat a bit bend so that it gets a roundish deepening “), M.L.G. kroppen “ bend
crooked “, Nor. krøypa (*kraupjan ) “crook”; O.N. kryppa f. “ hump, hunchback “, kryppil ,
O.E. crypel “ cripple “, M.L.G. kröpel ds. (Du. kreupel ; M.H.G. krũp(p)el , Ger. Krũppel from
N.Ger.), zero grade O.E. créopel “ cripple “; O.E. cropp “ bundle of berries or flowers, ear,
goiter, crop “; with expressive intensification: O.H.G. kropf “ crop, bird ’s head “, M.L.G. krop
‘swelling, blister, hunch, outgrowth, crop, Bird ’s head; trunk, (toter) body ”, only in latter
meaning O.N. kroppr “trunk”;
maybe Alb.Gheg kryja , Tosc krye “ (round) head “
with simple b: O.N. krof n. “trunk, killed animal body “, kryfia “ disembowel “; a *krufta- “
curvature, hill ” in M.Du. krocht “hill, farmland, field in the dunes “, O.E. croft ‘small field ”;
Lith. probably grubine ́ti ‘stagger, stumble ”, grùb(l)as m. “rough bumpiness, hillock ”.
3. s- Extension greu-s-: M.H.G. M.L.G. krūs “ frizzy, curly “; M.L.G. krūse “ chitterlings,
belly fat” (“*the frill, ruffle “); with Gmc. -au- N.Ger. krōs “ Intestine of geese “, M.H.G.
(ge)kroese , Ger. Gekröse , N.Ger. krũse (*krūsi -) “wrinkle, crease, furrow, curl “, Du. kreus “
fold in staves “; O.E. créas “dainty”, wFris. kreas “ frilly “; O.H.G. M.H.G. krol (-ll-) “ frizzy “
(*kruzlá -), M.H.G. krol(le), krũlle “ curl “, Nor. krull ds.; Nor. dial. kruslen, krusken “ frail “,
N.Ger. krusch “ curled “, M.H.G. krūsp “ frizzy “, Ger. obd. kraust “ frizzy “.

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ger-4, grēi-
English meaning: to grow; to awake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen, wecken ”
Material: O.Ind. járate “awakened ”, jü-gar- ti “ wakes”, perf. jü-gü ́ ra, participle jü-gṛ-váṁs -
“alert, awake, smart, keen, eager ”, jü ́ gr̥vi - “ attentive, sleepless, alert, awake, smart ”, аv.
jaɣürayantǝm “ the watching one “, perf. jagüra , participle perf. Akt. jagüurvah -, jigüurvah - “
awake, watchful, wakeful ”, Kaus. ü-garayeiti “ arouses, awakens “, with fra- inchoativ fra-
ɣrisǝmnō “awakening ” (*grī-sk-), Kaus. fra-ɣrü-ɣrüyeiti , dissimil. fra-ɣrü-rayeiti “ awakens ”,
M.Pers. vīgrüs “awake”, vīgrüsēnüg “ livener “;
Gk. ἐγείρω “ awake “ (whether ἐ- adv. *e? compare ē or ō in Av. ü-garayeiti and above S.
280; different Schwyzer Gk. I 6483), Aor. ἔγρετο, ἐγρέσθαι, perf. ἐ-γρή-γορα (for ε -γη-γορα -
compare O.Ind. jü-gü ́ ra - with dem ρ from ἐγρέσθαι; Med. (late) ἐ -γή-γερ-μαι; of perf.
proceed from ἐγρηγορτί “ on guard “, ἐγρήγορσις); ἐγρήσσω “ watch” to *γρη -τ- (compare
Av. fra-ʒrütō “by awakening “); barely from * ἐγρήσκι̯ω (Schwyzer Gk. I 7082);
Alb.Tosk ngrē ̈ (from which ngrē), Gheg ngrêi “lift up, arouse, erect, awake, stretch a gun
“(*n-grǝ-n-i̯ō), participle n-gritë (*-grī-t-);
presumably O.N. karskr, kerskr “fresh, agile, lively ”, M.L.G. karsch “fresh, alert, awake,
smart”, Alem. chärzsch.
References: WP. I 598 f., WH. I 429 f.
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g(e)u -lo-
English meaning: glowing coals
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glũhende Kohle”
Note:
Root g(e)u -lo- : glowing coals derivded from Root ker(ǝ) -3 : to burn
Material: With l-suffix:
Ir. gúal “coal” (< *geulo- or *goulo -);
O.Ice. kol n. “ charcoal “, O.E. col m. “coal”, Eng. coal, O.Fris. kole f., O.H.G. kolo m.,
also kol n., M.H.G. kol n., kol(e) m., kole f., Swiss cholle “gleam”.
In addition with r-suffix (or previously reshaped from * gulo- after Arm. hur “fire”):
Arm. krak “fire, glowing coals ” (< *guro- , *gurü -), krak-aran ‘stove, hearth, fireplace,
glowing frying pan “.
References: WP. I 563. other possibilities by W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 479.
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gē(i)- : gō(i) - : gī -
English meaning: to sing, to cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘singen, rufen, schreien ”
Note: onomatopoeic word
Material: O.Ind. güyati and güti “ sings”, gütu ́- m. and gītí- f. “ song”, gīta ́- ‘sung, chanted ”,
gü ́ thü “ song, verse ” = Av. güϑa “ song of religious content “;
aRuss. gaju, gajati “ crow, squawk “, Russ. gajь m. “ Jackdaw ’s croaking, clamor ”, gákatь
“ groan, croak, caw “ etc.;
Baltic *gēidō in Lith. gíedu and gíestu , giedóti ‘sing, cackle, crow, squawk “, Ltv. dziêdu ,
dziêdât ‘sing”; in addition Lith. gūstu , gūdau , gūsti “to sing, begin crow “, gaidỹs m. “rooster ,
cock”, giesme ̃ f. “Kirchenlied ”, Ltv. dziêsma f. “ song “, gaîlis m. “rooster, cock ”.
Maybe Lat. gallus “rooster, cock ” : Alb. gjel “rooster, cock ”
Toch. A kük, В küka “ he shouted “ (redupl., to O.Ind. güti), present 3. pl. keneńc (*gēi-n-
?), Pedersen Tochar. 183, 263.
References: WP. I 526 f., Trautmann 76, W. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 52.
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gēu-, gǝu -, gū - (*sgēu -)
English meaning: to bend, curl; a kind of vessel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen, krũmmen, wolben”
Note:
Root gēu-, gǝu-, gū- : to bend, curl; a kind of vessel probably derived from Root (s)keu -2,
(s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū - : to cover, wrap
Phonetic evidence: M.H.G. kobe ‘stall, pigpen, cage, cavity ” : Clr. kúča “ pigpen”
(Trautmann 145)
Material: Unextended probably in gou̯ǝ - : gū- “hand”, see there; further Nor. kaa “ turn, twist
the hay “, O.N. kü “ disturb the peacefulness “ (*kawōn ); kü-beinn “ bowlegged ” (*gou̯o -;
O.Ir. güu, gō “lie, falsity ”, whether from * gōu ̯ ü , here, otherwise to connect with Lat. haud );
about Gk. γύης, γυῖον see under S. 398, about γύαλον see under S. 397.
a. More dental extensions :
gud-, geud- (occasionally gu̯-ed-?), before all in Gmc. ; gudo- m “ intestine “.
O.Ind. gudám “ intestine “;
Maced. γόδα ἔντερα Μακεδόνες Hes.;
N.Ger. kũt “ intestine “, Ger. bO.Ir. kũtz “ a part the bowels “; N.Ger. kũt, kũte also “
Intestine of smaller animals, roe bags; calf; bag, pouch “, M.L.G. kūt “ soft parts in the
animal body, roe bag, calf “, Du. kuit (*kūt-) and kiete (*keot-) “ roe; calf ”, Eng. dial. kyte,
kite “belly, stomach “ (compare to meaning under qiÞus );
O.Fris. küte (*kaut-) “ankle”, M.L.G. kōte, kūte “hoof, talon, the foot joint of horses “,
N.Ger. (and borrowed Ger. ) Kote, Köte “ ankle, shackle of the horses “, Dimin. M.L.G. kötel ,
nd. Kötel (from * kutil) “ plump excrements, e.g., from nanny goats, horses “, M.Du. cotel ,
Du. keutel “ds., cone, toddler ”;

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Nor. dial. kyta “ hump, hunchback, puffed out fold, hump in an plump body, sacklike
extension of a net “, Swe. dial. kūta “ go or run with stooped back “, Ger. kauzen = crouch ( “
together bend “), geminated Swe. kott(e) “pine cone ”, dial. kutte, kutting “ small squabby
knave, boy ”;
with the concept of the incurvation, cavity: N.Ger. kūte “pit, pothole ”, M.H.G. kūz, Ger.
Kauz “ Grube als Gerichtsstätte “ (formal = Nor. dial. kūt “ deformation in growth ”, Swe. dial.
“tuber, bulb, hump, hunchback “; M.H.G. kūte “pit, pothole, hole ”, Ger. dial. Kaute ds.
probably from N.Ger. ); Nor. dial. køyta “ degradation in the surface of the earth, pool; the
vessel in what one carries fish “ (*kauti- ) = M.H.G. kætze , Ger. dial. Kötze “ woven basket “,
O.E. cȳte “cottage, house, lair “ (ȳ = īe) = Nor. køyta “ wood hut from branches “, compare
Ger. dial. kieze “ bast basket “ (-eu-), O.E. cȳt-wer “fish snaring net ” with expressive
gemination M.L.G. etc. kutte “ female pudenda “ (M.H.G. kotze “courtesan ”); hole =
schlechte Wohn- oder Liegerstatt: N.Ger. (and borrowed Ger. ) kot, kote “ sheds, stable, hut,
stall, cottage ”, M.Du. cot, cote “ cave, lair of wild animals, stable, bad hut “, O.E. cot “(
robber-) cave, house, lair “, O.N. kot ‘small cottage ”, kytia ds.;
nasalized O.N. kunta “vulva” from M.L.G. kunte “ female pudenda; also buttocks “, Nor.
Swe. kunt “ Ranzen (from birch bark) ”; also Av. gunda-, gundü “ Teigballen “?
gū ̆-t-, geu-t-; about gu̯-et- see distinctive article; gut-r̥ “throat”.
Lat. guttur (*gūtṛ, formation as Hitt. kuttar ); n. (by Plautus m.) “ gullet, throat ”, guttura
(Plin.) “ thick neck, swellings in the neck “;
Maybe Alb. gushë “neck, throat ”
in addition as “ sacklike skin growth in the neck “ under likewise:
geut- in O.E. cēod(a) m. ‘sack, bag, pouch “, O.H.G. kiot ds., M.L.G. kǖdel “ pouch “,
M.H.G. kiutel “ dewlap, Unterkinn “, Ger. Keutel “ fishnet, intestine, swelling, lump, growth ”;
gut- in M.L.G. koder m., Ger. dial. Köderl, Goderl (*gut-ro-) “ Unterkinn, goitre “;

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maybe Alb. kodër “ (round) hill “
N.Ger. koden ds., Eng. cud “ cud, the inner gullet from ruminants ”, Dutch kossem “
Unterkinn “ (*gutsmo- ), Nor. kusma “ parotitis, mumps “; M.H.G. kuteln , Ger. Kutteln
“Kaldaunen ”;
maybe Alb. (*kuta) shyta “ parotitis, mumps “
with expressive dd: O.E. codd m. “husk, pod, sack, bag ”, O.Ice. koddi “pillow, cushion,
testicle”; perhaps O.H.G. kutti “herd”, Ger. Kette , bO.Ir. kũtt “troop, multitude, herd of
warrantable animal ”;
Hitt. ku-u-tar (kuttar ), dat. ku-ut-ta-ni (kuttani ) n. “ nape, upper arm “ (= Lat. guttur , see
above); kuttanalli “ necklace “.
b. guttural extensions; gugü “ball”.
M.H.G. kugel(e) , Ger. Kugel , M.L.G. Du. kogel ds., Ger. dial. Kogel “ round brow, edge of
a hill or cliff “ (Persson Beitr. 113); rhein. Klugel, Krugel after Persson probably previously
through amalgamation with kliuwel and Klũngel ;
with gg: O.E. cyćǵel , Eng. cudgel (*kuggila ) “cudgel, club ”, O.N. kuggr from M.L.G.
kogge , Eng. cog “ wide, ungainly sea ship “;
with Gmc. k: Ice. kjūka “ knuckle “;
maybe Alb. (*kũch ) kyç “ knuckle, ankle “ : Pers. gūzak “ ankle “ (see below)
Nor. kjūka “clump”, kokle , kukle “clump”, kokla (and kogla ), kokul “ Fruchtzapfen der
Nadelbäume “ ; O.E. cyćel , nEng. dial. kitchel “ small cake ”; in addition O.N. kjūklingr with “
gosling “, O.E. ćiećen , nEng. chicken , M.L.G. kǖken , Ger. Kũchlein “ chicken “;
with Gmc. kk: O.H.G. coccho , Ger. dial. Kocke “heap, haycock, haystack, dunghill “, Dan.
kok(k) “heap, haycock, haystack ”;
Lith. gugà f. “ knop, knob , hump, hunchback, hill ”, gaũgaras m. “ summit of a mountain “;

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Russ. gúglja , Pol. guga ‘swelling, blister ” (Persson Beitr. 937); but Lith. gúogė , gógė f.
“head”, gõgas m. “ withers of the horse “, probably not from lengthened grade * gō[u]-g-;
different above Trautmann KZ. 43, 176;
maybe Alb. (*kok) kokë f. “top, head ” : Lith. gógė f. “head” and Dan. kok(k) “heap, haycock,
haystack ”;
with -ĝ-:
Pers. gūzak “ ankle “ (?);
Lith. gùžas “knag, swelling, blister, craw “, gūžy ̃ s “craw “, gaũžė “head” , Ltv. gũza , guza
“crop, goiter ”, guzma “heap, hunch “, gũža “hip, haunch, loin, club, mace, joint of the roast “;
similar to
Lithuanian: gū ̃ že “head of cabbage ” [f ē] 2
Lith. accentuation: 1/2/4
Latvian: gũža “thigh, ham” [f jü]
Proto-Slavic reconstruction: gyža
(Old) Church Slavic: RuCS gyža “unripe grape ” [f jü]
West Slavic: Cz. hyže “tip of the shin-bone ” [f jü]; O pl. giża “leg of pig or cattle, ham ” [f jü]
South Slavic: SCr. gì ̀(d)ža (dial.)’stump of a vine ” [f jü]; Bulg. gíža “vine, stump of a cut off
vine” [f ü]
Maybe Alb. gic “piglet, roast of a pig? ”
O.Cz. hūžě “hip, haunch, thigh ”, Pol. giża, giza “ capitulum, head of a bone, end of a
bone in the shinbone under likewise ” (also Church Slavic gyža vinьnaja “ grapevine “, Serb.
gidža ds. as “knag, gnarl of a plant ”); probably here as to *geng - (see there), Pol. guz
‘swelling, blister, hunch “, guza “ buttocks “, Sloven. gúza “ buttocks, hunch “, as partly
probably also other, in itself also with guz = gǫz- attachable words (see *geng -); ambiguous

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are also the words with Balt ( gunž -) gūž- as gunžy ̃ s , gūžy ̃ s “ crop by birds, head of the
femur “ etc.; s. Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 685, 687;
besides Ltv. gū ̆ za , guzma stand kuza “heap”, kuzma “ crop of chickens “, the formant
with guza etc. stand in connection, in anlaut. k- but one with Av. fra-, apa-kava - “ in the
front, behind with a hump “ and the family qeu- “bend, curve “ are coherent word to the
prerequisite;
about that from Slav. guz- not certainly to separative gǫz- see under geng- .
c. Labial extensions; gupü “ burrow “.
Gk. γύπη “ earth hollow, cave, hiding place, nook, hideaway, vulture ’s nest “ (Hes.); γύψ ,
γῡπός “ vulture” (from the crooked beak or the crooked claw s, as γρύψ to γρυπό ς “ writhed,
crooked, humped “);
Maybe Alb. (*gupos ) gjyp “ vulture”
Maybe Czech = Slovakian sup, Polish sęp satem s- < centum k-.
O.H.G. chubisi “ a hut, cot, cottage of shepherds, peasants “, M.H.G. kobe ‘stall, pigpen,
cage, cavity ”, Ger. Koben “ small, miserable room or edifice, building, pigpen ” (in addition
M.H.G. kobolt , Ger. Kobold , z.B. Kluge11 315), O.E. cofa (Eng. cove ) “ chamber, hideout,
cave” (out of it O.N. kofi “ chamber, cell “), Westfäl. kũffe (*kufjō ) “ miserable cottage ”; basic
meaning “hole in the earth as residential pit ”, lit. “ arch, curvature “, N.Ger. Kũbbung “ annex
“; M.H.G. Ger. Kober “basket”; Du. kub, kubbe “fish snaring net ”; M.H.G. kobel m. “ (arched)
box, narrow miserable house, stable “; whereas derive M.H.G. kobel n. “ rock canyon “,
kofel “ brow, edge of a hill or cliff “, Ger. bO.Ir.-allem. Kofel, Kobel, Gufel , rätorom. cúvel ,
Ital. cóvolo “ cave, Felswand “ from Lat. *cubulum (to cubüre ) “ Lagerstätte des Viehs “
(Zinsli, on the ground of Grat 322) and O.H.G. miluh-chubilī “ milk tub “, M.H.G. kũbel , Ger.
Kũbel probably from M.Lat. cupellus ;
O.N. kūfr “ round cusp, peak, heap ”,

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Maybe Alb. kufi “ boder, edge “
Nor. kūven “roundish, arched ” (therefrom Nor. kuva , kyva “round off, make blunt, dull ”,
compare also Swe. kuffa ‘soften, bump, poke = N.Ger. kuffen “bump, poke, slap ”), Du. kuif
(M.Du. *cūve ) “ plume, tuft, shock of hair, crest, treetop “ (compare in similar meaning
frũhGer. Kaupe “ plume, actually, crest, on the head of the birds “ from O.H.G. *kūba ,
probably from the rom. family of cūpa , also O.E. cȳf “barrel, vat, cask ”, O.S. kūvīn “barrel,
vat, cask ”, compare Fr. cuve from Lat. cūpa “ tub “);
Maybe Alb.Tosk kuvli “ box “
Gmc. *kubb-: West Flemish kobbe “ Federhũschel, buschiges Нaar, Hutkopf “ , O.Ice.
kobbi m. “ seal “, bO.Ir. koppen “ tangled crown of a conifer “, Eng. cub “ young animal “,
cob “round clump, head, spider ”, presumably also Ice. kubbur, kubbi “clot, chunk, stump ” (in
addition Swe. Ice. Nor. kubba “ cavitate “);
Gmc. *kūp-: Nor. dial. kūp “ hump, hunchback “, Swe. kupa “ half-spherical case, beehive
“ under likewise; Swe. kypa “round vessel from straw ”, N.Ger. kũpe “ big pannier “, Eng.
dial. kipe (O.E. *cȳpe ) “ plaited fish snaring net, basket ”; changing through ablaut Nor. dial.
kaup “ wooden jar “, kaupa “tuber, bulb ”;
whereas derive probably from Lat. cuppa f. “goblet”: O.E. copp m. “ acme, apex, goblet ”
(M.Eng. also “head), cupp m., cuppe f. “goblet”, Ger. (actually md.) Koppe “ crest of the
birds “, Koppe, Kuppe , “round mountain top “, M.H.G. kuppe , O.H.G. chuppa “ headpiece “
(with expressive intensification O.H.G. chuppha ds., M.H.G. kupfe, kuffe , gupfe ds., gupf,
gupfe m. “ summit of a mountain, point of the tower “, wherein g- probably substitution for
romO.N. c-; O.N. koppr “head, vessel, Helmknopf, eye socket “ is Lw. from M.L.G. kopp );
O.Fris. M.L.G. kopp “goblet”, O.H.G. kopf, chuph “goblet”, M.H.G. kopf “drinking vessel,
cranium, head ” (similarly rom. testa “head” from Lat. testa ‘shard, bowl ”, M.Lat. testa
capitis ), Ger. Kopf.

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Nasalized Gmc. * kumb -: O.E. cumb (Eng. coomb ) “ paten “ (in the meaning “valley” from
O.Brit. *kumbo-s “valley”), M.L.G. kumm(e) f. “round, deep vessel, tub, paten “, Ger.
Kumme “deep bowl ”, Swiss chumme “ cistern “; *kump- (from * kumb - with consonant-
sharpening) M.L.G. kump , M.H.G. kumpf “vessel, cup “, Ger. Kumpf.
In addition perhaps Pers. gumbed “ bulge, cupola, goblet ”;
further presumably Lith. gum̃bas m. “ bulge, swelling, lump, growth, knag ”; Ltv. gum̃ba
‘swelling, lump, growth” ;
O.C.S. gǫba “ sponge, fungus “, Ser.-Cr. gȕba “ sponge, leprosy “, Sloven. gǫ́ba “
sponge, fungus “, gôbec m. “muzzle”, аčеch. húba “ sponge “, newer “muzzle, lip ”, Russ.
gubá “ tree-fungus “; besides gúba “lip”; in Slav. lies intonation change before, the meaning
“muzzle” is everywhere newer.
Under a basic meaning ‘save, store ” was connected with Ger. Koben Av. gufra- “deep;
mysterious, wonderful “, ostensibly originally ‘sunk in a pit “?
d. With l-suffixes; geu-lo-s “round vessel ”.
O.Ind. gōla-ḥ “ball”, gōlü, gōlam “ ball, round water jug ”; perhaps O.Ind. gula-ḥ, gulī ,
gulikü “ ball, globule, sphere “ (or as gel- to *gel- “ clench “);
Arm. kalum “I take, catch ” (*gu̯elō);
Gk. γυλιός “ long-shaped wallet, hedgehog “ (also γογ -γύλος? s. gong-; about γωλεό ς
see under *gol- “lie”);
Gk. γύαλον “ cubical stone “, later “gorge, ravine, gulch ”, meg. γυάλᾱς “ drinking cup “,
ἐγγυαλίζω “ put into the palm of the hand, put into the hand “ (compare to latter ἐγγυάω
under *gou̯ǝ -) can also as *γυσαλο - derive from the s-extension * g(e)u-s-;
Lat. vola f. “ the hollow of the hand, the palm, or of the foot, the sole “ (*gu̯-elü);
O.H.G. kiol, O.E. cēol, O.N. kjōll m. “(*roundish) vehicle, ship ” (the newer meaning “keel”
through influence of O.N. kjǫlr “keel”; Gmc. * keula - = O.Ind. gōla-), O.H.G. kiulla “ pouch “;

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O.E. cȳll(e) “hose, vessel ”, borrowed from Lat. culleus ; from which finn. keula “ wheel of the
prow “, O.N. kȳll m. ‘sack, bag, pouch “ (Dutch kuil “ the middle, sacklike part of a net “ but
after Franckvan Wijk Wb. 356 from aDutch kuidel from the t-extension the root); O.H.G. kūli,
M.H.G. kiule, Ger. Keule (Proto-Gmc. * kūlōn -) ‘stick with a thick spherical end ”, M.L.G. kūle
“club, mace, joint, clavate vessel, testicle, swelling, lump, growth, polliwog; (konkav:) “pit,
pothole, cave ” (latter meaning also in M.H.G. kūle, Ger. (md.) kaule and O.S. kūla), M.H.G.
kūle, Ger. Kaule “ball, spherical object “, Ger. Kaulquappe (of spherical appearance), O.N.
kūla ‘swelling, blister, ball ”; Ger. dial. kulle “ball, pulley, roller “, kullern, kollern “roll, make
into a ball ” (: Gk. γυλλός κύβος ἤ τετράγωνοςλίθος Hes. with coloring of the meaning
round?); presumably also O.N. kollr m. “ rounded acme, apex, head ”, M.L.G. kol, kolle m. “
head, uppermost part of plants “, Ger. kũllbock and (zero grade) kielbock “ hornless he-
goat; billy goat “, compare Alb. tsjap gul “ hornless he-goat; billy goat “; Nor. køyla (*kauliōn )
“gully, canal ”.
e. With n-suffix; gou-no-m “ curled, arched “ .
Av. gaona- n. “hair (esp. the animal); (hair)farbe ” (compare above Lith. gauraĩ etc.);
particularly Gmc. formation O.N. kaun n. ‘swelling, blister ”, mnl. coon f. “ jaw, mandible,
lower jaw bone “, nld. koon “cheek” (*kaunō ); in addition Goth. kuna-wida “manacle ”
(“crooked rope ”, to O.H.G. widi “rope”).
f. With r-suffixes; geu-ro-s, gou-ro-s, gū-ro-s, gur-no-s.
Arm. kuṙn gen. , kṙan “back” (= Lith. gur̃nas ), kr-ukn , gen. krkan “calcaneus “, kur, gen. kri
“boat, barge ”, also “Becken, paten, Pfanne ”; kray (*gūrüti -) “turtle, tortoise ”; o-grade kor
(*gou̯-ero- or -ero-) “ writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved; inverted “, kori “canal”, koriz
‘swelling, lump, growth; kernel, seed “;
Gk. γῡρός “ round, veer “, γῦρος “ roundness, circle, round pit, pothole ”, γῡρόω “curve “,
γυρῖνος or γύρῑνος “ polliwog “ (as M.L.G. kū-le, Ger. Kaulquappe , see above);

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M.Ir. gūaire “hair” (originally “* curly hair ”, compare:) Ir. guairneán “whirlwind ”;
Nor. kaure “frizzy curl (esp. from wool) ”, kaur “ curled wave “ (IE *gou- ro-; besides Gmc.
*kau̯-ara- in:) O.N. kürr m. “frizzy curl “, küri “ the gust of wind curling the water “, Nor. kåre “
shavings “; with - eu- Gmc. loanword finn. keuru “ arched “; with ū (compare γῡρός and the ū̆
included Arm. words) Nor. kūra “ squat; rest ”, M.L.G. kūren “waylay (for the hunt) ”, Ger.
kauern ; with application of coagulation of the milk Nor. kjøre (*keuran- ) “ cheese in the first
state “, kūr (*kūra -) “ds., coagulated milk ”, køyr (*kauri -) “ cheese mass of sour milk “, kaara
(*kau̯arōn ) “ curdle, coagulate, harden, become caseous “ (doubtful whereas Sloven. etc.
žu ̂ r “wheys” because of the ĝ indicating additional form Sloven. zûra, zzra “wheys”);
maybe Alb. hirra “whey”);
Lith. gaũras m., mostly pl. gauraĩ “ hair in the body, flax fiber “, Ltv. gauri m. pl. “pubic
hair” (compare above Av. gaona- n. “hair”); Lith. gur̃nas m. “hip, haunch, ankle “, Ltv. gùrus
“ hip, fork in the spinning wheel “ (= Arm. kuṙn); Lith. gū ̃ rinti , gūru ́ oti “ get writhed, crooked,
humped “, Ltv. gūra ̂ ties , guôrîties “ loll oneself, stretch oneself ”; Lith. kálno gùras m. “
mountain projection “;
Serb. gȕra f. “ hunch “, gȕriti se “ shrink up, crook ”; if here Ser. -Cr. žu ́ riti se “ hurry “?; s.
also under ĝeu- “ expedite, hurry ”; also Bulg. gúrkam , gúrnъ “ dive in the water “?; the
intonation required *gōurü or *gou̯ erü (compare above O.N. kürr etc.).
maybe Alb. gurra “rapid”
g. With s-suffixes:
Pers. gōšü “ angle, point, edge ”;
Gk. γύης “ the crooked piece of wood in a plow “, ἄροτρον αὑτόγυον “ Pflug, an dem
Krummholz und Scharbaum noch aus einem Stũck bestanden “ (s-suffix doubtful),
wherefore γύης “ piece of wood as field measure “ (*γυ[σ]ᾱς-, but also * γυFᾱς- possible);

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Gk. γυῖον “ limb, the feet, womb, hands, the hand, (so prob. as device on signet); the whole
body “;
maybe Alb. gji “womb”
Gk. μητρὸς γυ ῖα “lap”, γυιόω “ lame “, from which γυιό ς “ lame “ (Grdf . *γυσ-ι̯ον; or γυF-ι̯ον?
ders. doubt by γύαλον, see above), γαυσό ς “crooked, bent outwards, writhed humped (from
legs)”, γαυσόομαι “ to be bent “ (but γαυσάδας ψευδής Hes. perhaps Gaelic, to O.Ir. gáu
“lie, falsity ”?) can σ have preserved after oth er adj. in - σός for “ stooped, writhed, crooked,
humped “, yet αυ is also difficult, because an ablaut * gēu- : gǝu- in spite of the frequent
grade *gū- stands not certainly; unclear Hom. ἀμφίγυος “ with a limb at each end, double-
pointed, or bending both ways, elastic ”, epithet of spear, and ἀμφιγυήεις “ he that halts in
both feet, the lame one “, epithet of Hephaistos;
maybe also Alb. gënjej “lie”
M.L.G. nnd. kūse “ stump, club, mace, joint; grinder, molar tooth “, Nor. dial. kūs “ hump,
hunchback “; Swe. kusa “pudenda ”; O.N. kjōss f. “ pouch “, kjōss m. “bay, cavity ”, farø. kjōs
f. “craw “, Swe. kjusa “ valley gulch “, kjus “point, edge of a poke “ under likewise, Nor. kȳsa
(*keusiōn -) and køysa (*kausiōn -) “ crest, bonnet, cowl “.
References: WP. I 555 ff., WH. I 112 f., 311, 629, 852, Trautmann 80, 100 f.
Page(s): 393-398

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ghabh(o)lo -, -lā
English meaning: bifurcation
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Astgabel, Gabelung, Gabel ”
Material: O.Ir. M.Ir. gabul “forked bough, fork; fork point the thighs, vulva ”, Welsh gafl “ fork;
thigh fork, vulva ”, O.Bret. Plur. gablau “ fork “, Bret. gavl, gaol “ bifurcation “ (with ī-umlaut
from a to e O.Welsh gebel “ a mattock, pickaxe “, Welsh gefail [-ī-stem] “pliers”, Bret. gevel
m., O.Corn. geuel-hoern gl. A pair of snuffers), (gall-)Lat. gabalus “ cross, gallows “; the
Brit. forms prove a Celt. *gablo- ; the medial a in gabalus is probably Lat.; v. Wartburg
separates gallorom. gabalus ‘spear, javelin ” (older “*fork”), places that in *gab-lakkos
‘spear, javelin ” (Welsh gaflach ds.), from gabulum “ gallows “, but u in O.Ir. gabul (*ghabhlo-
) is only epenthesis;
O.H.G. gabala “fork”, M.L.G. gaffel(e) f., O.E. gafol , geafel f. ds.; O.Ice. gaflak , O.E.
gafeluc “ light spear, lance ” derive from an O.Ir. *gablach ;
here probably the PN Illyr. Gabuleo , Ven. Σρι-γάβολοι .
References: WP. I 533 f., WH. I 575, Krahe Wũrzb. Jahrbũcher 1, 215.
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ghabh -
English meaning: to grab, take
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, nehmen ”
Note:
Root ghabh- : “to grab, take ” derived from the extended labials: geleb (h)-, glēb(h)- (:
glǝb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:gl̥b(h)-) of Root gel-1 : “to curl; round ” [see above].
Note: with ē-forms durative “ have on, wear, hold on, possess, adhere to “, could be
onomatopoeic words (imitation of of snatch sound), what would explain the frequent
coincidence with the synonymous roots qagh - and qap- (compare also Vendryes MSL. 18,
310); on the other hand place EM2 150 for qap- (also also for ghabh- ) put a vocalism ē : ō :
ǝ (against it Reichelt KZ. 46, 339, WP. I 344, WH. I 159), so that its root must be assumed
as ghǝbh - and O.Ind. gábhasti -ḥ “hand” then was to be kept away.
Material: O.Ind. gábhasti -ḥ m. “ forearm, hand ”;
Lat. habeō , -ēre “hold, possess, have ”, etc.; dēbeō “ to owe, to be indebted to somebody
for anything; to be due to do a thing, be morally bound to or be bound by logic or necessity
or law to; to have to pay because of fate, to be destined to give, have to “ (*dē-habeō ),
praebeō “ to offer, hold out; to provide, supply, allow; bestow; with reflex. to present or show
oneself in a certain character, behave as “ (older prae-hibeō = Umbr. pre-habia, pre-hubia “
to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer, tender “), habē -nü f. “ a strap; a bridle, reins “, habilis “
easily managed, handy; suitable, fit, convenient “, etc.;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*habeō, kapem ) kam “hold, possess, have ” similar to Pol. jestem “I
am” : Alb. jam “I am”, common Alb. h- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutations found in
Corn. caf(f)os, cafes , M.Bret. caf(f)out , Bret. kavout “have”.
Note:
Also zero grade in Alb. preterite (ha)pata “I held, possessed, had ”

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Osc. i̯o-inflection: haf[íar] “ have, hold, support, carry, wear “, hafiest “ have, hold,
support, carry, wear “ (*ghabh-), in addition Präter. stem hip- (*ghēp -, probably through
influence of Lat. capiō : cēpī; different EM2 442) in Konj. perf. hipid , Fut. exakt. hipust “ will
hold, possess, have “;
Umbr. habe “ have, hold, support, carry, wear “, Imper. habitu, habetu “ have, hold,
support, carry, wear “ (*habē -) besides habiest “they have, hold, support, carry, wear “
(*habi̯ō ) and sub-ahtu, subotu “ send different ways, send out, send forth, send about,
scatter, distribute “ (*sub-habĭ-tōd), etc.; to Umbr. - b- compare Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae
172 ff., v. Blumenthal, Iguv. Taf. 662;
Maybe Alb.Tosk (*( h)ap) jap, Gheg ep (nasalized) nep “ give “ : O.H.G. geban “give”.
O.Ir. gaibid “ takes, seizes etc. ”, later also “ attains, gets “ (*ghab (h)-i-ti), verbal noun
gabal f. (Celt. * gabaglü , the ending probably attributed to *kaglü , Welsh cael “ attainment “;
see under qagh- “catch”) “ the taking “ = Welsh gafael “ the holding on “ (f = v), Corn. gavel
f. “ the holds, the seizing “, O.Bret. an-gabol “ the grabbing, resumption “; otherwise mostly
in Brit. beginning k (attributed to qagh -): M.Welsh and Welsh caffael “ attainment “ (besides
cael, see above); das ff derives from the s-subjunctive ( v + h > f); with other suffix Corn.
caf(f)os, cafes , M.Bret. caf(f)out , Bret. kavout “have”;
about the striking congruities Ir. compounds with gaib- with Lat. compositions of habēre
s. Pedersen KG. II 532;
here also gallorom. *gabella “ fascicle, sheaf, bunch, bundle “ from Gaul. *gabaglü ;
Goth. gabei f. “ richness “ (*ghabhī ), gab(e)igs “rich” (*ghabhīko -), O.H.G. kepi f. “
richness “, kepic “rich”, O.E. giefig , O.Ice. gǫfugr ds.; gæ ̄ fa f. “luck”, gæ ̄ fr “ generous,
pleasant, helpful “ (Gmc. * gēbiz ), M.H.G. gæbe ds., Ger. gäbe “give”; in addition also the
Gmc. matron ’s name Ala-gabiae “ the all giving ones “, GN Fria-gabis “ dear giver “; about

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den GN Garman-gabis s. Gutenbrunner Gmc. God ’s names 90 ff.; Goth. PN Gaf-ildo ,
O.H.G. Gab-ward ;
Gmc. neologism (as replacement for dō- “give”) is Goth. giban (Präter. gaf, pl. gebum ),
O.Ice. gefa (Run. 1. sg. present gifu, 3. sg. Präter. gaf), O.E. giefan , O.H.G. geban etc.
“give”; Goth. giba f., O.Ice. gjǫf, O.E. giefu , O.H.G. geba f. “gift”; after Kretschmer Gl. 19,
208 derives the vowel of Gmc. *ʒeƀan of contrasted neman “take”; O.H.G. PN Gibicho ,
O.Ice. Gjūki ;
Gmc. *kaƀisi̯ō f. in O.E. cefes , cyfes “ bondmaid, concubine “, O.H.G. kebisa “ concubine,
mistress “, besides O.N. kefser m. “captive”, would lead back (doubtful) to a IE additional
form *gabh- ;
Lith. gãbana , gabanà f. “ armful, armload (hay)” ; besides gabenù , gabénti “ take away “,
Präter. dial. at-ge ́bau “ has brought “ (compare Lat. capiō: cēpi ), gabùs “ gifted, talented “,
gebù , gebe ́ti “ to be able, be used to, be accustomed to “; with ō: gobùs “ greedy “, gõbis m.
“greed, lust ”, dial. guõbti “ snatch “, etc.;
Slav. (originally iterative) *gabajǫ , *gabati in Pol. gabać “ assail, gripe “, wRuss. habáć “
take, gripe “, etc.; O.C.S. gobino “fullness, wealth ”, gobьzь “rich” are Gmc. Lw. About the
expressive character of ch- in Russ. chábitь “grab quickly “, chopítь “ grasp, catch ” etc. s.
Machek Slavia 16, 178, 208 ff.
References: WP. I 344 f., WH. I 158 ff., 630 f., Trautmann 74, Feist 175 f., 214.
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ghaido - or ĝhaido -
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziegenbock, Ziege ”
Material: Lat. haedus, - ī m. “ a young goat, a kid “ from * ghaidos (dialect (h)ēdus , faedus,
fēdus) ;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*ĝheida ) dhija “ a goat” common Alb. ĝh- > d- ; -d- > -j- phonetic
mutations.
Goth. gaits and O.H.G. geiz f., O.Ice. geit f., O.S. gēt, f., O.E. güt f., O.S. get f.
(consonant stem) “goat”, originally used for both genders.
From *ghaido- derived *ghaidīnos: Lat. haedīnu s “ of a kid “, O.E. gæ ̄ ten , O.H.G. geizīn “
of or pertaining to goats “, Goth. gaitein n. “ kid “, O.H.G. geizīn n. “ he-goat; billy goat “.
O.H.G. ziga, wherefore O.E. ticcen and O.H.G. zicchīn with hypocoristic consonant
stretch, is not “ through causing taboo Lautumstellung ” from IE *ghidhós originated, rather
as Auslautsdublette to Gk. δίζα α ̄ ἴξ. Λάκωνες (Hes.) < *digi̯a , Arm. tik “hose (from goatskin) ”
to stellen.
Daß Alb. qith “kid”, M.Ir. cit ‘sheep” , O.N. kið “Tierjunges ”, O.H.G. kizzi(n) , chizzi n. (Gmc.
*kittīna ) “ caressing alteration “ are from ghaido- , is a unnecessary assumptIon. Rather the
named words are directly an enticing (or frightening) shout, call, as kitz, gitz, hitz, hetz usf.
is attested to have evolved from most different languages and dialects.
References: WP. I 527 f., WH. I 632, 868.
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ghais -
English meaning: to stick to
Deutsche Übersetzung: “haftenbleiben, steckenbleiben, säumen”
Material: Lat. haereō, -ēre, haesī, haesum “ to hang or hold fast, to hang, stick, cleave,
cling, adhere, be fixed, sit fast, remain close to any thing or in any manner; to hold fast,
remain attached or fixed, to keep firm, adhere; to hold fast, remain attached or fixed, to
keep firm, adhere “ (*ghaisei̯ō), haesitüre “hesitate”,
Maybe Alb. nasalized (* gher-) nder “ hang, hesitate “ common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic
mutatIon.
presumably to Lith. gaištu ̀ , -aũ, gaĩšti “purl, border, hesitate, dwindle “, gaišìnti “while,
spend time, destroy ”.
References: WP. I 528, WH. I 632.
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ghait -ā, -es-
English meaning: curly or wavy hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krauses or gewelltes Haar ”
Material: Von *ghait-[e]s- from: Av. gaēsa - m. “ curly hair, curls “, Pers. gēs “ droopy hair,
curls “, Av. gaēsu - “frizzy haired, curly haired; (from camel:) rat ’s hairy tail “;
Gk. χαίτη “ loose, flowing hair, used esp. of back hair, of a horse ’s mane, of a lion ’s
mane, of a hedgehog ’s spines, crest of a helmet, of trees, foliage, of human hair “; in
addition probably the Maced. PN Γαιτέας;
M.Ir. gaīset f. (from * ghait -s-) ‘stiff hair, bristle ”.
References: WP. I 529.
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ghau̯o -
English meaning: false
Deutsche Übersetzung: “falsch, erlogen ”??
Material: Lat. haud Concept of negation “not”, maybe from *hü ̆ uidom > *hü ̆ udom (> haud as
nihilum > nihil), neutr. adjective “ incorrect (it would be) ”;
O.Ir. güu, güo, gō f. “ the inaccurate, lie, falsity ”, gū-forcell “ wrong testimonial “, M.Welsh
geu, Welsh gau “ incorrect “, Subst. “lie, falsity ”, Corn. gow m. ds., Bret. gaou ds.; derived
M.Welsh geuawc , Welsh euog “culpable”.
Quite zweifelhafte equatIon. If Celt. forms must be assumed with üu, they could go back
to IE *gōu- (to geu- “bend”, S. 393). compare to vocalism Pokorny ZceltPh . 11, 19, to
meaning Frisk Göteborgs Högsk . A rsSer.-Cr. 41 (1935), 3. Abt., S. 11.
References: WP. I 530, WH. I 636 f., 869.
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gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi
English meaning: to cackle (of geese)
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise, Lautnachahmung for Gackern, Schnattern
Note: (compare ĝhans - “goose “). Sowohl Urverwandtschaft as newer creation are possible .
Material: O.Ir. gigren, giugrann “goose “, Welsh gwyrain “ Red Grouse, wild chicken “ (basic
form seems *gigur . . . ??); M.Ir. gēd, Welsh gwydd , O.Corn. guit, Bret. goaz , gwaz “goose “
(*gigdü because of M.Ir. gen. gēoid ), to d-forms compare O.E. ganot under *ĝhans - “goose
“;
expressive Alb. gogësínj “ belch, burp “ (under likewise, G. Meyer Wb. 126);
M.H.G. gügen, gügern (also gīgen ) “ shout, cackle like a goose “ (Ger. Gügag, Gīgag
under likewise for “goose “), O.H.G. gackizōn, gackazzen “ mutter, mumble, speak in a low
tone; bleat, as a he-goat, shout “, Ger. gacksen, gatzen, gackern , tirol. etc. gaggezen ,
Swiss gaggelen, gagelen “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, laugh shakingly “, mnl.
gagelen , M.Eng. gagelin , nEng. gaggle “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “; similarly
O.H.G. gickazzen , M.H.G. giksen , gëksen , Ger. gicksen “ blurt fine inarticulate tones “ (i
depicting not real Ablaut, but the higher tone); O.Ice. gaga and Mod.Ice. gagga “ deride “;
Lith. gagù , -e ́ti “ chatter “, gagà “eider”, gagõnas “jabberer” (somewhat similarly gege ̃
“cuckoo”); Ltv. gâgát “ shout like goose “, gâga “ kind of duck “, gâgars “goose “ (Trautmann
Bal.-Slav. Wb. 74 f.);
Maybe Alb. expressive gogësinj “burp, belch, yawn ” (*gha-ghans ) “*onomatopoeic cry of
goose”, gagaç ‘stutterer”, guguçe “dove kind “ (Slavic origin) also Alb. ga ga “cry of goose ” :
gegë “Albanians (neighbouring the Slavs) *stutterers “, geg “ North Albanian speech
(according to Slavs) unknown speech “
Note:

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From Root gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi : “to cackle (of geese) ” derived the new Root ĝhan -s- :
“goose”.
Maybe Alb. për-gjigjem , Gheg gjegj “answer”
Russ. gogotátь “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, chatter; laugh loudly “, dial. “
neigh “, Cz. old hohtati “howl”, Pol. gogotać “glucken”, O.Sor. gagotać , gigotać (because of
g instead of h newer sound imitation) “ chatter “; Russ. gágatь “ chatter, from geese “, gága
“eider duck ”, gagára “ aquanaut “ etc.
In bird’s names except not named here:
O.Ice. gagl “ greylag goose “;
Lith. gaĩgalas “ drake, male duck “, Ltv. gaigale “ a gull kind “, O.Pruss. gegalis “
aquanaut “, See N Gaygelith ;
Russ. gógolь “ common goldeneye, Golden Eye “, Pol. gogoɫ, gągoɫ “ European
goldeneye “, old gogolica “ a coot, a water-fowl “ (Berneker 318).
Maybe Alb. gogol “ghost”
References: WP. I 526, Trautmann 74 f.
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ghebh -el-, -el-, -lo-
English meaning: weathercock; head
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Giebel, Kopf ”
Material: Gk. κεφαλή “ head, end, acme, apex “, Maced. κεβλή, κεβαλή, PN Κέβαλος;
unclear γαβαλάν ἐγκέφαλονἤ κεφαλήν Hes.; compare in addition Schwyzer Gk. I 70 f.,
Pisani RIEtBalk. 1937, 15 ff.;
Goth. gibla m. “ gable, pinnacle ”, changing through ablaut O.N. gafl m. “ gable; point of
an island “; O.H.G. gibil m. “ gable, pole of the earth “; gibilla f., gebal m., M.H.G. gebel
“cranium”;
Toch. A śpül- “head” (: Gk. κεφαλή ), instr. śpülyo -.
References: WP. I 571, Feist 214, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 252, 261.
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ghedh -, ghodh -
English meaning: to join, make a bond
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vereinigen, eng connected sein, zusammenpassen ”; older
“umklammern, fest- and zusammenhalten ”
Material: O.Ind. gádhya -ḥ “ stick firmly “; ǘ-gadhita- ḥ “ clipped, clinged “, pári-gadhita- ḥ “
clasps “ (from sexueller union);
O.Fris. gadia “unite “, M.L.G. gaden (*gadōn ) “ suit, please, be married “, O.H.G. bigatōn ,
M.H.G. gaten , gegaten intr. “ gather, so that it fits “, trans. “ Gleiches zu Gleichem gesellen,
zusammenbringen “, refl. “ sich fũgen “ , O.H.G. gi-gat “ fitting”, O.S. gi-gado “ ilk “, O.E.
(ge)gada “comrade, husband “, Ger. Gatte ; Goth. gadiliggs “ cousin “, O.S. gaduling
“kinsman, relative ”, O.E. gædeling “comrade ”, O.H.G. gatulinc, gatilinc “kinsman, relative,
cousin, journeyman “; O.E. geador , tō gædere (Eng. together ) “together”, O.Fris. gadur ,
M.L.G. gader , M.H.G. gater ds., O.E. gadrian, gæd(e)rian (Eng. gather ) “gather, collect ”,
O.Fris. gaderia , M.L.G. gad(d)eren ds., M.H.G. vergatern “be united, merge “, Ger.
vergattern ds.; in addition presumably also O.H.G. gataro , Ger. Gatter (umgelautet M.H.G.
geter , Ger. Gitter ), O.S. gadder , M.L.G. gaddere “ Gitter “;
with lengthened grade: Goth. gōÞs , O.Ice. gōðr, O.E. gōd, O.H.G. guot, Ger. gut (Gmc.
*gōða - “ fitting”); O.Ice. gōða “ gut machen “ etc.
O.C.S. godъ “time, right time ”, godina “ὥρα”, godьnъ “compliant ”, Russ. gódnyj “ suitable
“, O.C.S. u-goditi “ please “,
maybe Alb.Gheg godit ‘strike (chime?) ”, goditun “ suitable “
R.C.S. goditi ds., Church Slavic ugoda “ satisfaction “, Russ. vūgoda “benefit, advantage ”,
O.C.S. negodovati “ be undisposed “, iter. O.C.S. ugoždǫ, ugožditi “ it make right, please “

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(etc., Berneker 317 f., where also about Pol. loanword Lith. gãdas “ association “, gãdytis “
occur, meet “ among others).
In addition perhaps Lith. dial. guõdas , Ltv. gùods “honour, fame; decorum,
courteousness; festivity, feast “;
whereas are Ltv. güds , sagüds “ stock, acquired property “, güdüt “care, worry ” probably
from borrowed Russ. ;
here (compare Van Windekens Lexique 32) Toch. AB kütk-, is softened A kück-, В kücc-
“ rejoice “ (compare above M.L.G. gaden “ please “); different Pedersen Toch. 172.
References: WP. I 531 ff., Trautmann 74, Feist 218.
See also: see also under ghend- .
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ghed -
English meaning: to defecate; hole
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scheißen; Loch”
Material: O.Ind. hadati , hadate “defecates ”, Av. zaðah - m. “rump”;
Arm. jet (o-stem) “tail (of animals) ”;
Gk. χέζω “ defecate “, perf. κέχοδα; χ όδανος “ rump”;
Phryg. ζέτνα πύλη (leg. πύγη?);
Alb. dhjes “ defecate “, ndjete “hideous, disgusting ”, fem. “repugnance ”; ndotem “ be
stained, smeared “, Gheg ndishem “hideous”; common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
O.N. gat n. “hole, aperture “, O.E. geat “ door, aperture “ (out of it Ir. gead “ the bottom “),
O.Fris. jet n. “hole, aperture “, O.S. gat “hole”, M.L.G. also “anus”, N.Ger. Kattegat “
Katzenloch “.
References: WP. I 571 f.
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ghegh -
English meaning: to curve, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krũmmen, biegen”
Material: Arm. gog “cavity, lap, bosom, belly ” etc., as adjective “hollow, concave ”, gogem
“hollow out ”; gugem (*ghōgh -) “ hug, embrace, hold tight, care ”;
Nor. gagr “ crooked back “, O.Ice. gag-hals “with neck crooked backward “, ablaut.
gæ ̄ giask “be stretched “, etc.;
Lith. gõgas m. “ withers of horse “.
References: WP. I 570, Lidén Armen . Stud. 93 f.
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gheidh -
English meaning: to yearn for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren, gierig sein ”
Material: O.Ir. gīall = Welsh gwystl , O.Corn. guistel “ captive “, Bret. goestl “pay, caution ”,
Gaul. in Congeistlus MN. (Welsh cyngwystl “ commitment “) = O.H.G. gīsal, Ger. Geisel ,
O.E. gīsel, O.Ice. gīsl ds.; the precise concordance between Gmc. and Celt. speaks
perhaps for borrowing on the part of Gmc. ; Goth. PN Gīsla -mun- dus; besides without l:
Goth. PN Anda-gīs, O.E. Gīs-wulf , O.H.G. Gīsi-ulf , compare M.L.G. gīse “ captive”.
With ablaut here Ir. gell “ sacrifice, pledge, deposit “ (*ghistlo- ), whereof the verb O.Ir.
gell-, gill- “to pledge, promise ” (3. sg. Konj. gellaid, 3. pl. Fut. gillfit), with ad- “ swear, vow,
promise “ etc.; from gīall “ captive” derives the verb giall-, gēill- “ serve, obey “, e.g. 3. sg.
giallaid , Fut. 3. pl. gēillfit .
O.H.G. M.H.G. gīt “ covetousness, greed, avarice “, O.H.G. gītag “ greedy, avaricious,
stingy”, M.H.G. gīten and gīt(e)sen “ be greedy, avaricious “ (from latter z from M.H.G. gīze,
dt. Geiz), O.E. gītsian “lust, crave ”, gītsung “ greed “;
Lith. geidžiu ̀ geĩsti “lust, crave, long, want, wish ”, geidáuju , -ti “wish, long, want ”, gaĩdas “
violent wish, desire ”, dial. gìdis “ greedy “; lett, gàidu , gàidît “wait, hold on ” (originally
iterative), gaida “ expectation “, dzīdris (?) “ thirst “; O.Pruss. gēidi , giēide “ sie warten “,
sengijdi “ he attains “, sengidaut “erlangen ”;
O.C.S. žido ̨, žьdati (thereafter also žьdǫ) “wait, hold on ”; Russ. ždu, žda ́ tь “wait, hold on ”.
References: WP. I 553, Trautmann 82, Pokorny Urillyrier 561 WH. I 576, 632, 641.
See also: compare gheiĝh -
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gheidh -
English meaning: to wish for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren ”
Note: only ar. and Slav.
Material: O.Ind. gŕ̥dhyati “is greedy, demands violently ” (= Serb.-Church Slavic žlъždo ̨ ),
gr̥dhnú-ḥ “ greedy “, gŕ̥dhra -ḥ “ greedy; vulture ”, gardha-ḥ (= O.C.S. gladъ) m. “
anxiousness, concupiscence, solicitousness “, Av. gǝrǝða - ds.;
Slav. *žildiō “ demand “ in:
Serb.-Church Slavic žlъždo ̨, žlъděti “ long for, ask, demand, call for, wish for, desire,
require, expect “, Ser.-Cr. žu ́ dîm , žu ́ djeti “long, want, long for, yearn for “;
Slav. *galda- m. “hunger” in:
O.C.S. gladъ, Ser.-Cr. glâd (gen. glâda ); Cz. hlad; Russ. góɫod (gen. góɫoda).
References: WP. I 633, Trautmann 87 f.
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gheiĝh -
English meaning: to yearn for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren, gierig sein ”
Note: (see also that similar to gheidh -)??
Material: O.Ind. jēh- only in jē ́ hamüna -ḥ “ gälmend, den Mund aufsperrend, klaffend,
lechzend “; perhaps secondary to jíhītē , S. 418;
Goth. faihu-geigan “lust, crave ”, ga-geigan “ gain “, nasalized O.H.G. gingēn “after etwas
verlangen ”, gingo “das Verlangen ”; after Wissmann nom. postverb. 41 though to ĝhei-gh-,
above S. 421.
Lith. ãpmaudą giẽžti “ hold a grudge, nurse a grievance “, giežiu ́ os “ long, want violently
“, pagiẽžti “ ask for revenge “, pagieža ̀ “ thirst for revenge “; whether Lith. giẽžti , pa-giẽžti
intr. “ im Halse kratzen “ would be with it.
References: WP. I 552; different Feist 136 f.
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gheis - and ĝheiz -d-
English meaning: confused, shocked
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufgebracht, bestũrzt, erschreckt (sein)”
Note: original resemblance with ĝhei-, ĝhei-s- in O.Ind. hinō ́ ti etc. is very probably
Material: Av. zaēša - “gruesome ”, zōišnu - “ frightening, shuddering, shaking together (before
frost)”, zōizdištō “ of the ghastliest, most hideous ones “ (superl. to a verb *zōiždü - “ make
shudder “; see under ĝheiz -d-);
Goth. us-geisnan “ erschrecken (intr.), außer Fassung geraten “ , Kaus. us-gaisjan “
erschrecken (tr.), außer Fassung bringen “ (but O.Ice. geisa “ hervordringen, heranstũrmen
“ from * ga-eisa);
O.Ice. geiski n. “ fear, horror “.
root form ĝheiz -dh-: O.Ind. hēd ̣- “be angry with ” (áhēḍant -, áhēḍamüna -ḥ, perf. jihīd ̣ a ),
hē ́ d ̣ a -ḥ m., hē ́ d ̣ ah ̣ n. “anger” (here also hēlatē “ is improvident “, hēlayati “ deride “, see
under ĝhēi- “ yawn “), hīd ̣ ati “ excited, aroused, aggrieved “, Med. “is excited, aroused ,
angry “; Av. zōiždišta - (see above);
O.H.G. geist (= O.Ind. hē ́ d ̣ a -ḥ) m., O.S. gēst, O.E. güst (gæ ̄ st ) m. “ghost (in contrast to
the body); ũberirdisches gespenstiges Wesen “ (so esp. Eng. ghost “ghost”), O.E. gæ ̄ stan
(*gaistjan ) “frighten” (tr.), Eng. aghast “ agitated, angry, irate ”, ghastly “ grisly, terrible,
dreadful”.
That in the meaning exact attuning O.C.S. žasno ̨ ti “frighten (intr.). stupefieri “, žasiti
“frighten” (tr.), užasъ “fright” from *g(h)ōs - attunes in vowel and not in guttural.
References: WP. I 553 f., Feist 531 f.
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ghel(ē̆)ĝh-
English meaning: a kind of metal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Metallbezeichnung ” (,Bronze, Kupfer, Eisen ”)?
Material: O.C.S. *žele ̌ zo in želez(ь )nъ “ iron”, Ser.-Cr. že ̀ ljezo , Russ. želě́zo “iron”;
Lith. geležìs and žem. gelžìs (therefrom geležìnis , gelžìnis “ iron”), Ltv. dzèlzs , E.Ltv.
dzelezs , O.Pruss. gelso f. “iron”;
Whether in connection with Gk. χαλκός, Cret. καυχός “ copper, bronze “? That κ from
χαλκός standing comparison not in the way, because καυχός in *χαλχός points as common
primary grade. The word probably derives from a a foreign cultural circle; also the unique
gradation of the 2nd syllable in Bal.-Slav. would be based on different substitution in the in
the borrowed; χαλκός (ἐρυθρός Ilias I 365) as “ red metal “ perhaps to χάλκη, χάλχη, κάλχη
“ murex, snail emitting purple dye “, which is likewise borrowed; in Bal.-Slav. the name
would be figuratively transferred from bronze to the iron.
References: WP. I 629, Specht Decl. 27, Trautmann 83.
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ghelĝh -
English meaning: gland
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Drũse”
Note:
Root ghelĝh - : “gland” derived from an extended Root gel-1 : “to curl; round, *gland, growth,
ball”.
Material: Arm. geɫj-kh “ glands “ (the obvious anlaut can be explained through dissimilation ,
s. Meillet MSL . 13, 244f., Lidén Arm. Stud. 71 under A. 1. 2);
E.Lith. gẽležuones , gẽležaunēs , gẽležūnes “ glands, craw “;
Slav. *želza in Church Slavic žle ̌ za , Russ. železa ́ , Sloven. žle ̣́za, аčеch. žle ́ za , nowadays
žla ́ za “ gland “ (about Cz. hlíza “ abscess “ s. Meillet ааО.), Pol. zoɫza ds.
References: WP. I 612, 632, Trautmann 84.
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ghel-ond -, ghol-n̥d-
English meaning: stomach; bowels
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Magen, Gedärm”
Note: (A supposition about the old paradigm by Petersson Heteroklisie 2281)
Material: Gk. χολάδες f. pl. “ intestines, entrails, Gedärm” , χόλικες ds.;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. zorra “ intestine, entrail “ common Alb. gh- > d-, z- ; l/r phonetic
mutations.
O.C.S. *želo ̨ dъkъ “ stomach “, R.C.S. želu ́ dъkъ , Ser.-Cr. že ̀ ludac , Cz. žaludek , Pol.
żoɫądek ds.
References: WP. I 631 f., Trautmann 82.
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ghel-ōu-, ghelū -
English meaning: tortoise
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schildkröte”
Material: Gk. χέλῡς “turtle, tortoise, Lyre ”, χελώνη ds., Eol. χελύννα , χελεύς κιθάρα Hes.
(Kuiper NOTE s 48);
Slav. želū- f. “turtle, tortoise ” in:
Church Slavic želъvь, R.C.S. želva , Ser.-Cr. že ̏ lva , Cz. želva , Russ. žolvь f., Pol. żóɫw.
References: WP. I 631, Trautmann 84, Specht IE Decl. 120.
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ghel-tō (Gmc. ) and ghel -dhō (Slav.)
English meaning: to cost, pay
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gelte, zahle ”?
Material: Goth. fra-gildan “ repay, compensate “, us-gildan “ repay”, O.Ice. gjalda “ defray,
pay, repay, be worth “, O.E. gieldan , O.H.G. geltan “ defray, repay, serve, sacrifice ” (Proto-
Gmc. *ʒelðō ́ ), O.S. gjalla ds. (*ʒélÞō ); Goth. gild n. “tax, interest ”, O.Ice. gjald “ payment,
earnings, punishment “, O.E. gield “ payment, tribute, tax, sacrifice, oblation, brotherhood “,
O.Ice. gildi “ membership “, O.E. gilde n. ds., gilda m. “ Gildenbruder “ (out of it M.Ir. gilda “
squire “), M.L.G. gilde , out of it Ger. Gilde ; O.H.G. gelt “ payment, repayment, sacrifice,
oblation etc. ”, Ger. Geld ; Goth. gilstr n. “tax”, O.H.G. gelstar (*geld-tra- ) ‘sacrifice, oblation,
tax”; from N.Ger. gellen =gelten derives Lith. geliúoti “be valid”;
O.C.S. žle ̌ do ̨ žle ̌ sti (žlado ̨ žlasti ) “ repay, pay, atone ” would be, if common origin, d(h)o -
present besides Gmc. -to-present.
References: WP. I 632, Trautmann 82 f.
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ghel-
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien ”
Note: also in bird name, with -b-, -bh- and -d- extended. compare the similar to
onomatopoeic words gal-, qel-.
Material: O.Ind. pra-galbhá -ḥ “ courageous, determined “ (: O.H.G. gelbōn );
Gk. χελιδών ‘swallow”, older χελῑδ Fών; the high -pitched sound coloring -ī- reminds
anM.H.G. glīen “cry, esp. from bird of prey ”, redupl. Gk. κίχλη, syrak. κιχήλᾱ “ choke”;
Note:
Maybe Alb. (*harundinis ) dalëndyshe “a swallow ” : Lat. harundo -inis f. “a reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds ” : hirundo -inis , f.
‘swallow”. Similar phonetic setting Alb. dimën “winter” : Lat. hiemo -are “to winter, spend the
winter” [see Root ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- : “winter; snow ”
Lat. and Alb. prove that the original Root aro-m : “reed” was (*ĝher-). Only Lat. and Alb.
have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
There is no doubt that from Illyr.-Alb.- Lat. (*harundinis ) dalëndyshe “a swallow ” [common
Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] derived Gk. χελιδών ‘swallow”, therefore Root ghel- : “to
call, cry” derived from Root aro-m : “reed” (*ĝher-) where r/l allophones.
O.Ice. gjalla (st. V.) “ resonate ”, O.E. giellan (st. V.) “cry”, O.H.G. gellan ‘sound, clink,
cry”, Ger. gellen (-ll- from - ln- or rather pure sound echo consonant increase); O.N. gala
(preterit gōl) “cry, crow, cackle, sing ”, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. galan ‘sing; also enchant, fix a spell
upon, bewitch, enchant “ (Gmc. present with - a- due to a perf. with IE ō); Goth. gōljan “
greet “ (actually “*shout “, as O.Fris. gēla “hunt, chase ” actually “ das Wild durch Geschrei
aufstöbern “ ; lengthened grades iterative, presumably denominative) O.N. gø ̄ la “ make

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happy, please, comfort “, O.S. gōlian “ gladden “; O.H.G. guol-līh “ boasting “, ur-guol
“illustrious ”; O.H.G. O.S. galm , M.H.G. galm , gelm m. “ clangor, din, fuss, noise ”, O.H.G.
nahti-gala f. “ nightingale “, O.Ice. galdr m. “ singing, magic song “, O.E. gealdor n. “ magic
song “, O.H.G. galdar, kalter and galstar n. ds., O.Ice. gallr, gjallr “ clinking “;
ō-grade (as Goth. gōljan ) Russ. galitь-sja “ deride “, dial. galúcha , galь f. “fun, laughter “,
nagálitь “ taktmäßig schreien, singen, bei der Arbeit “ etc.
b- and bh-extension:
O.E. gielpan (st. V.) “brag, boast ”, M.H.G. gelpfen, gelfen “cry, sing, brag, boast ”, O.Ice.
gjalp n. “ boastfulness “, O.E. gielp ds., O.S. gelp “Trotzrede, derision, ridicule ”, O.H.G.
gelph “Trotzrede, boastfulness “, adj. “lustig, minxish, wanton ”, O.H.G. gelbōn “jemd.
deceive “, O.S. galpōn (schw. V.) “loud cry, brag, boast ”, Dan. gylpe , gulpe “ shout, cry like
a raven “ (with Gmc. ƀ O.Ice. gjalfr “ Wellengetöse “ , gylfi “king, prince, lord ”, gylfin n. “fiend,
demon”, gylfra f. “ witch “, gylfringr m. ‘sword”, M.L.G. gelve “ surge “, Dutch golf “wave”,
dial. galveren, golveren ‘sound, howl ”);
Lith. gul̃binti “ vaunt, praise “; about gul̃bas ‘swan” s. S. 431;
perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 198) here with expressive ch- Slav. *chъlbiti sę “ boast
“, *chъlba “ boastfulness “ in Cz. chlubiti se, chlouba (old chlúba ), etc.; possibly also Slav.
*chorbrъ (from * gholbh- lo-) “valiant” in O.Bulg. chrabьrъ, chrabъrъ “ warlike “ etc. (compare
above O.Ind. pra-galbhá -ḥ).
Dental extension Gmc. gelt- : Ice. gelta (*galtjan ) “bark, bay ”, O.H.G. gelzōn “ utter the
voice, squeal “.
References: WP. I 628.
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ghend - and ghed -
English meaning: to grab, grip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, anfassen, ergreifen ”, partly also “geistig erfassen ”
Note: For concurrent the unnasalized and the nasalized root form s. Brugmann II2 3, 293f.,
IF. 32, 321
Material: Gk. χανδάνω ( *gh end-) “ take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch ”,
Aor. ἔχαδον ( *ghn̥d -), Fut. χείσομαι (* ghend -s-), perf. with present- meaning κέχονδα;
Alb. gjëndem (*gh end-) “ be found “, gjënj , gjenj , Gheg gjëj “find” (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187,
Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet “ find, regain “, s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.);
[common Alb. gh- > gl - > gj - : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation]; also Alb. (*gjaska ) gjah “ of
animals, prey “, gjuaj “ hunt, strike “
Lat. praehendō, -ere, -ī, -sum “ catch, capture, take hold of, arrest, occupy, handle, gripe
“, praeda “ spoils of war, plunder, booty; of animals, prey; in gen., plunder, gain “. AbLat. old
praidad (*prai-hedü ); hedera “ivy” (“clasping “; from * ghedes -ü);
O.Ir. ro-geinn “findet Platz in” (*ghn̥d -ne-t), Welsh 1. sg. gannaf , Verbaln. genni (from
*gannim , IE *ghn̥d -n-) “ enthalten sein, Platz haben “; in addition M.Ir. geind f. (O.Ir. * gend )
“wedge”, Bret. genn m. ds., M.Corn. pl. genow , Corn. gedn , Welsh gaing ds. (with
secondary - ng);
Goth. bi-gitan “find”, O.Ice. geta “reach; bring forth, assume “, O.E. be-gietan “ receive,
produce “, for-gietan “forgotten ” (Eng. get, beget , forget skand. Lw.), O.H.G. pi-gezzan “
obtain “, fir-gezzan “forgotten ” (in addition as Causative M.H.G. ergetzen “ make forget,
compensate “), Ger. ergötzen , O.S. bi-getan “ gripe “, far-getan “forgotten ”; M.L.G. gissen ,
Swe. Nor. gissa “ advise, assume “ (Eng. guess N.Ger. or N.. Lw.);

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perhaps here (as with Welsh genni the form related *ghend-nō): Goth. du-ginnan ,
O.E.on-, bi-ginnan , O.S. O.H.G. biginnan “take hold, take in hand, begin “ (other
interpretation attempts s. by Feist3 s. v.; therefrom NOTE worthly by Wiedemann BB. 27,
193 as *ĝhen -u̯ō to Alb. zē ̈, Gheg zâ “ touch, catch, start, begin, occupy, conceive [from the
woman], hire “ from Proto-alb * zenō );
common Alb. gh- > d- , z- phonetic mutatIon.
perhaps also O.C.S. gadati “ assume, mean ” (“grasp spiritually “), Russ. gadátь “
conjecture, create, invent “, Cz. hadati “ advise, mean ”, etc.
References: WP. I 589 f., WH. I 638, Thurneysen Gk. 353, Berneker 288 f.
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ghen -
English meaning: to crack open, grind, scratch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zernagen, zerreiben, kratzen ”, also “Kleines, Bißchen”
Material: Only in den extensions ghnēgh - : ghnǝgh -, ghnǝd (h)-, ghnei -, ghneu -.
guttural extension ghnēgh -:
Av. aiwi-ɣnixta- “ gnawed, corroded “; O.N. gnaga “ gnaw “, O.E. gnagan , ginagan (with
anaptyktischem vowel), late nagan ds. - Besides with IE g in anlaut and fränk. cnagan ,
Dutch knagen ds.;
Ltv. gńẽga “ someone who eats with long teeth “ (the softening after Endzelin Ltv. Gk.
136 f. characteristic for scornful expressions). compare also Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D.
Wb. I 634.
Dental extension ghnǝd (h)-:
with intensive consonant stretch O.E. gnætt m. “ mosquito “, Eng. gnat “ mosquito “,
N.Ger. gnatte ‘small mosquito “, Dan. dial. gnat ‘small piece ”, M.H.G. gnaz , -tzes ‘scurf,
niggardliness “, Ger. Gnatz, Gnätze ‘scurf, skin rash “; O.Ice. gnǫtra “clatter, rattle, clash (of
skeleton) ”, Eng. dial. to gnatter , Swe. gnat “ Genörgel, Gezänk “ , gnatig “ peevish, immer
grumpy, surly, sullen “, Ger. gnatzig “ ũbellaunisch “ (compare kratzig in the same
meaning).
further with dd: O.N. gnaddr “ the young from animals or people “, O.Ice. gnadda “
murren, mit ũbellaunischen Worten quälen “ , Nor. dial. gnaddra , “drone, grumble, growl “,
N.Ger. gnadderig “ ũbellaunisch, morose “ .
Persson Beitr. 95 f., 811.
i-extensions ghnei -, ghneid(h) -:
Gk. χνίει ψακάζει, θρύττει (l. θρ ύπτει), χνιαρωτέρα χνοω[δεσ]τέρα Hes.;

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O.E. gnīdan “rub, grind “, O.H.G. gnītan , M.L.G. gnīden , from which probably O.S.
gnīdha , Swe. gnida , Dan. gnide borrowed is; compare also (likewise borrowed?) the rare
O.Ice. gniða ds.; O.Ice. gnīsta tönnum “ clatter with the teeth “, M.H.G. gnīst “ground”, tirol.
Gneist “ chopped or scraped stuff “; Nor. dial. gnita “ kleines abgesprungenes Stũck “ ,
M.L.G. gnitte ‘small mosquito “, E.Fris. gnid, gnit “ sundries, small stuff; a kind of small
gnats “, Ger. Gnitze ‘small mosquito “;
Ltv. gnīde “rough, shabby, dirty skin ”; O.C.S. gnijǫ , gniti “ blight, decay “, Russ. gnitь ,
Bulg. gnija , Ser.-Cr. gnjìti and gnjíliti , Cz. hníti, Pol. gnić ds.; O.C.S. gnilъ “ rotten “, Russ.
gnil, Ser.-Cr. gnjìo , Cz. hnilū, Pol. gniɫy ds., O.C.S. gnojь “ manure”, Russ. gnoj “pus”, Ser.-
Cr. gnôj “ds.”, Cz. hnûj “crap, muck, manure “, Pol. gnój ds.
Maybe Alb. (*gnola ) njolla “ stain, dirt “ common Alb. gn- > nj- phonetic mutatIon.
hereupon ghnī̆dü “ nit, louse “:
O.Ice. , Nor. dial. gnit f., O.S. gnether , Swe. gnet, Dan. gnid; Ltv. gnīda “ nit, louse,
greedy, stingy person ” (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 633), Lith. glìnda (dissimilated from
*gnìnda ?); Russ. gnída , Sloven. gnjìda , Cz. hnída , Pol. gnida ; about Lat. lēns, -dis f.
ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Decl. 44.
u-extensions ghnē ̆ u -, ghneudh -, ghneus -:
Gk. χναύω “ nibble, scour, scratch, gnaw “, χναῦμα “ slice, tidbit “, χναυρό ς “ dainty”,
χνόος, χνοῦ ς “ that what can be scraped off, dust, foam, froth, underfur “;
O.Ice. g-nūa “rub” (also gnȳia “ rant, make a noise, roar “, gnȳr “ din, fuss, noise “?),
O.Ice. gnauð “noise, rattle ”, gnyðr “nag, growl ”, O.E. gnēaÞ ‘stingy, tightfisted ”, M.L.G.
gnauwen “ growl “;
Lith. gniū ̃ sai “vermin, pest ”, O.C.S. gnusьnъ “disgusting ”, gnǫšati , gnušati se ̨ “be
disgusted ”, Russ. gnus “vermin, pest ”, Ser.-Cr. gnûs “ disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut ”,

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gher-1
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten
Note: mostly only newer parallel Wortschöpfungen, frequent, often with expressive vowel
change and Gemination
Material: O.Ind. gharghara- ḥ “ rattling, clashing , gargling, gurgling “, m. “ rattling, laughter “,
ghargharita- n. “ grunting “, ghurghura- ḥ “ a gargling sound “, ghurghurī “ cricket “,
ghurghurüyatē “ whizzes, hums “;
Maybe Alb. gurgullon “ water sounds “, gurrë “water spring ”
Lat. hirrīre “ whimper, growl “ (“rr” with i vocalized as reproduction of of high tone);
O.E. gierran st. V. ‘sound, clink, creak, babble, chatter “, Ger. girren (M.H.G. also garren ,
gurren ), Swe. Nor. garpa “rant, roister, brag, boast ”, O.Ice. garpr “ intrepid pugnacious
person”; Nor. dial. garta “joke, chat, prate, grunt ”; O.E. gierman , Nor. garma “roar, bellow ”,
O.N. garmr “dog”; further O.E. gryllan “ gnash, rage “, M.H.G. grellen st. V. “ piercingly,
before rage shouts “, grel “rough, grell, angry, irate ”, Dutch grollen “murmur, be angry,
irate”, M.H.G. grũllen “ scoff “, Ger. grollen ;
R.C.S. gъrkati “ coo “, Cz. hrčeti “rattle, clash, purr, murmur ”, hrkati “crack, creak, burr “;
Slov. gŕgati “ gargle, coo “;
Maybe Alb. grykë “ throat “ : R.C.S. gъrkati “ coo “
here perhaps ghrē-d- in Goth. grētan , O.N. grüta, asächs. grütan , O.E. græ ̄ tan (gréotan
after réotan ds.), Ger. Alem. grǟtsǝ “weep, cry, lament “; ablaut. causative O.Ice. greta
“reduce to tears, bring to tears ”, O.E. gräetan “ assail, greet “, asächs. grōtian “ call “,
O.H.G. gruozen , Ger. grũßen ; O.N. grütr m. “ weeping, cry “, O.H.G. grüz “fury”;
ghrē-dh- in O.E. græ ̄ dan “call, shout, cry ”.

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gher-2
English meaning: to stroke roughly, rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hart worũber streichen, reiben”
Note: compare also die extensions ghrēi -, ghrēu -, ghrem -, ghren- , as well as above grōd-
Material: Gk. κέγχρος “ millet, sorghum, ordure ”, κάχρυς “ parched barley, winter-bud barley
“ (diss. from * gher-ghro- and *ghn̥-ghru-); χέραδος n. and χεράς, -άδος f. “ detritus, gravel “
(*gherǝd - or *ghern̥d -?); χερμάς, -άδος f. “ large pebble or stone, esp. for throwing or
slinging, sling-stone “;
Lat. furfur, -uris m. “ husk of grain and the legumes; the bran; scales, scurf on the skin “
(reduplicated form, originally * for-for); vowel gradation as in Lith. gurùs “ crumbly “, gùrti “
crumb, spall, crumble “. common Illyr. gh- > d- then Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutatIon.
s-extension:
O.Ind. gharṣati “ grates “, ghr̥ṣṭa -ḥ “ chafed, grated “; Russ. goróchъ “pea”, Ser.-Cr. grȁh
“bean, pea ” (die sl. intonation development from a zero grade basic form *ghōrso -s or from
*ghorǝsos ).
Maybe abbreviated Alb. ( *ghōrso -s) groshë “bean, pea ”
References: WP. I 605 f., WH. I 545 f., 570.
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gher-3, ghrē - : ghrō - : ghrǝ -
English meaning: to come out, stick out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hervorstechen ”, von Pflanzentrieben or -stacheln, Borsten, von
Erderhebungen, Kanten etc.
Note: (probably identical with ghrē-: ghrō- : ghrǝ- “grow, be green ”, see there); s. also under
ĝhers -.
Material: a. Gk. χαρία βουνός Hes., χάρμη “ joy of battle, lust of battle, battle; upper lance
point “, ἄγ-χαρμον ἀνωφερ῅ τήν αἰχμήν Hes., χοιρά ς “ like a hog or a hog ’s back, low rock
rising just above the sea like a hog ’s back; in pl., scrofulous swellings in the glands of the
neck, etc.; sow “ (*ghori̯o -);
at most (yet quite doubtful) here Nor. dial. gare “cusp, peak ”, gara “prick, bump, poke ”;
from the heavy basis: M.H.G. grüt, pl. græte m. “ fishbone, ear of corn, mountaintop,
mountain peak, summit, mountain ridge ”, Ger. Grat, Gräte (*ghrē-tí-);
with reduplication-grade: Pol. grot, Cz. hrot “ arrowhead, spear, lance ”;
b. with -d-suffix: O.H.G. M.H.G. graz n. ‘sprout, twig, scion, branch of conifers “ (also
probably turned into mental O.H.G. grazzo adv. “violent, stern ”, M.H.G. graz, grüz “fury”,
graz “ furious, angry, irate ”);
c. with n-suffix:
Goth. *granō (Isidor Orig. XIX 23, 7), O.H.G. grana , O.E. granu , O.Ice. grǫn f. “whisker,
moustache; mouth, fir, spruce ”, M.H.G. gran, grane “ cusp, point of the hair, beard hair,
fishbone “, Ger. Granne “ear of corn ”, dial. “ back bristle of pig “, and “ fishbone “;
Slav. *granь “ sharp point, edge, border ”, e.g. in Russ. granь f. “limit, boundary;
landmark, territorial marker; facet ”, Cz. hrana “point, edge, border ” etc.; in addition also

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Russ. gránka “ tussock “, Clr. hránok “bough, twig, branch ”, bg. Ser. -Cr. grána “twig,
branch”;
d. with -en-dh- suffix:
Alb. krande “ straw, splinter, deadwood ”, Tosc krende “twig, branch ” (*ghrondh- or
*ghrendh- ), etc.; : Alb. (*grendu ) krunde “bran”
Gaul. grennos “beard” (Wartburg), M.Ir. grenn “beard” (*ghrendh -no-s); Welsh grann
“eyelid, cheek ”, Bret. grann “eyebrow ” (with unclear a; or has it originated from * ghrn̥dh -no-
s?).
References: WP. I 606, WH. I 413 f.
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ghers-1, ghres -
English meaning: disgust, horror
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Widerwille, Abscheu, Ekel ”
Material: Av. grǝ ̄ hma - “ sinner, delinquent “ (?);
Arm. garšim “ have loathing before “;
[M.Ir. goirt “bitter” (*ghorstis ), O.Ir. gortae “hunger”; better to gʷher -];
M.H.G. M.L.G. garst , Ger. nl. garstig ‘spoil, rancid “; O.H.G. gerstī “Bitterkeit ”; O.Ice.
gersta ‘stir, tease, irritate, embitter “; s. also gʷher -;
Lith. grasà f. “ threat, austereness, severeness “, grasùs “ threatening, disgusting ”,
gresiù , gre ̃sti “ threaten, outgrow “, gristù , grìsti “ become disgusted with “, grasinù , grasìnti
“ threaten “, Ltv. grasüt , grasīt “ threaten “.
Maybe Alb. (*grasinù ) kërcënoj “threaten”
References: WP. I 610 f., WH. I 461, Trautmann 95.
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ghers -2
English meaning: used in names of weeds
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Unkrautbezeichnungen?
Material: O.H.G. gers, giers , girst (Grassmann, Dt. Pflanzennamen 100 ff., Björkmann
ZfdWtf. 3, 268) “Giersch, Aegopodium Podagraria ”;
Lith. gar̃šas m., garšva ̀ f. “Angelica Archangelica ”; gar̃švė f. “ Giersch “, Ltv. gürsa , gürša ,
gürši ds.; in addition also Lith. gìrsa f. = dìrsė “ darnel “ (oat), Ltv. dzirši “ darnel “ (these
after Endzelin KZ. 44, 58 to Lat. hordeum [see under ĝherzd (h)] “barley”; compare
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 555, 618 f.).
References: WP. I 611, Trautmann 79 f.
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gheub(h) -
English meaning: to bend, move
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen, bũcken, bewegen”
Material: Nor. dial. gūva “ sit sunk down “, Swe. jordgubbe “ Fragaria ananassa; strawberry
“, alt. Dan. gubbe “larynx, brost ”, N.Ger. (Estland) gubbe “ small haycock, haystack “; O.E.
géap “crooked, cunning ” (but géap “wide, capacious, open “, O.Ice. gaupn “ hollow hand “
see under ĝhēu - “ yawn, gape, stare with an open mouth “), O.Ice. gumpr (from O.S.
gumper ), Swe. gump , Dan. gump “rump”, M.H.G. guffe , goffe ds. (but about M.H.G. gupf “
summit of a mountain “ see under geu- “bend”), O.E. gupan pl. “ buttocks, haunches “,
O.H.G. goffa “rump”, further in addition the intensive formation Ice. goppa , Swe. guppa ,
Ger. gupfen “ jump up and down, swing ”;
Ltv. gubstu, gubt “ bend down, sink “, guba f. “heap”, Lith. gubúotis “ interweave,
intertwine “, gaubiù , gaũbti “ cover, wrap up, curve “, gaũbtis “ crook oneself “, gubà “
haycocks, heaps of standing sheaves “, gubùs “adroit, expert, skillful ” (compare the
meaning from O.E. géap ), Lith. dvìgubas “ twofold “, O.Pruss. gen. sg. f. dvigubbus ds.;
O.C.S. gъnǫti “fold”, Russ. gnutь “bend, crook ”, klRuss. hnúty ds., Ser.-Cr. nȁgnêm ,
nàgnuti “ incline “, Sloven. gánem , gániti “move, bestir “, Cz. hnouti ds., in addition O.C.S.
negъbljь “ unmoved “ (from * gubja- ), Russ. Church Slavic gъbežь “bend” , Cz. příheb m. “
flexible place, joint “ (from -gъbъ , compare Lith. -gubas ) and changing through ablaut
O.C.S. sugubъ, dvogubъ “double”, Russ. gubá “bay”, Sloven. gúba “ crease “, Pol. przegub
“joint, curvature “; iterative O.C.S. gybljǫ gybati “ be destroyed, perish “, prěgybajǫ ,
prěgybati “bend, bow ”, Russ. gíbnutь , gínutь “ spoil, perish “, gibátь “bend” , Ser.-Cr. gîbljêm
(gi bâm ) gíbati “ move, weigh, rock, sway “, Cz. hynouti “ be destroyed, perish, go to waste,
run wild “, hūbati “move, drive, push ”; causative O.C.S. pogubljǫ pogubiti “ wreck “, Russ.

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gheuĝh -, ghū ̆ g ̂ h -
English meaning: to conceal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heimlich tun, hehlen, verbergen ”
Material: O.Ind. gū ́ hati , guhati “ hidden” (Aor. aghukṣat ), gúhü “ hideout, cave ”, gō ́ ha -ḥ “
hideout, lair “; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Av. guz- (guzaēta , fra-guzayanta ) “conceal, hide ”, O.Pers. yadiy apa- gaudayühi “ if you
hide “;
O.Ice. gȳgr f. “ Unholdin, giantess “ (*gūgī -z, compare formal Lith. gùže ), older Dan. gyg “
a subterranean, an underground “, gyger “murderer, robber “;
Lith. gū ̃ žti “ patronize, guard, cover “, also “brood, hatch, cover warmly “, gūžy ̃ ne “ blind
man’s buff “, gū ́ žis , gūžta ̀ “ Brutnest “, gùžė “ heidnische Reisegöttin “ ; in addition gùžas ,
gužu ̀ tis “ stork “ (as “ the nest builder “).
References: WP. I 566 f.
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gheu̯ei̯ā (ĝheu̯ei̯ā )
English meaning: pit, hollow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grube, Höhle” ?
Note: Only Gk. and Lat.
Material: Gk. χειά, Hom. χειή “cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole ” =
Lat. fovea “ pothole, cave a small pit, esp. for taking wild beasts, a pit fall; a snare,
conspiracy
“; favissae “ underground reservoirs or cellars near the temples, for water or for sacred
utensils no longer in use; subterranean chambers “, with etrusk. suffix, could be hybride
formatIon.
Common Illyr. gh- . d- then Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 564, WH. I 467 f., 538.
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ghe-, gho -
English meaning: an enclitic particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: and ähnliche enklitische Partikeln zur Verstärkung of
vorhergehenden Wortes
Note: It seems two groups have to be separated, single-linguistic but to have partly begun at
another place: 1. ghe, gho, 2. with palatalem Gutt., the in europ. languages as ĝ, in Ar. as
ĝh appears (as in the cases like Gk. γένυς: O.Ind. hánuḥ ), thus showed one of the normal
so-called voiced-aspirated various articulation kind, and the vowel i or e.
Material: 1. -ghe, -gho:
O.Ind. gha (*gho), ha (*ghe) behind negation ( ná gha ), personal pronoun (e.g. vayáṁ
gha), dem so/to-Pron. (sá gha, sá ha ), to the question pronoun (e.g. káṁ ha ), to the relative
pronoun ( yō ́ gha, yō ́ ha), also behind other parts of speech; O.Ind. hánta “ well, on take,
there take, see there “;
Umbr. -hont (e.g. era-hunt “by the same way, by the same piece of work; at the same
time, likewise ”), compare also Lat. hic “ this, this one; this present “ from * gho or *ghe + *ke;
Welsh a(g) “with” from * ad-ghe; see above S. 3;
O.C.S. -go, -že behind negation ( ni-že “ not; and not, nor; rarely not even “, ne jedinъ že
“not only one, not one, i.e. no one, none; not at all, naught “; compare also O.C.S. neže ,
Serb. nègo “as” in comparative and Serb. nȅgo “however, but ”, Cz. než(e) “yet”, where ne-
rather the negation has arisen as indicating the positive meaning of Pron.-stem ne-), behind
the relative pronoun ( iže), lengthened grade (* ghō) O.Sor. kdy-ha “ when, then “ (under
likewise; Berneker 316);
Lith. - gu (*ghō), -gi (these with dem vowel i the 2. group) in negì, neigì , negù “not”,
behind Pers.-Pron. (e.g. tu-gu, tu-gi “ thou at least, for thy part “ : Boeot. touga : Gk. σύγε ),

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O.Lith. also - ga, -ge, dem so/to -Pron. (e.g. tie-gi), to the question pron. ( kaip- gi “as”), -gu
also interrogative particle (compare also O.Lith. an-gu “if”, O.Pruss. an-ga “if”), O.Pruss.
beggi “for”, küigi “as”, neggi “also not, still ”, niqueigi “ never more “; Gk. οὐχί see under.
2. -ĝ(h)ī̆:
in O.Ind. hí, Av. zī emphasizing particle ( ná hí, nahí, Av. nōit zī; O.Ind. kár-hi “when?”,
tár-hi “damals” under likewise), behind the first word of the sentence “ then yes “;
Gk. οὐ-χί, μή -χι “not”, ἧ-χι “where”, ναί -χι “ certainly, indeed ” (-χ- instead of - γ-, compare
under γε, presumably through hybridization with a particle the 1. group);
Lat. *nē-gi (after Holthausen KZ. 47, 309 = O.S. nec “and not”), assumed through
negōtium , originally sentence compound neg”ōtium est (compare haud-ōtium est by
Terenz) and negüre (compare Ger. verneinen, bejahen );
Clr. Bulg. Serb. - zi behind personal pronoun
3. -ĝ(h)e:
in Gk. ἐμε-γέ = Goth. mi-k, O.H.G. mi-h = Arm. is “me” (at first from * in-c), ἐγώ γε, ἔγω -γε,
σύ γe, Goth. Þu-k, si-k, O.H.G. di-h, si-h; after so/to -Pron. ὅ γε, after the relative pronoun
ὅσσα γε, ὅντινα γε, further γε, Dor. böot. el. γὰ also behind other parts of speech. In Balt as
well as also (besides in the with ī vocalized form) in Slav. the guttural of the 1. group has
become dominant, as well as in Gk. - χι;
Ven. me-χo “me” has related о from eχo “I”;
Toch. strengthening particle A - k, В - k(e) from * -ghe or -ĝhe (compare Pedersen Toch.
136);
Hitt. am-mu-uk (ammuk ) “me”, tu-uk (tuk) “you”: Goth. Þuk (*tu-ge), etc., s. Pedersen Hitt.
73 f., 166 f.
Maybe Alb. (*mu-uka) mua “me” : Rom. mie “me”, (*tu-uk) ty “you”, nasalized (* mu-uka) Alb.
Arbëresh uth, Alb. unë “I” common Alb. -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.

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ghleu -
English meaning: to be joyful, to joke
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fröhlich sein, scherzen ”
Note: extension from ghel- “cry” or ghel- “gleam” ?
Material: Gk. χλεύη f. “ joke, derision “;
O.Ice. glȳ n. “pleasure, joy ”, O.E. glēo, glieg , glīw n. “game, pleasure, joy ”.
With dental extension:
O.Lith. glaudas m., glauda f. “ pastime, entertainment “, gláudoti “ joke”, Ltv. glaudât ds.
[glaudas “ cuddle, caress “ belongs but originally to glaũsti , Ltv. glaũst “ cuddle, embrace,
caress”, Lith. glaudùs “ sich anschmiegend, einschmeichlerisch “; see under gel-1 ,
extension gl-eu-].
With m-derivative (nominal formation ghloumos ):
O.Ice. glaumr “ loud jubilation “, gleyma “ make forget, make cheerful, make noise “, O.E.
glēam “ jubilation, pleasure, joy ”; ablaut. O.Ice. glymr “row, din, fuss, noise ”, glymja ‘sound,
clink”, M.H.G. glumen “din, drone ”;
O.C.S. bezъ gluma “ firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform, steady, fixed,
stable, invariable, regular, persistent; consistent, harmonious; unanimous; sure, steadfast,
constant, faithful, unchanging “, glamiti se ̨ “ to talk idly, prate “, Russ. gɫum “ joke, derision “,
gɫumitь sja “ mock, sich lustig machen about ”, Bulg. glúma “ fun, joke, derision “, glumjá se
“ joke, fool “, Ser.-Cr. glúma f. “ joke, comedy “, Cz. (old) hluma “ an actor “, Pol. dial. w
gɫum “ in Nichts “, eigtl. “ in Scherze “.
Maybe Alb. (*hluma ) lumë “ blessed, happy, lucky, fortunate “ common Alb. gl- > l- phonetic
mutatIon.
With p-derivative:

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ghoilo -s
English meaning: foaming; turbulent; roaming
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufschäumen(d); heftig; ũbermũtig, ausgelassen, lustig”
Note:
Root ghoilo -s : foaming; turbulent; roaming, derived from Root gʷel-1 : to stick; pain, death :
Lith. gélti “prick”.
Material: Perhaps M.Ir. güel “ kinship”, Ir. gaol also “ friendship, love ”;
O.H.G. geil, O.S. gēl “minxish, wanton, luscious, strong ”, Ger. geil (M.L.G. geile
“testicles”, Ger. Biber-geil ; M.L.G. geile , Ger. Geile “ dung, manure “), O.E. gül “ funny,
lascivious, stout, proud ”, M.H.G. geilen “ ridicule, make fun of “ = Goth. gailjan “ gladden “;
O.H.G. keilī f. “ lasciviousness “;
changing through ablaut and partly with the meaning “ foaming “ O.Ice. gil-ker “
fermenting vat “, Nor. gĭl, gīl n. “ fermenting beer “, Dutch gijl ds., gijlen “ferment, seethe ”,
also, as M.L.G. gīlen “ covetous “;
O.Lith. gailas “violent”, Lith. gailùs “irascible, irritable; sharp, biting (from vinegar, lye);
bitter (from tears); pitiable, pitiful “ (in latter meaning with ablaut to gilùs “ painful, sore “,
gélti “prick, schmerzen ” after Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 75?);
O.C.S. dzělo (zělo), O.Cz. zielo, weiß Russ. do ze ̌ ɫ a “very”.
References: WP. I 634, Feist 185, Trautmann 75.
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ghost i-s
English meaning: stranger; guest
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fremder, Gast ”
Note:
Root ghost i-s : stranger; guest, derived from Root ghō ̆ s - : to eat
Material: Lat. hostis m. f. “ a stranger; but esp. an enemy, foe, opponent (aLat.), fiend “ (in
addition hospes , -pitis “ a host, hostess; a guest; a guest-friend, friend; a stranger; used
also like adj., foreign “, päl. hospus “ guest’s friend “ from * hosti- pot-s “ master of the guest
“);
It is a compound of Root ghost i-s : stranger; guest + Root poti-s : owner, host, master,
husband : Gk. kor. ξένFος “ foreigner ” : O.Bulg. gospodь “master” : päl. hospus “ guest’s
friend “.
Goth. gasts , O.Ice. gestr (Run. -gastik ) “guest”, O.H.G. O.S. gast, O.E. giest “ stranger,
guest”;
O.Bulg. gostь “guest” (borrowing from Gmc. according to Solmsen Unt. 203);
to gostь probably also O.Bulg. gospodь “master, mister ” etc. as Kurzung from gostьpot-.
Maybe Alb. gosti “feast, party ” Slavic loanword.
Barely credible is the apposition from Gk. Att. ξένος, Ion. ξεῖνος, kor. ξένFος “ foreigner,
stranger, guest ’s friend “ due to a present *ghs-enu̯-ō, lengthened grade of Alb. ( h)uai,
Gheg ( h)uj “ strange “ (from*ghsēn -? s. Jokl IF. 37, 93); quite incredible Schwyzer Gk. I
329; about neuPhryg. ξευνε vocative ( *ghs-enu̯e ?) s. v. Blumenthal Gl. 20, 288.
References: WP. I 640, WH. I 660 f., 662 f.
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ghou -ro-s
English meaning: frightened
Deutsche Übersetzung: “furchtbar ” and “voller Furcht ”
Material: O.Ind. ghōra ́ -ḥ “dreadful, imposing, venerable “, n. “ scary force, might, magic
power “;
Goth. gaurs “ grieving “, gauriÞa “ sorrow “, qaurjan “mortify”, O.H.G. gōrag “ woeful,
wretched, miserable, arm, small ”; O.Ice. gaurr m. “ pitiful person ” (Johansson KZ. 67, 221);
perhaps here with ablaut and n- further formations: O.E. gyrn, gryn n. “mourning, grief ”, also
gnorn, grorn m., gnyrn f. ds., gryre m. “ horror “, with variant assimilation and dissimilation,
in addition O.S. gornōn, gnornōn, grornōn “ grieve “, gruri m. “ horror “;
klRuss. žuryty “afflict, sadden ”, žurba “ care “, Russ. žurítь “ scold “.
References: WP. I 636, Feist 208.
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ghous -
English meaning: to sound; hear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tönen, hören” ?
Note: Only indoiranisch.
Material: O.Ind. ghō ́ s ̣ ati “ sounds, announces aloud, hears “, ghōs ̣ a ́ yati “ findet Erhörung bei
(acc. ) “ (Geldner Rigveda in Auswahl I 58), ghō ́ s ̣ a -ḥ m. “ sound, clamor, shout, call, din,
fuss, noise ”, Aśvaghōṣa EN “ ear of the horse “, Harighōs ̣ a EN “ Yellow ear “ (= Av.
zairigaoša );
Av. gaoš - “hear”, Kaus. in gūšayat̃ -uxδa - “ sein Wort zu Gehör bringend “ , Pers.
niyōšīdan “hear, listen, eavesdrop “, Bal. gōšaɣ “hear”, niɣōšaɣ “hear, listen, eavesdrop “;
Maybe Alb.Gheg nigjoj , ndëgoj (*ndë-ghosa ), Tosc dëgjoj , Alb. Greece dëlgonj , Alb.
Arbërsh dilingonj , ndëlgonj , ndlëgonj , glëgonj “ I hear “ [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith.
gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
afgh. ngvaɫạl “ listen, obey “, O.Pers. gauša -, Av. gaoša - m. “ear”, Pers. gōš “ear”, skyth.
EN ΏΡαθαγωσος “ rattling, clashing by the war chariot “, Av. zairi-gaoša - “with yellow ears ”;
about Lat. heus “ hallo! ho, there! hark! ” s. rather WH. I 643 f.
References: WP. I 569, WH. I 643 f.
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ghou̯ (ē)-
English meaning: to notice, pay attention
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wahrnehmen, Rũcksicht nehmen auf”
Material: Lat. faveō, -ēre, füvī, fautum “ to favor, be well disposed, be inclined towards,
favor, promote, befriend, countenance, protect; be favorable to, help, support, with dat. ;
with infin., to be inclined to do. Esp. as religious t.t., to speak no words of bad omen; hence
to be silent; be quiet in worship “; favē ́ re from *fovē ́ re because of Umbr. fons “favēns” , foner
“ favorable, propitious “ from *fou̯enis ; [Illyr. Lat. gh- > d- > f- ]
O.Ice. gü (*gawōn ) “ look out, take care “, Goth. gaumjan “ remark, see, raise up one ” s
attention “, O.N. geyma “heed, care, worry for, beware ”, O.E. gīeman , O.S. gōmian , O.H.G.
goumen ds., O.Ice. gaumr m. and gaum f. “attention ”, O.H.G. gouma “ paying attention,
observance, feast “, Swiss gaume “baby sitting ” (from dem Gmc. Ltv. gaũme “taste”,
gaũmêt “ memorize, observe, taste “), O.S. gōma “repast, meal, guest ’s meal “, whereof
O.S. gō ́ mian “ host “. (The meaning relations are still to be cleared in detail; s. Slotty IF. 46,
369.) In addition changing through ablaut O.E. ofergumian “neglect”, O.S. fargumōn “
neglect “, Ice. guma “ pay attention “;
O.C.S. govějǫ , gověti “ worship; revere, live a god-fearing life “, Russ. gově́tь “ fast “,
Sloven. dial. goveti “ remain grumpily silent “, Ser.-Cr. gòvijêm , gòvjeti “ obey “, Cz. hověti “
favor, spare, look after, look up; satisfy, show indulgence “; from dem Russ. derives Lith.
gave ́ti “ fast “, Ltv. gavêt ds.
References: WP. I 635 f., WH. I 465.
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ghō ̆ s -
English meaning: to eat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “essen, fressen, verzehren ”
Material: O.Ind. ghas - “eat, consume ” in 2. 3. sg. Aor. ághas , 3. pl. ákṣan , perf. jaghü ́ sa ,
jakṣuḥ , (common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation) from which after Wackernagel KZ. 41,
309 present jakṣiti , particle perf. *gdha- in agdhü ́ d “ uneaten food “, later jagdhá -, ságdhi - f.
“ shared meal ”, later jagdhi- s. Wackernagel aaO., ghasmara - “ voracious “, ghasana- n. “
the consuming “, ghü ̆ sí - m. “nourishment, food ”; Av. gah- “eat, devour (from daēvischen
creature) ”;
about Lat. hostia “ sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation ”, hostīre “ repay” s. WH. I 661 f.;
about angebl. Ltv. gōste “ feast “ s. WH. I 637.
Maybe Alb. gosti “feast”, ngos ‘sate, feed ”
References: WP. I 640.
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ghrebh -1, gherbh -; root widening ghrebhā -
English meaning: to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ergreifen, erraffen, rechen ”
Note: compare also ghreibh -.
Material: O.Ind. grabh-, grab- “ gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest “, Aor.
agrabham , perf. jagrü ́ bha , pass. gr̥hyáte , gr̥bháyant ; grábha - m. “ the griping “, gráha - “
Bechervoll “; grápsa - “bush, tussock “, gŕ̥bh- “ griping, handle, grasp ”, gr̥h- (as 2.
composition part) “ griping “, gr̥bhá - m. “handle, grasp ”, gŕ̥bhi - “ in recollecting, containing “,
grübha ́ - m. “ seizer, handful “;
Av. grab- “ grasp “ in hǝ ̄ ngrabǝm (časmainī ) “ I captured (with the eye) “, perf. jigaurva,
gǝurvayeiti (compare O.Ind. gr̥bháyant ) “ seizes, holds firmly, agrees, perceives “, participle
perf. pass. gǝrǝpta -, grab- “ structure of words, sentence “; acc. gǝrǝba ̨ m “ the holding on,
seizing “; Pers. giriftan “ gripe “, gīrad “ seizes “;
O.N. grüpa “ snatch, grasp “ (p in support in grīpa ?), O.E. græppian “ gripe “, Eng.
grapple “ grip, grasp “; besides Swe. grabba “ grapple, pack “, M.L.G. grabben , grabbelen “
catch fast, heap “ (out of it Eng. grab, grabble ), M.H.G. grappeln “ grope “, Nor. dial. grafsa ,
grapsa ‘scratch, scrape “, deutsch grapsen ; in addition nasalized Swe. dial. gramma “
snatch “, Swiss grame “ creep “, Swe. gramsa “ mit vollen Händen nehmen “ , Swiss gramse
ds.; asächs. garva “ fascicle, sheaf “, O.H.G. garba “ a handful, bundle “, M.H.G. Ger.
Garbe ;
Lith. grabùs, grabnùs “ fingerfertig, gewandt im Stehlen “, grabine ́ti , grabalióti , grabóti “
grope, reach for something “, grabstūti “ gripe, pack “, lengthened grade gre ́biu , gre ́bti “
rake, gripe, rob ”; previous iterative. gróbiu , gróbti “ gripe, snatch, rob ”, grõbis m. “ robbery,
booty”; Ltv. grebju, grebt also “ grasp “, grabas f. pl. “ Zusammengerafftes “, greblis ‘small

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rake “, grâbju , grâbt “ grasp, catch, rake “, grãbât iterative in addition “ um sichgreifen,
zusammenharken “;
O.C.S. grebǫ , greti “oar, row”, Russ. grebú , grestí “ pile, rake, oar, row ”, Bulg. grebá “
rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop “, grebló “ rake, rudder “; iterative
O.C.S. grabljǫ , grabiti “rob”, Ser.-Cr. grȁbiti “ grasp, pile “, Cz. hrabati ‘scratch, wũhlen, rake
“, etc.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*krebhá ) kref “to comb, steal ”, (*krebhen ) krehën “comb” : Russian:
grében” “comb”.
root extension ghrebhü -:
O.Ind. gr̥bhnǘti , gr̥bhüyáti “ seizes, sticks, attains “; innovations are: ágrabhīt “ griped “,
Infin. gráhītum , participle gr̥bhītá - “ reigned, caught, held on “, grábhītr̥ , grahītr̥ “ seizer”; Av.
gǝrǝwnüiti , gǝ ̄ urvüyeiti , O.Pers. garbüyaiti “ seizes, conquers, agrees, perceives,
understands “.
References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 232.
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ghrebh -2
English meaning: to scratch, dig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, scharren, graben ”
Note: (Not always certain from ghrebh - “ gripe, rake “ to divide; identical with it?; see
Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).
Note:
Root ghrebh -2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root ghrebh -1, gherbh -; root widening
ghrebhü - : to grab.
Material: Goth. graban “dig”, O.Ice. grafa “ notch, dig, prick ornaments “ (Plur. preterit O.Ice.
grǫfum indicating to a present grefa , really records altNor. and O.S. ( græva )), O.E. grafan
ds., O.S. bigraƀan “bury” , O.H.G. graban “ dig, bury, engrave “; O.Fris. grēva schw. v. s.
meaning, Dutch groeven “ trickle, groove, make furrows or channels “; iterative to graban-:
O.H.G. grubilōn “ dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate “, M.H.G. grũbeln ds.; Goth.
grōba f. “ditch, trench, channel ”
Maybe Alb. gropë “ditch, trench, channel ”
O.E. grafu , O.Ice. grǫf f. “pit, pothole, grave ” (Gmc. * grabō ); Goth. grōba f. “pit, pothole,
cave”, O.Ice. grōf ds., O.H.G. gruoba “pit, pothole, cave, gullet ” (Gmc. *grōbō ); O.E. græf n.
“ditch, trench, channel, grave ”, O.Fris. gref, O.S. graf, O.H.G. grab “grave”; O.Ice. grǫptr m.
“ graving, grave, burial, funeral “, O.E. græft m. “ sculpture, engraving “ (Gmc. * graftu ),
O.Fris. greft f. “ Gracht, ditch, trench, channel “ (Gmc. *grafti ), nld. gracht ds., O.H.G. graft f.
“monumentum, sculpture, engraving “ (but O.H.G. gruft is folk etymology reshuffling from
Gk.-Lat. crypta );
Ltv. grebju, grebt “ hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize “, greblis m. “
gouge, type of chisel; Schrapmesser “ (also rake, see under ghrebh - “ gripe “);

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O.C.S. pogrebǫ , pogreti “bury”, Ser.-Cr. grèbêm , grèbsti “ dig, scratch, scrape ”, with
prefix po- “bury”, Cz. (old) hřebu , hřébsti “dig, bury ”, Pol. grzebę , grzésć ‘scratch, scrape,
dig, bury ”; zero grade Slav. *grьběti in O.Cz. hřbieti “ lie buried “, nowadays pohřbiti “bury”;
iterative O.C.S. pogrěbati , gribati “bury”, Russ. pogrebátь ds., Ser.-Cr. (old) zagribati “ bury
“, Cz. hrěbati “ upbraid, rebuke ”, Pol. grzebię , grzebać “ curry, scratch, scrape ”, with po-
“bury”; Church Slavic grebenь “comb”, Russ. grébenь ds., Ser.-Cr. grȅbên “ comb, sting,
prick, carding, ridge “, Cz. hřeben “comb, garden rake “;
Maybe Alb. (*hřeben ) krehën “comb”
Pol. grzebień ds.; O.C.S. grobъ “grave”, Ser.-Cr. grȍb (gen. grôba ), Cz. hrob, Russ. grob
(gen. gróba ).
Maybe Alb. graba “erosion, hollowing out ”, also a zero grade noun *graba, grath “tooth,
prong (for digging) “, grehull “thicket”.
References: WP. I 653 f., Trautmann 96.
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ghredh -
English meaning: to march
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreiten”
Material: Av. aiwi-gǝrǝδmahi “ we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed “, gǝrǝzdi - f.
“ (*lineup =) das Inbesitznehmen, Bekommen “; but mind . (Aśoka -Inschr.) adhigicya “
initiating, commencing “ = O.Ind. adhi-kr̥tya -, S. LéviGA 1912;
Lat. gradior , -ī “ to take steps, step, walk, go, advance “, gradus, - ūs “a step; a step as
made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of
hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; miLith., station, post ”, grallae “ stilts “ (Lat. grad-
from * ghr edh-, ablaut grade as in Lith. grìdiju );
Goth. griÞs (only acc. sg. grid) “ footstep, grade ” (but M.H.G. grit “ footstep “, griten “ die
Beine auseinanderspreizen “, Ger. bO.Ir. gritt, gritten ds. and - indeed definitely the i-row
belonging - graiteln “ die Finger or Beine auseinandersperren “ under likewise belong to
Gmc. *grī̆- “ straddled, gaping “, the strange link so far is missed);
Lith. grìdiju , -yti (Juškevicz) “ go, wander, err about “.
Nasalpräsentia:
O.Ir. in-grenn- , to-grenn- “ pursue “ (-enn- from -n̥dh-n-, themat. n-present, 3. sg. *ghrn̥-
dh-ne-t), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 170 f.;
O.C.S. grędǫ , gręsti “ go, come “, Russ. grjadú , grjastí “ go, march “ etc.
References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98.
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ghreib -
English meaning: to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “greifen, ergreifen ”
Note: compare also ghrebh -.
Material: Goth. greipan “ grasp “, O.Ice. grīpa “ grasp, gripe “, O.E. O.S. grīpan ds., O.Fris.
grīpa , O.H.G. grīfan ds., in addition as iterative O.E. grüpian , O.H.G. greifōn “ caress “, and
nom. agentis O.Ice. greip f. “handle, grasp, span, hand ”, O.E. grüp “fist, handle, grasp ”,
O.H.G. greifa “fork”, O.E. gripa m. “ handful, fascicle, sheaf “; in addition O.Ice. gripr m. “
preciousness, valuable possession “, O.E. gripe m. “handle, grasp, attack, jewel ”, O.Fris. bi-
grip m. “ statute; agreement ”, O.H.G. ana-griff “ attacking, specially of a free girl without
agreement of her parents “, M.H.G. grif “ snatch, palpation, grasp “, M.L.G. grīpe , grēpe
“handle, grasp, fork ”;
Maybe Alb. grep “hook” from a Romance derivative also Ital. grappa “hook”.
Lith. griebiù , griẽbti (besides greibiù , greĩbti ) “ snatch at, seize, gripe “, intensive graibaũ ,
graibūti, grìbšnis m. “ quick grasp, grabbing “, Ltv. griba f. “ wish, volition “, gribêt “ want “
(originally “ reach for something “).
References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.
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ghrem -1
English meaning: to scratch, rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf worũber reiben, zerreiben, abkratzen”
Note: extension from gher- ds.
Material: Goth. gramsta dat. sg. “wooden splinter ” (Persson Beitr. 99); E.Fris. grum “
residuum, smut “ (such meaning also by ghrēu - and ghrēi -), mnl. nnl. grom “ intestines,
entrails, smut “, nd. nl. groom ds., Nor. dial. grumen “ cloudy, mixed with deposit, residuum
“, ablaut. wFris. gram , grim “ intestines, entrails, esp. from fish “, Ger. bO.Ir. gramel “ Griebe
“, O.Ice. grōm , grōmr ‘smut”; Ger. Swiss grummen “ klauben, stöbern “ , grummelig “ brockig
“ (Falk-Torp under grums );
Lith. grémžiu , grémžti ‘scrape”, grámdau , -yti ‘scratch, scrape ”, Ltv. grem̃žu , grem̃žt “
gnaw, bite “, gram̃stît “ snatch “ (against another division of Balt words see under ger-,
grem- “catch”); different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lith. gréndžiu , grę́sti
under under ghren- .
References: WP. I 655.
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ghrem -2
English meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut and dumpf tönen, donnern, grollen, zornig sein”
Material: Av. gram- “ ergrimmen, Grimm hegen “ (only in participle present grǝmǝnta ̨ m “ of
those who are to us grimm “ and participle perf. pass. granta- from * ghramita- “becomes
angry”), Pers. ɣaram “fierceness ”;
Gk. χρεμίζω, χρεμετίζω “ neigh “, χρόμαδος m. “ creakiness “, χρόμος (= O.C.S. gromъ )
“noise, neighing “ (Hes.);
O.Ice. gramr “ enraged, hostile “, O.E. gram , O.S. gram , O.H.G. gram ds., M.H.G. gram
“angry, irate, uncourageous “, Goth. gramjan “ enrage “, Ice. gremia “ make angry, irate “,
O.E. gremman “ infuriate, revile “, O.H.G. gremmen “ enrage, infuriate “, M.H.G. gremen “
cause grief “, refl. “ grieve “, O.H.G. gramiz “ becomes angry, sad, infuriated “, O.Ice.
grimmr “fierce, grim, hostile , excited, aroused “, O.E. O.Fris. O.S. O.H.G. grimm “wild, cruel,
savage”; O.E. grimman “ rage “, O.S. grimman “wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster ”, M.H.G.
grimmen “ rage before anger or pain “, zero grade O.H.G. umbegrummōn “ gnaw at “,
M.H.G. M.L.G. grummen “drone, grumble, murmur ”, Ger. grummen, grummeln “murmur,
scold, grumble, sound vaguely “, Nor. grymta “grunt”, O.E. grymettan “ growl “;
Lith. gramù , grame ́ti “ fall with noise “, grumiù , grume ́ti “ thunder “, grumenù , gruménti “
drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten ”; with extension - zd- (see Persson Beitr. 349)
grumzdžiu ̀ , grum̃sti “ gnash, creak, threaten ”; Ltv. gremju, gremt “ mumble, murmur,
threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion “, O.Pruss. grumins m. “ distant thunder “,
grīmons ‘sung, chanted ”, grīmikan “ ditty “;
Maybe Alb. gumëzhit ‘sound” a Slavic loanword.

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O.C.S. vъzgrъmitь, -grъměti “ thunder “, Russ. gremě́tь “ thunder, clang, clink ”, Ser.-Cr.
gr̀mî, gr̀mljeti , Cz. hřmíti , Pol. grzmieć “ thunder “, wherefore the intensive in Church Slavic
grimati ‘sound, clink ”, Ser.-Cr. dial. grimȁt , Cz. hřímati “ thunder, fulminate “; O.C.S. gromъ ,
Russ. grom “thunder”, Ser.-Cr. grôm “thunder, lightning ”, Cz. hrom “thunder”, Pol. grom
“thunder, thunderbolt “.
References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.
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ghrendh -
English meaning: beam
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Balken”
Material: Lat. grunda f. “ στέγη “ , suggrunda f. “ the lower border of a roof, the eaves; rafter “
from *ghrondhü ;
O.Ice. grind f. “ latticework, grid door, harbour “, O.E. grindel , O.S. grindil “bar, bolt ”,
O.H.G. grintil “bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow “, M.L.G. grindel, grendel “ transom, bar,
bolt, crossbeam of the plow “;
Lith. grindìs , griñdas , grindà “ Dielenbrett “, pl. griñdos “ board layer, boarded floor “,
grindóti , grindūti , grindžiu ̀ grį̃sti “ cover with boards “, grandà “ bridge plank “, Ltv. grìda , also
grìds “ floor, plank “, gruõdi m. pl. “ planks, balks, beams “, O.Pruss. grandico f. “plank,
balk”, grandan (acc. ) “man, husband ” (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF. 32, 162 with Lith.);
Slav. gręda in Russ. grjadá “bed, row ”, Ser.-Cr. gréda “balk, beam ”, Cz. hřada “ shaft,
pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle ”, Pol. grzęda “ shaft, pole, furrow, bed ”; besides Slav.
grędь in Sloven. grę̂d, gen. gredî “ shaft, pole ”.
References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.
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ghren -
English meaning: to rub, stroke roughly
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf worũber streifen, zerreiben”
Note: extension from gher-2 ds., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)
Material: Gk. χραίνω “ touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of
moral pollution “;
in addition with formants - tu- (-to-), O.Ice. grunnr m. (nn from nÞ) “bottom, ground ” (basic
meaning ‘sand, sandy soil ” as “* the pulverized ground “), grunn n. “ shallow place in the
water “, grund f. (m. gramm. variation) “field, earth ”, Goth. grundu-waddjus “ foundation wall
“, O.E. O.S. grund , O.H.G. grunt “ground, bottom ”.
ghren -d-:
Gk. χόνδρος m. “ a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made
therefrom “ (diss. from *χρόνδ -ρος);
Alb. (- d- or -dh-) grundë , krundë “ bran “ (*ghr̥n-d[h]ü );
maybe Alb.Gheg grind “quarrel, fight, crush ”, Alb.Tosk grinj “grind”
Lat. frendō, -ere “ crunch, gnash the teeth “; common Illyr. gh- > d- phonetic mutation,
from there Lat. d- > f- shift.
O.Ice. grotti m. “mill”.
ghren -dh-:
O.E. grindan “ grind, crunch “, Eng. to grind “ds., sharpen “ (O.E. grindan with tōÞum ),
Eng. to grind one ’s teeth “gnash the teeth ”; Ger. (N.Ger. ) Grand ‘sand”, N.Ger. grand f. “
coarse sand, meal, flour, bran “, O.H.G. in grente “ in earth full of clay “, O.Ice. grandi m.
‘sandbank, gravel “; N.Ger. grind f. “ pebble sand; scurf “, nld. grind, grint “ coarse meal,

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ghrēi- : ghrǝi - : ghrī - and (Lith.) ghrei-
English meaning: to smear, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “darũberstreichen, hart darũberstreifen, bestreichen (also partly
beschmieren, Schmutzstreifen) ”
Note: extension from gher- “rub”; much less productive than u-extension ghrēu -.
Material: Gk. χρί̄ω “anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick “ (*χρῑσ-ι̯ω or χρῑ-ι̯ω, compare
ἐχρί̄σθην , χρῑστός), χρῖσις “ smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing “,
χρῖμα, new χρῖσμα “ ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace;
coating of wall, plaster “, ἐγχρί̄ω “ to rub, anoint; sting, prick “; χρίμπτω “ wander above the
surface, scratch “ etc.; Med. “ bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw
near, approach “;
O.Ice. grīma “mask, helmet; riddle “, Eng. grime “ dirt, smut “, O.E. O.S. grīma , -o m.
“mask, helmet; ghost ”, M.L.G. grīmet “ schwarzgestreift “, ablaut. grēme f. ‘smut”;
Lith. griejù , griẽti “ skim the cream “ (older present form grejù ), graĩmas “cream”; with
transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghrēu -) here Gmc. grī̆s- in O.E. ü-
grīsan ‘shudder, fear, dread ”, grīslīc , O.H.G. grīsenlīh “terrible, grisly ”, mnl. grīsen , M.L.G.
grīsen , gresen ‘shudder”, greselīk “ eerie “ (different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to O.Ind. ji-
hrēti “ feel shame “, wherewith Johansson IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning
“*cover”, O.Ice. grīma etc.); after Kluge11 s. v. Griesgram here O.E. grist n. “ milling “, O.S.
grist-grimmo “ bruxism “, O.H.G. grist-grimmōn ds. (besides grus-gramōn ds.); out of it
M.H.G. grisgram ds.; perhaps also O.E. gristle f. “gristle”, O.Fris. M.L.G. gristel ds., also
O.E. grost , M.H.G. gruschel ds.
References: WP. I 646 f.
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ghrēu -1 : ghrǝu - : ghrū -
English meaning: to fall down
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammenstũrzen, einstũrzen, auf etwas stũrzen”
Material: Hom. Aor. ἔχραον (ἔχραFον) “ attacked, pressed “, ζαχρηή ς “ attacking violently,
furious, raging “ (-χρᾱF-ής);
Lat. ingruō, -ere “ to fall upon, assail, attack “, congruō, -ere “ to run together, come
together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree “;
Lith. griáuju , grióviau , griáuti “ break down (trans. intr.); thunder “ (iau from ēu; out of it ŕ
from:) griūvu ̀ (griųvù , Trautmann 100), griuvaũ griū́ti “ collapse, fall in ruins “ (griūvu ̀ = Lat. -
gruō from *ghruu̯ō ); Ltv. gŕauju , grüvu , gŕaut “ shatter “, gŕũstu , gŕuvu , gŕũt “ collapse “,
gŕuveši m. pl. “ rubble “; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)?
Russ. dial. grúchnut ь śa “ collapse with noise “, Clr. hrúchnuty “ rumble; crow “, Ser.-Cr.
grûhüm , grúhati “crack, creak ”, Sloven. grûh “ scree, stone fragments “, grúša “ coarse
sand, grit “, Pol. gruchnąć “ fall down with crashing sound; hit fast “ (gruchać “ coo like the
pigeon “).
References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?
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ghrēu -2 : ghrǝu - : ghrū -
English meaning: to rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf darũber reiben, zerreiben”
Note: extension from gher- “rub”
Material: Gk. *χραύω, Konj. Aor. χραύσῃ “ scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure “,
ἐγχραύω “ hit in “, Cypr. χραύομαι, χραύζομαι “ bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be adjacent
to “, ἀχραής “ untouched, clean, pure cold water “; with gradation * ghrō[u]-: χρώς “ surface
of a body (*worũber man darũber streift)” , hence ‘skin, complexion ” (nom. χρώς from
*ghrō[u]-s, gen. χροός thereafter from * ghrǝu -ós; besides then later χρωτός), χρῴζ ω and
χροΐζω “ touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body “, χρ῵μα, -ατος ‘skin,
complexion, paint, color, makeup “, χροιά, Att. χρόα “ body surface, skin, paint, color “
(*χρωF-ι̯ᾱ);
Gaul. *grava “ gravel “, Welsh gro, O.Corn. grow , M.Corn. grow ‘sand”, M.Bret.
grouanenn ds., Bret. gro(a) f. ‘sand beach ”, groan, grouan “ engrave “ (vocalism unclear);
O.Ice. grjōn n. “ cereal (*crushed corn, grain) ”, M.H.G. grien m. n. “ gravel sand, sandy
bank “, M.L.G. grēn “grain of sand ” (*ghrēuno -; also Nor. Ice. grugg n. “ residuum “ from
*gruwwa- as “ sandy residuum “).
Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area ( “touch hard in
the mind “), one also assumes affiliation from O.H.G. ingrūēn , M.H.G. grūen, grūwen
‘shudder, fear, dread ”, M.H.G. griul, griuwel “fright, horror ”, O.H.G. grūsōn, grūwisōn “ feel
fright “, Ger. “graus , grausen” etc., O.H.G. grunn, - nnes “ misery, woefulness “, griuna “
eagerness, vehemency, fierceness, atrocity “ under likewise
extension ghreu-d-:

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O.H.G. *firgrioʒan “ grind “, participle firgrozzen , M.H.G. ver-, durch-griezen “ in kleine
Teilezerreiben “; O.Ice. grjōt n. ( a-stem) “ stone, semolina “, O.E. grēot n. ‘sand, dust,
earth”, O.S. griot n. ‘sand, bank, border, shore ”, O.H.G. grioz , M.H.G. griez m., n. “grain of
sand, sand, Ufergrieß “ , Ger. “ semolina “ (Gmc. *greuta- “ rock, sand, gravel “ also in VN
Greutungi “ Strandbewohner “ and in finn. riutta ‘sandbank, cliff ”);
O.Ice. grautr m. “Grũtze” (“grobgemahl enes”); O.E. grēat “ coarsely granulated, big,
large, thick ” (Eng. great ), O.Fris. grüt, O.S. grōt, O.H.G. M.H.G. grōz “big, large ”, M.H.G.
also “coarse, thick ” (Gmc. *grauta- ); about O.Ice. grotti “mill” see under ghren- ;
O.E. grytt “Grũtze” (Eng. grits “ds., coarse sand ”), O.H.G. gruzzi , M.L.G. grũtte “Grũtze”
(Gmc. *gruti̯a -); O.E. grūt (dat. grȳt) f. “ coarse meal, flour, grape marc “, O.Fris. grēt ‘sand”,
M.H.G. grūz m. ‘sand, grain “, Ger. Graus “grain of sand, rubble, detritus “, M.L.G. grūt “
Porsch als Gärungsmittel “ , Dutch gruit “ malt, yeast, residuum “, Nor. grūt n. “ residuum “;
O.E. grot n. “ coarse meal, flour ” (Gmc. *gruta- );
with formants -to- or -so-: M.L.G. grūs, grōs “ crumbled stones, gravel “;
Bal.-Slav. *grūdiō “ stamp “ in Lith. grū ́ džiu or grū ́ dau , grū ́ sti ‘stomp (barley for the pearl
barley preparation); bump; touch “; ablaut. graudùs besides “ brittle “ also “ stirring, wistful “,
O.Pruss. engraudīsnan acc. sg. “ pity “, grūdas “corn, grain ”; Ltv. grûžu , grûdu , grûst “bump,
poke, stomp ”, grūdenes f. pl. “ pearl barley “; ablaut. graûds m. “corn, grain ”, graužu ,
graudu , graûst “ rumble, thunder “, graudiens m. “ Gewitterschlag “, graušli pl. “ rubble,
debris “;
Church Slavic gruda “clod of earth ”, Kollekt. grudije and (deriving from an already
collective *ghrōud -dhü) gruzdije ; Ser.-Cr. grȕda “clump” etc. (ȕ proves initial long diphthong
ōu); with -mēn: Ser. -Cr. grȕmēn “clod”, Russ. grum ds.; here also with transference on the
mental area R.C.S. sъ-grustiti s ́ a “ grieve “, Russ. grustь f. “ distress, sorrow “, Sloven. grûst
m. “ disgust, repulsion, loathing “ (û from short diphthong, IE ǝu; the old sensory meaning

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still in grûšč m. “ grit, mountain rubble “), with weak grade ŭ: Ser.-Cr. grst f. m. “ disgust,
repulsion, loathing “ (Proto-Slav. *grъstь ), gr̀stiti-se “ be disgusted “, as well as *grъdъ in
O.C.S. grъdъ “horrendus, terribilis ”, Ser.-Cr. gr̂d “ hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty “,
from which also O.C.S. grъdъ ‘stout, proud ” (originally “ feeling disgust, fastidiously “),
Russ. górdyj ds., Ser.-Cr. gr̂d ‘stout, proud, terrible ”, etc.;
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*krude ) krunde , crumps “ debris “
about Lat. gurdus s. WH. I 627.
extension ghrēug ̂ (h?)-:
Lith. gráužas “ gravel “, gružo ́ tas “ uneven, bumpy “ (is Ltv. gruzis , pl. gruži “ rubble,
horror, dismay “ N.Ger. Lw.?);
Pol. gruz “ rubble, mortar ”, pl. “ debris, ruins “, Clr. kruź “ debris “, pl. “ rubble “ (barely
from M.H.G. grūs “ horror, dismay “ because of:) Pol. gruzla “clump”, O.Sor. hruzɫa “ clump,
clod “.
extension ghreu- bh-:
presumably in Gmc. groups from Ger. Griebe (O.H.G. griubo , griobo ), Griebs , perhaps
also grob; compare with Gmc. p, Nor. dial. grūpa , graup “ grind coarsely, crush “, gropa ,
grypja ds., grop n. “ crushed grain, coarse flour “.
References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.
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(ghrē - :) ghrō - : ghrǝ -
English meaning: to grow, be green
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen, grũnen”
Note: only Germanic (and slavisch?)
Material: Goth. gras n. “grass, herb ”, O.Ice. O.S. gras, O.E. græs , gærs ds., O.H.G. gras,
Ger. Gras ; full grade M.H.G. gruose f. “ young Pflanzentrieb, Pflanzensaft “, M.L.G. grōse f.
“ Pflanzensaft “, mnl. groese “ young vegetation, young grass “;
without the s-derivative: O.Ice. grōa “ grow, be healed “, O.E. grōwan “be green, bloom ”,
Eng. grow , O.H.G. gruoen, gruowan , M.H.G. grũejen “grow, thrive, be green ”; O.Ice. grōði
m. “ growth “, M.H.G. gruot f. “ greenery, fresh growth “; O.H.G. gruoni , M.H.G. grũene ,
O.E. græ ̄ ne , O.Ice. grø ̄ nn “green, fresh, good ”; Grø ̄ naland “Greenland ”.
With dental extension: O.E. græ ̄ d m. “grass”, M.H.G. graz, -zzes “ young branches of
coniferous wood “ from ghrē-t-, ghrǝ-t-;
probably to ghrē-: ghrō-: ghrǝ- “ hervorstechen, z. B. von Pflanzentrieben,
Pflanzenstacheln, Barthaaren “ and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be
covered by Lat. herba “ vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass “ to
the latter, if from *ĝherz -dhü “barley” with suffixal of the same kind to *gher -dhü.
Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for O.C.S. grozdъ “grape”, groznъ ds. a cognate of
*ghras-dho- , -nu- as base; the meaning would be justified at most through Russ. gránka “
bundle “ : Bulg. Ser.-Cr. grána “twig, branch ”.
References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.
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g(i̯)eu-, ĝ(i̯)eu-
English meaning: to chew
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kauen”
Material: Pers. jüvīdan “chew”, afgh. žōva ̣ l , žōya ̣ l ds., “bite, gnaw “ (Iran. * jyav-);
Arm. kveni “Pechföhre, Lärche” ;
O.Ice. tyggja , -va “chew” (for *kyggja after tǫgla “chew”), Swe. tugga , O.E. cēowan ,
nEng. chew [common Illyr.-Alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d- phonetic mutations];
M.L.G. keuwen , O.H.G. kiuwan , M.H.G. kūwen “chew” (*kewian ); O.H.G. kewa , M.H.G.
kiuwe f. “ jaw, mandible, lower jaw bone “; derived: O.E. cēace , O.Fris. ziüke f. (*keukōn )
and O.Fris. kēse “ molar tooth “, M.L.G. kǖse , mnl. kūze , changing through ablaut mnl.
kieze ds.;
Bal.-Slav. * ži̯aui̯ō “ chew “ in:
Lith. žia ́ unos f. pl. “ jaws “, Ltv. žau ̃ nas f. pl. “ jaws , maxilla, gill ”;
R.C.S. žuju (*zjou-) and žьvǫ, žьvati (*zjьv -), O.Cz. žiji, žva ́ ti, Russ. žuju ́, ževa ́ tь “chew”;
in addition (from Bal.-Slav. *ži̯a ́ unü ) Bulg. žu ́ na f. “lip” and Ser. -Cr. žva ̏ lo n. “ pharynxes,
throat, gorge “, žva ̀́le f. pl. “ set of teeth in the bridle “; Russ. žva ́ katь “chew”, žvak “ larch
resin as a tooth cleaning Material “;
Toch. AB św-ü-tsi “eat” (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 43);
compare further gʷīu ̯- “resin”.
References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidén Ann . Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27,
119.
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glag- or glak -
English meaning: milk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Milch”
Grammatical information: nom. glakt n.
Note: only Gk. and Lat.
Material: Gk. γάλα, γάλακτος n. “ milk”; originally probably *γλακτ, gen. *γλακτός (compare
γλακτο -φάγος), out of it *γλάκ, *γλακτός (hence γλακ῵ντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος Hes. and
γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν Hes., probably ein Kinderwort with hypocoristic gemination as μικκός),
further *γλά , with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child ’s mouth,
whence also die initial stress:) γάλα, whereupon also γάλακτος instead of *γλακτός. The
form Hom. γλάγος (περιγλαγής, later γλαγάω), on the other hand dissimilated Cret. κλάγος,
goes back perhaps to nom. *γλαγ < *γλακ.
Lat. lac, lactis n., with dissimilation reduction of anlaut. Gutturals from * glact = Gk. γάλα;
old- and late Lat. i-stem lacte , compare pl. lactēs f. “ milk of the male fish “; derived dēlicus
(*dē-lac-os) “ put away from the brost, weaned; the weaned mother ’s milk “?
About altchin. lac (*glac ) from IE *galakt s. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f.
Note:
Maybe Alb.Gheg klumësht (*klaptes ) “ milk “ : Rom. lapte “ milk “; Spanish leche ,
References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.
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gleĝ-
English meaning: soft, tender
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weich, zart ”
Material: Nasalized in O.Ice. kløkkr “ soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental “ (from *klinku̯az ),
O.Ice. kløkkva “ become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan, moan ”, Swe. kläcka
“frighten” (*klinkwan ), aDan. kliunka ds., Dan. klynke “ whimper “, compare in addition the
causative O.N. kløkkva ‘soft make ”, Swe. dial. kläkka “melt” (*klankwjan ); N.Ger. klinker
“tender, weak, lean “;
Lith. glẽžnas “tender, soft, flabby ”, gležnu ̀ s ds., glęžtù , gležau ̃ , glèžti “ soft, slack, become
wilted “, Ltv. glęzns ;
Bulg. glézъ , glezíl “ forgive, coddle “, razgléza “ corruptness, unmannerliness “.
References: WP. I 661.
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gleubh -
English meaning: to cut, slice, pare
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden, klieben, schnitzen, abschälen”
Material: Gk. γλύφω “ carve from, carve out, cut out with a knife; engrave; to NOTE down
[on tablets] “, γλυφίς, -ίδος f. “ incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or
grooves for the fingers; poet. for the arrow itself; also in pl., notches in the arrow-head; pen-
knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pl., a lurking-place, den, hole, cave “;
Lat. glūbō , -ĕre “to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark “, glūma “
a hull or husk, esp. of corn “(forms -smü; glūbō with ū = eu, as Ger. klieben );
O.H.G. klioban , O.E. cleōfan , O.N. kljūfa ‘split”, O.N. klauf f. “cleft, gap, the cloven hoof ”,
zero grade O.N. klofna, -aða “be split”, klyfia klufða ‘split”, klof n. “cleft, gap, cleft, fissure ”,
klofi m. “ door latch, clamp “, = O.S. kloƀo m. “cloven stick, Kloben zum Vogelfang “ =
O.H.G. klobo “ gespaltener Stock zum Einklemmen oder Fangen, Kloben “, O.E. clofe f. “
buckle “, clufu f. “onion, bulb ”, O.H.G. klobo-louh , Ger. with dissimilation Knoblauch , O.H.G.
kluppa f. “ pliers, tongs, split wood for clamping “, Ger. Kluppe (*klubjōn -), O.N. klyf f. “ the
split packsaddle “, O.H.G. kluft, Ger. Kluft; after Wissmann (nom. postverb. 129 f.) with
expressive lengthened zero grade ū: O.H.G. klūbōn “ to pick to pieces; defoliate “, Ger.
klauben (in addition probably with Gmc. intensive consonant increase O.N. klȳpa “ clamp ,
nip, pinch ”);
O.Pruss. gleuptene “ Streichbrett am Pfluge, das die aufgerissene Erde umwendet “; but
Lith.glaudūti “ take out its shell or pod “ hat probably das - d from gvaldūti “ take out its shell
or pod, core “ referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbūti ds. -b- is covered by *glaubūti .
References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.
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glōgh - : glǝgh -
English meaning: spike
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stachel, Spitze ”
Material: Gk. γλ῵χες “ spike of the ear “, γλωχΐς, -ῖνος f. “ cusp, peak ”, γλ῵σσα, Att. γλ῵ττα,
Ion. γλάσσα “ reed” (originally nom. *γλ῵χι̯ᾱ gen. γλαχι̯ᾶς);
Serb.-Church Slavic (etc.) glogъ “thorn”;
perhaps O.N. kleggi “gadfly, brake ” as “ piercing little animal “, or as *klajjan- “ the
sticking, the clinging “ to IE glei-, s. gel-1 “ clench “ extension gl-ei-, S. 363.
References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gk. I 474, 3.
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gol-1, lengthened grade gōl-, reduct.st. gol-
English meaning: to lie; den (of animals)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “liegen; Lager, Tierlager ”
Material: Arm. kalaɫ “cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal ”;
Gk. γωλεός “cave, pit, pothole ”;
O.S. kolder (= O.Ice. *kollr from *kolÞaR ), Nor. dial. kold, kuld m. and f. ( *kolðō ́ ) “ ein
Wurf von Tierjungen, ein Nestvoll Eier, Kinder aus derselben Ehe (eigtl. demselben Bette) “;
Lith. guõlis “ lair, camp, night campground “, Ltv. guõl”a “ lair, nest “; Lith. guliù (gulú),
gul̃ti “ sichlegen, zu Bette gehen “, Ltv. gul̃t “ lie down to sleep “, Lith. guliù, gulė́ti “lie”, Ltv.
gula “ lair, camp, night campground “, Lith. gulta , gultė “ Tierlager “;
guõlis (and at most in * gōlei̯-ós traceable back to γωλεός) with frequent lengthened grade
in i-stem; Balt gul-, Arm. kal- from reduplication-stem gol-.
Because of Lith. gvalis (Szyrwid) = guõlis , gvalà , gvalù adv. “ lying “, gval̃sčias = gul̃sčias
“ lying”, gvalìni torà = gulsčiu kartẽlų tvorà (Kve ́-darna , where uo would have led to ū) after
Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as * gu̯ol- (lengthened grade * gōl- from *gu̯ōl- with
IE loss of u̯;gul- then = IE *gul-); it seems Lith. gval-forms demand a single-linguistic
explanatIon. compare but Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 93 f.
References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.
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gou̯ǝ - (or gau̯ǝ-?:) gū -
English meaning: hand; to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hand; ergreifen, einhändigen”
Material: Av. gava Du., gavō acc. pl. “ hands “; Av. gūnaoiti “ supply, gain “, gaona - m.
“profit, gain ” (see under Lith. gáunu );
Gk. *γυFᾱ assumed from ἐγ-γυάω “
to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a
father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to one;
also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for “; Med. “ to
pledge oneself “; postverbal ἐγγύη “ a pledge put into the hand: surety, security “, ἔγγυος “
giving security “, Subst. “ bondman, guarantor “; ὑπόγυος, ὑπόγυιος “ ( under one ’s hand,
imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present “; ἐγ-γύ-ς “ of
Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of Relationship,
akin to “ (as Lat. comminus ), ἐγγύθι “ hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand “, ἐγγύθεν “ from
nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him “ and μεσσηγύ , -γύς “ of
Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile “ (“ between the hands “); ἔγγυος “
secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for “, lit. “ in the hands (?) ”, s.
Schwyzer Gk. I 6203; compare but ἔγγυαλίζω “ properly, to put into the palm of the hand,
put into one ’s hand “ (above under gēu- S. 397), γυῖον a limb; the hand “ (under gēu- S.
398);
Lith. gáunu , gáuti “ obtain, receive “ (gáudyti “ readjust “), O.Pruss. po-gaunai “receives”,
Inf. pogaut , participle perf. gauuns “ receive “, Ltv. gūnu , gūt “ catch, capture “, gūvejs “
gainer “, Lith. gaũklas m. “ acquisition “, guvùs , gavùs “agile, skilful ”;
O.C.S. o-, po-gymati “ touch” (due to a *gy-mü “ giving a hand “?).

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gō ̆ u-, gou̯ǝ -, gū-
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien ”
Note: (onomatopoeic)
Material: O.Ind. gavatē (only Dhatup.) “ sounds ”, Intens. jō ́ guvē “ lasse laut ertönen,
spreche laut aus “, jō ́ gū- (gen. pl. jō ́ guvüm ) “ loud singing “, gaŋ-gū-yáti “ stößt
Freudenschreie aus “;
Gk. γό[F]ος “ weeping, wailing “, γοάω “ wail, groan, weep “, γόης, -ητος “ magician
(enchanter, sorcerer) ”;
perhaps here Lat. güvia f. “ seagull” (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).
O.H.G. gikewen “name, call ”, O.E. cīegan “call, shout, cry ” (*kaujan ); O.H.G. kūma f. “
lamentation “, kūmo “ with grief, with pain “, Ger. “ with difficulty “, in addition M.H.G. kūme
“(* pitiable, mournful) weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated “, O.H.G. kūmīg “
weak, sick “, M.L.G. kǖme “faint, languid ”, O.E. cȳme “fine, beautiful ”, Swe. (gotl.) kaum n. “
misery “; Nor. dial. kauka “ das Vieh mit Rufen locken “; as base from animal names in
M.Du. cauwe “jackdaw”, O.H.G. kaha , kü “ crow “, Dan. kaa “jackdaw” (*kavü ) and in O.E.
cȳta m. “ bittern “, M.H.G. kūze , Ger. Kauz “owl “, compare with identical forms Ice. kūta
“quarrel, squabble ”, M.L.G. kūten (out of it M.H.G. kūten , kiuten ) “ babble, chatter “; N.Ger.
köter from Proto-Gmc. *kautüri , or as “ Bauernhund “ to N.Ger. kot “cottage” (above gēu- S.
394);
Lith. gaujà “ pack of dogs, wolves “, gaudžiu ̀ , gaũsti “dull sound, clink ” (*goudi̯eti ), ablaut.
gúodžiu , gúosti “ comfort “, reflex. “ complain, bemoan “ (*gōudi̯eti ); gaudùs “ wistful “, Ltv.
gauda “ lament “, gàust “ lament “, gavilêt “ jubilate “ (the Balt words could also belong to
*ĝhau - “call, shout, cry ”, as also e.g. O.N. gauð “ bark “);

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Slav. *gǫdǫ, *gǫsti (shaped as * grędǫ and Lat. jungō ) in R.C.S. gudu , gusti, κιθαρίζειν” ,
Clr. hudú , hustū “play”, Ser.-Cr. old gúdêm , gústi “play; dull sound ”, Pol. old gędę , gąść “
fiddle, play “;
O.C.S. govorъ m. “din, fuss, noise ”, govoriti “rant, roister ” (Russ. etc. also esp. ‘speak”),
wherefore ablaut. R.C.S. gvorъ (*gъvorъ ) m. “vesicle, blister ”, Pol. gwar (*gъv-arъ) m. “din,
fuss, noise, noise ”, lengthened grade Cz. havořiti “talk, chat, prate ”, Clr. hava “crow”
(compare above Gmc. *kůu̯ü ), Sloven. gâvǝc “ Kiebitz “, and due to a *gou-tü “ discourse “
with the same forms as govorъ also Russ. gútor “ conversation, entertainment, Scherzrede
“.
References: WP. I 634 f., WH. I 584 f., Trautmann 80 f.
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gras- : grō ̆ s-
English meaning: to gnaw, to devour
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fressen, knabbern ”
Material: O.Ind. grásatē “gobbles (esp. from animals), devours ” (*grasō ), grüsa -ḥ “
mouthful, morsel, bite of food “;
Gk. γράω “ gnaw, devour “ (= O.Ind. grásati) γράστις “ grass, green fodder “ (Att. κράστις
through assimilation in voiceless internal consonance), γάστρις “ gormandizer, gourmand,
voracious eater “, γράσος m. “ smell of a goat: hence, of men “ from *γράσ -σος (originally
he-goat; billy goat as nibbler, as τράγος : τρώγω, τραγεῖν), γαστήρ f. “ belly” (*γρασ -τήρ “
devourer ”, compare κραστήριον “ rack, manger (of horse); in pl., bed-posts “, assimil. from
γραστ -; γάστρα “ the lower part of a vessel bulging out like a paunch “); redupl. due to a
*γαγ-γράειν “ devour “: γάγγραινα “ gangrene, the eating ulcer “; γρ῵νος “ eaten out;
eroded, hollowed “ (*grō ̆ s-no-s), γρώνη “ cavity, kneading or dough trough; dough tray;
hutch “ (compare τρώγλη “ cave”: τρώγω);
Lat. grümen (*grasmen ) n. “ grass, turf; any plant or herb “ (esp. as feed herb); about
Gmc. gras compare under ghrē-.
References: WP. I 657 f., WH. I 616 f.
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gred- : grod -
English meaning: to scratch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen”?
Note: Only Alb. and Gmc.
Material: Alb. gërrusë , gërresë , krūs(ë) “ rasper” (from its first grade derives Lat. grosa ds.),
to lengthened grade present gërruanj , kruanj, kruj , also gërruëj , gërũj ‘scratch, scrape “
(from *grōd-, IE grēd-);
O.N. krota (*gr̥d-) “ engrave “, ablaut. (with intensive gemination) O.S. kratta ‘scratch,
scrape”, O.H.G. krazzōn , M.H.G. Ger. kratzen ds. (Gmc. *krattōn ), besides j-verbs mnl.
cretten (and cretsen ), M.H.G. kretzen ds., kretze “ scabies “;
here with expressive vocalism O.H.G. krizzōn , M.H.G. kritzen “ carve, scribble “, also
M.H.G. krīzen “ eine Kreislinie ziehen “, with secondary ablaut O.H.G. M.H.G. kreiz (*kraita -
) “ circle” (“*carved magic circle “); expressive probably also the s-extension in N.Ger.
kratsen, krassen ‘scratch, scrape ”.
References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 175 f.
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grem -
English meaning: damp; to sink
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht (sein), untertauchen, untersinken ”
Material: Lat. grümiae f. pl. “ a viscous humor, rheum, that collects in the corners of the
eyes “, oculi grammōsi “eye drip; pus in the eye “;
O.Ice. kramr “humid, wet, half-melted (of snow) ”, perhaps also Goth. qrammiÞa “
dampness “, if for *krammiÞa ;
O.C.S. grьměždь “ pus in the eye “;
Bal.-Slav. root extension gremd- :
in Lith. grimstù (*grimzdù), grimzdaũ , grim̃sti “under -, sink “, gramzde ́ti ds., causative
gramzdinù , gramzdìnti “ sink “, gramzdùs “ deeply sinking, pensive “, Ltv. grim̃stu , grim̃t “
sink “, causative grèmdêt “ sink “;
O.C.S. pogręznoti “ sink in the water “, Church Slavic gręza “ordure”, Russ. grjáznutь “
sink in ordure “, grjazь “ordure, smut ”, Ser.-Cr. grȅznuti “ sink in “, Pol. grzęznąc ́, grząznąć “
submerge “; causative O.C.S. pogrǫžǫ, pogrǫziti “ sink, submerge “, Russ. gruzítь “ sink,
immerse, freight “.
References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.
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greus -1
English meaning: to crackle, crush
Deutsche Übersetzung: “knirschen, with kratzendem Geräusch about etwas fahren and es
zermalmen, krachend schlagen ”
Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)
Material: Goth. krius-tan “ gnash “, krusts “ the creakiness “, O.S. krȳsta “ gnash of teeth “
and ‘s queeze”, O.H.G. krustila , Ger. Krustel, Krost el “ Krachbein “;
O.H.G. krus-k “ bran “, Ger. Krũsch “ bran “ (also Grũsch, Grũst through hybridization
with Gries , Grũtze );
O.H.G. kros- pel, Ger. Kruspel, Krospel “gristle”, kruspeln “ knirschend zerbeißen “ ;
maybe Alb. kruspull “bent”
Lith. grukše ́ti “ gnash, rustle, crackle, of sand ” (k-insertion?; about gráužas “ horror,
dismay, gravel “ under likewise s. in the end from *ghrēu -2);
Serb. grúhati “crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting “, grúšiti
“bump, poke, shuck, husk ”, Sloven. grûh “ stone rubble “, grúša “ coarse sand ”, Russ.
grúchnutьsja “ collapse with noise “, etc.
References: WP. I 650 f.
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greus -2
English meaning: to burn, smoulder
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, schwelen ”??
Material: Gk. γρῡνός or γρουνό ς “dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand ”, Γρύνειον, Γρῦνοι “ town
in Aolis”;
Lith. gruzde ́ti , grùzti , Ltv. gruzdêt , grust “ smolder, gleam ”; yet is quite doubtful, whether
Gk., badly attested words originally rather stand for “ spinney under likewise ”.
References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.
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greut -
English meaning: to press; curds
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drängen, zusammendrũcken; Quark = zusammengegangene
Milch”
Material: Ir. gruth (*grutus ) “ coagulated milk, curd ”;
O.E. crūdan “urge, press, push ”, Eng. to crowd “ urge, press, push ”, mnl. kruden , M.H.G.
kroten “urge, press, push ”, O.E. crod n., M.H.G. krot “crush, crowdedness ”, M.Eng. crudes,
curdes , nEng. curds “curd”.
References: WP. I 650.
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grēb(h)o -s : grōb(h)o -s
English meaning: hornbeam
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Weißbuche” , teilweise Deckwort for “Eiche”
Note: Root grēb(h)o -s : grōb(h)o -s : “hornbeam ” derived from zero grade of Root gerebh - :
“to scratch, write (carve wood) ”
Grammatical information: m.
Material: Maked. ( Illyr.) γράβιον “ torch” (“Eichenholz ”?);
Ven. PN Grēbia , Illyr. VN Grabaei, PN Γρᾶβος, Γράβων;
Umbr. GN Grabovius (== Pol. grabowy , see under) “Eichengott ” (altUmbr. Krapuvi ,
neuUmbr. Grabovie , dat.) borrowed from Illyr. grüb- (older grēb-);
likewise Illyr. Lw. is Lat. grabütus “bed” (*from Eichenholz) from Gk.-Illyr. κράβ(β)ατος ds.
Maybe Alb. krevat (krabat ) “bed”
grōb(h)o -s:
Bal.-Slav. graba- m. “hornbeam ” in:
O.Pruss. wosi-grabis “ Spindelbaum “, Ltv. PN Gruõbina (gruõbas );
Ser. -Cr. grȁb, Russ. grab, Pol. grab “hornbeam ”, grabowy “ belonging to beech “;
perhaps to gerebh- “ crack, split “.
References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
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grōd-, grǝd -
English meaning: hail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hagel”?
Material: Arm. karkut (with rearrangement from reduplicated *gagrōdo - s. Meillet MSL. 10,
280) “hail”;
Lat. grandō, -inis f. “hail”;
Lith. grúodas (Bal.-Slav. *grōda -) “ hard-frozen street excrement, stone frost , frost without
snow; mallenders “;
O.C.S. gradъ, Russ. grad, Ser.-Cr. grȁd, Pol. grad “hail”.
References: WP. I 658, WH. I 618, Trautmann 99.
Because of Arm. word anyhow difficult seems and could be kept away, is perhaps a basic
form *ghrōdh -, ghrǝdh - must be assumed, to Gk. χερμάς “ pebble “ (see gher-2), compare
Ger. Hagel: Gk. κάχληξ “ pebble “, etc.
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gru-
English meaning: grunting (of pigs)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Grunzlaut der Schweine
Note: (gru-d- , gru-n-d- )
Material: Gk. γρῦ “a grunt, as of swine ”, γρύζω (*γρυδι̯ω) “to grunt, grumble, mutter ”,
γρῦλος , γρύλλος “piglet”, γρυλίζω “ to grunt, of swine ”, γογγρύζειν τονθορύζειν , τὸ τὰς ὗς
φωνεῖν Hes.;
Lat. grundiō , with volkssprachl. assimilation grunniō “grunt” =
frũhneuhochd. (with in onomatopoeic words faltering consonant shift in anlaut) grunnen ,
O.E. grun(n)ian , intensive O.H.G. grunzian , Ger. “ grunt “, O.E. grunnettan ds., Eng. to
grunt ds.; with Lautversch. O.N. krytia (preterit krutta ) “ growl, murmur ”, krutr m. “clamor”,
Dan. krotte “drone, grumble ”, Eng. crout “ croak, caw “, whether not rather to ger-2 C .
References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.
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gu̯es-, gu̯os -, gus -, extended gu̯oz -do-
English meaning: branches, leaves
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gezweig, Laubwerk ”
Material: Nor. Dan. kvas ‘small, chopped branches “;
1. with -d-extension:
Alb.Gheg ghethi “leaf”, Tosc gjethe “ foliage, twig, branch ” (collective pl. to a sg. * gath
from *gu̯ozd -); [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
O.H.G. questa f., M.H.G. queste, koste, haste, quast m. f., “ Laubbũschel, Sprengwedel,
besom “, Ger. Quaste f., asächs. quest “ Laubbũschel “ , O.S. kvaster, kost er, Swe. qvast ,
Nor. Dan. kost “ Laubbũschel, Reisbesen “ ;
aSerb. gvozd m. “wood, forest ”, O.Pol. gwozd “ Bergwald “, gozd “ dense wood, forest ”,
etc.;
2. with -t-extension:
Gk. βόστρυχος “ hair lock, Geringel “;
3. with -p-extension:
O.Ind. guṣpitá - “ interlaced, intertwined “;
Lat. vespicēs pl. “ dense shrubbery “;
M.Du. quispel, quespel , M.L.G. md. quispel “ tassel, whisk “.
References: WP. I 644 f., Berneker 365.
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gu̯et-
English meaning: swelling
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellung, Rundung ”
Note: (extension from gēu- “bend”? see there)
Material: Lat. botulus “ intestine, sausage “ (Osc.-Umbr. loanword);
perhaps O.Ir. bél “lip” (*gu̯et-lo-s), whether not from * beklo -s to Gaul. beccos “bill, beak,
neb”;
Goth. qiÞus “ stomach, womb ”, qiÞuhaftō “pregnant ”; O.Ice. kviðr m. “belly, womb ”,
kviðugr “pregnant ”, O.E. cwið(a) m. “womb”, O.H.G. quiti “vulva”, quoden “ interior of the
thigh”;
in addition further O.E. cwidele f. “pustula, varix ”, O.H.G. quedilla ds., N.Ger. quadel “
inflamed swelling of the skin ”, zero grade M.H.G. kutel , Ger. Kutteln “ tripe”.
References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.
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gu̯ozd (h)o-, gu̯ozd (h)i-
English meaning: nail, penis
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nagel, penis ”
Material: Gallorom. bottos “hub of a wheel ” (M-L. 1229a), Welsh both “hub of a wheel,
shield boss “, M.Ir. bot, Ir. bod m. “tail, penis ”;
Maybe Alb. bisht “ tail “
Note:
Common celt. kw- > p- , gw- > b- initial shift.
O.Bulg. gvozdь “nail”, Pol. g(w)ózdź ds., Cz. hvozděj “ Durchschlagholz “; in addition Pol.
g(w)oździk “ carnation, clove “, Cz. hvozdík ds.
Maybe Alb. (*gu̯ozd -) gozhdë “nail” a Slavic loanword.
References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f.
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geli-, glī-
English meaning: mouse
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Maus under likewise ”
Material: O.Ind. girí-ḥ, girikü f. “ mouse “ (Lex.);
Gk. γαλέη ( *gelei̯-ü, originally “ the murine “?) “weasel, marten ”, from which borrowed Lat.
galea originally “*crest of the weasel fur “, then “ a helmet (usually of leather), head-piece,
morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl “ (also galērus “ a helmet-like covering for the head,
made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priest ’s cap; wig, a kind of peruke; a
rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap “ is uncovered to be borrowed from Gk.
*γαληρός); to γαλέη also γαλιάγκων (γαλι - = O.Ind. giri-), further γαληόψις, γαλεόβδολον “
brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle “, actually “ eye of the weasel “, probably also
γάλιον ds.;
Lat. glīs, glīris “ dormouse “ (this inflection presumably after mūs, mūris ); rom. also * glēre ,
compare Fr. loir besides liron.
common rom. gl- > l- phonetic mutation
Maybe Alb. gjer (gler) “ dormouse “ common Alb. gl- > gj- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.
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ĝā̆b-
English meaning: to show, to watch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schauen, ausschauen after ”?
Material: It derived, if one might place with Zupitza Gutt. 194 O.Ice. kōpa (pÞ) “ stare,
gawk”, O.E. cæ ̄ pan “ observe, look out after, provide for, protect “, changing through ablaut
O.E. capian up “look up to ”, asächs. upcapen “ stand out, project, reach upward “, M.L.G.
kapen “gawk, see, show ”, M.H.G. kaffen ds., O.H.G. (with intensive gemination) kapfēn “
see, show, peer “ (out of it back formation O.H.G. kapf “place, one looks out from, summit “)
and O.H.G. ūfkepfen “look up” to Russ. zabota “ care, worry “, zabotitь śa “ are worried, are
concerned “.
Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and
final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction7 173
f.).
References: WP. I 530.
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ĝā̆r-
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien ”
Note: besides single-linguistic *garr- through expressive consonant increase in
onomatopoeic words
Material: palatal is proved through Osset. zarị̀n , zarun ‘sing”, zar “ song” and through Arm.
cicaṙn ‘swallow”, cicaṙnuk “ nightingale “ (redupl. *ĝoi̯-gü ̆ r-ō̆n or -no-, Petersson KZ. 47,
287);
Maybe Alb. cicëron “(bird) sings ”
Gk. γ῅ρυς, Dor. γᾶρυς “ voice”; γαρριώμεθα λοιδορούμεθα Hes., with rr as
Lat. garriō , -īre “ babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the nightingale:)
“, garrulus “ gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering “;
O.Ir. gar- “call, shout, cry ” in ad-gair “accuses” (*ĝar-e-t), ar-gair “prohibits ”, do-gair “calls”
etc.; Welsh gair “word” (*ĝar-i̯o-), dyar “din, fuss, noise, sadness ”: M.Ir. do-gar “ sad “
(*du(s)-ĝaro-); O.Ir. fo-gor ‘sound, tone, sound ” (*upo-ĝaro-), O.Bret. ar-uuo-art “ enchant,
bewitch, fascinate “; O.Ir. gairm n. (Celt. * gar-(s)mn), Welsh Corn. Bret. garm ds. (: O.S.
karm “ lamentation “); lengthened grade O.Ir. güir f. “clamor”, güire “ laughter “, Welsh gawr
“clamor, fight, struggle ”;
O.H.G. chara f. “ lamentation “, Ger. Kar-freitag , Goth. kara f., O.E. cearu f. “ care “
(therefrom O.H.G. etc. karōn “ bemoan, lament ”, O.H.G. charag “ grieving “, M.H.G. karc
‘smart, cunning, stingy ”, Ger. karg, O.E. cearig “ sad, afflicted “, Eng. chary “ careful,
cautious “), O.S. karm (see above), O.E. cearm , cierm m. “clamor”.
References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.
See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *gʷer- .

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ĝebh -
English meaning: branch; stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ast, Holzstũck”
Note: only Gmc. and Balt
Material: O.Ice. kafi m. “ sliced piece “, kefli n. “ cable, bit of wood, toggle ”, rūna-kefli “ rune
stick “; M.L.G. kavele f. “ piece of wood (for drawing lots) “, O.Fris. kavelia “ raffle”, Dutch
kavel m. “ allotment, lot, fate “, Ger. dial. Kabel f. and m. ds.;
Lith. ža ̃ bas m. “bough, deadwood, bridle, rein ”, žaba ̀ f. “rod”, ža ̃ baras “ thin bough” ,
žabo ́ ju , žabo ́ ti “ bridle “, žaboklas m. “rein”, į́-žaboklis “toggle”, ablaut. žu ́ obris (Kurschat
žuobry ̃ s ) “ plowshare “, Ltv. žabuo ̂ t “ dem Tier einen Knebel ins Maul stecken “.
References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.
See also: compare also ĝegh -, S. 354.
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ĝegh -, ĝogh -
English meaning: branch; bush
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ast, Pfahl, Busch ”
Note: (compare also ĝebh -)
Material: Nor. dial. kage m. “ niedriger Busch “ (Gmc. * kagan -), Swe. dial. “ stump (out of it
Eng. cag ‘stump”), Ger. dial. kag m. “ cabbage stalk, stump, Dutch kag, kegge f. “wedge”
(Gmc. * kaʒiō), O.H.G. kegil “picket, pole, peg, plug, nail ” (Gmc. *kaʒila-);
in addition with expressive consonant stretch ( g : gg : kk):
O.Ice. kaggi “ keg, Tönnchen “ , M.L.G. kük “tree trunk, pillory ”, O.H.G. slito-chōho f. “ tub
“, Ger. (High German) kueche “ Sledge skid “; dissim. Kufe ds.;
Lith. ža ̃ garas “ thin twig, branch ”, pl. “deadwood, shrubbery, bush ”, ža ̃ gre “plough”,
žio ̃ gris “fence”, Ltv. žagari “deadwood ”, žagas pl. f. “ loose foliage “;
unclear is the origin of O.E. cæ ̄ g(e) f. “ key, solution “, O.Fris. kei, kai (*kaiga- ), M.L.G.
keie ds.; dubious the from Arm. cag “elevation, acme, apex, end ” (Petersson Heter. 89 f.).
References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge11 334, Martinet Ge ́ mination 116.
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ĝeis-
English meaning: gravel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kies”
Note: (gei-s-, if nld. kei “ stone “ < *keie < *kaijo belongs here or kei < *kagi to kegel ? s.
Franck-v. Wijk 298)
Material: M.H.G. kis m. n. “ gravel “, O.E. ciosol, cisel m. ds., O.H.G. kisili, kisel, kisilinc “
pebble, small stone “, nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;
O.Pruss. sixdo f. ‘sand”, Lith. žiezdra ̀ , “ gravel, corn, grain ”, žie ̃ zdros “ gravel, coarse
sand”, žie ̃ gzdros ds., also m. žie ̃ gzdrai
Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phryg. γίσσα “ stone “ by Steph. Byz. s. v.
Μονογισσα.
References: WP. I 553.
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ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi -
English meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hell, heiter glänzen” and “heiter sein, lächeln, lachen”
Material: Arm. caɫr, gen. caɫu “ laughter “ (probably with u from ō = gr *γαλώς, therefore
γέλως), cicaɫim “ laugh “, perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caɫik (gen. caɫkan)
“flower, blossom ”;
Gk. γελάω, ἐγ έλα(σ)σα “ laugh “, γελαστό ς “ laughable “, Dor. (Pind.) γελᾱνής “ laughing,
cheerful “ (*γελασ -νής due to being reshaped from *γέλας, n. to m. γέλως, originally s-stem
as κρέας, IE *ĝele-s, Eol. to γέλος n.), γέλως, -ωτος, acc. γέλω m. “ laughter “ (probably
after γελάω colored *γαλώς = Arm. caɫr ds.); γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν Hes.; with red uced
grade the 1. syllable Γαλα -τεία Nereid name (?), γαληνό ς “cheerful, peaceful ” (*γαλασνός),
γαλήνη ( Eol. zero grade γέλᾱνα ) “cheeriness, calm (at sea) “;
with zero grade the 1. syllable γλ῅ -νος n. ‘superb example, splendour piece; things to
stare at, shows, wonders “, γλήνη “ the pupil of the eye, eyeball “.
ĝlǝi- in γλαινοί τὰ λαμπρύσματα Hes., at first to O.H.G. kleini “gleaming, dainty, fine ”
(Ger. klein, in old meaning still in Kleinod and Swiss chlein and chlīn, with unexplained ī),
O.E. clæ ̄ ne “pure”, Eng. clean ;
with formants -u̯o-: ἀγλα[F]ό ς “ of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events,
splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty “ (*ἀγα-γλαFός?), ἀγλαΐ α “ splendour, beauty; joy,
triumph; pl., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse ’s mane, colours of oyster ’s shell;
one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games “ (here also ἀγάλλω “ glorify,
adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad “, with ἀ- == n̥ “in”? An other attempt by Boisacq 5);
about O.E. clæ ̄ nе “pure”, O.H.G. kleini “gleaming ” see above;

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ĝembh -, ĝm̥bh -
English meaning: to bite; tooth
Note:
From an older root (* heĝh-) derived Root ed- (*heĝh -): “to eat, *tooth ” and Root ĝembh -,
ĝm̥bh - : “to bite; tooth ”
Deutsche Übersetzung: “beißen, zerbeißen”
Material:
O.Ind. jámbhatē , zero grade jábhatē “ snaps “, Kaus.-Iter. jambháyati “ crunched “, Av.
hǝm- zǝmbayati ds.; Arm. perhaps camem “ chew “, cameli “ maxilla, cheek, mouth ”; Alb.
dhëmp “ it hurts me “, Lith. žembiu ̀ “cut up”, O.C.S. zębǫ, zębsti “tear”;
O.Ind. jámbha -ḥ m. “tooth, pl. teeth “ (jambhya -ḥ “ incisor tooth or molar “), Gk. γόμφος
“tooth”, also “peg, plug, nail ”; γομφίος scil. ὀδούς “ incisor tooth “, Alb. dhëmb , Gheg dâm
“tooth”, O.C.S. zǫbъ “tooth”, Ltv. zùobs “tooth”, Lith. žam ̃ bas “ sharp edge ”; žam ̃ bis “
Holzpflug “;
Maybe Alb. glemp, gjemb “ needle “ [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic
mutation].
O.H.G. kamb , O.E. comb “comb” (“dentated ”), O.N. kambr “comb, jagged edge (: Lith.
žam ̃ bas ), jagged ridge “, Ger. “ Bergkamm “ (but about N.Ger. kimme see above under
gem-), O.E. cemban , O.H.G. kemben “comb”, Swiss chambe “ Kamm bei Hähnen “ ; in
addition bO.Ir. sich kampeln “(quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble ”, with expressive p;
Toch. A kam, В keme “tooth”.
Under a meaning mediation “tooth” - “ wie ein kleiner Zabn vorstehender Pflanzentrieb “
one lines up the family of Lith. že ́ mbu , že ́ mbe ti “germinate ”, O.C.S. pro-zębati , pro-zębnǫti
ds., Lat. gemma (*gembhnü ) “ eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees; gemstone, precious

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ĝem(e)-
English meaning: to marry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heiraten”, also in Bezeichnungen for Verwandte, especially
angeheiratete Verwandte.
Material: O.Ind. jüra ́-ḥ “ suitor, lover “ (*ĝm̥̄-ró-s?); O.Ind. jü ́ mütar -, Av. zümütar - “
Tochtermann “, created after other relationship names in -tar- extension, with ü the second
syllable after mütar -; the basic root has been abbreviated *jüma -, compare Av. zümaoya - “
brother of son- in-law “, also O.Ind. jümí-ḥ “ verschwistert, blutsverwandt “, fem. nachved. “
feminine relatives, esp. daughter- in-law “, ved. ví-jümi-ḥ) “ relative by marriage “, jümü “
daughter- in-law “;
gr γαμέω “ marry “ (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), ἔγημα ( Dor.
ἔγᾱμα), γεγά μη-μαι; γαμέτης “ husband “, γαμετή, γαμέτις, -ιδος “ wife”, γαμήλιος “ nuptial “,
γάμος m. “ wedding “; γαμβρός ( *ĝem-ro-) ‘son-in-law”;
Maybe Alb. dasmë “wedding”: Gk. γάμος m. “ wedding” common Alb. ĝh- > d- phoentic
mutatIon.
Lat. gener-, ī ds. (for *gemer after genus, gēns ).
Maybe Alb. ( *ghemen ) Gheg zemën, tosk, zemër “heart, love, dear ” common Alb. ĝh- > d- ,
z- phoentic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.
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ĝen-1, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-
English meaning: to bear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erzeugen ”
Material: thematic present O.Ind. jánati “erzeugt, gebiert ”, aLat. genō , Gk. γενέσθαι
(ἐγένοντο = O.Ind. ajananta ), compare O.Ir. -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -gainethar “the born
wird” from *gn̥-i̯e-tro), also Welsh genni “ born become ”, Bret. genel “ to give birth to
children “;
redupl. present not thematic O.Ind. jajanti , Av. zīzǝnti (v. 1. zazǝnti ), themat. Av.
zīzanǝnti “ they bear “; Konj. zīzanüt̃ “ she should bear “, kaus. Aor. O.Ind. ájījanat “ gave
birth to “, O.Ir. Fut. gignithir (*ĝi-ĝenü -) “ he will be born “ and with (old) zero grade the root
Gk. γίγνομαι “ to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to be produced; of
events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses to be; to come
into a certain state, to become “, Lat. gignō , -ere (genui , genitum ) “ produce, bring forth ”;
perf. O.Ind. ja-jñ-é “ I am born “, 3. sg. jajü ́ na , 3. pl. jajñúr , Gk. γέγονα, *γέγαμεν, γεγαώ ς
(Schwyzer Gk. Gr I 767, 769), O.Ir. rogēnar (*ge-gn-) “ be born “;
n-present Av. zü-n-aite “ they are born ? ” (*ĝn̥̄-nü ́-mi), Arm. cnanim , Aor. cnay “ is born;
generate, bear “ (I 456; *gnǝ-n-), Gk. γεννάω “ of the father, to beget, engender; of the
mother, to bring forth, to produce “ (*ĝn̥̄-nü-? different Meillet BAL.-SLAV. 26, 15 f.;
postverbal is γέννα “ birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a
generation; a race, family ”, whereof γενναῖος “ suitable to one ’s birth or descent; of persons,
high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of things,
good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense “); compare Schwyzer Gk. Gr I 694
Kaus.-Iter. O.Ind. janáyati “ erzeugt, gebiert “ = O.E. cennan “ produce “ (*ĝonéi̯ō ); i̯o-
present O.Ind. jü ́ yatē “ is born “ (therefrom jüyü “ woman “), Pers. züyad (*ĝen-ǝi̯ṓ; besides

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ĝn̥-i̯ṓ in:) Av. zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel * ĝnē-i̯ō: Ir. gnīu “I make,
do” (“*engender, create “);
sko-present Lat. nü-scor (*gn̥̄-skō ́-r) “ is born “;
to-participle and similar: O.Ind. jüta ́-ḥ “ born “ (jüta ́-m “gender, sex, kind of ”), Av. züta-;
Lat. nütus (cognütus , agnütus ) ds., “ born m., a son “;
Maybe Alb. kunat “brother- in-law”, kunata ‘sister- in-law” from Rom. cumnat “brother -in-law”,
cumnatů ‘sister- in-law”; from Lat. cognütus “related, connected by blood; m. and f. as subst.
a relation either on the father ’s or the mother ’s side. Transf., akin, similar ”.
pälign. cnatois “ the rump, the buttocks “ (*gn̥̄-tós; so probably also :) Gaul. Cintu-gnütus “
firstborn “ (could be in itself also = gr γνωτός), f. gnütha “daughter ”; O.N. kundr ‘son”, Goth.
-kunds (himina - under likewise) “ be a descendant of “, O.E. heofon-kund , with Þ O.N. üs-
kunnr “ of divine origin “; zero grade Lat. genitus (*genǝ - or *gene-tos , as :) Gaul. geneta
“daughter ”, expressive Welsh geneth (*genetta ) ds., O.Ir. aicned “nature” (*ad-ĝenǝ -tom or
*-ĝene -tom); Lith. že ́ ntas ‘son-in-law” (*ĝenǝ -to-s), gentìs “kinsman, relative ” (with g after
gim̃ti “ be born “), O.C.S. zętь m., Ser.-Cr. zȅt ‘son-in-law, sister ’s husband “ (*ĝenǝ -ti-s),
with reduced e O.H.G. kind “kid, child ” (*ĝén-tom), O.S. kind (*ĝentóm ) ds.;
with full grade the second base syllable Gk. - γνητός “ born “ (διό-, κασί -; Proto-Gk. - η-;
γνήσιος “ of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate “), with ō-grade
O.Ind. jñütí-ḥ m. “kinsman, relative ” (originally f. “ kinship”), γνωτό ς “kinsman, relative,
brother “, γνωτή “ sister “, M.Welsh gnawt “kinsman, relative ”, Goth. *knōÞs (dat. knōdai )
“gender, sex ”, O.H.G. knōt, knuot “gender, sex ” (compare also O.H.G. knuosal n. “gender,
sex, stem ”, O.E. cnōsl n. “ progeny, gender, sex, family “), Ltv. znuõts ‘son-in-law, brother-
in-law”;
from the light basis Av. -zanta- , -zǝnta - “ born “ (compare φέρτρον : bharí -tram ); also
O.Welsh - gint “kid, child ” from gen-t-.

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compare an other Aryan forms : Av. fra-zaintiš “ progeny “ (against O.Ind. prá-jüti-ḥ); Av.
ząϑa- n. “birth, origin ” (ar. *ž́an-tha-m ); ząϑra- n. “birth” (against O.Ind. jánitram “
Geburtsstätte “ ); zantu- “ district, administrative district “ = O.Ind. jantú-ḥ “creature”; Av.
ząhyamna - participle Fut. (against O.Ind. janišyatē , Aor. ájaništa ); O.Ind. jánman - n.
besides jániman - n. “ birth, gender, sex, lineage “.
Gk. γενετή “birth”, Lat. Genita Mana “name of a divinity ”, Osc. Deívaí Genetaí “ goddess
of birth “, wherefore Lat. genitülis “ of or belonging to generation or birth, causing generation
or birth, fruitful, generative, genital “;
Gk. γένεσις “ origin, source, beginning; an ancestor “, Lat. genetīvus “ of or belonging to
generation or birth “; with reduced ǝ: Av. frazaintiš (see above), Lat. gēns (or from * gn̥tí-) “ a
clan, stock, people, tribe, natIon. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district, country “ (then
probably ingēns as “ monstrous, vast, enormous “), Gmc. kindi- in Goth. kindins (*ĝenti -no-
s) “ provincial governor “, O.N. kind f. “entity, gender, sex, descendant “.
ĝn̥̄ti- in O.Ind. jütí-ḥ “ birth, family “ = Lat. nüti-ō “birth, gender, sex ”, Umbr. natine “ a
birth, origin, people, nation “, O.E. (ge)cynd f. “ kind of, nature, quality, origin, source,
beginning; an ancestor, descendant “ (Eng. kind);
tu-stem Lat. nütū (maior- under likewise) “from birth ”, therefrom nütūra “ birth; nature,
natural qualities or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature ”;
praegnüs “pregnant ”, new praegnans , from * -gnütis.
ĝenǝ -ter- in O.Ind. janitár - “progenitor, father ”, jánitrī “ begetter, mother ”, Gk. γενετήρ, -
῅ρος, γενέτωρ, -ορος “ progenitor, father ”, γενέτειρα “ mother”, Alb. dhëndër , dhândër ‘son-in-
law, bridegroom “ (*genǝ -tr-), Lat. genitor, genetrīx (: O.Ind. jánitrī ) “progenitor ”;
Arm. cnauɫ “progenitor, father ” (*genǝ -tlo-);

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O.Ind. jániman - (and jánman -) n. “ birth, gender, sex, lineage “, Lat. germen “germ,
sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch ”, germinüre “ sprouted out “, germünus , -a (-m- from - mn-)
“ brother, 1. sister (having the same father and mother) ” (*ĝen-men ).
ĝenos - in O.Ind. jánaḥ (gen. jánasaḥ ) n. “gender, sex ”, Arm. cin “birth”, Gk. γένος
“gender, sex ”, Lat. genus “ birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence offspring,
descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action, etc., fashion,
manner, way “ (generüre “ produce “).
ĝon-os in O.Ind. jána-ḥ (gen. jánasaḥ ) m. “gender, sex ”, Av. (in compound) zana -
“people, humankind “, Gk. γόνος m., γονή f. “birth, parentage, ancestry ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg zana “nymph, goddess ”;
-ĝeno -s, -ĝno-s, -ĝeni̯os , -gnios as 2. composition part e.g. in Lat. capri-genus “
proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind “, indigena m. f. “ born in a country, native,
indigenous “ (= Arm. ǝndo-cin, ǝndo-cna-c̣, “ nato in casa del proprio patrono “), alienigena
m. f. “ born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a foreigner, an alien “;
Gaul. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius ; O.Ir. ingen , ogom inigena “girl”.
ĝenü in Welsh adian “ progeny “ (*ati-ĝenü), anian , Bret. dial. agnen “nature” (*n̥de-ĝenü),
Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;
with Gk. - γενής, Thrac. -zenes (Διογένης = Thrac. Diuzenus , Διζένης), compare Ven.
volti-χenei and volti-χnos , Illyr. PN Anduno-cnetis (gen.), Volto-gnas ; Messap. oroagenas “
inhabitant of Uria “;
Gk. νεο-γνός “ new-born “, Goth. niu-kla- hs “ under -age “ (dissim. from niu-kna- , with
formants - ko-), also aina-kla- “ isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *- kna-) and Lat. singulus
(from * sem- gno-) as well as Lat. malignus, benignus, prīvignus (‘separate, i.e. born in other
matrimony, stepchild “), Celt. - gnos in people ’s name, originally Patronymica, e.g. Gaul.
Truticnos (= Drūtignos ), latinis. Druti filius , ogom gen. Coimagni , Ir. Coim -ün; Gaul. Ate-

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gnia; Gk. ὁμόγνιος “ of the same descent “; about Cypr. ἶνις “ kid, child ” (barely * ἐν-γνις)
compare Schwyzer Gk. I 4503;
*gn̥-i̯o- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Lat. genius “ the superior or
divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or
genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste,
appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius “, originally the personified fertility
(at most zero grades *ĝen-i̯os), Goth. kuni (*ĝn̥-i̯o-m), O.H.G. (etc.) chunni “gender, sex ”,
compare Goth. sama-kunjans acc. pl. “the same gender ”: Gk. ὁμό-γνιος; Lat. progenies “
progeny “, O.Ir. gein (*genen < *ĝen-n̥) “birth”, O.E. cyne- in compound “ royal “, O.N. konr
‘son, noble-born man, husband ” (Gmc. *kuninga-z in O.H.G. etc. kuning “king”, i.e. “ einem
edlen Geschlechte angehörig, ihm entsprossen “ ).
ĝn̥̄- in O.Ind. jü-s “ descendant “, pra-jü “ progeny “, jü ́ s-patiṣ “ paterfamilias “ (Meillet
MSL. 10, 139);
about Lat. ingenuus “ free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble, upright,
frank, candid, ingenuous “, genuīnus “ innate, native, natural; genuine ” s. WH. I 593 f.
References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet
Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
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ĝen-2, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō-
English meaning: to know
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erkennen, kennen ”
Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. ĝen- are often used with various with ĝnō-
verbal forms.
Material: O.Ind. jünü ́ mi “I know”, anu-jñü- “ acknowledge, admit, grant ”, Av. paiti-zünǝnti “
they take care of somebody “ (themat. 2. pl. paiti-zünatü “ you recognize, take up, absorb,
take in “), O.Pers. 3. sg. Impf. a-dünü “ he knew “ (IE *ĝn̥̄-nü-mi, besides enkLith. *ĝn̥-nümi
in:) Av. zanü -t̲, zanąn , afghO.N. pē-žanī “unterscheidet, erkennt ”;
Arm. Aor. cancay “I erkannte ” (an-can “ unacquainted “) insecure basic form (to present
*ĝn̥̄-nü-mi? or from * ĝen-? as:) canaut” “bekannt”;
O.Ir. itar-gninim , asa-gninaim ‘sapio” (Fut. -gēna from * ge-gnü-, Pert ad-gēn-sa “ become
acquainted with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to
know “ from * ge-gn-; in present stem gnin- is the voc. still unsolved ; compare Pokorny IF .
35, 338 f., Marstrander Pre ́ s . nasal. 23);
Maybe Alb. (*gni) di “know” common Alb. g- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Goth. kunnan “kennen, know, have knowledge of “ (kann , preterit kunÞa ; originator of the
zero grade plural forms kunnum , kunnun from *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan
“erkennen ” etc. = O.H.G. kunnēn “noscere, temptare ” (already Proto-Gmc., Wissmann nom.
postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades ōn-Verb O.N. kanna “untersuchen ”;
O.H.G. (etc.) intense Verb. kunnan (kann ) “ know, have knowledge of, to be able “ (in
den älteren Sprachzeiten only from geistigem can = kennen, contrast to mögen ); in addition
das Kaus. Goth. kannjan (*ĝon-) “bekanntmachen, kundtun ”, O.E. cennan “benachrichtigen,
define, zuschreiben ”, O.H.G. ar-kennen “erkennen ”, bi-kennen “bekennen ”, Ger. kennen.

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Lith. žinaũ, žino ́ ti , Ltv. zinât “ know, have knowledge of “ (žìno = *gen-, thereafter pl.
žìnome , Inf. žino ́ ti , participle žino ́ tas ) == O.Pruss. posinna “I bekenne ” (Inf. posinnat ,
participle posinnüts ), ersinnat “erkennen ”;
sk̂o-present O.Pers. (Konj.) xšnüsütiy “er soll erkennen ”; Gk. γιγνώσκω , epIr. γνώσκω
“erkenne”, Lat. nōsco (gnōsco ) “erkenne”, ignōsco “have ein Einsehen, verzeihe ” (compare
O.Ind. anu-jñü-); Alb. njoh “I kenne” (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under
Lith. pažį́stu ;
perf. O.Ind. jajñǘu , Lat. nōvī, O.E. cnēow (cnüwan ) “erkannte ”; Gk. Aor. ἔ-γνων, O.Ind.
Opt. jñü-yüt; Gk. γέγωνα “ bin vernehmlich, says ” (also formal to present geworden γεγωνέ ω
ds., γεγωνίσκω);
in addition das i̯o-present O.Ind. jñüyáte (pass. to jünü ́ ti ), O.H.G. knüu (ir-, bi-, int-)
“erkenne”(*gnē-i̯ō), O.E. cnüwan (Eng. know ) ds. (to w compare Lat. nōvī, O.Ind. jajñǘu ),
with O.H.G. urknüt “ cognition “, and O.C.S. znajǫ , znati “kennen, know, have knowledge of
“ (*ĝnō-i̯ō);
Desid. O.Ind. jijñüsati , Av. zixšnü ̊ ŋhǝmnü ̊ “die erkundigen Wollenden ”; Lith. pažį́stu , -
žinau ̃ , žìnti “kennen”; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 from * ĝn̥-skō derived; different Persson
Beitr. 341;
Kaus. O.Ind. jñüpayati (die p-form wäre old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 with right Arm.
canaut” “bekannt”, i-stem = O.Ind. jñapti -ḥ “ cognition, knowledge ” places); bu t jñapta -
rather retograd from kausat. jñüpita -, IF. 57, 226 f.
to-participle ĝnō-tó-s (hat perhaps das ō secondary from den verbal forms bezogen):
O.Ind. jñütá -ḥ “bekannt”, Gk. γνωτός (newer γνωστός) ds. ( ἀγνώς, -῵τος “ unacquainted “),
Lat. nōtus , O.Ir. gnüth “ habitual, customary, bekannt ” (Welsh gnawd “ consuetude “; in
addition Welsh gnaws , naws “nature”, Bret. neuz “Aussehen ”, as Brit. Lw. O.Ir. nōs
“custom”), Gaul. Κατου -γνᾱτος , Epo-so-gnütus ; O.Ind. ajñüta -, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus “

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unacquainted “, O.Ir. ingnad “ strange “; besides *ĝnŏ-tó-s (Umfärbung from *ĝnǝ-tós after
ĝnō-?) in Lat. nota “Kennzeichen, Merkmal, Fleck, Mal ” (substantiviertes Fem. of participle),
Denom. notō, -üre “kennzeichnen, observe; rebuke, reprove “, hence probably also in
cognitus, agnitus , compare with the same vowel gradation Gk. * ἄ-γνο-Fος in ἀγνοέ ω “white
not”, ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια “ Unwissenheit ”; better about ἀγνόεω (steht for *ἀν όεω) and Lat. nota
(to ὄνοσθαι “ rebuke”) jetzt Leumann Homer. Wörter 2 2823; Toch. A ü-knats, В a-knütsa see
under.
ĝnǝ-to-s in M.Welsh yngnad, ynad “judge” (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad “Urteilskraft ” (*dē-pro-
ĝnǝ-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.
ĝn̥̄-tó-s in Lith. pažìntas “bekannt”, Goth. kunÞs , O.E. cūÞ, O.H.G. kund “kund, bekannt ”,
Goth. unkunÞs “ unacquainted “; with lengthened grade the 1. syllable Av. paiti-zanta-
“anerkannt ” (as ü-zainti - “knowledge ”).
ĝnō-ti- in O.Ind. pra-jñüti-ḥ f. “ cognition “, Gk. γν῵σις f. “ cognition “, Lat. nōti-ō f., O.C.S.
Inf. znati , Russ. znatь f. “die Bekannten ”; compare O.H.G. urchnât f. “agnitio” (*ĝnē-ti-s);
ĝn̥-tí-s in O.H.G. kunst (-sti- for - ti-) “Kunst, Kenntnis, Weisheit ” (Goth. kunÞi “knowledge,
cognition “ from *kunÞia - n.), Lith. pažintìs f. “ cognition “;
ĝnō-ter- in O.Ind. jñütár -, Av. žnütar - “ connoisseur, expert “, compare Gk. γνωστήρ, Lat.
nōtor “ connoisseur, expert, Bũrge” ; compare O.Ind. jñüna -m (*ĝnō-no-m ) “knowledge,
cognition “.
ĝnō-mn̥ in Gk. γν῵μα “Erkennungszeichen; Winkelmaß” (out of it Lat. grōma
“Meßinstrument the Feldmesser” and, of acc. γνώμονα from, also norma “Winkelmaß,
Richtschnur, Vorschrift, rule ”); aRuss. znamja (O.C.S. znamenije , znakъ ) “mark, token,
sign” (from a corresponding Lat. *gnōmen is *cognōmen , agnomen influenced); Gk. γνώμη
“opinion” (probably for *gnō-m[n]ü ), compare Lith. żyme ̃ “Merkzeichen ” (*žįme ̃); γνώμων
“Richtmaß” .

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ĝnō-tel- in Sloven. znâtelj “ connoisseur, expert “, Russ. znátelь “Withwisser ”; also O.Ind.
jñütár - could instead of to ĝnō-ter- here belong.
ĝenǝ -tlo- : ĝnō-tlo- “Erkennungszeichen ” in Lith. že nklas “mark, token, sign ”; O.Pruss.
ebsentliuns “bezeichnet ”: O.Ind. jñütra - n. “ ability, capacity of Erkennens ”;
Gmc. *knōÞla - in O.H.G. beknuodilen “vernehmbar become ”, einknuadil “insignis”;
compare Lat. (g)nōbilis “kennbar, bekannt; vornehm, odel ” (Adjektivierung a * ĝnō-dhlom
“Kennzeichen ”);
ĝnō-ro- in Gk. γνώριμος “kenntlich, bekannt, angesehen ”, γνωρίζω “make bekannt ” (to
*γν῵ρον ), wherefore with ablaut *ĝn̥̄-ró-: Lat. gnürus “a thing expert, skillful ”, ignürus
“ignorant” (ignōro rather from * ignüro after nōsco umgefärbt as with the ablaut grade from
γνώριμος ), gnüruris GlO.S.S. “gnürus” , ignürurēs “ἀγνοοῦντες” , nürrüre “to Wiss en make,
kũnden” = Umbr. naratu “narrütō” , naraklum “nūntiütiō” ; as Endglied from compounds O.Ind.
-jnü ̆-, Av. uxδa-šna- “die discourse kennend ”.
Here presumably IE ĝnē-u̯os “expert, skillful, wer es white, as man es to machen hat,
tatkräftig” in O.N. knür “proficient, strong ” (O.E. gecnæ ̄ we “eingestanden, bekannt ” is
against it new Bildungvon cnüwan from); compare (from * ĝn̥̄-u̯o-s?) Lat. nüvus (old gnüvus )
“ active, tatkräftig” , ignüvus “without Tatkraft ”, next to which with *-ǝu̯- M.Welsh go-gnaw
“vertraut with ” (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o -?), M.Bret. gnou “manifeste , évident” , O.Bret. inschr. Bodo-
cnous (i.e. -gnous , Loth RC 18, 93), M.Ir. gnō “ distinguished “, Ir. gnō “business, affairs ”. A
similar meaning-development in the Gmc. family O.Ice. kø ̄ nn “einsichtsvoll, smart,
proficient ”, O.E. cēne “bold, audacious ”, O.H.G. kuoni “bold, kampflustig ” (lengthened grade
as γέγωνα), compare with zero grade Lith. žy ́ ne “ witch “ (“die Kluge ”), žy ́ nis m.
“Hexenmeister ”;
Toch. AB knü- “ know, have knowledge of, erkennen ”, A ü-knats, В a-knütsa “ignorant”.
About Hitt. ḫa-an-na-i “urteilt” s. Pedersen Hitt. 201 (wenig glaubhaft).

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ĝenu -1, ĝneu - (*ĝḫneu -)
English meaning: knee, joint
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Knie, Ecke, Winkel ”
Grammatical information: n. inflection ĝonu , ĝenu̯és , ĝnubhís etc.; besides ein n-stem
according to O.Ind. jü ́ nunī “die beiden knee ” and Gk. γόνατος etc. from ĝonu̯n̥ -
Note:
Root ĝenu -1, ĝneu - : “knee, joint ” derived from Root ĝen-1, ĝenǝ -, ĝnē-, ĝnō- : “to bear”.
(the euphemism of lower part of te body)
ĝenu -1 < ĝneu - in centum languages as Lat.-Illyr. preferred the order consonant + vowel.
Material: O.Ind. jü ́ nu n. “knee”, pehl. zünūk , Pers. zünū “knee”; Av. acc. sg. žnūm , dat. abl.
pl. žnubyō ; O.Ind. jñu-bü ́ dh - “die Knie beugend ”, abhi-jñú “bis ans Knie ”, pra-jñu-ḥ
‘säbelbeinig” , Av. fra-šnu- “die Knie after vorn holding “ (:Gk. *πρό -γνυ);
Arm. cunr “knee” (r-extension to old u-stem *ĝō̆nu -), pl. cunk-k”, gen. cng-ac̣ with g-
extension ( *ĝon-g-o-, compare γνύ -ξ);
Gk. γόνυ, gen. (Hom. ) γουνός ( *ĝonu̯ós ), pl. γοῦνα, Eol. γόνα “ knee” (compare also
γευν῵ν γονάτων Hes.), besides gen. sg. γούνατος (for *γονFανος); lengthened grade γωνί α
“point, edge ” (*γωνFία), zero grade (compare under πρόχνυ) γνυ -πετεῖν “ in die Knie
sinken”, γνύξ “auf die Knie ”, ἰγνύ̄η (besides ἰγν ύς, Specht KZ. 59, 220) “ popliteus “
(*εγγνύᾱ , -γνύς);
πρόχνυ “ with vorgestrecktem Knie ” steht II. 570 for *πρόγνυ (= O.Ind. pra-jñú-ḥ);
Lat. genū , -ūs “knee”, geniculum “knee, knot an Pflanzen, angle “;
Note:
Maybe Old Irish glūn “knee” < Alb. gluni, gjuni “knee” [

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Goth. kniu n., O.H.G. etc. knio, kneo (*kniwa- , IE *ĝneu̯o -) “knee” (O.N. knē also from
knot am straw, as O.E. cneoweht “knotty, from Pflanzen ”; Lat. geniculum also knot an
Getreidehalmen; but Lat. genista is Etruscan); an extension with Gmc. t in oberschles.
knutzen “auf den Knien hocken ” and perhaps in Goth. knussjan “knien”, kniwam knussjands
“in die Knie zusammenknickend ”, if auf a tu-stem *knussus from this verb *knutjan “being
based on ”;
Illyr. FlN Genusus , unterItal. PN Genusia , Messap. PN tri-gonoχoa , ligur. PN Genua ,
adjekt. derivative Genava “Genf”;
Toch. A kanweṃ , В kenīne Dual. “die knee ”;
Hitt. gi-e-nu (genu ) “knee”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg glu-ni, Tosc glu-ri (Gheg), gju-ri (Tosc ) “knee”, pl. gjunj - “knees”: O.Ir. glūn
“knee” (see Root gel-1 : “to curl; round ”), (with IE *ĝenu - “knee” barely as dissimilation form
compatible to *ĝnū-n- because of the Guttural difference); [conservative singular definite
form (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Note:
Hitt. gi-e-nu (genu ) “knee” : Alb.Gheg ( gleʷni ) gluni “knee” common Alb. ĝh- > gl - > gj - : lith.
ĝh- > dz- phonetic mutation] prove the existence of the old laryngeal (* ĝḫneu-).
References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 463, 518.
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ĝenu -2 f. and (ĝenǝdh - :) ĝonǝdh -
English meaning: chin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kinnbacke, Kinn ”
Material: O.Ind. hánu -ṣ f. “Kinnbacke ”, Av. zünu - ds., in compounds (with secondary ar. ĝh-,
Gũntert WuS. 11, 124 f.);
Phryg. α-ζήν acc. ἀ-ζένα “ beard” (prefix α - and *ĝen-);
Gk. γένυς, -υος f. “ chin, Kinnbacke ” (with secondary ū-stem; compare γένειον “ Kinnbart”
from *γενεFιον, γενηΐς, Att. γενῄς f. “ cutting edge of Beils ” from *γενεFίς);
Lat. gena f. “cheek” (fur *genus after mala ), genuīnus (dens ) “Backenzahn ”;
O.Ir. gi(u)n “mouth”, Welsh gen “cheek, chin ”, pl. geneu , O.Corn. genau , Bret. genou
(older pl. * geneu̯es );
Goth. kinnus f. “cheek” (*genus , *genu̯es , -nn- from - nu̯-), O.N. kinn f. “Backe,
Bergabhang ”, O.E. cinn, O.H.G. kinni n. “chin”;
Toch. A śanwe -m Dual f. “mandible, lower jaw bone “ (e-extension from ĝenu -).
gonǝdh - in Lith. ža ́ ndas “Kinnbacke ”, Ltv. zuôds “chin, sharp edge ”; Maced. κάναδοι
σιαγόνες, γνάθοι (compare Specht KZ. 59, 1131);
zero grade Gk. γνάθος f., γναθμός m. “ Kinnbacke ” (*gnǝdh -);
unclear is Arm. cnaut “Kinnbacke, cheek ”.
References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Decl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gk. 463.
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ĝep(h)-, ĝebh -
English meaning: jaw, mouth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kiefer, Mund; essen, fressen ”
Material: With ph: Av. zafar-, zafan- “mouth, Rachen ”, participle Med. vī-zafüna , compare s-
stem (besides r/n-stem) in ϑrizafah- besides ϑrizafan- ;
with bh : gallorom. expressive *gobbo- , O.Ir. gop, Ir. gob “bill, beak, neb, mouth ”;
Gmc. with ph or teilweisem bh O.N. kjaptr or kjǫptr (*keƀuta - or * kefuta -) “muzzle,
Kinnbacke, jaw “, M.H.G. kivel, kiver “ jaw “ (*kefra -) Ger. dial. kiefe “gill”, N.Ger. keve “ jaw,
gill”, wherefore die verbs Nor. kjava ‘sich quarrel, squabble, quarrel ” (“die Kiefern rũhren” ),
M.L.G. nd. kibbelen , kabbelen , kevelen “loud babble, chatter “, M.H.G. kibelen , kifelen
“quarrel, squabble ”, kiven , kiffen “ gnaw “, kifelen “ gnaw, chew ”; lengthened grade O.N.
küfl, O.S. cüfl, O.E. cēafl (Eng. jowl, jole) “ jaw “ (*kēfala -).
Maybe Alb. kafshonj “bite, gnaw ”, kafshë “animal”
In addition as “ nibbler “:
O.H.G. chevaro, kevar , M.H.G. kevere “beetle, chafer ” (*kebran -); changing through
ablaut O.E. ceafor (*kaƀra - or*kaƀru -), N.Ger. kavel ds.;
Lith. že biù, že ̃bti ‘slow eat”, že ́biu , že ́beti “eat, picken ”;
O.C.S. o-zobati “λυμαίνεσθαι ”, Serb. zòbati “eat, devour “, zôb f. “Hafer”, Russ. zobátь
“eat, picken ”, zob m. “bill, beak, neb ”;
Cz. ža ́ bra “gill the Fische ”, Russ. ža ́ bry ds. could das ž from the e-grade bezogen have
and eine variant with g- contain.
from ĝembh - “bite” as nasalized form to our root belongs?
References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge11 s. v. “beetle,
chafer” and “ jaw “.

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ĝers-
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen; also von Zweigen and Buschwerk ”
Material: Arm. caṙ “tree”, pl. “ brushwood “ (*ĝr̥so-); caṙay (*gr̥-üti-) ‘servant, Knecht ”; cuṙ
‘slant, skew, crooked ” (*ĝorsos );
Gk. γέρρον n. “ geflochtener shield, Wagenkorb ” etc., also “penis” (“*rod”) (*γερσι̯ον );
Maybe Alb. kar “penis” : Gypsy kar “penis”.
Lat. gerra “Rutengeflecht ”, pl. gerrae “prank” is Gk. Lw.; zero grade γάρρα ῥάβδος and
γάρσανα φρύγανα. Κρ῅τες Hes.;
from dem Gk. γέρδιος derives Lat. gerdius “Weber”;
Welsh gyrr m. “ drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, Viehtreiben ” (*ĝersi̯o -), therefrom
gyrru ds.?;
O.N. kjarr n., kjǫrr m. ( *kerza- , kerzu -) ‘shrubbery, bush “, Swe. dial. kars, karse m.
“basket from Weidenruten, small Sack, Netzsack ”, O.N. kass(i) m. (* kars-) “Weidenkorb,
Rũckenkorb” , Swe. kärsa f. “creel, Netzsack ”, Nor. kjessa “basket, Bastgeflecht ” (*karsi̯ōn ).
In addition probably M.H.G. kerren “kehren, wenden ” (*karzjan ) = O.E. cierran “wenden,
in eine bestimmte Lage bringen, intr. sich wenden ”, becierran “turn”, cierr m. (* karzi -) “time,
Mal, business “.
References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.
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ĝer-, ĝerǝ-, ĝrē-
English meaning: to rub; to be old; grain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “morsch, reif werden, altern ”
Note: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-, “corn, grain, Kern ” (only NW- IE); die oldest
meaning seems “rub” (hence “Reibefrucht, small Zerriebenes ”) gewesen to sein, intr.-pass.
“aufgerieben become, from age or disease, malady ”.
Material: O.Ind. járant - “ fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard ” (=
Osset. zärond “old”, Gk. γέρων; compare also Pers. zar “ graybeard, Greisin ”), járati “makes
fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated , läßt altern” (“*reibt auf ”), jaraṇá - “ frail, old ”,
jarás - f. (nom. sg. jarü ́ h ̣ , IE -ōs) and jarü ́ “Altwerden, age ”; redupl. jarjara - “frail, breakable,
decrepit “ (: Gk. γεργέριμος); lengthened grade jü ́ ra- “alternd” (= Pers. zür “weak, woeful,
wretched, miserable “, zür “ graybeard, Greisin ”; also in Aor. jüris ̣ uh ̣ ); heavy basis in O.Ind.
jarimán - m. “hohes age, Altersschwäche” , jī́ryati , jū ́ ryati “wird fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, morsch, altert ”, participle jūrn ̣ a ́ -, jīrn ̣ a ́- “ fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, abgelebt, abgenutzt, zerfallen, morsch, old ”; Av. azarǝšant - “not
alternd” (participle of s-Aor.), azarǝma - “not abnehmend ” (from *zarǝma - m. “das
Verkommen ”), zairina- “aufreibend, erschlaffend ”, zarǝta - “altersschwach ” (probably =
O.Ind. *jīrta-), with formant u (: Gk. γραῦς? O.N. kǫr, see below) zaurv an- m. “Greisenalter,
Altersschwäche” , zaurura - “altersschwach, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated “,
perhaps also zrvan- : zrū ̆ n- “time”;
Arm. cer “old, graybeard ” (*ĝero-);
Gk. γέρων “ graybeard ” (γέροντ -), γερούσιος “ den Geronten zukommend ”, γερουσί α
“Ratsversammlung ( the A ̈ ltesten )”, γέρας n. ( IE *ĝerǝ-s, from the heavy basis) originally
“*age, *Altersvorrecht ”, hence “Ehrengabe, Ehrenstellung, Belohnung ”, γεραρό ς “ehrwũrdig,

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stately, respectable “, later also “old, greisenhaft ”, γεραιός “old” probably from * γερασ -ι̯ός; in
the meaning “age” is γέρας ersetzt through γ῅ρας; das η from γηράσκω “ altere”, participle
present γηρά̄ ς “alternd”, themat. Impf. ἐγήρᾱ, etc. auf γ῅ρας (for γέρας) figurative, also auf
γηράω “altere, reife ”, γηραλέος (by Hes. also γεραλέος) “ old”; Att. γραῦς, gen. γρᾱ(*F)ός
(Hom. dat. γρηΐ) “old wife, woman ” (Hom. γρηΰς probably Lateere Umschrift a richtigen
*γρη(F)ίς after dem gewöhnlichen γραῦς); perhaps in relationship to Av. zaurvan- m.
“Greisenalter ”, perhaps originally nom. *ĝeŕ-us : gen.*ĝerǝ-u̯-ós, from which γρᾱFός; s.
Schwyzer Gk. I, 574; redupl. γεργέριμος “ from selbst abfallende or reife Feige or Olive ” (see
above);
O.N. karl “man, husband, alter man, husband, husband, free man, husba nd” = O.H.G.
karal ds., with ablaut O.E. ceorl “free man, husband the niedrigsten Klasse, husband ”, Eng.
churl “Bauer, fool “, M.L.G. kerle “free, gewöhnlicher man, husband, kräftiger man,
husband ”, Ger. (from dem N.Ger. ) Kerl; basic meaning probably “alter man, husband ”;
O.C.S. zьrěti “ripen”, zьrělъ “reif”, causative sьzori “ὡρίμησε” .
In the meaning “corn, grain, Kern ”:
Lat. grünum “corn, grain, Kern ” (*gr̥-nóm, = O.Ind. jīrn ̣ a ́-, see above) = O.Ir. grün, Welsh
etc. grawn (sg. gronyn ) ds. (borrowing from dem Lat. is not erweislich) = Lith. žìrnis , Ltv.
zir̃nis m. “pea”, O.Pruss. syrne f. “corn, grain ”; O.C.S. zrьno , Serb. zȑno n. “corn, grain ”;
Goth. kaúrn , O.H.G. O.E. O.N. korn, Ger. Korn , O.E. cyrnel “Kern”, next to which zero
grades O.H.G. kërno , O.N. kjarni m., ds. (probably also Ger. dial. kern “Milchrahm ” as the
beim Buttern körnig werdende, M.H.G. kern “Butterfaß” , O.N. kjarni, kirna ds., O.E. ćiern ,
Eng. churn ds.).
Ein *grüros (*gr̥̄-rós) “zerrieben ” is probably in Lat. glürea (*grürei̯ü ) “ gravel “ continual;
ein d-present *ĝrō-dō perhaps in Goth. gakrōtōn “ crunch “.

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ĝeus-
English meaning: to taste; to enjoy [ “ savor, enjoy, taste “, in the Gmc. and Celt. “choose”,
in Indo Iran. and AlbO.N. “love”]
Material: O.Ind. jō ́ s ̣ ati , juṣátē “kostet, enjoys, liebt ”, jōsa ́ yatē “findet whereof pleasure ”, jō ́ s ̣ a-
ḥ “ contentedness, Billigung, sufficiency “, Av. zaoš -, O.Pers. dauš - “Geschmack whereof
finden”, Av. zaošō “Gefallen”, zuštō “beliebt, erwũnscht” ; khotan-sak. ysūs ̣ d ̣ ē “er schätzt” ,
ysua , ysuyün (ys = z) “Leckerei ”;
Gk. γεύομαι “koste, genieße” (therefrom γεύω “lasse taste ”);
Alb. desha “I liebte”, present do dua (*ĝēus -n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);
Also Alb.Gheg dashunoj “to love”, dashuni, dashni “love”, aorist desha “I loved”.
n-present Lat. dēgūnō , -ere “taste” (*gus-nō);
O.Ir. asa-gū (*ĝus-s-t) “ег wũnsche” (ad-gūsi, asa-gūssi “er wũnscht” , s. zur form
Pedersen II 549), do-goa (*ĝus-ü-t) “er wählt” , Verbaln. togu “wählen, Wahl” , preterit
dorōigu “elegit” (*to-ro-ĝi-ĝēus -t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);
Goth. kiusan “prũfen, erproben” , O.N. kjōsa “wählen, wish” (also “ through Zauberei
beeinflussen ”, O.H.G. O.S. kiosan “ taste, prũfen, wählen” , Ger. kiesen , Kaus.-Iter. Goth.
kausjan “prũfen, taste, try “ (= O.Ind. iōša ́ yatē ); compare O.E. wæl-céasig “leichenwählend”
(of raven).
noun actionis auf ti-: O.Ind. júṣṭi-ḥ “Liebeserweisung, Gunst ”, Goth. ga-kusts f. “Prũfung” ,
O.Fris. kest, O.E. cyst m. “ object a Wahl, Vorzũglichkeit” (but Gk. γεῦσις previously single -
linguistic formation from γεύομαι from): auf tu-: Lat. gustus, - ūs “das Kost en, Genießen” ,
Celt. *gustu- “Wahl” in den Namen Ir. Oengus, Fergus , O.Welsh Ungust, Gurgust and in
O.Ir. guss “ skillfulness, power “, Goth. kustus “Prũfung” , O.H.G. O.S. kust m. “Prũfung,
Schätzung, Wahl, Vortrefflichkeit” , O.N. kostr, -ar “Wahl, Willkũr, (good) quality “ ; derivative

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of participle *gus-tós: Lat. gustō, -üre “taste, genießen” = O.H.G. O.S. kostōn “taste,
versuchen ”, O.E. costian “versuchen, plague ”, O.N. kosta, -aða “prũfen, sich anstrengen,
erstreben ”; previous noun actionis is *kuriz in O.E. cyre m. “Wahl, judgement ”, O.H.G. kuri f.
ds. (Ger. Kur-fũrst, Will -kũr), with intersection in neuter O.N. kør “Wahl”, O.E. ge-cor “
verdict “, derived O.H.G. korōn “gustare, probare ”.
Maybe Alb. josh “invite to taste ”, joshë, joshje “bait, temptation, enticement, appeal, smell ”.
References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f., Feist 312 f.
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ĝeu-, ĝeu̯ǝ- (besides geu̯ǝ -)
English meaning: to advance; to hurry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fördern, eilen” ?
Material: O.Ind. junü ́ ti “treibt zur haste, hurry, treibt an, facht an ”, jávate “ hurries “, jūta ́-ḥ
“hurrying”, jū- “quick, fast ”, jūtí “ quickness, encouragement “, javín “hurrying”, javá-ḥ
“hurrying, quick, fast ”, jáviṣṭha -ḥ “the fastest ”, m. “haste, hurry, quickness “, jávas - “
quickness “, jávana -ḥ “ driving, animating, inciting “;
Av. zavah- n. “ power, strength “, züvar - n. “(physical) power, strength “ (esp. the Fũße
and the Rosse), Pers. zōr “ power “, Bal. zūt “quick, fast ”, Av. zǝvīštya “ the hastiest, most
fastest, the most conducive “, uzutay- “ hurrying out, foaming “;
besides auf IE geu̯ǝ - weisend: Av. java “ hurry “; Pers. zūd “quick, fast ” could belong to
ar. ǵ or ž;
perhaps to O.N. keyra “drive, ride, push, throw, ride ”;
Ser.-Cr. žu ́ riti se “ hurry “, from Trautmann 80 to gȕriti se “ brew “ placed, perhaps in spite
of unclear anlaut here.
References: WP. I 555.
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ĝēi- : ĝī-
English meaning: to sprout
Deutsche Übersetzung: “keimen, sich spalten, aufblũhen”
Material: Arm. ciɫ, ciuɫ, ceɫ “Halm, Stengel ”, ǝn-ciuɫ ‘sprout, germ, sprout ”;
Goth. keinan, us-keinan “germinate ”, us-kijans “hervorgekeimt ”; O.H.G. chīnan
“germinate, sich split, öffnen” , O.E. cīnan “break, crack, offenstehen ”; O.H.G. chīmo m.,
asächs. kīmo “germ, sprout ”; O.E. cīð, O.S. kīð m. “germ, sprout, young Trieb ”, O.H.G.
frumakīdi “erster Trieb ”; O.S. kio, O.E. cēon , cīun “branchia ” (probably *kijan- ). Here
probably with a previous of Bilde the aufberstenden Knospe ausgegangenen allgemeinen
meaning “break, crack, sich split ” O.H.G. kīl, Ger. Keil, M.L.G. kīl, Nor. kīle m. “wedge” (or
diese from the sharp zulaufenden form of Pflanzenkeimes? Formell from * kī-ðlü ́-, compare
*kī́-Þla- in:) O.H.G. kīdel, Ger. dial. keidel m. “wedge”; O.Ice. kīll m. “narrow Meerbucht ”
(“*cleft, fissure ”), changing through ablaut Nor. keila f. ‘small gully, canal ”, M.L.G. kēl m.
“narrow Meerbucht ”; with ĭ O.E. cinu f. “Ritze, col, gap ”, Dan. dial. kin “col, gap”; perhaps
aM.H.G. chil “porrus”, M.H.G. kil m. “Zwiebeldes Lauchs ”, Ger. Kiel m. ds. (compare bO.Ir.
auskielen from Eicheln, Zwiebeln under likewise, “keimend die Schale, die skin
durchbrechen ”);
Ltv. zẽiju, ziêt “hervorblũhen, zum Vorschein come” , next to which with d-extension
(probably originally d-present) Lith. žy ́ d(ži)u žyde ́ti “bloom, blossom ”, pražūstu , -žy ́ dau , -
žy ́ sti “aufblũhen” , žíedas “bloom, blossom, ring ”, Ltv. ziêdu (ziêžu ), ziêdêt “bloom, blossom ”.
References: WP. I 544.
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ĝhaiso - (or ĝhǝiso - : ĝhēiso -)
English meaning: stick; dart
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stecken, also as Wurfspieß”
Material: O.Ind. hē ́ s ̣ as - n. “Geschoß” (yet see under ĝhei-1 “antreiben ”);
Gk. χαῖος m. (?) “Hirtenstab ”;
Gaul.-Lat. gaesum , Gaul.-Gk. γαῖσον ‘schwerer eiserner spear, lance ” (gaesütī “Gaul.
Soldtruppen ”); O.Ir. gaë ‘spear, javelin ” (güide “pilatus”); fo-gae, M.Ir. fo-ga ‘spear, lance ” =
Welsh gwayw (see in addition Thurneysen IA. 26, 25, compare also O.Bret. guu-goiuou
‘spiculis, telis ”, BB. 17, 139), M.Bret. goaff , Corn. gew;
O.H.G. O.S. gēr, O.E. gür, O.Ice. geirr m. “Wurfspeer ” (*gaizas ); Goth. PN Rada-gaisu-s ,
wand. Gaisa-rīk-s.
In addition as -ilōn-derivative O.H.G. geisila , Ger. Geißel “Peitsche ”, O.Ice. geisl, geisli
m. ‘stick the Schneeschuhläufer” ; with ablaut ( IE ēi? ī?) langob. gīsil “Pfeilschaft ” (but about
O.H.G. gīsal “ captive = Bũrgschaftsgefangener” see under gheidh- “lust, crave ”), O.Ice.
gīsl(i) ‘staff”.
References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.
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ĝhalg (h)-
English meaning: (flexible) twig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(biegsamer) Zweig, Stange ”
Material: Arm. jaɫk “twig, branch, Gerte, Stengel, captive ” (< *ĝhalgü ; Petersson
Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from g and gh from a paradigm *ĝhólgh ,
*ĝhl̥gnés );
Goth. galga m. “picket, pole, Kreuz ”, O.Ice. galgi “ gallows “, O.E. gealga , O.Fris. galga ,
O.S. O.H.G. galgo “ gallows, Kreuz ”, in addition further formations O.Ice. gelgia “twig,
branch, shaft, pole, stick ” (die oldest kind of gallows war ein biegsamer twig, branch, an
dem the Verbrecher hochgeschnellt wurde);
Lith. žalga ̀ and žalgas m. “long, dũnne shaft, pole” , Ltv. žalga f. “long rod, Angelrute ”.
References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.
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ĝhal-, ĝhal-ar-
English meaning: flaw, defect
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schade, Gebrechen ”
Material: O.Ir. galar n. “disease, malady, distress “, Welsh Corn. galar “luctus, planctus ”;
O.Ice. galli m. “Makel, fault, error, damage ” (but gealla m. “wundgeriebene Stelle beim
Pferde”, Eng. gall ds., M.L.G. galle “beschädigte place” , M.H.G. galle “ tumefaction am
Pferde, fehlerhafte place in Gestein ”, Ger. galle ‘swelling, lump, growth, Fehler in Gestein,
in farmland etc. ” are with Galle =Gall-apfel from Lat. galla borrowed);
Lith. žala ̀ “damage, injury “, žalìngas “bösartig, schädlich” , Ltv. zalba , zolba “damage,
injury am body ” (or from dem Russischen borrowed? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);
perhaps also klRuss. zolok “die schmerzhafteste Stelle an wound ”, Russ. nazóla
“ruefulness , distress , Ärger” .
Pedersen (Hitt. 46) compares with O.Ir. galar Hitt. kal-la-ar (kallar ) “evil, bad”.
References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.
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ĝhan -s-
English meaning: goose
Deutsche Übersetzung: and verwandte formations for “Gans”
Note:
Root ĝhan -s- : “goose” derived from Root gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi : “to cackle (of geese) ”.
Material: O.Ind. haṁsá -ḥ m., haṁsī f. “goose, swan ”; soghd. z”ɣ ‘sorte d”oiseau”;
Maybe onomatopoeic Alb. guga “baby shirt, *youngling ”, expressive, gogësinj “burp, belch,
yawn” (*gha-ghans ) “*onomatopoeic cry of goose ”, also Alb. gaga “cry of goose ”; geg
‘speech of Gheg people ” = shqip ‘speech of eagle men ”, gegë “*eagle men (translated by
natives as goose men) ”.
Gk. χήν, -ός, m. f., Dor. böot. χά̄ν “goose “ from *χανς, χανσός (here, as in Gmc. and in
Lith. gen. pl. ža ̨ su ̨̃ , still die old conservative inflection);
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*gnos ) nosa , rosa “goose “ common Alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn-
> n- italic-illyrian phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. ünser , mostly m. “goose “ (originally *hanser ; zur stem formation compare Slav.
*žansera - (*gansera- ) “Gänserich” in O.Cz. húser , polab. gûnsgarr , etc.);
O.Ir. gēiss ‘swan” (*gansī = O.Ind. haṁsī , not from a conservative stem reshaped);
O.H.G. gans (i-stem geworden), O.E. gōs (pl. gēs from * gans -iz = Gk. χ῅νες), O.Ice. güs
(pl.gæ ̄ s) “goose “ (from O.E. gōs derives M.Ir. goss );
Lith. žąsìs f. “goose “ (acc. ža ̨̃sį = Gk. χ῅να, gen. pl. conservative ža ̨ su ̨̃ , dial. also nom. pl.
ža ̨̃ses ), Ltv. zùoss , O.Pruss. sansy ds.;
Slav. *gǫsь (with probably auf Gmc. influence beruhenden g instead of z) in Russ. gusь ,
Sloven. ĝo s, Pol. gęś “goose “;
Specht Decl. 204 will also Lith. gén-š-e, gen-ž-e ̃ f. “Reiher” here stellen.

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O.E. gan(d)ra “Gänserich” (Eng. gander ), M.L.G. ganre ds. gilt as Mask.-formation of
stem * gan- after kind of from O.H.G. kat-aro “tomcat, male-cat ”; if ein *ganezan- the basic
läge, stand Swiss gann , ganner “Bezeichnung from Taucherarten ” as *ganzá - with it in
Suffixablaut.
Besides eine certainly of the abbreviated stem ghan- (wherefore ghan -[e]s- as IE *mēn -
ōt-: *mēn-[e]s- “Monat”) ausgegangene formation with - d-: Gmc. (zuerst by Plin.) ganta “a
kind of goose “ (out of it prov. gante “wild goose, stork “; die meaning “ stork “ shows also
Lith. gañdras , O.Pruss. gandarus , from Gmc. *gan[d]ro ), O.E. ganot “ein wild Wasservogel,
e.g. fulix ”, O.H.G. ganazzo “Gänserich” , also ganzo , M.L.G. gante ds. (A derivative
therefrom with similar meaning as tirol. gänzen “kokettieren ”, gänsern “as eine goose tun ”,
also “venerem appetere ”, siebenbũrg. goaseln ‘schäkern” is Mod.Ice. ganta ‘schäkern” ,
ganti ‘scurra”, Swe. mdart. gant, Dan. gante “Geck”, wherefore as fem. Nor. gjente “girl”.)
Daß IE ghan-s -, -(ǝ)d- with Gk. χανεῖν (see ĝhan -) and generally with the family 2. ĝhē- “
yawn “ zusammenhängt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by aufgesperrtem
bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also ĝhē- “ yawn “ originally
identical Ausatmen beim Gähnen bezeichnet hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also
base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha -.
References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Decl. 47, 204.
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ĝhan -
English meaning: to yawn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gähnen, klaffen”
Material: Gk. Hom. ἔχανον Aor. ( lit. Imperf. to * χα-νᾱ-μι, *χά-νω), κέχηνα perf. (Dor.
κεχά̄ναντι ) “ yawn, klaffen ” (thereafter Lateeres present χαίνω), τὸ χάνος “das Gähnen” , by
Komikern also “mouth”, ἀχανής (ἀ- copulativum) “weit geöffnet, weit ausgedehnt” , etc.;
besides χανύω , χανύσσω ‘spreche with offenem Munde ” Hes.;
different about Gk. ἀχανής Specht Decl. 282 f., the in ἀ- den anlaut the root sees; about
χαν-δόν “in vollen Zũgen” s. Schwyzer Gk. I 626;
O.Ice. gan n. “das Gähnen” (probably = τὸ χάνος ), Nor. Swe. gan “gullet, Rachen ”, also
“gill, Kopf and Eingeweide kleinerer Fische ”; O.Ice. gana “aufklaffen, (mouth or Augen after
etwas aufsperren:) lust, crave, glotzen ”, gø ̄ nir ‘spötter” . Also the name the goose, IE ĝhan -
s-, ĝhan -[ǝ]d-, places sich here, see there.
References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gk. I 694, Wissmann nom. postverb. 149 f.
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ĝhasto -1, ĝhazdho -
English meaning: twig; pole
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rute, Stange ”
Material: Lat. hasta “ shaft, pole, staff, Schaft, spear, javelin, spear, lance ”, Umbr. hostatu,
anostatu “hastatos, inhastütōs” (o not befriedigend expounded), M.Ir. gass “lap, scion,
shoot, Reis ” (< *ghasto- ); besides *ghazdh- in M.Ir. gat “Weidenrute ”, M.Ir. tris-gataim
“durchbohre ”; perhaps in addition O.Ir. gataid ‘stiehlt” as ‘sticht an”? (Thurneysen KZ. 63,
1144);
maybe Alb. full grade heshta ‘spear” is older than Lat. hasta ‘spear”
Alb. suggests that Root ĝhasto -1, ĝhazdho - : (twig; pole) derived from Root ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂-sti-
): (sharp; stone)
Goth. gazds m. ‘sting, prick ”, O.Ice. gaddr ‘sting, prick, cusp, peak ”, O.S. fiurgard
“Feuergabel ”, O.H.G. gart m. ‘stimulus”; in addition with i̯ü-derivative O.E. gierd f. “rod”, afr.
ierde “Gerte, Meßrute” , O.S. gerdia “Gerte, rod, staff, ray ”, O.H.G. gartia, gertia “rod,
Zepter”.
References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869.
Perhaps identical with:
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ĝhau -, ĝhau̯ǝ -
English meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, anrufen ”
Material: O.Ind. hávate “ruft, ruft an, ruft herbei ” (other Präsensbildungen in hváyati , huvé ,
hóma , juhūma ́ si ), pass. hūya ́ te , participle hūta ́- “geladen, angerufen ”, hávītave Infin.,
hávīman - n. “Anrufung ”, háva - m. n., havás -, hávana - n. ds., hóman n. “Rufen of Preises” ,
hvütar - “Anrufer” ;
Av. zavaiti “ruft, ruft an, verwũnscht” (besides die Präsentia zbayeiti , zaozaomi ),
participle zūta- “angerufen ”, zavana- n. ‘shout, call, Anrufung ”, zavan ‘shout, call ”, zbütür -
m. “Rufer, Anrufer ”;
Arm. jaunem “weihe”, n-zovk” “Fluch”;
Gk. καυχάομaι “rũhme mich, boast, brag” (*ghaughau̯ -, compare Av. zaozaomi ), from
which back formation καύχη f. “ boastfulness “;
maybe gemination Alb. ( *ghaughau̯ -) gegë “northern Alb. people.
O.Ir. guth m. “voice” (*gutu-s ); in addition Gaul. gutuater name a Klasse from Priestern,
probably from * ĝhutu -pǝtēr “father (d. h. Meister) of Anrufs (an god) ”, Loth, RC 15, 224 ff.,
28, 119 ff., Rev. Archéol . 1925, 221;
Lith. žave ́ti “conjure, perform magic ”, Ltv. zavēt ds., actually “jemandem etwas anfluchen ”
(compare Av. zavaiti “verwũnscht” );
O.C.S. zovǫ , zъvati “call, shout, cry ”, Ser.-Cr. zòvêm , zvȁti “call, shout, cry ”, O.Cz. zovu,
zvati, Russ. zovú , zvatь ds.; in addition Sloven. zòv m. ‘shout, call (whether not noun post-
verbal, = O.Ind. hava-ḥ, m. ‘shout, call ”).
Here probably (as *ghu-tó-m “angerufenes creature “):

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Gmc. *guða - n. “god” (compare O.Ind. puru-hūta ́-ḥ “viel angerufen ”, ved. epithet Indras)
in Goth. guÞ m. “god” (die originally neutrale form still in pl. guda and in galiuga-guÞ
“Götze” ), O.Ice. goð, guð n. “heidnischer god ”; guð m. “(christlicher) god ”, O.E. Eng. O.Fris.
asächs. god ds., O.H.G. got ds.;
therefrom derived O.H.G. gutin (na), mnl. godinne , O.E. gyden “goddess ”; Goth. gudja m.
“(originally heidnischer) priest ”, O.Ice. goði m. “heidnischer priest ” (Run. guðija ), gyðja f.
“priestess ”; M.H.G. goting “priest”;
previous christliche formations are O.H.G. *gotfater, gotmuoter , O.E. godfæðer , O.N.
guðfaðer, guðmōðer “Pate, Patin ”, in addition as Koseformen Swe. gubbe “ graybeard ”,
gumma “Greisin”, O.H.G. *goto, gota , M.H.G. göt(t)e, got(t)e “Pate, Patin ”.
Note:
Maybe Alb.Gheg shift (* ĝhu̯en - > ĝhâu-) zâ, zani “voice, call ” [common Alb. ĝha- > zâ-
phonetic mutation], Alb. (*ĝhu̯on -) zota “gods” new cognate zot “god” because of the Alb. ĝh
> d, z shift. It is clear that Alb. ( ĝhügʷ ) zogu “bird” see below Root ĝhügʷh - : “young of an
animal or bird ”.
Also nazalized Alb. (*ĝhu̯en -) zana “goddess, nymph ” [common Alb. ĝh > d, z phonetic
mutation]
Alb. shows that Root ĝhu̯en - : “to sound ” derived from Root ĝhau -, ĝhau̯ǝ - : “to call”
Finally from Root ĝhau -, ĝhau̯ǝ - : “to call” derived Root dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ü- : “to shine; day;
sun; sky god, god ”. The phonetic shift ĝh- > d-, z- is unique Illyrian, Albanian and satem
languages in general. Hence the origin of a thunder god, noise god was among satem
speaking people.

References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausfũhrl. Lith. by Feist 227 f.
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ĝhāgʷh -
English meaning: young of an animal or bird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Junge eines Tieres, especially eines Vogels ”
Material: Pers. züq “young animal, esp. young chicken “ (q arabisierende spelling for ɣ);
[Arm. jag “Junge of an animal, esp. a Vogels, Nestling ” is pers. Lw.];
Alb. zok, zogu “bird, young bird, the young of the donkey ”.
Note:
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] Alb. pl. zogj “birds”
[conservative stem of plural forms (Alb. phonetic trait)].
References: WP. I 531.
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ĝhei-1, ĝhēi-
English meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound
Deutsche Übersetzung: “antreiben, lebhaft bewegen (schleudern) or bewegt sein ”;
“(geschleudertes) Geschoß”
Note: from the meaning “Geschoß” or at most verbal “whereupon toss, fling, meet ” kann
“verwunden ” (group B) has derived (root form ĝhei-s-).
Material: A. ĝhei- “antreiben ”:
O.Ind. hinō ́ ti , hínvati (participle háyant -) “treibt an, schleudert ”, participle hitá-ḥ; hēma ́ n -
n. “ eagerness “; hētí-ḥ m. “Geschoß” (compare Gmc. * gaidü );
Av. zaēni - “ astir, keen, eager ”, zaēman - “ active, awake ”, n. “Regsamkeit, Muntersein,
Wachse in”, zaēnahvant - (from a * zaēnah - n.) “wachend, watchful, wakeful ”; zaēna - m.
“weapon”, zaya - m. “(*weapon), appliance, Ausrũstungsgegenstand” , zayan - “bewaffnet ”.
Also O.Ind. háya -ḥ ‘steed” = Arm. ji, gen. jioy ds. here as “das Lebhafte ”?;
langob. gaida f. ‘spear, javelin ”, O.E. güd f. ‘sting, prick, cusp, peak, Stecken ”, PN O.H.G.
Gaido ; in addition O.Ice. gedda f. “Hecht” < geiðida , compare lapp. kaito ds.;
Goth. langob. gain- “weapon” in PN ( Gainhard , Gainwald ), O.E. gæ ̄ n- in PN;
Goth. * gails m. ‘spear, javelin ” in PN Gēl-mīrus , O.E. Gül-frið, O.H.G. Geil-muot.
B. ĝheis - “verwunden ”:
O.Ind. hē ́ s ̣ as - n. “Geschoß” (kann but also IE *ĝhaiso -s sein, see there); in addition
probably hį́sati (previously nachved. hinásti ) ‘schädigt, verletzt” ;
O.Ir. gōite “vulneratus ”, M.Ir. güetas “qui occidit ” (*ĝhoizd -);
Lith. žeidžiu ̀ , žeidžiau ̃, žeĩsti “verwunden ”, žaizda ̀ “wound”. The same d-extension by
ĝheis : ĝheizd - “aufgebracht ”.
References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Goth. etym. Wb. 34.

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ĝhei-2 : ĝhi-
English meaning: winter; snow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Winter, Schnee ”
Note: after Specht Decl. 14, 330 f. older -men- stem, with already IE change of mn to m.
Material: A. ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn -:
The r-extension is analogical after *semero- ‘summery”.
O.Ind. hē ́ man (loc. ) “in winter”, hēmanta ́ -ḥ m. “winter” (: Hitt. gimmanza ds.);
Gk. χεῖμα n. “ winter, winter storm, coldness ”, χειμών m. “ winter storm, winter weather,
winter” (in addition also χείμαρος “ spigot “, it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in
the land);
Alb.Gheg dimën m., Tosc dimër (ë) “winter” (older acc. *ĝhei-men- om);
Bal.-Slav. * žeimü (from *žeimnü ) in Lith. žiema ̀ , Ltv. zìma , O.Pruss. semo “winter” and
O.C.S. zima , gen. zimy, Russ. zimá , Bulg. zíma , Ser.-Cr. zíma , Sloven. zíma , Cz. zima , Pol.
zima “winter”.
Hitt. gi-im-ma-an-za “winter” see above.
In addition ĝheim (e)rinos and ĝheiminos “wintery”.
In Gk. χειμερινός, Lat. hibernus (< *gheimrinos ), Lith. žiemìnis , O.C.S. zimьnъ , Russ.
zímnij , Ser.-Cr. zîmnî , Cz. zimní (Cz. zimnū “cold”), Pol. zimny “cold, wintery ” (compare with
ablaut. i in the root syllable Arm. jmeṙn “winter” ).
To * ghei- allein: Av. zayan-, zaēn - m. “winter” , Pers. dai; Av. zayana- “wintery” and with
Vr̥ddhierung O.Ind. hü ́ yana - “annual, yearly ”, hüyana ́ - m. n. “year” (rhyme meaning to Av.
hamana ‘summery”).
Note:

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Gk. ἔνος “ year” : Lat. annus “year” (*atnos ) “year” : O.Ind. hü ́ yana - “yearly”, hüyana ́ - m. n.
“year” prove that Root en-2 : “year” : Root at-, *atno- : “to go; year ” : Root u̯et- : “year”
[prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn - :
“winter; snow ”
B. ĝhi̯ōm , ghii̯ōm , gen. ĝhiemós , ĝhimós , also g ̂ hi̯omo ́ s (m from *mn?).
Av. zyü ̊ f. “winter” (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō );
Arm. jiun ‘snow” (< *ghii̯ōm ), gen. jean (< ĝhii̯on-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45);
Gk. χιών (*χιώμ), χιόνος ‘snow”;
ligur. mōns Berigiema (“ schneetragend “), with a reshaped ending;
Lat. hiems, - is “winter”;
M.Ir. gem-adaig “ winter night “ (gam “winter” is reshaped after sam ‘summer”, compare
Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); O.Welsh gaem , Welsh gauaf , O.Corn. goyf, Bret. goan̄v ,
Gaul. winter month Giamon[ios] , Eigenname Giamillus , other formations M.Ir. gem-rad n.,
M.Welsh gaeaf-rawd “winter”(*ĝhii̯ emo-rōto-, to ret-”run”); also Ir. gamuin “ one year-old calf
“;
O.Ice. gōi f. and gæ ̄ f., gōi-münaðr “ the month from middle of February till the middle of
March “, Ice. gōa, under f., Nor. gjø f., Swe. göjema ̊ nad (gō - < gi̯ō- after Bugge Ark. f. N..
Fil. 4, 123 ff.).
Fraglich die apposition from O.N. gamall “old”, gemlingr “one year old sheep ”, O.E.
gamol “old”, gamelian “ grow old “, O.S. gigamalod “aged”, O.H.G. only in Eigennamen as
Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc. as “aged” , compare Lat. annōsus.
C. ĝhimo - (from g ̂ hi -mn-o-?):
O.Ind. himá -ḥ m. “coldness, frost, snow ”, hímü f. “winter”, Av. zǝmaka - m. “ winter storm “
(compare den gen. from zyü ̊ : zimō under В.);

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Gk. δύσχιμος “ wintery, stormy ”, ὁ χίμαρος “ he-goat”, ἡ χίμαρος “ the one-year-old (nanny
goat)”, χίμαιρα “ goat”, Lat. bīmus (< *bihimos ), trīmus, quadrīmus “ two years old or lasting
two years “ (compare ved. śatá-hima- “hundred-year-old ”), Nor. dial. gimber , Swe. dial.
gimber , Dan. gimmerlam “ female lamb ”, dial. but “ one-year-old lamb ” (Pedersen KZ. 32,
248), andfrk. (Lex Salica) ingimus ? “porcus anniculus ”. The forms with y: O.Ice. gymbr “
one-year-old sow ”, Nor. gymber , Swe. gymmer “lamb” are based probably on influence of
not related - by the way, uninterpreted - O.Ice. gymbill , PN Gumbull , O.S. gummerlamb
“aries, ram ”, Ice. gummarr , Nor. gumse , Swe. gumse “aries, ram ”, see Hellquist SvEO. 210.
References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.
Page(s): 425-426

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ĝhel-1 (and ghel -?), also as i-, u- or n-stem ; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-,
ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- (*ĝhwel -)
English meaning: to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, schimmern” ; as Farbadjektiv: “gelb, grũn, grau or blau”
Note:
Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : to shine;
green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root ĝel-, ĝelǝ-, ĝlē-, (also *gelēi - :) ĝ(e)lǝi - : light, to
shine; to be joyful.
Material: In view of the frequent cases, where IE palatals in Balto-Slav. are represented by
velar, instead of through a concurrence of ĝel-, ĝhel- and ghel- agreeable with
Persson(Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the Bal.-Slav. * gel- is defined through
borrowing from a Centum language (Ven.-Illyr.?).
Note:
The enxtended root (*ĝhwel -)-nta, -na, - ta formants follow the model of Illyr. - Anatolian
attribute nouns, adjectives. (see Alb. numbers).
O.Ind. hári- “blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale ”, hariṇá -ḥ “ gazelle “, harít- “falb”,
hárita - “yellow, green ”, híraṇya - n. “gold, Geld ”, hiranyáya - “golden, goldig ”; about haṭaka -
n. “gold” s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition being based on velar root O.Ind. ghoṭa -
“horse” as originally “fox”? (Sommer IF. 31, 364 under A. 3);
Av. zari- “yellow, yellowish, golden “, zairita- “yellow, paled-yellow “, zaranya- , O.Pers.
daraniya- n. “gold”, zaranaēna “from gold, golden ”, züra- m. “gall” (= Gk. χολή ), named after
the color as Gk. χόλος, Lat. fel, [common Lat. ghw- > ph- > f- phonetic mutation], O.N. gall
usf.; with velar root anlaut gǝrǝðō -kǝrǝta - “ cutting out the gall “? (see Bartholomae AltIran.
Wb. 523 with Lith.);

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Note:
Alb. (*ĝhel-) diel ‘sun” : Ir. gealach f. “moon”, also Alb. dielë ‘sunday, day of the sun ”
[common Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] : O.Pers. daraniya- n. “gold”.
From Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-, ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- : “to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun ” derived Root dhel-1, dholo - : “curve; hollow ”, Root dhel-2 :
“light, shining ”, Root dhel-3 : “to tremble ” [common Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation] .
Thrac. ζηλτα “ gold” (?), Phryg. ζέλκια λάχανα Hes.; Phryg. γλουρός χρυσός and γλούρεα
χρύσεα Hes. (from Gk. χλωρός borrowed??);
Alb. dhelpërë , dhelpnë , dhelbun(e) “fox”, lit. “the Gelbe ” (see Jokl Linguist. kulturhist.
Stud. 297 ff.);
Gk. χόλος “ gall, rage, fury ”, χολή “gall, rage, fury ”, χολ -έρα “ stomach disease “, χλωρό ς “
pale green. green yellow, fresh, strong ” (:O.Ice. glōr “ radiance “);
Lat. fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. “gall” (older n-stem as O.H.G. galla ), f probably dialect; WH. I
474, EM2 342 would be placed to fel and Lith. gel̃tas “yellow” etc. (see under) a root *gʷhel -
(??);
Note:
Lat. fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. “gall” derived from root del : Alb. diel “yellow sun, (*hot, bitter,
burning)” because of common Lat. d- > f- phonetic mutatIon.
the normal development in Lat. helvus “ honey-yellow, golden “ (*ĝhelu̯os ) = galloLat.
gilvus “light yellow ” (with dial. i from Gaul. *gelvos );
in addition Lat. ( h)olus, -eris (from * holos , *heleris ) n., dial. folus , old helus , helusa “
herbage, vegetables, cabbage “;
here also Lat. galbus “ xanthous bird ”, galbinus “ green yellow “, whether Celt. or Illyr. Lw.
(*gh el-bho- or *gh ol-bho- , further to Lith. gul̃bis see under);
Maybe Alb. gjelbër “green” : galbinus “ green yellow “.

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O.Ir. gel “luminous, white ”, Ir. gealach f. “moon”; Welsh gell “yellow”, Bret. gell “brown”
(*ĝhel-no-);
in addition *ghlǝ - in Ir. Welsh Corn. Bret. glan “pure, clean ”, Celt. FlN Glanis, Glanü , Ir.
glain “glass, crystal” (*ghlǝni -), Welsh glain “gemstone, jewel ” (*ghlǝni̯o -);
also in Ice. glana “ clear up “, glan “ radiance “, Nor. dial. glana ‘shimmer, gleam, shine,
clear up “, Swe. dial. glana ‘shine weakly, stare, peek ”, asäch. FlN Glana (further see under
den s-extensions).
O.Ice. gall n. “gall, poison “ (*gallōn -, IE *ghol-n-), O.E. gealla m., O.S. galla , intense f.,
O.H.G. galla , weak f. “gall”;
zero grade O.Ice. gulr “yellow”, besides full grade O.E. geolo , O.S. O.H.G. gelo, gen.
gelwes ds. (< *gelu̯a -);
Goth. gulÞ n., O.Ice. gull, goll n., O.E. O.Fris. O.S. O.H.G. gold n. “gold”;
Ablaut grade * ghlē- in O.Ice. glümr “moon”, glümsy ̄ ni “ optic deception, illusion “, Swe.
glåmig “ gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes “, O.Ice. glæ ̄ r “bright” (*glēi̯a = Lith. žle ja ̀
under).
*ĝhlō- (as in Gk. χλωρός) appears in O.E. glōm “ twilight, dawn, dusk ” (yet ō before m is
ambiguous), O.S. glōian , O.H.G. gluoen “burn”, glũhen ‘shine “, O.Ice. glōð “blaze, glow,
glowing coal ”, O.E. glæ ̄ d f. “blaze, glow, flame, glowing coal, coal ”, O.Fris. glēd “blaze,
glow”, O.H.G. gluot “blaze, glow, glowing coals ”; O.Ice. -glōr n. “ radiance “ (: χλωρός),
O.Ice. glōra ‘sparkle, glitter ”; s. also under S. 433 ĝhlōu -;
Lith. želiu ̀, že ́liau , že ́ lti, Ltv. zel”u, zel̂t “be green ”; ablaut. Lith. ža ̃ lias , Ltv. zal”š, O.Pruss.
saligan “green”, Lith. žole ̃, Ltv. zâle f. “grass, herb ”, O.Pruss. sülin acc. “herb”, Lith. ža ̃ las
“red” (from cattle); Lith. žìlas “gray”, Ltv. zils “blue”, Lith. žel̃vas “ greenish “, Ltv. zèlts
(previous Neutr.) “gold”, E.Lith. žel̃tas “golden”; Lith. žle ja ̀ “ twilight, Halbdunkel ” (*ĝhlēi̯ü ),
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lith. tulžìs “gall”, through Metath. from * žultìs ;

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Ltv. žults ds. (*ĝhl̥t-); to u-stem in Lith. žal̃vas , žel̃vas (= Lat. helvus ) “green”, žaliū ̃ ke “grũner
frog”, etc. s. Specht Decl. 120;
O.C.S. zelenъ “green”, Ser.-Cr. zèlen , Cz. zelenū ; Russ. zelē ́ nyj , Pol. zielony ds.
(compare O.Ind. híraṇya - “gold”; in addition O.C.S. zelije n. “ vegetables “, Russ. zelje
“herb, Heilkraut ”, Ser.-Cr. zêlje “ herbage “, Cz. zelí n. “herb, Kohl ”);
in addition also Russ. zoɫá “ash”, Bulg. zolá “Holzasche, out of it gekochte lye ”; O.C.S.
zlakъ “herb”, Russ. zlak “grass”, Bulg. zlakove “Gräser, Kräuter” ;
Slav. *zolto in O.C.S. zlato “gold”, Russ. zóɫoto, Ser.-Cr. zlâto , Cz. zlato , Pol. zɫoto ds.,
besides Slav. *zoltъ “golden” in Russ. zoɫotój, Sloven. zlât, Cz. zlatū, Pol. zloty “golden”;
O.C.S. zlъčъ “gall” (*ĝhl̥-ki-s) ; Bulg. zlъčka “chicory” (z in volksetymolog. connection an
zelenъ etc.?); compare under O.C.S. žlъtъ ds. with velar anlaut.
Besides anlautendes Bal.-Slav. g- in:
Bal.-Slav. * gelta - and * gilta- “yellow” in: Lith. gel̃ta s “yellow” (therefrom gel̃svas
“yellowish ”);
Ltv. dzęlts “yellow”, dzeltêt “yellow become ”; therefrom derived O.Pruss. *geltaynan (Hs.
gelatynan ); Lith. geltónas ; Ltv. dzeltains and dzèltãns “yellow”; Serb.- Church Slavic žlьtь,
Ser.-Cr. žu ̂ t (f. žu ́ ta); Cz. žlutý; Russ. žo ́ ɫt (f. žeɫtá);
in addition O.C.S. žlъtъ , žlъčь “gall”, Russ. žolčь , Bulg. žlъčka ds. and “chicory”, Ser.-Cr.
žu ̂ č, Cz. žluč, Pol. żóɫć ds.; compare above mil palatal. anlaut O.C.S. zlъčь ds.;
besides dem t-suffix in Farbadjektiv ein n-suffix in animal names Bal.-Slav. *gilnü - f.
‘specht” in Lith. gil̃na “Wacholderdrossel ”, Ltv. dzil̂na ‘specht”; Slav. *žьlna in Russ.- Church
Slavic žlъna , Ser.-Cr. dial. žlna ́ ‘schwarzspecht ”, Pol. žo ́ ɫna “Bienenspecht ”, Russ. žeɫná
‘schwarzspecht ”;

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with other suffix Cz. žluva f. “Pirol” (from Slav. žьlva ; compare in addition above Lat.
helvus and with palatal. anlaut Lith. želvas “ greenish “, in addition žalve f. “Rispengras ”,
želvy ̃ s m. “grũnender stem” );
here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under ĝel-) O.Pruss. gulbis , Lith. gul̃bis m.
(*golbhi̯o -) gulbė f., Ltv. gùl̃bis ‘swan” and “weiße cow” (hence not to ghel- “call, shout, cry ”);
further with unexplained k-:
Slav. *kъlpь , *kъlpъ in O.Sor. koɫṗ, kaschub. kôɫp ds., Russ. kóɫpik m. “Löffelreiher” ;
in addition further Russ. goɫubój , O.Pruss. golimban “blue”, Lith. gelumbe ̃ f. “blaues
kerchief, cloth ”, O.Bulg. golǫbь “dove”, Ser.-Cr. gȍlūb m. ds., Cz. holub ds., etc.; zur
formation compare Lat. columba, palumbēs ds.;
Root extensions with Dental:
ĝhlǝd - in O.E. glæterian ‘splendescere ”, participle “flavus”; M.L.G. glate , M.H.G. glaz m.
“Glatze”.
ĝhlend (h)- “gleam, see, show, glance, look ” in:
O.Ir. as-gleinn “er belehrt ”, in-glennat “investigant ”, fo-gliunn “I learn”, Bret. goulenn
“long, want ”; O.Ir. do-gliunn “I sammle ” (Verbaln. díglaimm ), Bret. dilenn “auswählen” ,
gallorom. glennüre “ Ähren lesen” (glenn- < *glendn- s. Pedersen KGk. I 157, II 539), glése
“gleaming ” (<*glendtio-) ; Bret. glein “clear, bright ” (*glandi̯o -, IE *ghln̥dhi̯o -);
Nor. dial. gletta “peek”, glett “clear Fleck am sky, heaven ”, Swe. dial. glänta
“hervorschimmern, ein wenig öffnen” , M.H.G. glinzen ‘shimmer, gleam ”, O.H.G. M.H.G.
glanz “gleaming ”, M.H.G. glanz, glunz “ radiance “, O.H.G. M.H.G. glenzen “gleam”; Swe.
glindra “glitzern”, M.H.G. glander “gleaming, glimmering “, glander m. n. “ radiance,
Schimmer ”; compare with other meaning under ĝhlend (h)-;
Bal.-Slav. * glendi̯ō “look, see ” (with anlaut. Velar) in:
Ltv. (kurisch) glendi ‘search, seek ”;

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Slav. *ględjǫ , *ględěti in:
Russ. gljadě́tь ‘see, show, glance, look ”, Ser.-Cr. glédîm , Cz. hledím , hleděti ds. and as
originally iterative O.C.S. ględati “βλέπειν”, Bulg. glédam , Ser.-Cr. glȅdâm , glȅdati , O.Cz.
hladati , Pol. glądać ‘see, see, show ” (Trautmann 92 f).
Here ghlüdh -, ĝhlǝdh - “gleaming, smooth “?
Lat. glaber “ smooth, unbehaart, naked, bald, bleak ” (*ghlǝdh -ro-);
O.Ice. glaðr “ smooth, gleaming, blithe, glad ”, gleðia, glaða “ gladden, unterhalten ”, O.E.
glœ̄̆d “gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant ”, gladian “gleam,
shimmer, glänzendmachen, caress, comfort, gladden “ , O.Fris. gled “ smooth “, O.S.
gladmōd (= O.E. glædmōd ) “ cheerful “, O.H.G. glat “gleaming ”, M.H.G. glat “gleaming,
smooth “; with intensive gemination M.H.G. glatz “Kahlkopf, Glatze ” (compare M.H.G. glitze
“ radiance; Kahlkopf ”);
Lith. glodùs, glõdnas “ smooth anliegend, gentle ”, glódžiu , glósti “polish, smooth ”, Ltv.
glaštu , glãstît “ caress”, O.Pruss. glosto “whetstone ”;
O.C.S. gladъ -kъ “ smooth, eben ”, Russ. gɫádkij “ smooth “, Bulg. gladъkъ “ smooth,
poliert”, Ser.-Cr. gladak , Cz. hladkū , Pol. gɫadki “ smooth, beautiful, cute “; causative Russ.
gɫáditь ‘smooth, plätten, caress” , Bulg. gládja , Ser.-Cr. glȁditi , Cz. hladiti , Pol. gɫadzić ds.
(Trautmann 91).
further with nasal infix ĝhlend (h)- “glide, slide ” in N.Ger. glandern ‘schliddern ”, glander
“Eisscholle ” (perhaps also O.E. glendrian, glentrian “verschlingen, herabstũrzen” as “glide,
slide lassen ”); Nor. gletta , Swe. mda. glinta “glide, slide ” (compare above gletta “peek”);
Lith. galándu , galą́sti “ sharpen, schleifen ”, Ltv. galuods “whetstone ”, O.Pruss. glandint “
comfort “, glands “ consolation “ (compare to meaning above O.E. gladian “ caress, comfort
“; compare above ghlend (h)- “gleam”);
about Lith. glembù , glèbti “ smooth, soft become ” see under gel- “ clench “.

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s- and st-extensions:
Ir. glass “green, gray, blue ”, Welsh glas “blue”, Bret. glaz “green”, Gaul. glastum n. 1.
“Waid, Isatis tinctoria ”, 2. “Heidelbeere ” (M.-L. 3779b); with einfachem - s- gallorom. *glasina
“Heidelbeere ” (M.-L. 3779a); to Ir. glass still O.Ir. glaiss f. “river” , M.Ir. glaisīn “Waid”,
M.Corn. glesin ‘sandix”, in addition
M.H.G. glast “ radiance “, glanst ds., glanster ‘spark”, glasten “gleam”, ablaut. glosten,
glusten ;
Lat.-Gmc. glēsum “Bernstein ” = O.E. glæ ̄ r m. “Bernstein, resin ”, O.H.G. glüs “Bernstein ”,
O.Ice. glæ ̄ sa “gleaming make, verzieren ”, ablaut. Nor. dial. glōsa ‘sparkle, glitter, gleam,
shine, glance, look ”, O.Ice. gløsi -ligr “gleaming ”; O.Ice. gler n. “glass”, O.E. with s: glæs n.
“glass”, O.Fris. gles, O.S. glas, gles n. “glass”, O.H.G. glas “glass”; O.S. glaso
“Grauschimmel ”, M.Eng. glaren “gleam”, M.L.G. glaren “gleam, glow ”.
ĝhlei - lies before in Gk. (poet.) χλίω “warm or soft become, indulge oneself, lusciously
leben”, χλιαίνω “warm make, erweichen ”, χλιαρός “warm, lukewarm ”;
Ir. glé, Welsh gloew “gleaming, clear, bright ” (< *ghlei-u̯o), gledd (*ghlii̯ü ) “grũner lawn” ,
M.Ir. gléinech “clear, bright ”, M.Welsh try-lwyn “very distinct ”;
O.N. gljü “glitzern”, O.Fris. glīa “glow”, O.E. glæ ̄ m “ radiance “, O.S. glīmo “ radiance “,
O.H.G. glīmo , gleimo “Glũhwũrmchen” , M.H.G. glīmen “gleam, shine, gleam ”, glimmen
“glow, gleam ”, Nor. dial. glīna “gleam, stare ”, Swe. glina “lächeln” , glena “gleam, shine, sich
aufklären, laugh “ .
ĝhleid -:
Gk. χλιδή “ softness, luxuriance, Luxus ”, χλιδᾶν “ mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ,
luscious sein ”;

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Goth. glitmunjan “gleam” , O.Ice. glita, glitra “glitzern”: full grade O.S. glītan “gleißen” ,
O.H.G. glīzzan “gleam”, glitzen intensive in addition, O.Ice. glit n., O.H.G. glī̆z “ radiance,
lightning”, glizemo ds., O.E. glitenian , O.H.G. glizinōn ‘shimmer”.
Here probably also ĝhleidh - “glide, slide ”:
O.E. glīdan “ausgleiten, fall ”, glidder ‘schlũpfrig” , O.Fris. glīda “glide, slide ”, O.S. glīdan
“labi”, O.H.G. glītan “glide, slide ”; O.E. ü-glæ ̄ dan “glide, slide make ”, asäch. bi-glēdian ds.,
O.Ice. gleiðr ‘spreizbeinig ”.
About Lith. glitùs “ smooth “ see under glei- by gel- “ clench “.
ĝhleis -:
Gaul. glīso-margа f. “Gleißmergel” , gallorom. *glīso -, older *glēso - (IE *ghlei-s -o-);
compare Welsh glwys “beautiful ”, O.Bret. glois, gloes ds. ( *ghlei-st-o ); O.Ice. glissa
‘spöttisch laugh “ , O.E. glīsian, glisnian “gleam, shine ”, O.Fris. glisia ‘shimmer, blink ”,
M.H.G. glistern ‘sparkle, glitter ”, Nor. Swe. glīsa “gleam, shimmer ”; nasalized M.H.G.
glinsten “gleam”, glinster “ radiance “.
ĝhleu - and ĝhlōu -: ĝhlū- perhaps in Gk. χλό(F)ος, χλοῦ ς “grũngelbe or hellgrũne paint,
color”, χλόη “young Saat, young grass ”, χλο(F)ερό ς “green, fresh, strong ”;
further in Ir. gluair (*ghleu- ri-) “clear, bright, pure, clean ”; Welsh glo “coal”, Corn. glow,
M.Bret. glou, O.Bret. glaou (see Pedersen KGk. I 63).
Goth. glaggwō “genau”, glaggwaba ‘sorgsam” , O.Ice. glǫggr , gløggr “clear, bright,
distinct, painstaking, stingy ”, O.E. glēaw , O.S. glau, O.H.G. N.Ger. glau ‘scharfsichtig,
smart”, O.Ice. gluggi “Lichtöffnung, window”.
(Zur Zusammenstellung these words with Lith. žvelgiu ̀ , žvel̃gti “glance, look ” vergleiche
Trautmann 374.)

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ĝhlōu - in O.Ice. glōa “glow, gleam, gleam, shine ”, O.E. glōwan “fulminare ”, O.Ice.
himinglæ ̄ va “Tochter A ̈ girs and the Rün ” (Verkörperung the surge); -glō- f. ‘sun”, -glōa f.
“moon”; s. also above S. 430 under ĝhlō-.
ĝhlū̆-: Nor. dial. glȳma “finster, threatening or lauernd blicken ”, O.S. glūna ‘scheel
blicken”, E.Fris. glūmen “verdeckt and clandestine after etwas sehen and lurk ”; O.Ice. glūmr
m. “bear”.
In addition s-(st-)extensions:
Ir. gluss (*ĝhlustu -) “light, Helligkeit ”;
O.Ice. glys “ radiance, Putz ”, Mod.Ice. glosa ‘strahlen”, M.H.G. glosen , glost en “glow,
gleam”, gloste “blaze, glow ”, M.L.G. glūren “lurk”, Eng. to glower “finster blicken ”, steIr.
gloren “ stare “, Nor. dial. glȳra ‘seitwärts blicken, schielen, blink” , O.Ice. glyrna f. “eye”, Nor.
glōr ds.
ĝhlū̆d - : M.Eng. glouten , Eng. to glout “ stare, grieving or grumpy, surly, sullen
aussehen ”, to gloat (< *glotian ) “hämisch blicken, anstarren” , O.Ice. glotta “grinsen”, M.H.G.
Ger. glotzen.
Maybe Alb. glemb “thorn, vegetation ”, gjelbër “green”
References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868,
Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.
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ĝhel-2
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”??
Material: O.Ind. halá- m. n. “plough” (originally “bough, twig, branch ”?); huḍu -, huḍa - m.
“aries, ram ” (*ghḷdu -);
Arm. joɫ “picket, pole, stick ” etc., jlem “furche, plow ”;
Gk. γάλλος “ priest the Kybele, Verschnittener ” (from dem Phryg., whence also Hitt.
iskalla- “zerfetzen, tear ”, Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Lat. gallus ds.;
maybe Alb. (*skall) kall “ insert “, shkalloj “ go mad (the head splits from pain) “ Alb.Gheg
(*skaly -), shkly “to tear apart, split ”.
O.Welsh gylym , M.Welsh geleu, gelyf “knife, Dolch ” (Vendryes E ́ t . celt. 4, 60) from * ĝhel-
mo- = O.E. gielm ;
Goth. gilÞa f. ‘sickle”; O.E. gielm m. “ fascicle, sheaf “; O.Ice. gǫltr, galti “boar”, gylr, gylta
‘sow; axe”, O.E. gielte “young sow ”, M.L.G. gelte “ a castrated Mutterschwein ”, O.H.G.
galza , gelza f. “verschnittenes swine ”; O.H.G. M.H.G. galt, O.E. gielde , O.N. geldr , O.S.
galder “keine milk giving, unfruchtbar ”, O.Ice. gelda “kastrieren ”; Swiss galt also “noch keine
milk giving ”, galdvee = “Jungvieh ”.
Lith. žu ́ olis ‘stũck wood, tree truck” (ĝhōli -).
Obige Gleichungen durchwegs doubtful.
References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., ЛУН. I 581.
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ĝhengh -
English meaning: to march, step
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreiten; Schritt, Schenkelspreize, Schamgegend ”
Material: O.Ind. jáṁhas - n. “ footstep, Flũgelschlag” , jáŋghü “Unterschenkel ”, Av. zangǝm
“ankle of Fußes” , -zangra- (in compounds) ds., zero grade O.Ind. jaghána - m. n. “buttock,
pubic region “ : Gk.κοχώνη ‘stelle between den Schenkeln ” (assim. from * καχώνᾱ );
O.E. -gīht “ gait “, M.H.G. gīht “ gait, journey ” (Proto-Gmc. * ginxti - from ĝheng -ti-), with
gradation o: Goth. gagg n., O.Ice. gangr , O.E. O.H.G. gang “ gait “ and Gmc. *gangjan Iter.
(Goth. preterit gaggida “ walked “, O.E. gengan , M.H.G. gengen, gancte “losgehen ”) and
thereafter also *gangan , Goth. gaggan “go” = O.Ice. ganga (gekk ), O.S. gangan (geng ),
O.H.G. gangan (giang ), O.E. gongan ds., wherefore O.H.G. gengi , O.E. genge , O.Ice.
gengr “gangbar”, Goth. framgühts “Fortschritt ”, O.Ice. gütt “ incision amTũrpf osten”, gæ ̄ tti
“Tũrrahmen” ; zero grade O.Fris. gunga “go”, Dan. gynge , older gunge ‘swing”;
Lith. žengiu ̀ , žen ̃ gti ‘schreiten”, pražanga ̀ “Übertretung” , žin ̃ gsnis “ footstep “.
A Anlautdublette (through dissimilation?) perhaps in O.Ir. cingim ‘schreite” (3. pl. cengait ,
perf. cechaing ), Welsh rhy-gyngu “Paßgehen” , O.Ir. cing, gen. cinged “warrior”, Gaul.
Cingeto- rīx, zero grade Proto-Celt. *kn̥gsmn̥ in O.Ir. céimm (*kenksmen ), Welsh Corn. cam,
Bret. camm “ footstep “ (*kanksman ).
A other variant *ghenk- is (under ōkú-s “quick, fast ”) for O.H.G. gühi “rash, hasty, hasty,
sudden” in Erwägung gezogen.
References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.
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ĝherdh - and gherdh -
English meaning: to encircle, enclose
Deutsche Übersetzung: “umfassen, umzäunen, umgũrten”
Note: because of Lat. hortus (see ĝher-4) extension from *ĝher-4 “catch”;
Material: A. gherdh - (here also die about den originally anlaut nichts entscheidenden words
the Kentumsprachen):
O.Ind. gr̥há- (*gr̥dhá -) “house, dwelling ”, pl. “Gemächer” , Av. gǝrǝða - m. “cave as
Behausungdaevischer Wesen ” (eine older meaning “house, dwelling ” wird through fiuGk.
loanword, as wotj. gurt “ residence, village ”, syrjän. gort “house, dwelling ” and “unterirdische
dwelling, Gruft, grave ”, erwiesen);
Alb. garth , -dhi “ hedge “ (*ghordhos , Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);
Phryg. -gordum “town, city ” in Manegordum “Mannesstadt ” (besides Manezordum );
Gk. (by Hes.) κορθίς σωρός, κορθέλαι σύστροφοι, σωροί ;
Goth. bigaírdan “umgurten ”, O.Ice. gyrða , O.E. gyrdan , O.Fris. gerda , O.H.G. gurten ds.;
Goth. gaírda f., O.Ice. gjǫrð “belt, girdle ”, ablaut, O.Ice. gyrðell , O.E. gyrdel , O.Fris. gerdel ,
O.H.G. gurtil(a) ds. (M.H.G. gurt is nomen post-verbal); Goth. gards m. “house”, O.Ice.
garðr m. “fence, paddock, courtyard, Gehöft” , O.E. geard , O.S. gard “eingefriedetes
Grundstũck” , Plur. “dwelling”, O.H.G. gart m. “ circle “ in mittilgart “orbis”, heimgart “forum”
etc.; Goth. garda “ hurdle, Viehhof ”, O.Fris. garda “garden”, O.S. gardo , O.H.G. garto ds. (or
from IE *ĝhor-tó-; compare χόρτος under ĝher-4);
Lith. gar̃das m. “corral, pen, fold ”, gardìs f. “Gatter, Gitter ”;
Slav. *gordъ in O.C.S. gradъ “castle, town, city, garden ”, Russ.- Church Slavic ogradъ
“garden” (therefrom O.C.S. graždь m. ‘stall”), Russ. górod “town, city ”, Bulg. gradъ , Ser.-Cr.
grȁd, Sloven. grâd ds., Cz. hrad “castle, Schloß” , Pol. gród ds.; zero grade Slav. žьrdь in

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O.C.S. žrьdь “wood”, Russ. žerdь “long, dũnne shaft, pole” , Pol. żerdź , Sloven. žr̂d
“Wiesbaum ”;
Toch. В kercīyen “palace” absents (Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 34f.);
Hitt. gurtas “fortress” (Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝher-4.
about Lat. urbs “town, city ”, ostensibly from * ghordhos , s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.
B. ĝherdh -:
Phryg. -zordum “town, city ” (in Manezordum , see above);
Lith. ža ́ rdas “Gestell zum Trocknen from corn, grain or Flachssaat, Viehhũrde” , Ltv. zãrds
“Gestell zum Trocknen, Holzschicht, Scheiterhaufen ”, with intonation change Lith. žar̃dis
“Roßgarten” m., pr. sardis “fence” (= “ungezäunter Roßgarten” );
Russ. zoród “barn, haystack ”, weiß Russ. azoród “Darrhũrde” .
References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.
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ĝher-1
English meaning: to yearn for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren, gern haben ”
Note: partly with forms from a basis *ĝherē (i)- : ĝheri - (see Persson Beitr. 728)
Material: O.Ind. háryati “findet Gefallen, begehrt ”; Av. zara- m. ‘streben, purpose “;
Gk. χαίρω (*χαρι-ω), χαρ῅ναι ‘sich freuen ”, χάρις f. “ pleasantness, agreeableness,
Gunst”, χαρά̄ “pleasure, joy ”, χαροπός “Kampfesfreude blitzend ”, χάρμα n. “pleasure, joy,
pleasure ”; also χάρμη “fight, struggle ”, originally “Kampfesfreude ”? χαρτός “joyful, gratifying”
(?); after Pedersen 5е décl. Lat. 73 here χρή etc. S. under ĝher-6; here after Leumann
Homer. Wörter 318109f also δυσχερή ς “unfreundlich, unpleasant ”, εὐχερή ς “ unworried,
ungestört, light” (previously later auf χεί ρ “hand” bezogen);
Osc. herest (bantinisch, for * heriest ), Umbr. heriest “volet”, heris -heris “vel-vel”, Osc.
heriam “arbitrium, potestatem ”, Herentateís “Veneris”, prälign. Herentas , sabin. hiretum
“decretum ”; Lat. horior , -īrī “antreiben, ermuntern ”, horitor , syncopated hortor, -ürī ds.
O.Ir. gor “godly, pious ”, goire “Frömmigkeit, Pietät” ; M.Ir. do-gar “ unlucky “, so-gar “very
lucky” (: Gk. χαρά̄ ); Welsh dyar “ sad “, hyar “pleasant ” (I. Williams RC 40, 487);
O.H.G. ger “begehrend ”, gerōn “lust, crave ”, O.H.G. girīg, O.S. gerag “ greedy “; Goth.
faíhu -gaírns “geldgierig ”, O.Ice. gjarn , O.E. georn “wherefore geneigt, whereupon begierig ”,
O.H.G. O.S. gern “begierig, eager after etwas ”, adv. O.H.G. gerno , Ger. gern, Denom.
Goth. gaírnjan , O.Ice. girna , O.E. giernan , O.S. girnean “lust, crave ”.
Maybe Alb. (h)uri “hunger”
Perhaps here as dh-formation from the basis ĝh(e)rē -: Goth. grēdus “hunger”, grēdags “
hungry”, O.Ice. grüðr , grüði m. “greed, lust, hunger ”, O.E. gnæ ̄ d “greed, lust ”, Ger. jrüt
“hunger” (Berlin), O.E. græ ̄ dig , O.H.G. grütag “ greedy “. In addition as *ghrǝdh - Gmc.

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*graða - “begierig, rutting, in heat ” inO.Ice. graðr “not verschnitten ”, graðungr “bull”? In
M.H.G. grīt m. “ eagerness “, grītec “begierig”, O.Ice. grīð f. “vehemency ”, griðjungr m. “bull”
ein ablaut. IE *ĝh[e]rēi -dh- or *ĝh[e]rī -dh- to suchen, wäre denkbar.
M.Ir. grüd n. “love” is from Lat. grütum facere alicui and similar Wendungen borrowed ( d
instead of th after grad “gradus”).
References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.
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ĝher-2
English meaning: to scratch, scrape
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, ritzen, scharren ”?
Material: Gk. χαράδρᾱ “Erdriß, Erdspalte, gorge, ravine, gulch” ; χαράσσω, Att. -ττω ‘spitze,
schärfe, kerbe, schneide ein” , χάραξ , -ακος “picket, pole, Spitzpfahl, Weinpfahl ; Schnittling
of O ̈ lbaum” , χαρακτήρ “Präger”, then ‘stempel, Gepräge, Eigenart” (Kretschmer Gl. 20,
254);
Lith. žeriu ̀ , žer̃ti ‘scratch, scrape, scratch ”, žarsty ́ ti “oft scratch, scrape, scratch ”.
References: WP. I 602.
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ĝher-3 and ĝherǝ -, ĝhrē-
English meaning: to shine, shimmer
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strahlen, glänzen, schimmern”
Material: O.Ice. grár (*ĝhrē-u̯o-s), O.E. græ ̄ g (*ĝhrē-u̯i̯o-s), Eng. gray, O.Fris. grē, O.S. grü,
grē, O.H.G. grüo (gen. grüwes ) “gray”;
Lith. žeriù, žere ́ti “in Glanze strahlen ”, že ruo ́ ti “glow, sparkle, glitter ”, ablaut. žarija ̀ f.
“glowing coal ”, O.Pruss. sari f. “blaze, glow ”;
O.C.S. zьrjǫ, zьrěti ‘see, glance, look ”, Russ. zrětь , Sloven. zrẹ́ti, Cz. zřiti, Pol. źrzeć ds.,
O.C.S. zorja ‘shine, radiance “, zarja “ray”, klRuss. zórja ‘star, stars, Morgenrote ”, Russ.
zaŕá “Röte am sky, heaven” , Ser.-Cr. zòra “Morgenrot ”, Cz. zoře “aurora”, záře ‘shine,
radiance, ray ”, Pol. zorza “aurora”; O.C.S. pozorъ “θεωρία” , Russ. pozór ‘sight, Schande ”,
nadzór “Aufsicht”;
Cz. pozor “attention, Acht ”, názor “ outlook, Ansicht ”; here also O.C.S. zrakъ ‘sight, form,
kind of”, Russ. dial. zórok “look, front “, Ser.-Cr. zrâk “light”, Cz. zrak “vision, face, Sehkraft ”,
Pol. wzrok ‘sehkraft, face ”; ablaut. O.C.S. zrьcalo n., Ser. -Cr. dial. zȑcalo , Cz. zrcadlo
“mirror”;
about Lat. grüvastellus s. WH. I 620.
root extension ĝhrēi -:
O.Ir. grían f. ‘sun” (*ghrē ̆ inü );
O.Fris. O.S. O.H.G. M.H.G. grīs “gray”, Ger. greis “gray, old ”, wherefore probably also
O.Ice. grīss “piglet”, O.S. grīs ds., Swe. Dan. gris “piglet, swine ”.
root extension ( *gherēu -) : ghrū-.

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ĝher-4
English meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose
Deutsche Übersetzung: “greifen, fassen, umfassen, einfassen ”
Note: extended ĝherdh - (see under)
Material: O.Ind. hárati “bringt, carries, holt, nimmt ”, háraṇa - n. “das bringing, Nehmen,
Spenden ” etc., háras - n. “Nehmen, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might ”;
Gk. χόρτος m. “ eingelegter place, courtyard, Weideplatz ”; doubtful, whether here χορό ς
“Tanzplatz, Chortanz ” as originally “eingehegter place ”; about χόριον “ placenta, afterbirth “,
etc. see under ĝher-5, about χεί ρ “hand” under ĝhes -;
Osc. heriiad “velit”, [h]erríns “caperent ”, Lat. cohors “eingezäunter courtyard, Viehhof,
troop, multitude, crowd, cortege “, from * co + IE *ĝhr̥tís “ summarization ”, in ablaut to hortus
“garden as eingezäunter place” (in Altlatein also villa), Osc. húrz “hortus lucus ”; dubious is
Lat. hīr, īr “θέναρ, vola” , s. WH. I 649;
Ir. gort ‘seges”, Gaul. gorto- and gortiü “ hedge “ (v. Wartburg), Welsh garth “corral, pen,
fold, hurdle, paddock “ (das a after dem O.Ice. Lw. gardd ), Bret. garz “ hedge, fence ”, in
addition Ir. lub-gort “garden”, O.Welsh Plur. luird, Welsh lluarth , O.Corn. luworch-guit “wild
garden”, M.Corn. lowarth “garden”, Bret. liorz ds.
Not to decide, determine is, whether Goth. garda “ hurdle, Viehhof ”, O.Fris. garda , O.S.
gardo , O.H.G. garto “garden” auf IE *ĝhor-tó- or auf *ĝhordho - based on (see under
*ĝherdh -). - Daß Nor. gaare “Jahresring in wood ”, Swe. gåra, Mod.Ice. güri “col, gap in
wood” Ablautsform to χορός as “ reis” sei, is incredible.
Doubtful, whether here Lith. ža ̃ ras “run, flow, way, Runde, turn “ (Wackernagel AIGk.
251); compare above Gk. χορός;
Hitt. gurtas “fortress” (Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝherdh -.

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ĝher-5, ĝhor-nā
English meaning: bowels
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Darm”
Material: O.Ind. híra-ḥ m. “band, strap ”, hirü ́ f. “vein”;
Gk. χορδή f. “ intestine, Darmsaite, sausage “; dubious χόριον “ placenta, afterbirth,
Speise from milk and honey, skin, leather ”;
Lat. haru-spex “Opferschauer ” eigtl. “Darmbeschauer ”, hīra “Leerdarm ”, pl. “ intestines,
entrails “, hillae “die kleineren vorderen Därme” (ī Sabine for ē), hernia “break”;
O.Ice. gǫrn f., pl. garnar “ intestine “, pl. “ intestines, entrails “ (*ĝhornü ), O.E. micgern n.
“arvina”, O.S. midgarni , O.H.G. mitti(la)-garni ds.; O.Ice. garn n. “Garn, Aufzug (beim
weaving) ”, O.E. gearn ds., M.L.G. garn, O.H.G. garn “Garn”;
Lith. žarna ̀ , acc. ža ́ rna ̨ “ intestine, Dũnndarm” , Ltv. zar̂na f. “ intestine “, pl. “ intestines,
entrails “.
Note:
Maybe Alb. zorrë (*ĝhornü ) “bowel”, pl. “ intestines, entrails ” didn”t derive from Root gʷer-1,
gʷerǝ - : to devour; throat; but from Root ĝher-5, ĝhor-nü : bowels. [common Alb. ĝh- > z-
phonetic mutation].
Wenn Arm. jaṙ “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “ here belongs, wäre die
originally meaning the root corresponding to modifizieren.
References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.
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ĝher-6 (ĝherǝ - : ĝhrē-?)
English meaning: short, small
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kurz, klein, gering ” (also “knapp become, fehlen, nötig sein” ?)
Material: Gk. χείρων (Eol. χέρρων ) from *χερι̯ων “bad”, in addition superl. χείριστος and die
Hom. compar. χερείων, χέρηες etc. (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer
Gk. I 538), χειρόω , -όομαι “ũberwältige” . In addition perhaps χρή “es is notig ”, χρεώ
“Bedũrfnis, Bedarf, need, desire”, *χρ῅ος, χρεῖος, χρέος, χρέως “Bedũrfnis, desire, blame” ,
χρ῅σθαι “ take advantage of, benutzen etc. ” (< *χρηι̯εσθαι ), besides dial. χρη-εῖσθαι , χρ῅μα
“thing (die man used), Ereignis ”, pl. “fortune, Geld, possession “; s. different under ĝher-1;
O.Ir. gair ‘short” (*ĝheri-s), gaire “Lebenskũrze” , O.Ir. garait , Ir. goirid ‘short”.
root extension ĝheres -, ĝhres -, ĝhers -:
O.Ind. hrasvá - “minder, short, small ”, compounds hrásīyaṁs -, superl. hrásiṣṭha -, hrasati
“nimmt ab, wird kũrzer” , Kaus. hrüsayati “vermindert ”, Av. zara-hehīš “die mindere,
schwächere” (for zra . .);
M.Ir. gerr ‘short”, gerraim “I kũrze, cut, bite ab” , gerrün “(verschnittenes) horse ”.
References: WP. I 604f., Schwyzer Gk. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.
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ĝhers - and partly ĝher-
English meaning: rigid, *pig
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘starren”
Note: (see also gher-3)
Note:
From an extended zero grade of Root eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s): “hedgehog (*serpent eater) ”
derived Root ĝhers -, ĝher- : “rigid, *pig ” > Root pork̂o -s : “pig” : Illyr.-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p -
phonetic mutation; also (* eĝhi-no-s) > (*ĝhers ) abbreviation and rhotacism n/r.
Note:
Root eĝhi- (*eĝhi-no-s): “hedgehog (*serpent eater) ” derived from Root angʷ(h)i - (*egʷhi -,
ogʷhi - and eĝhi-): ‘snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater) ”
Material:
O.Ind. hárṣatē , hŕ̥ṣyati “wird starr, sträubt sich, schaudert, is excited, aroused, freut sich ”;
Av. zaršayamna - “die Federn aufsträubend” (zarš- = zr̥š- = Lat. horreō ); zarštva - n. “
stone “;
Arm. jar (-i, -iv) “ mane of horse “ (*ĝheri-);
Maybe from Arm. jar (-i, -iv) “ mane of horse “ > turk. yele ) “ mane of horse “ > Alb. jele “
mane of horse “.
Gk. χέρσος (Att. χέρρος ) f. “Festland ”, nachHom. also adj. “unfruchtbar, dry, tight, firm” ;
perhaps lengthened gradees noun from the s-losen root form ĝher- (or gher-): χήρ χηρός
“hedgehog ” (= Lat. ēr, ēris ds., ērīcius , ērinüceus, hērinüceus ds.);
Rom. (*ērīcius ) arici “hedgehog ”: Alb. (*ērīcius ) iriqi “hedgehog ” [conservative singular
definite form (Alb. phonetic trait)]
Gk. χοῖρος (< *ĝhori̯os ) “piglet” (as Borstentier), χοιρά ς “angeschwollene gland am Halse;
cliff” (or to gher-3 “hervorstechen ”, see there);

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Alb. derr ‘swine” (< *ĝhōr-n- with lengthened grade as in χήρ), derk “piglet, sow ” (< *ĝhōr-
n̥-k);
Note:
Common Alb. shift ĝh > d; also Alb. (*derk- us) derkuc “piglet”, (*ĝherkos ) dosë ‘sow”
proves that solidified -us : -os ending was attested also in Proto-Alb.
Lat. horreō, -ēre “rauh sein, stare; shudder, sich entsetzen ” (= Av. zaršaya -); auf *gher-
kʷo- with dial. i from e before r + Gutt. (e.g. stircus : stercus ) based on Lat. hircus , sabin.
fircus “he-goat” (hirquīnus , hircīnus “of he-goat; billy goat “) = Osc.-sab. hirpus “lupus”
(whereof the people ’s name Hirpini ); in addition also hirtus “bristly”, hirsūtus ‘struppig,
rough”; auf parallelem *ĝhers -kʷos based on (as Osc.-Umbr. Lw.) hispidus “rough”; mars.
sabin. herna n. pl. ‘saxa” (*ĝhers -no-);
O.Ir. garb, Welsh garw “rough” (ghr̥-u̯o-);
O.E. gorst ‘steckginster ” and die etymologisch cognate group ĝherzd - “barley”.
compare in allg. Fick I4 219, 435, II4 107, III4 130 (and Falk-Torp under gjørs m. Lith.
about den fish names Nor. gjørs “lucioperca, Sander ”, Swe. gers “acerina, chub ”, prakrit.
jhaṣa - “ein gewisser fish ”).
References: WP. I 610, WH. I 413 f., 650, 659.
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ĝherzd (h), gen. ĝhr̥zd (h)-es; ĝherzdā
English meaning: barley, grain, spike
Deutsche Übersetzung: “die Stachlige, das Grannenkorn, Gerste ”
Material: Gk. κρῖ n. (conservative stem, as Alb. drith) “barley”, probably from IE *ĝhr̥zdh ,
from which Proto-Gk. *kr̥̄th; κρῑθή , mostly pl. “barley”, sg. (later covered) “Gerstenkorn ”;
Alb. drith (*ĝhr̥zdh ), drithë m. n. “barley, corn, grain “;
Lat. hordeum (dial. fordeum ) n. “barley” (from * ĝhr̥zd (h)ei̯om “Grannengetreide” ,
substantiviertes Stoffadjektiv);
zero grade: O.H.G. gersta “barley” (*ĝherzdü ).
In addition perhaps Gk. ἄ-χερδος f. “wild Birnbaum, Hagedorn ”, Maced. ἀ-γέρδα , Gk. ἀ-
χράς “wild Birnbaum ” (ἀ < *sm̥-), Alb. dardhë “Birne, Birnbaum ” (*ĝhor-d-) and the antike
VN Δάρδανοι;
only under assumption a Gutturalwechsels (above S. 18, Anm. 1) läßt sich Lith. gìrsa
“Trespe” here stellen (see under ghers -2).
References: WP. I 611, WH. I 414, 657, Specht Indog. Decl.
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ĝhéslo -
English meaning: thousand
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tausend”
Note:
Root ĝhéslo - : “thousand ” derived from Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - : “hand, *hand count ” [r/l
allophones]
Material: O.Ind. sa-hásram n. “Tausend ” (sm̥ -ĝhéslom , to sem- “eins”), sa-hasriya-
“tausendfach ”, Av. hazanrǝm n. “Tausend ”, Pers. hüzar , from which Arm. hazar borrowed;
sogd. z”r (= *zür), afgh. zạr;
Gk. Ion. χείλιοι, Eol. χέλλιοι (χελληστυς “ Tausendschaft ”), Att. χί̄λιοι (*χέσλιοι).
Das Grundwort * χεσλο - findet sich in sakisch ysüra and in Lehnwörtern finnisch -ugrischer
Sprachen (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.).
Perhaps also Lat. mīlle “tausend; ein Tausend ”, whether from * smī ĝzhlī (ĝhslī) “eine
Tausendbeit ”; *smī : Gk. μία.
References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491, WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 593.
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ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr -
English meaning: hand
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hand”?
Note:
Both Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - : “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand, arm” derived from an
extended archaic root ĝhes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra,
-tre.
Material: Arm. jeṙn (*ĝhes -r-m̥), pl. jeṙ-k “hand” (Meillet Esquisse 83);
Gk. χείρ f. “ hand”, gen. χειρός, Dor. χηρός, dat. pl. χερσί (thereafter die form χερ -);
Toch. A tsar, В ṣar “hand” (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from * kesar =)
Hitt. ki-es-sar (kessar ) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as (kesseras ) m., f., dat. sg. ki-is-sa-ri (kesri =
Gk. χειρί?);
about Lat. īr, hīr “hohle hand ” (from Osc.-Umbr. * hēr < *ghēsrü ?) s. WH. I 649.
Note:
Clearly Root der-1 (: dōr-, der-) or dōr- : dǝr- : “hand span ” derived through Root ĝhesor -1,
ĝhesr - : “hand”; Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand, arm ” through Illyr. intermediary. The phonetic shift
kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique Alb. phonetic mutatIon. Hence Alb. dora “hand” derived from
*ghēhrü

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ĝhesto -2
English meaning: hand, arm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hand, Arm ”
Note:
Both Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - : “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand, arm” derived from an
extended archaic root ĝhes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra,
-tre.
Material: O.Ind. hásta -ḥ m. “hand”, Av. zasta- , O.Pers. dasta- ds.;
Lat. praestō “zur hand ” from * prae-hestod (EM 805f.)?; different see under stü-;
Lith. pa-žaste ̃ , pa-žastìs f. “ place under the arm, armpit “.
Note: common Balt-Illyr. ĝh- > z phonetic mutatIon.
Da Arm. jeṙn also auf *ĝher-m̥ go back could and also die Gk. forms better from * ĝher-s
expounded become can, da further Alb. dorë f. “hand”, pl. konson. duar eine basic form
*ĝhēr- required ( ĝhēsr - hätte *dostrë ergeben), wäre with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69
ff.) to consider, if not for the Hitt. and Toch. metathesis from - rs- to - sr- anzunehmen sei,
and die group 1 from 2 to separate and to ĝher- “ grasp “ to stellen sei.
References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BAL.-SLAV.
39, 211, Schwyzer Gk. I 446, 569, Specht IE Decl. 75.
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ĝheu -
English meaning: to pour
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gießen”
Material: O.Ind. juhō ́ ti , juhutē ́ “ pours in fire, sacrifices “, Passiv hūya ́ tē , hutá-ḥ “ sacrificed “,
hō ́ man - n. “Opferguß, sacrifice, oblation” (= Gk. χεῦμα), hō ́ ma -ḥ m. ds., hō ́ tar - “ offerer,
sacrificer, priest ”, hō ́ trü f. “ oblation “, havís - n. ds., hávanam n. ‘sacrifice, oblation ”;
maybe Alb. dhjamë “fat” : Gk. δημός “fat”, common Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation;
Av. zaotar , zaoϑr- m. “priest, priest of sacrifice “, M.Pers. zōt, Av. zaoϑra n., zaoϑrü f. “
flũssige Opferspende, Opfertrank, Opferguß “ , Pers. zōr “ holy water “, Av. üzū ̆ tay - f. “fat,
lard, luxuriance, abounding fullness, wealth ”;
maybe Alb. zot, zotër Pl “god” : M.Pers. zōt, Av. zaoϑra n., zaoϑrü f. “ flũssige
Opferspende, Opfertrank, Opferguß “ , Pers. zōr “ holy water “ [common Alb. ĝh- > z-
phonetic mutation].
Note:
First of all ai then Av. , M.Pers. , Pers. and Alb. seem to employ Root ĝheu - : to pour + -tra
suffix.

Arm. joyl “gegossen ” (< ĝheulo -), jew “form, shape ”; here also jor “valley” (< ĝhou̯er -o)?
Phryg. ζευμάν πηγήν Hes. (= Gk. χεῦμα); Thrac. ζετραία χ ύτρη ( *ĝheutr -), FlN Γεῦδiς, -
ος;
Gk. χέ(F)ω “gieße” , Aor. Hom. ἔχευα < *ἔχευσα, perf. κέχῠκα, χυτό ς “gegossen ”, χεῦμα
“Guß, river, Trankopfer”, χόανος, χ῵νος ‘schmelzgrube, Gußform”, χοή “Trankopfer for
Tote”, χοεύς m., f. “Maß for Flũssigkeiten”, χοῦς ds., gen. χοός and χοῦς, older dial. χοῦ m.,
f. “aufgehäufte earth”, χ῵μα “ Erdwall”, χόω ‘schũtte Erde auf”; χύτρος, χύτρᾱ “ irdener pot,

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pan, χύτλον “ Waschwasser ”, χύδην “rich, hingeschũttet” (to δ compare die root extension
gheud-), κοχυδεῖν “in Menge hervorströmen”, κοχύ πολύ, πλ῅ρες Hes.; χύσις “Guß ”, χῡλός
“juice, sap ” (< *ĝhuslo -, W. Schulze mũ Dutch) , χῡμός ds. (< ĝhu-smo); further here χώομαι
“rage against, bin unwilling “ (χωόμενος = συγχεόμενος Aristarch)?
Lat. fū-tis f. “Gießkanne” , fū-tilis, futtilis “light ausgießbar, frail, breakable, eitel, unnũtz” ,
exfūti = effūsī , effūtiō “babble heraus ”.
Note:
common Lat. d- > f- shift. derived only from an intermediary Illyr. ( *ĝheun - > deun- ) cognate
since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start with d-. See maybe Alb. dhjamë “fat”
: Gk. δημός “fat”, common Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation; the shift ĝh- > d- is an Alb. Illyr.
phonetic mutation, also common Alb. -n > -nt > -t shift.
Sehr dubious is die affiliation from M.H.G. gūl “male animal, boar, horse ”, Ger. Gaul (in
Bavar. “Deckhengst ”, Swiss gūl “rooster, cock ”, compare Dutch guil “mare, die noch nicht
geworfenhat ”, s. Sommer IF. 31, 362 ff.), as ‘samengießer” .
Root extensions:
ĝheud -:
Lat. fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum “gieße, lasse fließen, schũtte from” (about fūsus “ spindle” s.
WH. I 474);
Note:
According to phonetic laws Lat. initial d- > f- hence Lat. fundō cognate must have derived
only from an Illyr. ( *ĝheun - > deun- ) since there is no other cognate among IE lang. to start
with d-; see maybe Alb. dhjamë “fat” : Gk. δημός “fat”, common Alb. ĝh- > d- phonetic
mutation; also common Alb. n > nd shift .
Goth. giutan “pour”, O.Ice. gjóta “(Junge) throw ”, O.E. gēotan “pour, flow, schũtten” ,
O.Fris. jüta, O.S. giotan , O.H.G. giozzan ds., Mod.Ice. gjóta “cave, narrow alley ”, O.S. giuta

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“Gußform” , O.H.G. giozo “running water ”, O.E. gyte “Guß, flood” , O.H.G. guz “fusio”, N.Ger.
gēte “low Wasserstraße” , Nor. gota “eingeschnittene gully ”, O.S. gota “canalis”, Du. goot
“Gosse, gully ”, Ger. Gosse , O.E. gutt, Eng. gut “ intestine “.
Maybe Alb. gotë “glass of water ” : Goth. giutan “pour”.
gheus -:
M.Ir. guss (*ghus -tu-s) “ power, vehemency, rage, fury ”;
O.Ice. gjósa , gaus “hervorbrechen, effervesce ”, geysa “in heftige Bewegung bringen,
aufhetzen ”, Geysir “die bekannte heiße Springquelle in Island” , Mod.Ice. gusa “effervesce ”,
O.Ice. gustr “gust of wind ”, Eng. gush , M.Du. guysen “hervorströmen” , O.H.G. gussa “
inundation “, urgusi “Überfluß” .
contrariness of abweichenden Anlautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here Lith.
gausùs , gausìngas “rich, ergiebig, fertile ”, gausìnga ùpė “reichliche Wassermengen
fũhrenderFluß” , gause ́ti “rich versehen sein with ”, gausakal̃bis “wer viel to sprechen
vermag, beredt ” (compare Nor. dial. gausta “quick, fast and undeutlich talk, as if man sich
beeilt, etwas to tell ”), Ltv. gaũss “lange lasting “.
References: WP. I 563 ff., WH. I 563 f.
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ĝheu -, ĝheu -d-
English meaning: to disappear, get away
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verschwinden, umkommen ”
Material: M.Ir. gūass f. (*ĝhoud -tü) “danger”, guss ds. = Welsh gwst “Übel , disease, malady ”
(*ĝhud -tu-s);
O.E. gíetan , ü-gíetan “injure, slay ”;
Lith. žūvù, žū ́ ti “ perish “, žudau ̃ , žudy ́ ti ‘slay”; Ltv. zùdu , zust “ disappear,
verlorengehen ”, zaudêt “lose”.
Maybe Alb. zhyt “immerse, disappear ”.
References: WP. I 564, WH. I 568, Loth RC 45, 193 ff.
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ĝhē-1, ĝhēi-
English meaning: to be empty, lack; to leave, go out
Deutsche Übersetzung: A. “leer sein, fehlen ”; B. “verlassen, fortgehen ”, dann “gehen”
Note: perhaps to ĝhē-, ĝhēi- “ yawn, klaffen ” (compare “gähnende emptiness “ ); from
“klaffend abstehen ” kann sich also “fortgehen” entwickeln.
Material: With the meaning- coloring B:
O.Ind. jáhüti “verläßt, gives auf” (jahimaḥ , Imper. jahīhi , Aor. ahüt, ahüyi , participle hīna ́-
ḥ), jíhītē “goes, fährt auf” , hīyatē “wird abandon, bleibt back ”; hüni-ḥ f. “lack; das
Fahrenlassen ” (vihüyas - “leerer room ” because of Präfixes, das also in vi-hü-
“auseinanderklaffen ”); compare S. 427;
Av. zazümi “I entlasse from ”, with avü ̆- “entfernen, verscheuchen ”, with upa- and fra-
“herzulassen, herzufũhren” ; ü-zü- “herangehen ”, uz-zü- “aufspringen, sich uplift, set up ”
(uzayantō participle nom. pl.);
Gk. Hom. κιχά̄νω (*κιχανFω), Att. κιγχάνω ( *ghǝ-n-u̯-), Inf. present Hom. κιχήμεναι,
participle present κιχεί ς “reach, catch up, meet, erlangen, einnehmen ”; with formant - d-: Gk.
χάζομαι, Fut. ep. χάσσομαι, Aor. ep. χασσάμην “ weiche, flee, lasse ab ”, ἀναχάζω tr.
“dränge back” , intr. “weiche, go back ”, as das Med. Daß χαλά ω “lasse after, werde slack or
lose” aufeinem partizip. adj. *ĝhǝ-lo-s “fortgehend ” or “klaffend, lose ”? beruhe, is perhaps
erwähnenswert; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to Arm. xaɫ “game”, xaɫaɫ “friedlich” (with
IE kh-);
O.H.G. gün (= O.Ind. hüna -m) “go”, O.Fris. O.S. O.E. gün, O.S. aDan. gü, krimGoth.
geen ds.; about die additional form O.H.G. gēn s. Kluge11 193, Braune O.H.G. Gk.5 p. 3821;
Lith. by Feist, 182 b.
With the meaning- coloring A:

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Gk. *χ῅τις (Risch Wortbildg. d. Hom. Spr. 74), dat. χήτει “in Ermangelung from ”,
ablaut.(*ghǝ-t-) χατέω, χατίζω “lack, bedarf, ersehne, begehre ”; χ῅ρος “ stolen; looted ,
empty, bare, lacking ” (= Lat.*hēro - in hērēs ), χήρᾱ “Waise, widow ”; with gradation χ῵ρος ,
χώρᾱ “leerer, free room, freies Land (in contrast zur town, city), region ”, epid. χώρᾱ “leere
eye socket “, χωρίς adv. and preposition m. gen. “apart, separated; without; with exception
from; besides ”, χωρίζω ‘slit, separate ”, χωρεῖν “catch, aufnehmen can, from Gefäßen” (eig.
“room give ”) and “weichen, fortgehen; go ũberhaupt” ;
Lat. hērēs “Erbe” (*ghēro - + ē-d[ō]-, “das verwaiste Gut an sich nehmend ”?, s. about the
ending under ē̆-particle);
Goth. gaidw n. “lack”, O.E. güd, gæ ̄ d n. “lack, need, desire ”, O.Fris. güd “Bedũrfnis” , O.S.
gen. pl. metigēdeono “ lack of food, Hungersnot ” (basic form *ĝhǝi-tu̯ó-); in addition
probably also O.H.G. geisini “egestas”, O.E. gæ ̄ sne “entbehrend ”;
References: WP. I 542 ff., WH. I 451, 641 f.
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ĝhē-2 : ghǝ - and ĝhēi - : ĝhī-
English meaning: to gape, yawn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gähnen, klaffen”
Note: schallmalend for den Gähnlaut (in addition the weitergebildete stem ĝhii̯-ü); (see also
under ĝhans - “goose “; similarly, but with Velar, gha gha for gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker and likewise, see there). Beside ĝhēi- also ĝhēu -: ĝhǝu̯ - (see there), either as other
Auffassung of Gähnlautes, or with originally formant under
Material: Gk. χάσκω ( ĝhǝ-skō ́) “gähne, klaffe” (only present and Impf.; later from χαίνω
abgelöst, see under ĝhan -), χάσμα “ klaffende aperture “; χηραμό ς “hole”, χηραμύ ς “eine big,
giant Muschel ”, after χαραμόςἡ τ῅ς γ῅ς δι άστασις Hes., χηλός f. “ hutch, Lade ”; χήμη “ das
Gähnen, Gienmuschel” .
Von ĝhēi- from: O.C.S. zějǫ “hio” (*ĝhēi̯ō ).
Von ĝhii̯-ü- from:
Lat. hiō, -üre (*ĝhii̯a -i̯ō) “ yawn, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein ”, Osc. eehianasúm
“ēmittendürum ( hostiürum)” , Umbr. ehiato “ēmissōs” ;
Lith. žio ́-ju, -ti “öffnen” , reflexive žio ́ tis “ yawn “ (žio ́ tys pl. f. “crack, deep cleft, gap; mouth,
Rachen”), wherefore Lith. žio ́ vauti , Ltv. ža ̃ va ̂ tie ̂ s “ yawn “ (žüvas f. pl. “Gähnen” )
and with p: Lith. žiopsau ̃ , -sóti “with offenem Munde dastehen, dasitzen ”;
Ser.-Cr. zjâm , zjȁti “den Mund aufsperren ”, Iterativa O.C.S. zijają , zijati , Russ. zijáju , -átь
ds. and Sloven. zẹ́vati “den Mund geöffnet halten” , Cz. zívati , Russ. zěvátь “ yawn “
(Sloven. zẹ̀v, Pol. ziew, Russ. zěv “Rachen”);
maybe Alb. zija ‘starvation, hunger ”
with p (compare under die root form ĝheip -): blg. zě́pam , Pol. ziepać “with Mũhe
breathe”, Clr. zzpaty “after Atem snatch “, Cz. zípati “pant, gasp ”.

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Ähnlich, but after den ē-verbs, O.H.G. gīēn “ yawn “ (wäre Goth. * gijan , -aida); besides
with still klärungsbedũrftigem (but barely from the root form ĝhēu - stammendem) w in Hiat
O.H.G. anagiwēn “inhiare”, gēwōn “den Mund aufsperren, yawn “ (M.H.G. gewen, giwen
ds.), O.E. giwian, giowian “long, want, arrogate ” (from “*with offenem Munde, greedy
whereupon lechzen ”); in addition O.Ice. gjü f. (*giwō) on the one hand “col, gap, cleft, gap in
the earth ”, on the other hand (from “lechzen” from) “wollũstiges life” , M.H.G. giude (*giwiÞō )
“geräuschvolle pleasure, joy” , giuden “brag, boast, brag (*den Mund weit auftun); in
geräuschvoller Freude sein, verschwenderisch leben” , Ger. vergeuden ; O.H.G. inginnan
“auftun, öffnen, aufschneiden, split” from *ginu̯an is probably Causative to O.H.G. ginēn
(see under) in formellem Anschlußan das lautähn liche biginnO.N.
sko-present: Lat. hīscō, -ere (*ĝhī-sk̂ō) “ yawn, klaffen, aufgesperrt sein ”; similarly O.E.
giscian , M.H.G. gischen ‘schluchzen ” and Nor. dial. geiska “die Beine ausspreizen ” (see
Persson Beitr. 318).
n-Präsentien and zugehörige nouns: O.Ice. gīna st. V., O.E. tō-gīnan st. V. “klaffen, yawn
“; with ĭ O.Ice. gine, O.H.G. ginēn , M.H.G. ginēn , genēn , Ger. gähnen = O.E. ginian, gionian
“weit offen sein ”, O.Ice. gina “ yawn “, gin n. “gullet”, O.E. gin n. ds.; with Gmc. ai (IE ĝhǝi- ?
or rather the preterite ablaut of st. V. gīnan ?) O.H.G. geinōn , Swiss gäine , Goth. *gainon ,
O.E. günian ; but Eng. yawn , “ yawn “ for * yone from O.E. gionian ;
O.C.S. zinǫ, -ǫti (*ĝhīnō ) “χαίνειν” .
other nominal formation:
with u̯: O.E. giw, gēow m. “ vulture” (*gīwaz “the Gierige ”);
with m: O.Ice. gīma f. “aperture “, Swiss gīm ds.; O.Ice. geimi m. “Meeresschlund ”;
Mod.Ice. geimr “großer, leerer room” ;
with r: Gmc. *gīr(i)a- “ greedy “ (lit. “*lechzend ”), in Nor. dial. gīr m. “ eagerness,
ferventness, passion ”, O.H.G. gīri “begierig”, gīr “ vulture”;

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with l: O.Ice. Nor. gil n. “Felsspalt ”, Swe. dial. gilja f. “Hohlweg ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. gil “break,
hernia”; O.Ice. geil f. “Hohlweg, Engpaß” ; M.L.G. gīlen “lust, crave, beg ” (from *gīla- adj.
“begehrend ”, compare to meaning above O.E. gīwaz ).
With meaning-development from “klaffen” to ‘schief abstehen (at first e.g. from Hölzern
under likewise) ” is probably anzureihen N.Ger. Dutch gillen ‘schräg abschneiden” , Dutch
gillinghout ‘schräg durchgeschnittenes wood” , further Ice. geila ‘separate” (“*klaffen make” ),
O.E. gæ ̄ lan (*gailjan ) “hinder, hesitate ”; from r-forms nd. gīren , Dutch (out of it Ger. ) gieren ,
Nor. dial. gīra “of Kurs abweichen ”; Dutch geeren ds., Nor. dial. geira ‘schief run ”.
extensions with i-vocalism:
*ĝhei-gh- : O.Ice. Nor. dial., geiga ‘seitwärts abschwenken” , O.Ice. geigr m. “damage”
(originally outlook “*schief abstehen, klaffen ” e.g. from Hölzern); compare Ger. Swiss
Geigle “Doppelast an a Baume, the in beliebigem angle auseinandergeht; pl. die Schenkel ”,
Ger. Heugeige ‘stecken with seitwarts abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern of Heus ”;
Ger. dial. geigen ‘sich hin and her bewegen” , O.Ice. gīgja , from M.L.G. M.H.G. gīge, Ger.
Geige as Musikinstrument; O.E. for-, of-gæ ̄ gan “abweichen from, ũberschreiten” , gæ ̄ gl and
gügol “ausgelassen, ausschweifend ”, O.Fris. gēia “ũbertreten, unterlassen, penance,
atonement pay for, atone ”; Nor. dial. giga, gigla , gigra “lose stand, wobble, sway ”, Eng. gig
(N.. Lw.) “ light cart, leichtes boat ”, whirligig , Dan. gig “Kreisel as plaything “; N.Ger.
giggelen , Eng. to giggle “versteckt, spöttisch laugh “ ; as “free abstehende, bewegliche sprit ”
here Dutch gei “Raa” (basic form geig(*j)a? ), N.Ger. gīk, Dutch gijk ds. and M.L.G. geck
from drehbaren Dingen (e.g. cover, Fensterladen, Pumpstangen), also “fool” (Ger. Geck );
here (after Wissmann nom. postverb. 41) Goth. geigō f. “greed, lust ”, ga-geigan “ gain “,
faíhu -geigan “lust, crave ”; s. S. 427.
similar is (from ĝhii̯ü - from) with gh shaped Lith. ziógauti “ yawn “, žio ́ gas “ locust,
grasshopper “, žio ̃ gris “Palisade ”.

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ĝhei-p- (in Gmc. perhaps partly also ĝhei-bh-):
Lat. (GlO.S.S. ) hippitüre, exippitüre (*hīpitüre) “hietare, oscitare ” (spO.N. hipar
‘schluchzen ”); Cz. zípati “pant, gasp ” (etc., see above);
O.E. gīfer “ devourer ”, O.Ice. gīfr m. “fiend, demon ”; Ger. dial. geifen, geiben, geipen “
yawn, gawk, greedy verlangen ”; from ‘schief abstehen, lax abstehen ” Nor. dial. geivla
‘seitwärts abschwenken; shiver” , also geivra ; of Verziehen of Mundes N.Ger. gib(b)elen
‘spottend laugh “, Ger. geifeln ‘spottend laugh “, Eng. to gibe , jibe “ mock “.
In Gmc. also:
ĝhei-b-, Gmc. *gī̆p-: O.Ice. gīpr m. “muzzle, Rachen ”, FlN for Gipa , Nor. dial. gipa “klaffen
make, after Luft snatch “ = O.E. gīpian “after Luft snatch “; M.L.G. gippelt “crazy, stupid ”;
Swe. dial. gippa “crack, col, gap ”; with ī schwed dial. gipa “den Mund verziehen ”, N.Ger.
gīpen “after Luft snatch, strehen after ”; Ger. bO.Ir. gaif(f)en from not festsitzenden,
schlotternden shoe; with the meaning ‘spöttisch den Mund verziehen under likewise” .
With Gmc. ai: O.Ice. geipa “ babble, chatter “, Nor. dial. geipa “ babble, chatter; den
Mund weit aufsperren; with ausgespreizten Beinen sit or go ” under likewise;
O.Ice. geispa “after Luft snatch “, M.Eng. gaspen < O.E. *güspian , probably from
*gaipsōn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais ).
gheis -: Ice. gisinn “from Trockenheit rissig, leaking ” (participle from * gīsa =) Nor. dial.
gīsa “grinsen, blink ”; Nor. dial. gista ‘sich öffnen, thin become, of Walde” , O.S. gistinn “from
Trockenheit rissig ”; from this meaning further M.L.G. gēst, O.Fris. gēst, güst “das höhere
trockene Land in contrast zur Marschniederung ” (zugehörige u-forms nd. gũste , Dutch gust
“unfruchtbar, dry, gelt ” from the basis ĝhēu -?? S. Persson Beitr. 318).
extensions with ē- : ǝ-vocalism (fast only Gmc.):
*ĝhǝgh - (: ĝhēgh -):

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O.E. gēagl m. n. “mandible, lower jaw bone, throat ”, pl. “Backenzähne” , M.L.G. gügel,
gēgel m. n. “ palate, gums ” (*gügula -, -ila);
Ger. dial. gagen, gageln, gagern “(sich) spreizen (from den Beinen, den Fingern),
wobble, sway, gestikulieren, gaukeln ”, gackelicht “foolish, loony ”, M.H.G. gagen, gageren
‘sich hin and her bewegen, wriggle “, O.Ice. gagr “ writhed, crooked, humped,
zurũckgebogen” , gaghals “with zurũckgespreiztem, zurũckgebogenem Halse” , Nor. dial.
gag “backwards gebogen = bent, curved (e.g. from schief abstehenden Gerätteilen)” , Eng.
gag-toothed (N.. Lw.) “with hervorstehenden Zähnen” : ablaut. O.Ice. gæ ̄ gjask ‘sich
vorrecken, um to peek ”, and (zugleich with consonant-sharpening) md. güken “gawk”.
Maybe Alb. guak “gawk”, expressive form Alb. (*ĝhǝ-skō ́), gogësij “yawn, gape ”
O.Ice. gjǫgrar pl. “Felsklũfte” (*gegura -) compares Lidén Armen . Stud. 70 f. probably
more properly with Arm. gez “col, gap, crack, incisure “.
*ĝhēp -:
O.Ind. hüphikü “das Galmen ” (with jungem ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).
*ĝhǝb -: O.Ice. gap “weite aperture, hole, Chaos; shout, call, scream “, gapa “den Mund
aufsperren, cry ”, O.E. gapian , N.Ger. güpen , M.H.G. Ger. gaffen “with offenem Munde
anschauen ”.
*ĝhǝbh -:
O.E. geaflas pl. “Kiefern” (in the meaning directed after ceafl “ jaw “, see under ĝeph -),
older Dan. paa gafle “weit offen ”, Swe. på gavel ds.
O.Ice. gabba “ derision or joke drive, push ”, O.E. gabbian “babble; deride, verhöhnen” ,
gaffetung “ derision, ridicule ”, gafspræ ̄ c “törichte discourse “ , Dutch gabberen “nugari,
jocari” under likewise (probably from dem N.Ger. derive Lith. gabl(i)ó-ju, - ti “banter,
vexieren ”, gablỹs “wer neckt, vexiert ”, s. Berneker 287 f. - also about Pol. gabać ‘stir, tease,
irritate, banter ”).

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ĝhēu - : ĝhō(u)- : ĝhǝu -
English meaning: to yawn, gape
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gähnen, klaffen”
Note: (see above ĝhēi-)
Material: Gk. χάος n. “ the leere room, airspace ” (later also “cleft, gap ”; probably from
*χαFος), χαῦνος “ auseinanderklaffend, lax “, χαυλι -όδοντ - “with auseinanderstehenden
teeth”;
whether here also Goth. gawi “land, region ”, O.H.G. gawi, Ger. Gau, O.E. gē, etc. from
*ĝhǝu̯iom with similar meaning-development as by Gk. χώρος, χ῵ρα (see below ĝhēi-
“fehlen; abandon “) and Arm. gavar “Landstrich, region ”? Oder from Gmc. *ga-awja (to
akʷü, above S. 23) “Landschaftam water ”?
O.H.G. goumo m. (*ĝhǝu -men- ), giumo (*ĝhēu -men- ) “ palate”, ablaut. O.N. gōmr “gums,
palate”, O.E. gōma (Eng. gums “gums”), O.H.G. guomo (*ĝhō[u]-m-) “Gaumen = palate ”;
about Lith. gomurỹs see under;
in addition probably O.Ice. geyja “bark, bay, scold, chide, mock “, O.E. gíegan “cry”,
O.Ice. goð-gü “Gotteslästerung” , hund-gü “ bark “ and die Weiterbildungen O.Ice. gauta “
babble, chatter, brag, boast ”, ndld. guiten “ scold, mock “, Ger. dial. gauzen , gäuzen “bark,
bay, cry”, Goth. gaunōn “ wail, grieve “, O.Ice. gaula “howl”; about Lith. gaũsti see under
gou- “call, shout, cry ”. Trotzdes nichtpalatalen Wurzelanlauts (see above about Lith.
gomurỹs ) could es here belong, da viele originally palatale Gutturale litauisch as g, k
appear.
further in the meaning “ yawn “ with l-forms (: Gk. χαυλι -) perhaps here M.H.G. giel m.
“Rachen, gullet ”, aNor. -gjōl in place names? as well as Nor. dial. gyl “cleft, gap, Felskluft ”

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(*gulja -; so also Swe. göl “puddle, slop, Tũmpel” , M.H.G. gũlle “puddle, pool, slop ”, M.L.G.
göle, goel ‘swamp, marsh ” as “cavity, in the sich Wasser angesammelt hat ”?).
Daß Ger. Gosche, Gusche , N.Ger. goske , guske “big muzzle ” as sk-formation here
gehöre or but perhaps with O.Ind. ghō ́ s ̣ ati “ruft, shouts, howls ” related sei (see Persson
Beitr. 116 f.), is by a Trivialausdruck without verfolgbare Geschichte not probably;
Balt *gümuri̯a - m. “ palate” in Lith. gomurỹs , gen. gómurio m., also gomere ̃ (acc. gómerę )
f.; Ltv. gümurs m. “ windpipe, larynx ” (only by Miežinis doubtful guomurs ); eine
lautgesetzliche equivalent to Ger. Gaumen ergäbe Lith. Ltv. úo (Balt ō); perhaps in
vocalism germO.N. influenced; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.
A extension ĝheubh - in O.Ice. gaupa f. “Luchs” (probably eig. “the lechzende, gierige ”, as
O.E. earn-géap “Edelfalke ”), ablaut. Nor. dial gō ̆ p “gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss “; O.E. gēap
“wide, capacious “; gēopan “verschlingen ”, O.Ice. gaupn f. “die hohle Hand ”, O.H.G.
goufana ds., wherefore Lith. žiu ̀ psnis “etwas weniger as eine Handvoll ”; compare still
Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.
Maybe Alb. gop “vagina, hole ”
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.
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ĝhðem -, ĝhðom -, gen. ĝh(ð)m-és
English meaning: earth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erde, Erdboden ”
Note: It was developed from the zero grade, from where the simple anlaut ĝh- also in
lengthened grade spread forms (about O.Ind. anlauts jm-, gm- besides kṣm- compare
Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)
Material: compare to anlaut still Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209b ɣ, III 241
ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 38, 139 ff., Specht Decl. 241.
O.Ind. stem kṣam -, nom. sg. kṣǘḥ (= Av. zü ̊) f. “earth, Erdboden ” common O.Ind. ĝh- >
kṣ- phonetic mutation, (acc. kṣüm = Av. ząm; loc. kṣámi and *kṣüm , if kṣǘman from this
form with postposition *en “in” to define is, compare O.Ind. pári-jman “rings auf the earth ”;
instr. jmü ́; gen. jmáḥ , secondary gmáḥ , kṣmáḥ ); kṣámya -ḥ “auf the Erde situated, irdisch ”;
Av. zü ̊, acc. ząm, loc. zǝmē , gen. zǝmō “earth, Erdboden ”;
Gk. χθών f. “ Erdboden ” (*χθώμ; thereafter with ν also gen. χθονός, χθόνιος “ unterirdisch ”
etc.), χαμαί originally “zur Erde hin ”, then also “auf the Erde ” (bis auf die other vowel
gradation = O.Pruss. semmai “low” and presumably also = Lat. humī “to bottom ”), χαμᾶζε “
to the ground, on the ground “, χαμηλό ς “low”, χθαμαλό ς “low” (: Lat. humilis), perhaps νεο -
χμός “neu, unerhört (auf the Erde?)”;
Phryg. ζεμελω ( Thrac. ΢εμέλη) “ mother earth ” (?), also Phryg. ζέμελεν βάρβαρον
ἀνδράποδον Hes. (compare Russ. čelovek “person” and ‘servant”) ; Γδαν Μα “ Xθών Μᾶ”
kann genuine Phryg. sein ( IE ē > Phryg. ü), gd- : z- as O.Ind. kṣüḥ : Av. zü ̊; common O.Ind.
ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

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Alb. dhe “earth” (= χθών) ; compare Gk. Δημήτηρ, Dor. Δᾱμά̄τηρ, Thess. Δαμμάτηρ, Eol.
Δωμάτηρ; Illyr. Δω-, Δαμ - (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from IE *ĝðhō , respectively Vokat. * gðhom ;
about Δαμία, epithet the Demeter, s. WH. I 321;
Note:
Clearly Δημήτηρ “ mother earth ” was shaped according to Illyr. and Alb. phonetic laws
[common Alb. ĝh- > d-, dh- ] Δημή -τηρ common venetic Illyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore
Δημήτηρ is an Illyrian goddess of earth.
Lat. humus (from * homos ) “earth, Erdboden ”, probably Umformung an old consonant-
stem *ĝhom -; hence also f. as χθών; humilis “low” (: χθαμαλός); in Osc.-Umbr. *homi -teros,
-temos as compar. superl. of loc. *homi “under” (: O.Ind. kṣámi ) : Osc. hu[n]truis “īnferīs” ,
huntrus “inferōs” ; Umbr. hutra, hontra “īnfrü” , abl. hondomu “īnfimō” ; Umbr. hondu
“pessumdatō” from * hon(d)-tōd; about Lat. hūmünus see under;
O.Ir. dū, gen. don “place” (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine ; die development
from ĝhð to d- stimmte to t from -kÞ- in art “bear” from erkÞos ; n instead of m as in χθόνος
from the Vorstufe *dōn - from *dōm - from dū verschleppt);
Note:
O.Ir. duine , Welsh dyn, Corn. Bret. den : Illyr. Δημήτηρ, Alb. dhe cognates evolved
according to Illyr. and Alb. phonetic laws [common Alb. ĝh- > d-, dh- ] suggesting a shared
origin of those lang.
Lith. že ̃ me , Ltv. zeme , O.Pruss. same , semme “earth”, semmai “base, low ” (: χαμαί , see
above), Ltv. zem “under” (probably Verkũrzung of loc. zemē ); Lith. żẽmas , Ltv. zẹms “low”;
O.C.S. zemlja “earth”; in addition also O.C.S. zmьja ‘snake” (“auf the Erde kriechend,
χθαμαλός” ), zmьjь “dragon”.
In addition words for “person” as “Irdischer ”:

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Lat. homō, -inis “person”, aLat. hemō (also in nēmō “niemand ” from * ne-hemō ), acc.
hemōnem ; to humus probably hūmünus “menschlich ”, with unclear vocalism ( *hoim- wũrde
to oí of O.Ir. pl. doíni “people” stimmen, whether here older diphthong vorläge, but for ein IE
*gðhoim - lacks jede Wahrscheinlichkeit; s. also under); Osc.-Umbr. *homōn - (ablaut grade
*ĝhom - as humus , compared with Lat. hemōn - or einzeldialektischer umlaut from * hemōn -),
Osc. humuns “hominēs” , Umbr. homonus “hominibus ”;
Goth. guma , O.Ice. gumi , O.E. guma , O.H.G. gomo “person, man, husband ”, Ger. in
Bräuti -gam (IE *ĝhemon- or *ĝhomon- );
Lith. (old) žmuo ̃ (Daukša m. acc. žmūnį ) “person”, nowadays žmogu ̀ s , žmo ̃ gus (g-forms
as in O.C.S. mǫ-žь) “person”, O.Pruss. smoy (leg. smoa ?), other formations O.Pruss.
smunents m. “person”, smonenawins ds., and smūni f. “person”, Lith. žmona ̀ f. “wife,
woman”, žmo ́ ne s pl. m. “people” (acc. pl. žmo ́ nis dial. from IE ĝhmōn ens).
Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also O.Ir. duine , Welsh dyn, Corn. Bret.
den “person”, urk. *doni̯o - from *ĝhðomi̯o - = χθόνιος, O.Ind. kṣamya -ḥ; das wäre indeed the
einzige evidence for Celt. ni̯ from mi̯; es could transference of n from dem paradigm * dōn
“place” (see above) erwogen become. Yet wäre then the pl. O.Ir. doíni , Ir. daoine “humans,
people” (echter diphthong) from duine to separate; weit probably wird doíni as *dheu̯eni̯o -
or *dhou̯eni̯o - and duine etc. as tiefstufiges * dhuni̯o - with Goth. diwans “ perishable “
connected (see *dhu̯en - under dheu- “die”); incredible Borgström NTS. 12, 83 f.;
Note:
common Illyr.-celtic ĝh- > d- phonetic mutation
Toch. A śom “Bursche, youngling “, В śaumo , pl. śümna “person” (: Lat. hemōnem ); s.
Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.;
Hitt. te-e-kan (tegan ), gen. tagnüs “earth” and Toch. A tkaṃ , gen. tkanis , В keṃ ds.
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation

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Note:
Common Hittite Tochanrian ĝh- > tk- phonetic mutation : common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic
mutation : Illyrian Albanian ĝh- > dh- phonetic mutation : Celtic ĝh- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
They derived through metathesis from * ĝ(e)ðhom -, *ĝh(e)ðhom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.),
these explained from IE *dh(e)ĝhom (Kretschmer Gl . 20, 66 f.); against it with substantial
reasons Beuveniste Me ́ l . Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *dhegh- places also Specht Decl.
241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hitt. and Toch. forms.
Maybe Alb. toka “earth” from Hitt. te-e-kan ; Also ki “earth” in Sumer???
References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.
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ĝhði̯és (zero-grade ĝhðis ?), reduced to ĝhðés , ĝhi̯és , ĝhés
English meaning: yesterday
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gestern”
Material: O.Ind. hyáḥ “ yesterday “ (ghi̯és ), hyastana- ḥ “gestrig”, Av. zyō, O.Pers. diya(ka),
pers. dī(g);
Gk. eleisch σερ-ός χθές Hes. (from * χι̯ες, IE ĝhi̯és ?); Gk. χθές (*ĝhðés ), ἐχθές (after
ἐκεῖνος : κεῖνος, selbständige particle or Vorschlagsvokal, see above S. 283 and Schwyzer
Gk. I 413, Lejeune Traite ́ 182); χθιζός, adverb. χθιζά “gestrig”, after Schwyzer Gk. I 351
from χθέ ς + *δι̯ά to O.Ind. a-dyü ́ “today” (InstRom. from IE *di̯os “day”; lacks above S. 183),
with vortoniger weakening of ε to ι, after Specht KZ. 68, 205 from * ĝhðis > ĝhis with
adverbial suffix (as in Gk. κρύβ-δα); χθεσιν ός “gestrig”;
Alb. dje “ yesterday “, dial. “morgen” (*ĝhes ), djethine ds., para-dje “vorgestern ”;
Lat. herī̆, herĕ “ yesterday “, hesternus “gestrig” (from * hestrinos with -tro- as in Gmc.
*gestra -);
maybe Alb. (*herĕ ) herët “early morning ” [the shift S > R attested in Lat. and Alb.]
O.Ir. in-dē (*gdi̯és ), Welsh doe, O.Corn. doy, nCorn. dē, M.Bret. dech , Bret. deac”h “
yesterday “ (die Brit. forms from * gdii̯es ); Welsh neithiwr etc. “ yesterday abend ” rather from
*nokti + Welsh hwyr “late” (Lw. from Lat. sērus );
Goth. gistra-dagis “morgen”, O.E. geost ra, wsächs. giestran- dæg, N.hUmbr. gioster-dæg
“ yesterday “, O.H.G. kestre , gesteron , gesterên “ yesterday “; lengthened grade O.N. í gæ ́ r
(*gēz-), i gjür (Noreen O.Ice. Gk.4 p. 72, 263а 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f.
References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68, 201
ff.
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ĝhðū - (or ĝhi̯ū -?)
English meaning: fish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fisch”
Material: Arm. jukn “fish” (extension as in mu-kn “ mouse “);
Gk. ἰχθῦς, -ύος ( *ĝhðūs ) “fish” (ἰ- is Vokalentwicklung as in ἰκτῖνος “ Gabelweihe ”: Arm.c̣in
“falcon”, IE kÞīno -);
ĝhðuu̯ -: Lith. žuvìs (gen. pl. žuvu ̨̃ ) f., Ltv. zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition die verbs E.Lith.
žu ́ sta , žu ̀ vo , žu ́ ti “fischen”;
Gutturalsuffix: O.Pruss. suckis m. (acc. pl. suckans ) “fish” (Lith. žuk- in žū́k-mistras
“Fischmeister” , žuk-sparnis “Fischaar ”, žū ̆ kly ̃ s “ fisherman “); in addition further Ltv. zutis m.
“Aal”; Lith. žvejy ̃ s m. “ fisherman “, Lith. žvejo ́ ti , Ltv. zvejuôt “fischen”, žvy ́ nas m.
“Fischschuppe ”, Ltv. zvìńi m. pl. “Fischschuppen ”; O.Pruss. sucka- ns besides ἰχθῦς, as Lat.
sucu- la besides sūs, O.N. askr besides Lith. úosis .
Zur Anlautfrage ( ĝhð or ĝhi̯?) compare Schwyzer Gk. I 325; gleichartig is esp. χθών :
že ̃ me , and eine Parallele with k- bietet ἰκτῖνος : c̣in. Kein ganz sicherer Hinweis auf * ghi̯- is,
da in seiner affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name ält. Swe. gius, Mod.Swe. gös
“Perca Lucioperca ”, Ger. dial. giesen “Cyprinus cephalus ” and ält. Swe. fiska-giusen “ein
bird of prey, Falco haliaetus ”, wherein ein *gjuse “ fisherman “ stecke.
References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gk. I 325, 413; to IE ð compare lastly
Lejeune Traite ́ de Phone ́ tique grecque S . 31 f.
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ĝhlād -
English meaning: to sound, call
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schallen, rufen ”
Material: O.Ind. hrüdatē “ sounds”, hrüda - m. “Getön, noise” , Av. zrüda - m. “Kettenpanzer ”
(“rattling, clashing, klirrend ”), Pers. zirih “Panzer”;
Gk. κέχλαδα (Pind.) “rausche, roar, foam ”, καχλάζω “klatsche, plätschere” ;
O.Ir. ad-glüdur “I rede an ”.
The ar. words can but just as well with IE r to Goth. grētan belong; see under gher-1 .
References: WP. I 659 f.
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ĝhō
English meaning: behind, towards
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinter, after, wegen ”
Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel
Material: Arm. z preposition and preverb “with Bezug auf ” etc. (Meillet Esquisse2 166);
Balt *a-žō in Lith. dial. ažu ́ o, ažu, až “ behind, for ” (compare ažu ́ ot “anstatt”,
E.Lith.ažuomarša “ oblivion “); Ltv. az (compare azuots “bosom” = E.Lith. ažun ̃ tis ds., to Ltv.
*uots = Lith. añtis “bosom”), newer aiz (unexplained) “ behind, after, because of, instead of ”,
also verbal prefix “ behind, from, to, to-, ver- ”;
Slav. za “ behind; an; for, because of, during, an ”, also verbal prefix; also in O.C.S. zadъ
“das Hintere, buttocks part ”, compare na-dъ;
perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem ĝho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut. ĝh-;
s. also under ū̆d.
References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 485 f.
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ĝhu̯el -
English meaning: to bend, swerve
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich krũmmen, von der geraden Richtung abbiegen (also geistig
and sittlich) under likewise ”
Material: O.Ind. hváratē “biegt from the geraden Richtung ab, makes krumme Wege ”,
hválati “gerät auf Abwege, strauchelt, errs “ , juhurün ̣ a ́ -ḥ “mißglũckend” , víhruta -ḥ
‘schadhaft, sick “, hruṇüti “geht irre”, participle hrutá -, geneuert = renamed, has changed??
hvr̥tá -; hū ́ rchati “geht schief, glides, sways , fällt” ; hváras - n. “ curvature “, hvará - m. ‘snake”,
vihrút - f. “kind of snake or worm ”;
Av. zbarǝmna - “crooked going ”, zbaraϑa- n. “foot daēvischer Wesen” , zbarah - n. “hill”,
zūrah - n. “ wrong; injustice, deception “, Pers. zūr “ incorrect; lie, falsity ”;
Gk. φαλίπτει μωραίνει Hes., φαλός ‘stammelnd, crazy ” Hes. and probably φάλος m.
“hornartiger protrusion am helmet ”, presumably φολκός , epithet of Thersites B. 217,
perhaps “ bowlegged ”; perhaps also ἀποφώλιος “trũgerisch” (ō-grade), φ῅λος “ deceitful “,
φηλήτης “ cheater “, φηλόω (Dor. φᾱλόω) betrũge” ;
Lat. fallō, -ere “ deceive, cheat, deceive; make ineffective; sich entziehen; unbemerkt
bleiben” (“*krumme Wege machen; ausbiegen ”; *ĝhu̯ elnō, compare O.Ind. hruṇüti );
Lith. nuožvelnu ̀ s “abschũssig” ; žvalu ̀ s ‘skilful; agile, behend ” (“*sich leicht biegend ”);
ablaut. įžvil̃nas “ slantwise, slant, skew ” (*ĝhu̯ḷ-), pažvil -ti, -au ‘sich neigen ”, žvylu ́ oti ‘swing,
waver”; pražul̃nas (*ĝhul-) ‘schräge, slant, skew” , pažu ̀ lnus ds.; atžu ́ las , -us ‘schroff, hard,
unhöflich, pitiless “ under likewise;
Ltv. zvel”u, zvêl”u, zvel̂t “wälzen, fortbewegen, umwerfen; hit” , refl. ‘sich schwerfällig
fortbewegen, wallow, umfallen ”, zval̂stîtiês “waver, waver ”, zval̂ns “ fluctuating “;
O.C.S. zъlъ “mad, wicked, evil, schlimm ”, Ser.-Cr. zȁo (f. zlȁ), Russ. zoɫ (f. zɫa) ds.;

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ĝhu̯en -
English meaning: to sound
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tönen”
Note: extension from ĝhau -, s. Persson Beitr. 191
Material: Arm. jain (ĝhu̯on -i̯i-), i-stem “voice” (with i-Epenthese); Alb.Tosk zē ̈ “voice”, Gheg
zâ (< *ĝhu̯ono -s);
Note:
The shift (* ĝhu̯en - ), ĝhan > zâ in Alb. is attasted in Alb.Gheg (*ĝhu̯on -i̯i-) zâ, zani, zoni
“voice”, zana, zona Pl “voices” also attested in Alb. (*ĝhot) zot “god, master, lord “ because
of the Alb. ĝh > d shift. It is clear that Alb. ( ĝhügʷ ) zogu “bird”.
Alb. shows that Root ĝhu̯en - : “to sound ” derived from Root ĝhau -, ĝhau̯ǝ - : “to call”

Russ.- Church Slavic zvьnju , zvьně́ti “ring, sound, clink ”, Russ. zvenětь , O.Cz. zvnieti , Cz.
zníti, altPol. wznieć ds., ablaut. O.C.S. zvonъ ‘sound, tone ”, sl. zvvn “bell”, Bulg. zvъnъ
‘sound, clangor “, zvъnecъ “bell”, Ser.-Cr. zvȍno , Russ. Cz. zvon , Pol. dzwon “ clangor,
bell”.
BaltoSlav. root extension ĝhu̯eng -:
Lith. žve ́ ngiu , žve ́ ngti “ neigh “, su-žvin ̀ gu , -žvìngti “in Wiehern ausbrechen ”, žvangu ̀ s
“loud, schallend ”, žva ́ ngu , žvange ́ti “rattle, clash, ring, clang, clink ”, Ltv. zvìegt “ neigh “;
O.C.S. zvęgǫ “verkũnde” , Russ.- Church Slavic zvjagu ‘singe, babble ”, Russ. dial.
zvjagù , zvjačь “bark, bay ”.
Slav. root extension ĝhu̯enk -:

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ĝhu̯ēr -
English meaning: wild beast
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wildes Tier ”
Material: Gk. θήρ, -ός, m. late f. (θ῅ρες, θηρ῵ν = E.Lith. žve ́res , žve ru ̨̃ , Schwyzer Gk. I
424), Lesb. φήρ, Hom. Υ῅ρες, Thess. φείρ (πεφειρά̄κοντες = τεθηρακότες, Υιλόφειρος)
“animal”;
Lat. ferus, - a, -um “wild, wildwachsend, -lebend ” (*ĝhuero -s);
with structure in die i-Deklination (after dem acc. sg. pl. -ь, -i = m̥, -n̥s) Lith. žve rìs m. f.,
Ltv. zvêrs m.; O.Pruss. acc. pl. swīrins ;
O.C.S. zvěrь “wild animal ”, sloven, zvę̂r, O.Cz. zvěř m. f., Russ. zvěrь ;
substantiv. adjective Lith. žve riena ̀ f., Russ. zvěrína “Wildbret”, to Lat. carō ferīna ds.
References: WP. I 642 f., WH. I 487 f., Trautmann 374 f.
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ĝhu̯oigʷ -
English meaning: to shine; star
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, Schein ”
Material: Gk. φοῖβος “ pure, clean gleaming ”, ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός ( *ĝhu̯igʷ -) “impure, unclean ”;
Bal.-Slav. * žu ̯ aigzdü - f. ‘shine, star ” (IE *ĝhu̯oigʷ (e)s-dü) in:
O.Pruss. acc. sg. swüigstan ‘shine”, poswüigstinai “illuminate ” (?) ; Lith. žvaigzde ̃ ,
žvaigžde ̃ , dial. žvaizde ̃ , Ltv. zvàigzne f. ‘star”; in addition further Lith. žvyguly ̃ s “ radiance “,
žva ́ ínas ‘silberfleckig ”, Ltv. zvaigstīties “gleam”, zvaidrīt ‘shimmer”;
Slav. *gvězda (from * gu̯aigzdü , through Ferdissimilation from * žu ̯ aigzdü ) in O.C.S.
dzvězda , Ser.-Cr. zvigèzda , Pol. gwiazda , Russ. zvězdá f. ‘star”.
Maybe (* izda) Alb. [Sicily] izë, Alb. [Dibër] ist- “ star “ [Alb.-Illyr. -ĝh- > -z-, -ss- , -st- phonetic
mutation] : Hittite Istanu ‘sun god”
References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunder de ́ cl . Lat. 74, Mikkola Ur Slav. Gk.
166 f. Probably unrichtig about Gk. φοῖβος etc. above 118.
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ĝhu̯ōkʷ -, ĝhu̯ǝkʷ -
English meaning: to shine, shimmer
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schimmern, leuchten ”
Material: Gk. διαφάσσειν διαφαίνειν Hes., φώψ φάος Hes.; παραι -φάσσει τινάσ-σει . . .
Hes., reduplicated παιφάσσω “budge, move quick, fast, zucke (*funkle) ”;
Lat. fax (old facēs ), facis f. “torch; Anstifter ”, Dimin. facula “torch”, facētus “elegant,
witzig”, facētia and - ae “witzige Einfälle” ;
Lith. žva ̃ ke “candle”.
References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.
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ĝlei-
English meaning: to run up to
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anlaufen, anstũrmen” ?
Note: Only indoiranisch.
Material: O.Ind. jráyati ‘stũrmt an, läuft an” , jráyas - n. “Ungestũm, run, flow, Flußlauf” , pr̥thu -
jráya - “weit running “;
Av. zrayah- , O.Pers. drayah- ‘sea, sea”, M.Pers. zray, Pers. (with rearrangement) daryü ,
pǝrǝu -zrayah “about weite Wasserflächen sich erstreckend” .
References: WP. I 660, WH. I 608.
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ĝu̯er-, ĝu̯erǝ -
English meaning: to burn and be hot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten and heiß sein”
Note:
Root ĝu̯er-, ĝu̯erǝ - : to burn and be hot ” derived from Root ĝher-3 and ĝherǝ -, ĝhrē- : to
shine, shimmer ”.
Material: O.Ind. jvárati “fiebert”, jvara-ḥ “fever, pain, distress “, jū ́ rvati “versengt ”, jūrn ̣ í-ḥ
“blaze, glow ” (< *jvūr-, *ĝu̯r̥-); besides jválati “flammt auf, glũht, shines” , jvalita-ḥ “flammend,
luminous ”, jvalaná -ḥ “ burning, ignitable “, m. “fire”, n. “das Brennen, Lodern ”, jvala-ḥ m.
“light, flame, torch ”, jvülü f. ds.;
mnl. coorts m., M.L.G. korts “fever”??;
Lith. žiūriu ̀ , žiūre ́ti ‘see”, žiūra ̀ “Aussicht, look ”, žiu ̃ ras “Uhu”;
full grade Ltv. zvêrs “funkelnd ”, zvêruot “glow, flash ”.
References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I p. 228.
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ĝ(e)lōu ̯-
English meaning: sister- in-law
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schWester of Gatten ”
Material: Gk. *γάλωFος in Hom. dat. sg. and nom. pl. γαλόῳ, gen. pl. γαλόων, Att. γάλως ,
gen. γάλω “Mannes sister “;
Lat. glōs, glōris “Mannes sister, wife, woman of brothers ” (*ĝlō[u]s);
LateChurch Slavic zъlъva , O.Cz. zelva , Serb. zȁova , Russ. zoɫóvka “Mannes sister “;
perhaps also Arm. tal “Mannes sister “ (for *cal after taigr “Mannes brother “).
Daß Phryg. γέλαρος ἀδελφοῦ γυνή Hes., also γάλλαρος, here belongs, is höchst
doubtful; whether for *γελαFος verschrieben?
After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142b wäre the nichtpalatale guttural through influence of ɫ bedingt,
whereupon also Pol. żeɫw, żoɫwica (*geluu̯ü) besides zeɫw, zoɫwica (*ĝeluu̯ü) “ sister of
Mannes” hinweisen sollen; compare though das under ĝhel- about bSlav. gel- “yellow”
Ausgefũhrte.
Ein Gk. conservative stem *γάλω[ u̯]-ς hat U ̈ bertritt (only the case oblique) in die o-Decl.
erfahren; in Slav. lies ein older ū-stem zьly, gen. zъlъve , before, the with Lat. glōs
compared become could.
References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, Schwyzer Gk. 480.
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gʷā ̆ dh -
English meaning: to sink, submerge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eintauchen, untersinken ”
Material: O.Ind. gü ́ hatē “taucht, dringt ein ”, participle güd ̣ ha -ḥ “deep, strong, tight, firm ”,
güha ́ -ḥ “depth, das Innere ”; with a: gáhana -, gáhvara - “deep, dense ”, n. “depth, abyss,
thicket “, dur-gáha -m “böser place or way” ;
das participle güd ̣ ha ́ - is probably analogical form after roots with O.Ind. h = IE ĝh; güdha ́ -
‘seicht”, m. n. “Untiefe, ford ” is perhaps from an O.Ind. root nouns gü (to IE gʷü- “ gait “) +
dha as “( About )gang gewährend” to define;
Av. acc. pl. vi-güϑō ‘schluchten ” (: O.Ind. vi-güha ́ -) ‘sich eintauchend ”, zero grade guδa -
“depth”;
Gk. β῅σσα, Dor. βᾶσσα (*βᾱθι̯α ) f. “Talgrund, gorge, ravine, gulch ”; βάσσος n. ds.
(*βαθσος), zero grade βυθός, βυσσ ός “depth, Meeresgrund ” with β instead of γ after β῅σσα;
ἄβυσσος “where sich nicht dive läßt, grundlos, depth”, βάθος n. “ depth”; βένθος “ depth”
secondary after πένθος : πάθος;
O.Ir. bü(i)dim “tauche under, drown ”, Welsh boddi “ertränken, ertrinken, ũberfluten” ,
Corn. bedhy , M.Bret. beuziff “ertränken” ; Welsh diffoddi “auslöschen” from * di-spad - (*dī-
eks-bad-).
References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.
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gʷā-, gʷem -
English meaning: to go, come
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gehen, kommen; zur Welt kommen, geboren werden ”
Note:
Root gʷü-, gʷem - : “to go, come ” from zero grade of Root aĝ- (*heĝ-): “to lead, *drive cattle ”.
Material: O.Ind. jí-gü-ti “goes” (= Gk. *βίβησι, compare lak. 3. sg. βίβαντι, Hom. participle
βιβά̄ς “with großen Schritten einhergehend ”, in addition also Hom. βιβάσθων), Aor. á-gü-m
“I kam hin, walked weg ” (Av.Injunkt. güt̃ “er wird hinkommen ”) = Arm. kam ‘stehe”, Gk. ἔβην,
Dor. ἔβᾱν “ I machte mich auf, walked “;
O.Ind. gü ́ tram “limb, member, body ”; gütu ́-ḥ “ gait, way, room, place ”, Av. gütu-š “place,
Liegerstatt, seat, throne ”, O.Pers. güϑu ds.; O.Ind. ví-güman - n. “ footstep “ (pr̥thú -pra-
güman - “weiterschreitend ”; compare gümin - “going”, further formations an o-stem güma -ḥ),
Av. gü-man- n. “ footstep “, O.Ind. güya -m “ footstep “ in uru-güya ́ - “weiterschreitend, wide ”
(of way), Av. güya - (acc. güim ) “ footstep “ (with formants - ya-);
Arm. kam ‘stehe” ( : Gk. ἔβην);
Gk. *βίβησι , βιβά̄ς , ἔβην see above; βηταρμός “Tanz”, βητάρμων “Tänzer” (from *βᾱτος or
*βᾱτᾱ “das Fußaufsetzen” + ἄρμα “Gefũge” ); ἀμφισβητ έω, Ion. ἀμφισβᾱτέω ‘streite” (“after
zwei Seiten auseinandergehend ”), β῅μα n. “ footstep “ changing through ablaut βωμός m.
“Tritt, grade, Gestell, altar ”; infinitive βήμεναι ; βηλός m. “ doorsill “; βέβηλος , Dor. βέβᾱλος ,
kyren. βάβᾱλος “betretbar, ungeweiht ” (contrast from ἄβατος “ immortal, holy ”); zero grade
βέβαιος “certainly” (*good gangbar); βάδην adv. “in footstep “; βάδος m. “way”, βαθμός m.
“grade, threshold, footstep “, βάθρον “ foundation “, ἐμβάτης “Männerschuh” ;
Alb. ngü “I run” (*ga-ni̯ō); Actually (* ga-sni̯ō) nasalized form prevented common Alb. ĝ- >
d- phonetic mutatIon.

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Maybe Alb. ngathtë ‘slow, lazy (walk)” [common Alb. - O.Ir. -s > -th phonetic mutation]
Maybe zero grade in Alb. garë “race” < Rom. goanů “race, battue ”.
Lith. dial. góti “go”; Ltv. güju (preterit to iêt) “I walked “ (places ein present *güi̯ō ahead,
dessen j present formant sein wird), therefrom further gâjums “ gait, row ”; gàita “ gait “ (with
analogical ai, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. S. 678); gütis pl. “Fluglöcher of the bees” ; Lith. próga “
occasion, opportunity, term, deadline (*end of the road) ” (prefix *prō ̆ + gü); Lith. gãtvė “
road, livestock pasture “, Ltv. gatva “way, passage “ are Gmc. Lw.
Perhaps here also Celt. words for “die” (as “fortgehen ”, ἐκ βροτ῵ν β῅ναι), as O.Ir. baĩd
‘stirbt” (*bü-a-ti from *gʷü-), at-bath “died” (*-gʷǝ-t . .), bath “death” = Welsh bad “pest,
pestilence ”, Bret. bad “ anesthetization “, Corn. bad-us “ phrenetical “; O.Ir. büs “death” is
after gnüs “ consuetude “ etc. shaped. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gk. pp. 547, 728 is ein
stem bü ̆ s- not nachzuweisen; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f.
2. gʷem -:
Not thematic *(e)-gʷem -t (> *e-gʷen-t), -gʷm ̥-té, -gʷm-ent in O.Ind. Aor. ágan , gan (g for j
after forms with original * gʷm ̥-, *gʷm-; 1. sg. ágamam ), ágata (*gʷm ̥-), ágman , ágmata ;
gthAv. 3. sg. Inj. uz-jǝ ̄ n, 3. pl. gǝmǝn;
Arm. 3. sg. ekn “er kam” (= O.Ind. ágan ); about die still unklare 1. sg. eki, 3. pl. ekin see
Meillet Esquisse 134 f.;
Gk. βάτην 3. Du., ὑπέρβᾰσαν 3. pl. probably zur root form *gʷü-;
Konj. *gʷemeti in O.Ind. gám-at, -anti , gthAv. jamaiti, jimaiti; Opt. gʷm ̥-i̯ēt in O.Ind.
gamyüt , Av. jamyüt̃ , ap. jamjüh (j for g from forms with lengthened grade IE *gʷem -); O.E.
cyme see under;
thematic: zero grade O.Ind. gámati , Av. jamaiti “goes” (O.Ind. gamáyati “läßt come, fũhrt
herbei”, Av. jümayeiti “bringt zum groin, flank “), zero grade O.Ind. (Opt. Aor.) gamē ́ t ,

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gamē ́ ma , gamemahi , probably also Aor. ágamat ; perf. ja-gü ́ ma “I walked “ (compare Goth.
1. pl. qemum ); Av. frü-ɣmat̃ (gthAv. -gǝmat̃) “er kam hinzu ”, O.Pers. a-gmatü ;
Osc. kúmbened “convenit”, cebnust (from * ce-benust ) “(huc) vēnerit” , Umbr. benust,
benurent “venerit, -int ”; Lat. Konj. advenam (about n for m see under; perhaps with
analogical - en- after den forms as Lat. veniō , ventum , vēnī);
Goth. qiman (preterit qam, 1. pl. qemum: O.Ind. 1. sg. perf. ja-güma ), O.H.G. queman
and (zero grade?) coman = O.E. cuman , O.N. kōma “come”; O.E. Konj. Präter. (older
Optat.) cyme (*gʷem-ī-t);
Toch. A käm-, kum-, В käm-, kam- , śem “come”.
i̯o-present *gʷm-i̯ṓ in Gk. βαίνω “ go” (Fut. βήσομαι etc.), Lat. veniō “come” with very old
alteration from - mi̯- to - ni̯-; after Schwyzer Gk. I 309 could das n also from forms as Av.
jantu (*gʷem -tu-), Arm. ekn (*e-gʷem -t) bezogen sein; to vēnimus stimmt Goth. qemum ;
sk̂o-present *gʷm ̥-skō ́: O.Ind. gácchati , Av. jasaiti “er goes”, Gk. βάσκε “ go! come! ” Toch.
A kumnäš “he comes “, Med. kumnästär , В känmasträ.
Verbaladjektiv: O.Ind. gatá-ḥ “gegangen ”, Av. gata- ds., Gk. βατός “gangbar” (*gʷm ̥-to-s),
Lat. in-ventus .
other nominal formation:
O.Ind. gáti-ḥ f. “ gait “, Av. aiwi-gati- “das Herbeikommen = Eintreten, Beginnen ”, Gk.
βάσις f. “ footstep; base ” (*gʷm ̥-ti-s), Lat. con-venti- ō “Zusammenkunft ”, Goth. gaqumÞs
“Zusammenkunft ” (*-gʷm ̥-tis), O.N. samkund f. ds., O.H.G. cumft , Ger. Ankunft ; O.Ind.
gántu -ḥ m. “ gait, way ”, Lat. adventus, - ūs “Ankunft”; Goth. qums “Ankunft” (*gʷem-is), O.E.
cyme , O.H.G. cumi ; O.Ind. gamya- “wohin man go kann or soll ”, Osc. kúmbennieís gen.
“conventūs” ; O.H.G. biquümi “bequem” (compare “bekömmlich” ), O.E. gecwēme “pleasant,
fitting”, O.N. kvæ ̄ mr “zum Kommen berechtigt or imstande ”; kvüma f. “Kommen, Besuch ”,
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Toch. A kum-, AB kam-, A käm -, В śem- “come”, A kumnǝs ̣ , Med. kumnǝs ̣ tǝr “ comes “,
A kakmu, В kekamu “gekommen ”.
With a meaning- development “(zur Welt) come ” = “ born become ”:
Av. ni-jümayeinti ‘sie bringen zum Gebären” (*ni-jüma - “birth”);
Gk. ἐ-βάθη ἐγεννέθη Hes.;
albO.N. pre-gjim “Gastmahl by the Erstgeburt ”;
Lith. gemù , gim̃ti “ born become ” = Ltv. dzemu, dzìmt ds., Lith. gìmstu (to Akzent see
Schulze KZ. 45, 230) = Ltv. dzìmstu ds., Lith. gimine ̃ “ family “, gỹmis “birth”, gãmas
“Angeborenes ”, causative gamìnti “Kinder erzeugen, Vieh zũchten” , Ltv. dzìmts
“angeboren, erbgehörig, leibeigen” , dzìmša “birth” = O.Pruss. gimsenin acc. sg. “birth”,
O.Pruss. gemton “ to give birth to children “, gemmons participle perf. “ born “.
References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 134 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 309, 689, 7423, 7072,
Trautmann 76, Pedersen Toch. 170 ff., 221, 234.
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gʷedh -
English meaning: to push, hit, harm
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, verletzen, zerstören”
Material: O.Ind. gandh- “bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy ” (by Grammatikern), gandhá -ḥ
m. ‘smell, odor, Duft ”, Av. gantay - “ fetidness “, M.Pers. gand “ fetidness “, O.Pers. gasta-
“eklig, unsavory, distasteful ”, afgh. ɣandal “ disgust, repulsion, loathing feel ”, Bal. gandag
“evil, bad ”. (Zur meaning development “bump, poke, prick ” > ‘smell, odor ” compare e.g.
O.H.G. stinkan ‘smell, stink ” against Goth. stigqan “zusammenstoßen” and Gk. κνίση
“Fettdampf ” compared with O.Ice. hnīta “bump, poke, prick ”.)
Gk. δέννος “ vituperation, Schande ” (*gʷendhno -); after Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65 here
φθόνος m. “ envy “ (present *φθένω from * gʷdh-en-);
about M.H.G. quetsen, quetschen “hit, bump, poke, squeeze ” s. Kluge s. v. quetschen ;
Lith. gendù, gésti “damage nehmen, spoil, zugrunde go ”, gadinù , gadìnti ‘spoil,
beschädigen, stören” , pagadas “ruin”, Ltv. ǵinstu , ǵint “zugrunde go ”.
References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 38, 143.
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gʷeid(h) -
English meaning: mud
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlamm, halbflũssiger Schmutz” ?
Material: Gk. δεῖσα “ filth, slime, mud ” (*gʷeidh-i̯a or -sa, or *gʷeid -s-a); perhaps O.N. kveisa
f. ‘swelling, blister, swelling, lump, growth ”, M.L.G. quēse “Blutblase ”, besides Nor. kvisa ,
Swe. kvissla ds.;
O.C.S. židъkъ ‘succosus”, Russ. etc. žídkij “dũnnflũssig; soft, pliable” .
References: WP. I 671.
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gʷei-1
English meaning: to cry, weep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klagen, jammern ”?
Note: Außerhalb of Germanischen only uncertain Vergleiche; probably onomatopoeic.
Material: Goth. qainōn “weep, cry, grieve “, O.N. kveina “ lament”, O.E. cwünian “ wail, sad
sein”, O.N. kveinka “ wail, lament ” and with other derivative O.Ice. st. Verb. kvīða ‘sich
ängstigen” , kvīða f. “ a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm “, kvīði
m. ds.; O.E. cwīðan , schw. Verb. “ wail, bemoan “, O.S. quīðian “lament”;
hieran remind formal Lith. gíedu and gíestu , giedóti ‘sing, crow “, etc., die to the only in
den Satem-Sprachen belegten root * gēi- ‘sing” belong (see there); is the not
zusammenstimmenden meaning because of dubious.
Maybe Alb. kujë “wailing”, kujtim “memory (of the dead?) ”, kujtoj “remember ”
References: WP. I 665 f.
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gʷei̯ǝ -
English meaning: to prevail, be mighty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ũberwältigen, Gewalt, gewaltsam niederdrũcken “
Material: O.Ind. jyü ́, jiyü ́ f. “Übergewalt” (= Gk. βίᾱ), jyü ́ na -m, jyünī-ḥ “Bedrũckung” , jyü ́ yün
“mächtiger, ũberlegener” , jyéṣṭha -, jyeṣṭhá- “mächtigst, stärkst” ; jáyati (perf. jigü ́ ya ) “ersiegt,
besiegt” (Av. Inf. jayüi, full grade I the root, “to defeat, conquer ”), jayiṣnu - “ victorious “,
jēta ́ r- “ersiegend, besiegend ”; jinü ́ ti (Fut. jyüsyati , Pass, jīya ́ te , participle jīta ́-) “ũberwältigt,
oppressed ”; jígīṣati “will defeat, conquer, ersiegen ” ( : Av. jijišaiti ‘seeks for sich to erlangen,
ausfindig to make ”), jigyú- “ victorious “;
O.Ind. jinüti stands for also “um etwas bringen ”, jyüni-ḥ also “ reduction, loss ” and is so
zugleich the Fortsetzer the palatal anlaut. root from Av. zinüt̃ ‘schädigt” , O.Pers. adinüt
“brachte worum, nahm weg ”, participle perf. pass. dīta-, Av. zyünü , zyüni - f. ‘schädigung” ,
Inf. zyünüi “to harm”, Bal. zinaɣ “an sich reißen, hastig gripe, with Gewalt wegnehmen”
(außerarische equivalent not bekannt);
Maybe Alb.Gheg za “gripe, capture ”, Gheg me u zane ̈ , Tosc zihem “quarrel”
Gk. βίᾱ “force, might ” (= O.Ind. jiyü ́), βιάω, βιάζω “zwinge”, βίαιος “gewalttätig” , Αντίδιος
probably = Αντίβιος ; βῑνεῖν “futuere”, ζάει βινεῖ Hes. “vergewaltigen ” (whereas βῑνεῖν from a
participle * βῑ-νό-ς = O.Ind. jī-na-, Gramm. , abzuleiten wäre ); after Lide ́ n IF . 19, 328 with
Pers. güyad “futuit”, Inf. güdan , gün, from a root *gʷüi - or (?) *gʷōi -, die only by latter
rudiment with gʷei- as lengthened grade the o-gradation at most theoretisch compatible
wäre;
with gʷei̯ǝ - “niederzwingen ” shine, appear, seem also following words for ‘schwächen,
enfeeble ”, Intr. pass. “zusammengehen, altern, hinschwinden ” originally
zusammenzugehören:

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O.Ind. jinüti also “altert”, jyüni-ḥ “Altersschwäche” , ájyüni -ḥ “Unvergänglichkeit” , jīna-
“aged, old ”, á-jīta- “unversehrt, unverwelkt ”, á-jīti-ḥ “Unversehrtheit ”, jívri- “old, fragile, easily
broken; unstable, dilapidated, hilflos ”, Av. jyü-, present jinüiti ‘schwächt” , ajyamna- ‘sich
nicht vermindernd, unversieglich ”, wherefore M.H.G. verquīnen , preterit quein
“hinschwinden ”, O.E. cwīnan, ü -cwīnan , preterit cwün “hinschwinden, abate, kränkeln” ,
extended O.E. cwincan, ücwincan “ disappear, abate “ (Kaus. with ablaut neologism
ücwencan , Eng. quench “löschen” ), and with m-forms wfäl. kwīmen “kränkeln” , kwīmelig
“verweichlicht ”.
From dem Gmc. shine, appear, seem in beiden Bedeutungsfärbungen anreihbar:
O.N. kveita “ũberwältigen” (d-present); s-extensions M.L.G. quisten “ perish lassen,
verschwenden ”, quist “damage, loss ”, mnl. quisten “terere, atterere, friare ”, Goth. qistjan
‘spoil”, O.H.G. quist f. “Vernichtung ”, archwistan, firquistan ‘spoil, destroy ”, O.E. cwíesan
“zerquetschen ”, Jũt. kwīs “press, auspressen ”, Mod.Ice. kveisa “Bauchgrimmen ”
(“*Zwicken ”); Nor. kveisa “verkũmmertes creature” , kvisla “hinschwinden ”; g-extension
(gebrocheneReduplikation?) Fris. kwīke , kwikken “ pinch, tweak, nip “, in the meaning
abgeschwächt in Pruss. queicheln “hätscheln” .
References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 300, 694.
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gʷei̯-3 and gʷei̯ǝ - : gʷ(i)i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯ō- : gʷī- frequent, often with
-u- extended
English meaning: to live
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leben”
Material: A. from *gʷei̯ō :
O.Ind. jīvütu -ḥ “life” (see under), gáya -ḥ “house, courtyard, Hauswesen ” (see under);
Av. jiɣaēsa “du sollst leben ” (2. sg. present Med., or themat. 2. sg. Opt. for * jigüyaēša );
jījišǝnti (originally Desiderativ) ‘sie erquicken, nähren” , jaya- m. “Anregung ”; gayō m. “life,
Lebenszeit, Lebensfũhrung” (= O.Ind. gáya -ḥ “house and courtyard, Hauswesen ” = Russ.
goj “peace; salvation! ”); Av. gaēϑü, O.Pers. gaiϑü “entity, house and courtyard “;
Arm. keam “lebe” (*gʷiyü -ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.
Gk. Hom. βέομαι “I werde leben ” (*βει̯εσομαι ; Schwyzer Gk. I 780, 7881);
Lith. gajùs “light healing ”; Lith. gyjù, gūti (*gīti-) “aufleben, sich erholen, heil become ” (in
addition į-gūti- “erlangen ”, actually ‘sich hineinleben ”), Ltv. dzît “heal, cure; heil become ”,
gūdau “heal”, Ltv. dziêdêt “heal, cure ” (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 559), O.C.S. žiti “leben”
(present živo ̨ see under); in addition O.C.S. žitь “life” (*gʷītis ), pa-žitь “νομή , χόρτος,
λειμών”;
Slav. *gojь “das life” (*gʷoi̯o -s) in aRuss. goj “peace”, old Ser.-Cr. gôj ds., O.Cz. hoj
“fullness, wealth ” (: O.Ind. gáya -ḥ), causative Slav. * gojiti “leben make ”, Ser.-Cr. gòjiti “
care, mästen” , etc.;
Toch. В śai- “leben”, Van Windekens Lexique 127.
*gʷi̯ō- in:
Av. -jyüiti- f. (in compounds) “life”, jyütuš gen., jyütum acc. “life” (in O.Ind. wurde these
*jyü-tu-ḥ after jīvati to jīvü ́ tu -ḥ);

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ep. Ion. ζώω, gort. δώ ω “lebe” (from *ζω-ι̯ω, IE *gʷi̯ō-i̯ō), Aor. ἐβίων ( *gʷii̯ō-m with vokal. i,
das presumably through βιόω gestũtzt wurde), Att. ζ῵, ζῆς, ζῆ (*ζηι̯ει, IE *gʷi̯ē-), ζωός
“lebendig ”, ζώη “life”, ζῶον “ animal”; Gk. ὑγιής “fit, healthy ” (*su-gʷii̯ēs “wohllebend ”);
*gʷī- (besides in baltosl. * gīti-, see above) in Av. yavaē -jī- “fortwährend lebend” , Av. jīti- f.
“life”, O.Ind. jīra ́- “agile, lively, rash, hasty ”, Av. jīra- “lebhaft from Verstand, sly, cunning ”;
O.Pruss. geits “bread”, O.C.S. žito “ corn, grain “.
Maybe Alb.Gheg gja “thing, property ” : O.Pers. gaiϑü “entity, house and courtyard “;
*gʷĭ- in Celt. *bitu- , O.Ir. bith (gen. betho ), Welsh byd, Bret. bed “world”;
maybe Alb. (*gʷei̯ō -të )botë “world” common Celt. - Illyr. gʷ- . b- phonetic mutatIon.
Gaul. Bitu-rīges , i.e. “people of Weltkönigs” (compare die similar meaning from Av. gaēϑü );
besides zero grades IE *gʷeito - in Welsh bwyd “eat”, O.Corn. buit “dish, food ”, O.Bret.
boitolion “esciferis”, Bret. boed “nourishment, food ”; das disyllabic O.Ir. biad, gen. biid
“nourishment, food, dish, food ” (previous *biveto-m ).
With IE g-suffix (gʷī̆g-): O.H.G. quëh and quëk , gen. quëckes “lebendig ”, Ger. keck,
Swiss check ‘strong, tight, firm ” (kk from a form with kw as M.H.G. quicken “erquicken” ),
O.E. cwicu , cucu “lebendig ”, O.N. kvikr, kykr (acc. kykkvan ) “lebendig ”, also Ger. Quecke ,
O.E. cwice “Hundegras ” (from the außerordentlichen Lebens - and Keimkraft the Pflanze);
Ltv. dzîga “life” (as dzîve ds.), dzîguôt “leben” (as dzîvuôt ds.).
Lat. vigēre “lebenskräftig sein” from vegēre to separate, seems unberechtigt. Wood KZ.
45, 68 reiht an N.. kvikr etc. also viele Gmc. words for lebhafte Bewegung aller kind of an,
so besides O.N. kveikja “beleben, kindle, inflame ”, with other Weiterbildungen O.E.
cwiferlīce adv. “keen, eager ”, Eng. quiver “agile, lively, hurtig ”, Fris. kwistern “wedeln,
schwänz eln”, kwispeln ‘sich rasch and unruhig hin and her bewegen ”, Swe. dial. kvīd
“throw”, Jũt. kwīðǝr “alert, awake, smart ”.
B. from *gʷi̯ōu -, gʷīu ̯-:

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with ī: O.Ind. jīva ́- “lebendig, m. life ”, O.Pers. jīva-, Av. jva- (i.e. jīva-) “lebendig ” =
Lat.vīvus ds., Osc. bivus pl. “vivi”, Welsh biw, Corn. biw “Hornvieh ” (“*Lebendvieh ”), Lith.
gūvas , Ltv. dzîvs , O.C.S. živъ “lebendig ”;
with ĭ: Gk. βίος “life” (*gʷi-u̯-os), Goth. qius “lebendig ” (gaqiunan “ἀναζ῅ν”), air, biu, beo,
Welsh byw, Bret. beo, Corn. byw, bew “lebendig ” (therefrom Celt. * bivo-tūt-s in O.Ir. bethu ,
gen. bethad = Welsh bywyd “life”);
with k-suffix: Lat. vīvüx “lebenskräftig, langlebig” , similar formation with Lith. gyvókas
“lebendig ”, entfernter O.Ind. jīvaka - ds.;
with t-suffix: 1. with ī: O.Ind. jīvita-m “ life, living being etc. ”, Lith. gyvatà “life,
Lebensunterhalt, Bauerngut ” = Lat. vīta “life” (*gʷīu ̯ otü ) and O.C.S. životъ m. “life”, O.Ind.
jīvatha -ḥ;
Maybe abbreviated Alb. (*jīvita-m) jeta “life” : O.Ind. jīvita-m “ life” : Av. jīti- f. “life”.
2. with ĭ: βιοτή, masc. βίοτος; “ Lebensatem etc. ”;
with oi: Lith. gaivùs “alert, awake, smart, lebendig ”;
verbal derivative: O.Ind. jī́vati, Av. jvaiti (i.e. jīvaiti ) “lebt”, ap. jīvü “lebe!” = Lat. vivō,
O.C.S. živo ̨ “lebe” (Inf. žiti see above), extended Lith. gyvenù “lebe”; O.Ind. jinvati , prá-jinōs ̣ i
“lebendig sein, sich erregen; anregen, beleben, erquicken ”.
References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction7 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gk. I
298, 300, 330, 5014, 6756, Trautmann 75 f.
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gʷelbh -
English meaning: womb; young of animal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gebärmutter; Tierjunges”
Material: O.Ind. gárbha -ḥ, Av. garǝwa - “womb, Leibesfrucht ”, gǝrǝbuš n. “Tierjunges ”;
O.Ind. sá-garbhya -ḥ “eodem utero natus ” (= Gk. ἀδελφεός ds.);
Gk. δελφύς, -ύος f., Dor. δελφύᾱ “ womb, uterus ” (see under); *δέλφος n. ds. as base
from ἀδελφεός ( Hom. ) “couterinus, brother “ (*ἁ-δελφε[σ] -ός), next to which Att. ἀδελφός
ds.; δέλφαξ m. f. “ piglet”, δελφί̄ς, -ί̄νος m. “ Delphin”, δολφός ἡ μήτρα Hes.; Specht ( IE Decl.
268) reconstructs from Gk. ἀδελιφ -ήρ ἀδελφός. Λάκωνες (Hes.) eine originally root *gʷel -;
the - us-stem kehrt again in O.H.G. kilbur n., chilburra f. “Mutterlamm ”, O.E. cilforlamb ds.
(besides of es-stem O.H.G. kilbira ds. and - with gradation о after o-stem as δολφός,
gárbha -ḥ - Ger. Kalb, see above S. 359 under * gel-, *gelebh- “ clench “), die auf pure
velaren anlaut weisen (as Gaul.-Lat. galba and Goth. kil-Þei “womb” etc.). Es lie various,
but lautähnliche and hence gegenseitiger Beeinflussung ausgesetzte Sippen before:
*gʷelbh -, *gʷerebh -, and from gel- extended bh-forms, die but in Gmc. presumably through
absorption from gʷelbh -forms deren stem formation and spezifische meaning ũbernommen
have.
References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gk. I 295.
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gʷel-1
English meaning: to stick; pain, death
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. ‘stechen”; 2. “(stechender) Schmerz, Qual, Tod ”
Material: 1. Gk. δέλλιθες “Wespen”, Hes.; βελόνη f. “cusp, peak, needle ”, ὀξυβελής ὀιστός
Hom.; but βέλος n. “Geschoß” probably rather to βάλλω, s. about den sekundären
Zusammenschluß with latter family under 2. gʷel- “herabträufeln; throw” ; uber ὀβελός,
ὀβολός , ark. Dor. ὀδελός “cusp, peak, Bratspieß, Mũnze” s. Schwyzer Gk. I 295;
Bal.-Slav. * geli̯eti “es sticht, schmerzt ” in:
Lith. gélti “prick”, uPers. “ache”, gìlti “to ache begin “, geluõ , geluonìs ‘sting, prick ”, Giltine ̃
“ Todesgöttin, death “ , gãlas m. “end, death, bottom, stretch, Stũck” and gėlа̀ “pain” (= Ger.
Qual ), Ltv. gals “cusp, peak, end, region ”, dzel̂t “prick”; O.Pruss. acc. gallan , voc. golis m.
“death”, gallintwei ‘slay”, ablaut. gulsennin acc. “pain”;
R.C.S. žele ̌ jo ̨ , žele ̌ ti “ mourn “, O.Cz. želeti “ bemoan “, O.C.S. želja f. “affliction”, ablaut.
O.C.S. žalь f. “pain”, aRuss. žalь ds., Russ. žalь f. “ pity”, dial. “grave, graveyard “, etc.;
maybe Alb. (*želja) zija “famine, mourning, dressed in black ” [common Alb. gʷ- > z- phonetic
mutation]
the pure physical meaning “ pricking, pointed “ presumably also in Arm. ciuɫ “twig,
branch, finger ” (from e before ɫ), in Alb. glisht “finger” (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36,
125, whereupon at first from * glen-st-; Brugmann IF . 11, 286 Anm. had compared βλῑμάζω “
touch, feel, grope “), Alb. Gk. glimp (gjëmp , gjëmbi ) “thorn” (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);
Note:
Alb. shows that Root gʷis-ti-s : “finger” derived from Root gʷel-1 : “to stick; pain, death ”
but M.Eng. quille , Eng. quill “Federkiel, Weberspule, Speiler an a barrel, vat, cask, sting,
prick an Igels ”, M.H.G. kil, Ger. Federkiel (warum w geschwunden?), West fäl. kwiǝle

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deriving because of mrhein. Keil “keel, wedge “ (M.H.G. * kīl) probably einer i-root, whether
not folk etymology Entstellungen through influence of M.H.G. M.L.G. kīl “wedge” and
M.H.G. kiel ‘ship” vorliegen.
2. With the meaning “pain - Pein - death ”:
Arm. keɫem “peinige” (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);
O.Ir. at-baill ‘stirbt” (ess + baln- from *gʷl̥̄-n- with prefixedem Objektspronomen “es”;
nevertheless barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as “es, namely das Leben, fortwerfen ” to ἐκ-
βάλλω , da die Bedeut. “die” also out of Celt. wiederkehrt; compare also Corn. bal “pestis”,
Welsh aballu (*ad-ballu ), ballu “die” (*gʷl̥̄-n-), ad-feilio (*ate- bal- from *gʷel-) ds.;
perhaps Lat. vallessit “perierit” (setzte, as das Celt. verb, a present *gʷal -nō ahead;
different EM2 1129);
O.H.G. O.S. quelan, qual “Pein leiden ”, O.E. cwelan “die”; O.N. kvelia “ afflict “, O.S.
quellian , O.H.G. quellen ds., O.E. cwellan ‘slay”; O.N. kvǫl f. “ torment, pain, agony ”, O.E.
civalu “killing, violent murder ”; O.S. quüla “ agony, torture “, O.H.G. qualü ds., “violent
death”, Ger. Qual (lengthened grade as Lith. gėlà, O.C.S. žalь); O.H.G. , O.S. qualm “
death. devastation “, O.E. cwealm ds., Swe. kvalm “ abrupt indisposition, minor illness ,
nausea “; O.E. cwield “death” (gʷel-tī-), cwieldtīd “Abendzeit (*end of day ”), O.H.G.
quiltiwerk “Abendarbeit ”, O.N. kveld n. (*gʷel-tó-) “evening”.
About “Anlautvarianten ” (probably bestenfalls rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy
KZ. 40, 420.
References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff.
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gʷel-2, gʷelǝ -, gʷlē -
English meaning: to drip, flow; to throw
Deutsche Übersetzung: a) “herabträufeln, ũberrinnen, quellen” ; b) “werfen”, presumably to
vereinigen under “fallen lassen ”, intr. “herabfallen ”
Note: after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong though a) and b) variant verbs O.N.
Material: a) O.Ind. gálati “träufelt herab, fällt herab, verschwindet” , galitá -ḥ “ vanished,
gewichen ”, Kaus. gülayati “gießt ab, makes flow, seiht ab” ; O.Ind. galana- “träufelnd,
rinnend” (Lex.), n. “das Träufeln, Rinnen” = ga-rana-m (Gramm.);
Gk. βαλανεύς “Bademeister ”, βαλανεῖον ‘spa, bath ” (> Lat. balneum ); βλύω, βλύζω
“quelle hervor ” (formation after φλύω), βλύδιον “ humid, wet ” Hes., and from the family of
βάλλω in similar meaning ἀμβολάδην “ aufsprudelnd (of water) ”, Δέλλοι ‘springquell by
Eryke”, compare also εἰς ἅλα βάλλειν “mũnden” ;
O.H.G. quellan (quall ) ‘spring up, bubble, to swell ” (ll probably from ln), O.E. (ge)collen
‘swollen”, O.H.G. quella , Ger. Quelle , M.L.G. qualm (“*hervorquellendes ” =) “fume, smoke,
vapor, smoke ”, older Dan. kval “vapor, haze, mist ”; Ger. Qualle , Dutch kwal, kwalle
“Meduse”.
In vermittelnder meaning (perhaps from “in sich zusammenfallen ”) O.Ind. glü-ti, glü ́ yati
“fũhlt sich erschöpft, is querulous, schwindet” , participle glüna ́ -, glüna -m, glüni -ḥ
“Erschöpfung, Abnahme” , Kaus. glü ̆ pa ́ yati “erschöpfen, jmd. zusetzen; in Verfall come
lassen”?
b) Av. niɣrüire ‘sie become herabgeschleudert ” (ni-gar-);
Gk. βάλλω “throw, cast, treffe ” (*gʷeln-ṓ), zero grade ark. ἐσδέλλοντες = ἐκβάλλοντες ,
ζέλλειν βάλλειν Hes., Aor. βαλεῖν , perf. βέ-βλη-κα, Aor. ἔβλην “erhielt einen Schuß, wurde

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getroffen ”, ἔβλητο , βλητός ; βλ῅μα “Wurf”, βολή , βόλος m. ds., βολίς , -ίδος “Wurfgeschoß” ,
βέλος , βέλε-μνον “Geschoß” , ΏΕκατη -βελέ-της;
from dem Celt. perhaps Welsh blif “catapulta ” (*gʷlē -mo-, compare Gk. βλ῅-μα); about
O.Ir. at-baill ‘stirbt” s. gʷel- “prick”;
Toch. AB klü- “fall”, Van Windekens Lexique 40.
With a meaning development ‘sich in Geiste auf etwas throw, βάλλεσθαι ἐν θυμῶ , μετὰ
φρεοί” places man to βάλλω also (?) die Gk. family of βούλομαι “will” (*βολσομαι , Konj. of s-
Aor. to βάλλω ); βουλή, Dor. βωλά : f. “Entschluß, Ratschlag” ; but Thess. βελλόμενος , Dor.
δηλ- from *gʷelso -; here also βάλε “walte god! ”.
References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gk. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.
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gʷel-3, gʷ el-, gʷlā -
English meaning: acorn; oak?
Deutsche Übersetzung: probably ursprũnglich “ Eiche”
Note: only in derivatives with the meaning “ acorn “ receive (after Specht IE Decl. 60 f.
previous noun gʷel-s, secondary gʷl̥̄-s, gen. gʷel-ós)
Material: Arm. kaɫin, gen. kaɫnoi “ acorn “ (*gʷеl(ǝ)-eno-, das ɫ from dem gen.); kaɫni “oak”;
Gk. βάλανος m. “ acorn “ (gʷel-ǝno-);
urBalt *gīls (*gʷl̥̄-s), gen. *gīle ́ s, worfrom * gīlii̯ü in Ltv. (d)zīle , Lith. gylė̃, and *gĭlii̯a in Lith.
gìlė “ acorn “, O.Pruss. gile “ acorn, oak ”;
extension -n-d- in:
Lat. glüns, glandis f. “ acorn “;
Lith. giléndra , giléndrė “reiche Ernte an Frũchten (originally Eicheln” );
R.C.S. želudь (Slav. *želo ̨ dъ ) m. “ acorn “, Ser.-Cr. že ̏ lu ̂ d m., Russ. žo ́ ludь m. ds.
References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Decl. 60 f.,
173, 230.
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gʷer(ǝ) -4
English meaning: to raise the voice; praise
Deutsche Übersetzung: “die Stimme erheben ”, especially “loben, preisen, willkommen
heißen” , but also ‘scold, chide; jammern ”
Material: O.Ind. gr̥ṇǘti , gr̥ṇītḗ “ sings, lobt, preist, kũndigt an” (Fut. gariṣyati , Abs.
abhigū ́ rya ), sam-giratē “gelobt, verspricht ”, gurátē “begrũßt” , gī́r f., gen. giráḥ “Lob, song “,
Av. gar-, aibi-gǝrǝnte “ praise, lobend einstimmen ”, garo gen. f. “Lob, Preis; Loblied ”
(=O.Ind. giráḥ ), garah- n. “Lob, Preislied ”, aibi-jarǝtay - “Preisgesang ”, aibi-jarǝtar -
“Lobpreiser ” = O.Ind. jaritár - “Anrufer, Sänger, Preiser” , Av. *ü-gra- “zustimmend ” in
ügrǝmati - “zustimmenden Sinnes ”; O.Ind. gūrtí-ḥ f. “Lob” = Lat. grütēs pl. f. “ gratitude “ (in
addition grütia “Annehmlichkeit, Wohlgefälligkeit, grace, gratitude “ ), O.Ind. gūrta ́ -ḥ “
welcome “ = Lat. grütus “compliant, dankenswert, dankbar ”; Osc. brateis “ favor, esteem,
regard, liking, love, friendship, partiality; thankfulness, gratitude, acknowledgment “, βρατωμ
“ a service, office, post, employment, function, duty; burden, tribute; a service, favor,
kindness; present, gift “, pälign. bratom ;
here Gaul.-Lat. bardus “ bard “, O.Ir. bard, Welsh bardd ds. ( *gʷr̥̄-d(h)o-s );
Alb. gërshás , grish “zur Hochzeit einladen ”; Also Alb. gërthas ‘scream”
Maybe Alb.Gheg gërshanë ‘scissors”, gërshet “braid, tress, plait, queue, tail, plat ”
Lith. giriù, gìrti “praise, laud, vaunt “, Ltv. dzir̃tiês ‘sich rũhmen” , O.Pruss. girtwei “praise,
laud”, pogirrien acc. sg. “Lob”, also Lith. gẽras “good” and O.C.S. granъ (*gornos ) “ formula,
verse” (u likewise, see Berneker 332).
With b- extended: Lith. ger̃bti “honour”, garbe ̃ “honour”, O.Pruss. gerbt , gērbt ‘speak”,
gīrbin “number”; O.N. karp “ boastfulness “ beweist not for ursprũngliches g in this b-

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extension gʷer-b-, da es from dem equal meaning garp through hybridization with
onomatopoeic words with Gmc. k- in anlaut reshaped seinwird.
With dh-extension perhaps here (see above Gaul. bardus ) Arm. kardam “erhebe die
voice”, Lith. ger̃das “clamor, Botschaft ”, iš-gir̃sti “to hear bekommen ”, girde ́ti “hear”, gar̃sas “
clangor “, O.Pruss. gerdaut ‘say”, Ltv. dzìrdêt “hear”, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 552 with Lith.
maybe Alb. (*gar̃sas ) gërthas > thëras ‘scream” : Lith. gar̃sas “ clangor “.
With in malam partem gewendeter English meaning:
Gk. δειριᾶν λοιδορεῖσθαι. Λάκωνες; δειρεῖοι λοίδοροι. οἱ αὐτοί; δερίαι λοιδορίαι Hes. (i.e.
probably δηρ - from *gʷer-s-);
O.H.G. queran ‘sigh”.
Compared with den similar onomatopoeic words ger-, ĝü̆r- is not everywhere eine
sichere separation possible; yet is for die here under gʷer- combined words the Begriff the
gehobenen A ̈ ußerung unverkennbar , bis auf die darum not certainly anzugliedernd e dh-
extensIon.
References: WP. I 686 f., WH. I 583, 619 f., Trautmann 88 f.
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gʷer-1, gʷerǝ -
English meaning: to devour; throat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verschlingen, Schlund ”
Material: 1. O.Ind. giráti, giláti, gr̥ṇǘti “devours” (Fut. gariṣyati , participle gīrn ̣ a ́ -
“verschlungen ”; -gír (in compounds) “verschlingend ”, -gara- ds. ( aja-gara- “Ziegen
verschlingend, Boa ” :Gk. δημο -βόρος , Lat. carni-vorus , Gk. βορός “ voracious “), gará-ḥ
“Trank”, gala-ḥ “throat”(perhaps zur parallel root *g(ʷ)el - “verschlingen ”), tuvi-gri- , -gra- “viel
verschlingend ”;
Av. jaraiti ‘schluckt”, -gar (in compounds) “verschlingend ” (aspō -gar- “horse v.”), f. pl.
“throat, neck “, Pers. gulū “throat”, Av. garǝman - “throat, neck “;
Arm. ker “dish, food, food fed to livestock “, kur ds. (*gʷur-), eker “aß”, kokord “throat”
(also krcum “ gnaw “?? Pedersen KZ. 39, 427);
Alb. ngranë “ eaten “;
Gk. βορά f. “ food fed to livestock, dish, food ” (= Lat. * vorü, whereof vorüre), βορός (see
above), βιβρώσκω “ consume ”, Hom. Opt. perf. βεβρώθοις; βρ῵μα, βρώμη, βρ῵σις “ dish,
food”, βρωτή ρ “ trencherman “; βρω - kann also from * gʷr̥̄- originated sein (Schwyzer Gk. I
361);
Gk. βάραθρον, Hom. βέρεθρον, ark. ζέρεθρον, δέρεθρον “ gullet”;
Alb. zorrë “ bowel “, pl. “ intestines, entrails ” (“*food fed to livestock, Geschlinge ”) from
*gʷērnü , in addition zgurdhë (*dz-guorda) “ intestines, entrails ”, ánger (r), angúrrë (*a-n-gʷor-
nü) ds., Jokl Me ́ l . Pedersen 139 ff.;
Note:

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Maybe Alb. zorrë “bowel”, pl. “ intestines, entrails ” didn”t derive from Root gʷer-1, gʷerǝ - : to
devour; throat; but from Root ĝher-5, ĝhor-nü : bowels. [common Alb. ĝh- > z- phonetic
mutation].
Lat. vorō, -üre (see above) “verschlingen ”, vorügo “gullet”, carni -vorus ;
O.Ir. túarae “dish, food ” (*to-gʷr-ii̯ü?), M.Welsh breuad “Totenwurm ”, breuan “Aaskrähe”
(Proto-Celt. *brüvato -, *brüvanü after Fick II4 181; *brü = Gk. βρω-?);
O.H.G. querdar “Lockspeise, bait ” (*kver-Þra-), Ger. “bait”; O.Ice. krüs f. “ tidbit “ (*gʷrē -
so-);
Bal.-Slav. * girō and *gerō ‘schlinge” in:
Lith. geriù , gérti, Ltv. dzeŕu , dzer̂t “drink” (Balt *geri̯ō reshaped from Bal.-Slav. * gerō),
ablaut. Lith. ge ̃ris m. “Trinken, Trunk ” and girà f. “Getränk” ; Kaus. Lith. gìrdyti , Ltv. dzir̂dît
“tränken” ;
Slav. *žьr-ǫ, žerti in O.C.S. pоžъro, požre ̌ ti , Sloven. požre ̀ m , požre ̣́ti , O.Cz. požru požřieti
“verschlingen ”, besides Slav. *žero ̨ , žьrati in Cz. žeru, žra ́ ti “ devour “, compare Russ.
požra ́ tь “auffressen ”;
Bal.-Slav. participle perf. pass. *gīrta - in Lith. gìrtas “betrunken ”: O.C.S. požrъtъ
“devoratus ” (*gr̥̄-to-, compare O.Ind. gīrn ̣ a ́ - “verschlungen ”);
Bal.-Slav. gurtla- n. “craw, throat ” in:
O.Pruss. gurcle f. “ gullet “, Lith. gurklỹs m. “craw, Adamsapfel ”;
Maybe Alb. (*gurk- ) grykë “throat”
Slav. *gъrdlo n. in R.C.S. grъlo “throat”, Ser.-Cr. gȑlo “ neck, gullet “, Pol. gardɫo ds.,
Russ. gorɫo ds., besides Slav. *žьrdlo in R.C.S. vozopi žerlom “exclamavit voce ” and Clr.
žo ́ rlo “ riverbed “; as well as Slav. *žerdlo in Sloven. žre ̣́lo “Rachen, gullet ”; aRuss. žerelo
“Flußmũndung” ;
Maybe Alb. grellë “deep place, abyss ”

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Balt -gara- “verschlingend ” in Lith. pra-garas “abyss, hell ”, Ltv. pragars “ wolverine “
(compare above O.Ind. -gara- “verschlingend ”, Gk. βορός “ voracious “, Lat. carni -vorus
“fleischfressend ”).
2. With voller or fractured reduplication:
O.Ind. gárgara -ḥ “gullet, whirlpool ”; Intens. ni-galgalīti, ni -jalgulīti “devours”, participle
járgurüṇa -;
Lat. gurguliō (-ur- as in Balt-Slav. ) “ gullet, windpipe “, gurges “(gullet =) whirlpool, whirl,
deep Gewässer” , gurgustium (suffix after angustiae ) “ärmliches hole as cottage or Kneipe” ;
O.H.G. quer(e)kela, querka “ gullet “, O.N. kverk (*gʷergü ) “craw, whereof O.Fris. querka ,
O.N. kyrkia “erwũrgen” ;
Lith. gargaliúoju “röchle, gluckse” ; after Specht KZ. 59, 1101 here Lith. gvr̃ĩgšti , gvaržde ́ti
“hoarse sein ”, Ltv. gver̂g (z)dêt “creak, babble, chatter “; s. above WH. I 628;
3. With formants -u̯ü-:
Gk. Att. δέρη, Ion. δειρή , Lesb. δερρᾶ:, δέρα, Dor. δήρα “ neck, nape “ (*gʷer-u̯ü);
due to an ī-Femininums *gʷ(e)rī : *gʷrīu ̯ ü “ neck, Schlundgegend ” in:
O.Ind. grīvü ́ f., Av. grīvü “ nape “, Ltv. grīva “Flußmũndung; Dreieckland between
Flũssen” , grĩvis “langes grass ”;
O.C.S. griva “Mähne” , grivьna “collar, neckband ”.
Maybe Alb. * griva, krifa “mane”.
4. As gh-extension presumably here *gʷrō ̆ gh-:
in Gk. ἔβροξε, Aor. “ verschlang ”, Hom. ἀνα-, κατα -βρόξειε, ἀνα -βροχείς, βρόξαι ῥ οφ῅σαι
Hes., βρόχθος m. “ gullet, throat ”;
M.H.G. krage “ neck, throat, nape “; Ger. “Kragen”, O.N. kragi “Halskragen ”, M.Eng.
crawe , Eng. craw “craw the Vögel” (lengthened grade in addition M.L.G. krōch , krūch

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“Wirtshaus, Schenke ”, Ger. Krug in the meaning ‘schenke”? meaning as in Lat. gurgustium
“Kneipe”);
O.Ir. brügae “ neck, nape “ (*gʷr̥̄g-n̥t-), O.Welsh abal-brouannou “gurgulionibus ” (actually
“Äpfel of Halses ” ), M.Welsh breuant “ windpipe “ (Proto-Celt. *brüg -); O.Corn. briansen
“guttur”, O.Bret. Brehant-Dincat gl. “guttur receptaculi pugnae ”, maybe from * br̥g-, Pedersen
KG. 100.
With nasalization in addition perhaps Gk. βρόγχος m., Ion. βρογχίη “ windpipe “, βράγχια,
βαράγχια “ gill of fish; Luftröhrenäste” seems in voc. after βραγχά ω “bin hoarse ”, βράγχος “
hoarseness “ reshaped, das with O.Ir. brongide “hoarse” (above 103) related, but from
βρόγχος to separate is (: ἔβραχε “rasselte, crack, brũllte” , O.Ind. br̥ṃhati “barrire”?
Johansson KZ. 36, 345).
Note:
Gk. βράγχια, βαράγχια “ gill of fish ” = Root gʷer-1, gʷerǝ - : “ to devour; throat “ + zero grade
of Root angʷ(h)i- (*egʷhi -, ogʷhi - and eĝhi-): ‘snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater) ”
: Alb.Gheg (*gʷer- gʷha) verza “ (*throat), gill of fish ” : Latvian bürda “gill of fish ” : Latvian:
bü ̀ rda “beard” [f ü]; bürzda (dial.) “beard”. see Root bhardhü : “ beard”
5. With reinem Velar: Gk. γέργερος βρόγχος Hes., γαργαρε ών “Zäpfchen in Munde” ,
γαργαρίζω “ gurgle” (: Arm. kerkerim “werde hoarse ”?) perhaps through Entlabialisierung
after forms mitγυρ - (γοργύρη “ unterirdisches jail, Wasserleitung ”), yet is previously ger-
besides gʷer- because of gel- besides gʷel- an sich unbedenklich.
References: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 110, 1.
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gʷer-2, gʷerǝ -, gʷerǝu -, gʷerī-
English meaning: heavy
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwer”
Material: O.Ind. gurú-ḥ “ heavy, wichtig, ehrwũrdig” (compounds gárīyün , Sup. güris ̣ ṭha -ḥ),
ágru- “ledig”, gru-muṣṭí -ḥ “ heavy handful “, garimü ́ ‘schwere” (*gʷerǝ -); Av. gouru - (in
compound) “ heavy “; Pers. girün “ heavy “ (*grüna -; reshuffling after *früna - “full”);
Gk. βαρύς “ heavy “, βαρύνω “beschwere ”, βάρος n. ‘schwere”;
Lat. gravis “ heavy, weighty “ (*gʷrǝ-u̯-is);
M.Ir. bair “ heavy “ (?), baire “ distress (?) ”, bruth “Gewicht, mass ” (*gʷrutu -), Welsh bryw
‘strong, strength “ (*bruwo -), M.Ir. bró “bulk, mass ”;
Goth. kaúrjōs nom. pl. f. “ heavy “, kaúrjan “beschweren ”;
Lith. gùrstu , gùrti ‘sich lay, place (of Winde) ”, Ltv. gur̃stu , gur̃t “languish; sich lay, place
(of Winde) ”, gur̃ds “ermũdet, faint, languid” (compare also βαρύς and gravis in the meaning
“beschwert, niedergedrũckt, faint, languid” ), whereof with further shifting from “faint, languid,
beschwert ” to “tame, domesticated, mild ” (compare O.H.G. jümar “kummervoll ” : Gk. ἥμερος
“tame, domesticated ”) perhaps:
Goth. qaírrus “ἤπιος, gentle” , qaírrei ‘sanftmut”, O.N. kyrr, kvirr ‘still, peaceful, friedlich ”,
M.H.G. kũrre , Ger. kirre “tame, domesticated, zutraulich ” (*gʷer-ǝrós or -erós, -urós);
Ltv. grũts “ heavy “ = Lat. brūtus (Osc.-Umbr. loanword) “ heavy, schwerfällig, insensible,
unvernũnftig” ;
Toch. A kra-marts “ heavy “ (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44.
Here further as n- derivatives from gʷerǝ - and gʷerüu -: Goth. ( asilu-) qaírnus
“(Esels)mũhle” (*gʷerǝnu -), O.N. kvern f. (*gʷernü ) “Mũhlstein, Handmũhle” , O.E. cweorn
ds., O.H.G. quirn , quirna ds.;

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zero grade Bal.-Slav. ū-stem gīrnū - f. “Handmũhle” (*ĝʷr̥̄nu -) in:
O.Pruss. girnoywis (*girnuwis ), Ltv. dzir̃nus , dzir̃navas ; besides Ltv. dzir̃nas f. pl. and
Lith.gìrnos f. pl.; in addition Lith. gerúkštis , Ltv. dzerûkslis m. “dens molaris ”;
O.C.S. žrъnъvi f. pl. “mill”, in addition žrъnovь m. “Mũhlstein” ; Sloven. žr̂nǝv f.
“Handmũhle” , Pol. żarna N. pl. ds.; Russ. že ̈ rnov m. “Mũhlstein” ;
O.C.S. žrъny “mill”, and on the other hand O.Ind. grü ́ van - m. “ stone zum Somapressen ”,
Arm. erkan “Mũhlstein” (*gʷrünü ), O.Ir. bráu, gen. broon “Mũhlstein, Handmũhle” , Welsh
breuan (from dem stem the case oblique *gʷrüu ̯ n ̥ -), O.Corn. brou, Bret. breo (Nominativform
*gʷrüu ̯ ō ) “Mũhlstein” .
gʷerī̆-: besides O.Ind. gárī-yan (?, see above) here:
Gk. βρῖθος n. “ Wucht, Gewicht, load ”, βρῑθύς “wuchtig, heavy “, βρί̄θω “bin heavy,
belastet, trans. beschwere ”, probably also βρί̄μη “ (wuchtiger) attack, rage, fury, abusive
word, insult “, βρῑμοῦσθαι “ heavy be angry with ”, ὄβριμος “ vast, grand, strong ”, βριμός
μέγας, χαλεπός Hes.; βριαρό ς “tight, firm, strong ”, next to which die Kompositionsform
*βρι(ι) - in βρι -ήπυος “ violent schreiend ”, Βρι -άρεως (“wer großen Schaden bringt”), βρι -ηρόν
μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes. (βρ ῖ βριαρόν and βρί ἐπι τοῦ μεγάλου perhaps previously from
den compounds released, liberated), here with prefix Gk. ὑ- (*ud) probably also Gk. ὕβρις
“Gewalttätigkeit, Frevel, ũbermũtige action” , ὕβρις ανή ρ “gewalttätiger man, husband” due
to the imagining ‘sich with dem ganzen Gewicht seiner power auf etwas overthrow “; -νδ-
present βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν Hes.;
O.Ir. brīg “ force, power, Wert ”, Welsh bri “ stateliness “, Corn. bry “Wert”;
Ger. Krieg , O.H.G. krēg “Hartnäckigkeit” , M.H.G. kriec “Anstrengung, fight, struggle ”, md.
M.L.G. krīgen ‘sich anstrengen, trachten, fight, bekommen ” (*grīgh -, respectively Gmc.
partly grēigh -)??
Ltv. grins “cruel, savage, angry, irate ”, grînums “Härte, austereness, severeness “?

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gʷer-3, gʷor -
English meaning: mountain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Berg”
Grammatical information: originally inflection gʷores , gen. gʷeros
Material: O.Ind. girí-ḥ m. “mountain ”, Av. gairi- ds.;
Alb. gur “rocks, stone ” (gʷeri-);
Also Alb. (*gʷeres) gërxh “rock”
maybe Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur “mountain ” and Alb. *ḫé-kur, hekur “iron ore, iron ” came from the
same root, hence Root gʷer-3, gʷor- : (mountain) derived from Root agro- (egro-?) : [top,
first, beginning (point, peak, topmost, upper most)].
Gk. δειρός (Hes.) “ hill”, ὑψίδειρος “ with hohen Klippen ”, δειράς, Cret. δηράς f. “ hill,
Anhöhe” (*gʷeri̯o -?); in addition βορέᾱς “ Nordwind ” (to *βόρειος “ montanus ”, Schwyzer Gk. I
461 and Anm. 2); βαρύες δένδρα Hes.?;
the Thrac. VN ΏΤπερ -βορέοι “die jenseits of Berges Wohnenden ” contains probably das
Gk. Lw. *βορις;
lit nugarà “back, ridge “;
with the meaning development “Berg - (Berg)wald - tree ”: Lith. gìrė, girià “wood, forest ”,
Ltv. dziŕē ds., and O.Pruss. garian n. (acc. garrin ) “tree”; further Ltv. garš “wood, forest ”,
gãršas ‘swamp, marsh ”;
O.C.S. gora “mountain ”, Ser.-Cr. gòra “mountain, wood, forest ”, etc.
References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqunder de ́ cl . Lat. 37, 66.
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gʷeru -
English meaning: pole, pike
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Spieß”
Material: Av. grava- ‘stick, Rohrstab ” (to ablaut compare Lat. genu : Goth. kniu);
Lat. uerū, -ūs n. ‘spit, pike”; Umbr. berva “uerua”, berus “ueribus”;
O.Ir. bi(u)r n., later f., ‘spear, javelin, spit, pike ”, Welsh Corn. Bret. ber f., m. ds.;
Goth. qaíru n. “picket, pole, sting, prick ”;
perhaps as “twig, branch ” to Gk. βρύω ‘sprosse, to be full of, to abound with, to be
bursting with, to be bristling “, βρύον n. “Moos, Kätzchen” , ἔμβρυον n. “ das Neugeborene ”
and (?) Gmc. *krūda - (IE *gʷrū -to-) in O.H.G. M.H.G. krūt, asächs. krūd “herb”.
About Lat. bruscum “ sponge am Ahornbaum ” s. WH. I 117.
References: WP. I 689.
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gʷes- , zgʷes -
English meaning: to extinguish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erlöschen”
Material: O.Ind. jásate , jásyati “is erschöpft” , jüsa ́ yati “löscht, erschöpft” ;

Maybe a truncated form in Alb.Gheg * jüsa ́ yati , shuejt, shuajta (aor.) “to extinguish ”
contaminated by Gk. σβέννῡμι “ extinguish ”.
Gk. Att. σβέννῡμι “lösche” (for *σβείνυμι), Aor. Hom. σβέσ-σαι, ἄσβεστος
“unauslöschlich”, with σβεσ - after σβοσ - (see under) for lautges. σδεσ -, das in ζείναμεν
σβέννυμεν (* zdēn - from *zgʷesn -) Hes. is present; ἔσβην “ I erlosch ” (from the 2. sg. é-
zgʷēs -s, 1. pl. é-zgʷēs -me “from which ἔσβης, ἔσβημεν, whereupon also ἔσβην etc. because
of type ἔβλην and weil also in σβέν νυμι the Wurzelauslaut s for the Sprachgefũhl not more
vorhanden war); Ion. κατασβ῵σαι “löschen”, from *σβοάσαι from a present *σβο[σ]άζω,
next to which with from dem type ζείναμεν verschlepptem anlaut ζοᾶς σ[ε]βέσεις, ζόασον
σ[ε]βέσον Hes.;
Lith. gęstù (old gęsu ), gesaũ, gèsti “erlöschen, ausgehen” , causative gesaũ , gesūti and
gesinù , gesìnti “löschen” , gesme ̃ ‘small, eben still glimmendes fire ”; Ltv. dziẽstu (from
*genstu ), dzisu , dzist (Ablautentgleisung), “erlöschen, kũhl become” , dzèšu (dzešu ), dzèsu
(dzesu ), dzèst (dzest ) “löschen” , dzesma (dzèsma ) “the kũhle breath, breeze am morning “ ,
dzèstrs “kũhl” ;
O.Bulg. causative *gašo ̨ , *gasiti “erlöschen, ausgehen” , in O.C.S. ugasiti “σβέσαι” ,
ugasnǫti , Aor. ugasъ , and ugasati “σβέννυσθαι” ; insecure is, if in addition the changing by
ablaut gʷēs- in O.Bulg. užasъ , Russ. úžas “fright”, O.Bulg. žasiti “daunt, scare ” is present
(Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *gēd-s-os to indeed nasalized Lith. gañdinu -, -inti “daunt,

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scare”, išsi-gąstù , -gandaũ -gą̃sti “frighten, intrans. ”, ìšgąstis “fright”, Scheftelowitz IF. 33,
155). from here Celt. * büs- “die”? (see under gʷem -, gʷü- “go, come ”);
doubtful is kinship from O.H.G. quist f. “ruin, Vernichtung ” as *gʷes -ti-s “*Erlösc hen”,
whereof Goth. qistjan, fraqistjan ‘spoil, trans. ”, fraqistnan ‘spoil, intrans. ”, O.H.G. firquisten
‘spoil, trans. ”.
References: WP. I 693, Trautmann 86, Feist 388 f.
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gʷet-1
English meaning: resin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Harz”
Material: O.Ind. játu n. “Lack, Gummi ”;
Lat. bitūmen “Erdharz, Erdpech ” (Osc.-Umbr. or Celt. Lw.); betulla “birch” (Gaul. Lw.),
M.Ir. be(i)the (*betu̯i̯ü ) “buxus”, Welsh bedw (*betu̯ü ) “betula”, Corn. bedewen “populus”,
Bret. bezuen “betula” (benannt, weil “bitumen ex ea Galli excoquunt ”, Plinius NH. XVI 75);
O.E. hwīt cuidu , cweodo , cwudu “mastix”, O.H.G. cuti “gluten”, M.H.G. kũte, kũt, Ger.
kũtt, kitt “Kitt”; changing through ablaut O.N. kvüða f. “resin”, aDan. kvade , Nor. dial. kvæde
“Birkensaft ”, Nor. kôda , kvæda “ beestings “.
References: WP. I 672, WH. I 112.
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gʷet-2
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reden, sprechen ”
Material: O.Ind. gadati ‘sagt” (whether through analog. influence from * gátati )?
sogd. žüyǝm , žam “I say”, žut “er sagt” (urIran. * jü ̆ t-ati);
Arm. koč ̣ em (*gʷot-i̯-) “rufe, name, lade ein ”, koč “Einladung ” (probably nomen post-
verbal); Goth. qiÞan ‘say, speak, name ”, O.N. kveða ds. and ‘sing, dichten ”, O.E. cweðan
‘speak, say, name, order, define ”, O.Fris. quetha ‘say, speak, signify ”, O.S. queðan , O.H.G.
quedan ds.; O.Ice. kviðr ‘spruch, Gerede ”, O.S. quidi st. m. “ discourse, word ”; causative
O.Ice. kveðja “begrũßen, address, speak to, arrogate, aufbieten” , O.S. queddian , O.H.G.
chetten “begrũßen” (d. h. “zum discourse bringen ”); O.N. kvǫÞ “ demand, Vorladung,
commitment “ is to kveða retograd shaped; Goth. un-qēÞs “unaussprechlich ” (compare
O.N. sam-kvæ ̄ ðr “ũbereinstimmend” ), sama-qiss f. “Übereinstimmung” (*gʷet -ti-), to O.E.
ge-cwiss f. “Verschwörung” .
Maybe Alb.Gheg quej, quejta (aor.) “to name, call ”.
References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.
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gʷēbh -1 (or gʷābh -?), gʷǝbh -
English meaning: to sink, submerge, plunge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eintauchen, versenken, versinken ”
Material: Gk. βάπτω “tauche ein ”, βαφ῅ναι , βαφή “das Eintauchen, Färben” (Eol. βύπτειν
βαπτίζειν Hes. after δύπτω , das selber hybridization from βάπτω with δύω; βιπτάζω
reconverted from βαπτίζω);
Maced. βαβρήν “ residuum of O ̈ ls” Hes.; whether also γυβᾳ “taucht” Hes.?
O.N. kafa “dive”, kvefja (and kefja after dem preterit kōf from *kvōf) trans. “ submerge,
ersticken ”, kvafna intrans. “ersticken ”, kaf n. “Meerestiefe ”, then “Untertauchen,
Schwimmen under water ”; O.S. kvaf “depth”, O.N. kvæ ̄ fa (IE ē!), kø ̄ fa trans. “ersticken ”,
M.H.G. erqueben ,ersticken ” (= O.N. kvefja ).
A perhaps cognate, but only die meaning “deep” aufweisende root *g(ʷ)embh -, *g(ʷ)m̥bh-
shows das Arische (whereas in O.Ind. das g the zero grade or o-grade durchgefũhrt is,
compared with Av. j the e-grade): O.Ind. gabhīra ́ -, gambhīra ́ - “deep”, gambha -, gámbhan -,
gambhára - n. “depth, abyss ”, gabhá - m. “vulva”, gabhi -ṣák AV. adv. perhaps “deep under or
inside “, Av. jaiwi-vafra- adj. “with tiefem snow ”, jafra- “deep”, jąfnu -š “Vertiefung,
Einsenkung ”; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.
Fick places die root *gʷübh - an, was zur assumption zwänge, daß O.N. kvæ ̄ fa
Ablautsneubildung sei.
References: WP. I 674, Wissmann nom. postverb. 75.
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gʷēb(h) -2
English meaning: slimy; toad
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schleimig, schwabbelig, Quappe, Kröte”
Material: Probably onomatopoeic; yet is with the possibility to reckon, daß ein previous
word for frog previously in Gmc. in die lautmalende family hineingezogen wurde.
Asächs. quappa, quappia, quappo “Aalquappe ” (with by onomatopoeic words frequent
Konsonantengemination), out of it M.H.G. quappe, quape, kobe , Ger. Quappe , Du.
kwab (be) “Quappe, craw, dewlap “, isl kvap , kvapi “Gallert or gallertartige things ”, Swe. dial.
(s)kvabb ‘somewhat Dickes, Fettes ”, (s)kveb ba “feiste wife, woman ”, Eng. quab “morass”,
quaver “tremble, vibrieren ”. In addition das Verb Nor. dial. kvapa “eine Flũssigkeit
aussenden ”, Swe. dial. kvabba , N.Ger. quabbeln “vor Fettigkeit ziitern ”;
O.Pruss. gabawo “ toad “ (*gʷǝb(h) -);
Slav. *gēbü “ toad “: in O.C.S. žaba , Russ. ža ́ ba , Ser.-Cr. ža ̏ ba , etc.
maybe Alb. zhaba “toad”
References: WP. I 674, WH. I 121, Trautmann 8.
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gʷēi- (or gʷei̯ǝ -): gʷī -
English meaning: skin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haut, Fell ”?
Note: with formants -no-, -lo-
Material: O.Ind. jīna- “lederner Sack ”, jīla-ḥ “hose”; M.Ir. bīan ‘skin, fell, fur ”; das Ir. word
could certainly also to bhei- “hit” belong, dessen Celt. Vertreter also die meaning “cut, clip”
have (compare scortum : scheren under likewise) ; see above S. 118.
References: WP. I 666.
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gʷē ̆ nā (*ĝhʷē̆nā )
English meaning: woman, wife, *goddess
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Weib, Frau ”
Grammatical information: gen. gʷn-üs and *gʷen-üs, also nom. gʷenǝ -, gʷenī -
Note:
Root gʷē ̆ nü “ woman, wife, *goddess ” could be a truncated Root ĝhau -, ĝhau̯ǝ -
(*ĝhauvana ): “to call, *priestess ”: mnl. godinne , O.E. gyden “goddess ”
Material: O.Ind. gnü (*gʷnü ) f. “Götterweib” (to Teil disyllabic *ganü), gen. gnü ́ s -; Av. gǝnü ,
ɣnü “wife, woman, woman ”; O.Ind. jáni-ḥ = Av. jaini-, Pers. zan ds. (O.Ind. also jánī); in
compounds O.Ind. lengthened grade -jüni- = Av. jüni- ds.;
Arm. kin (*gʷena ) “woman”, pl. kanai -k (*gʷen-ai + Plur.- ending- k) ; aPhryg. βονοκ,
nPhryg. βανεκος “ woman, wife “ is probably Lw. from Eol. Gk. ; differently Kleinhans with
Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.
Gk. γυνή “woman” (*gʷunü), gen. γυναικός, beside böot. βανά̄ (*gʷenü), pl. βαν῅κες;
*gʷnü -, from it *βνᾱ-, Gk. μνᾱ- puts in μνάομαι “ unengaged, free “, in addition μνηστήρ “
suitor “, μνηστύ ς “ courtship “, μνηστη ἄλοχος “ lawful wife “ (with secondary - σ-);
O.Ir. ben (*gʷenü), gen. sg. mná (*gʷn-üs), gen. pl. ban (*gʷen-ōm), ), in the compound
ban-(ban-chú “ female dog “); besides bé n. “ woman “ (*gʷen); Welsh ben-yw “ feminine,
female “, Corn. ben-en “ bride, betrothed woman “;
Alb. zonjë “ mistress, wife, woman ” (*gʷeniü ) ; gheg. grue, Tosc grua “wife, woman ”
(*gʷn-ōn);
Maybe Alb. ( *gʷaniü ) zana “nymph, goddess ”, (*gʷoniü ) zot m., pl. zota f. “god” [common
Alb. n > nt > t phonetic mutation] : Pers. zan, O.C.S. žena “wife, woman ”
Note:

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The common Balt - Illyr. ĝh- > z-, d- phonetic mutation suggests that the original root was
ĝhʷē̆nü > gʷē ̆ nü .
after Vetter Gl. 23, 204 here Messap. benna “wife” and (?) lepont. venia (Gl. 15, 12);
Goth. qino (*gʷen -ōn-) = O.E. cwene , O.H.G. quena , M.H.G. quene “wife, woman, wife ”;
besides zero grade M.H.G. kone , ds., O.N. kona (gen. pl. kvenna ) “wife, woman ” (*gʷen-on-
); lengthened grade Goth. qēns “wife” (*gʷēni -s = Av. jáni-, O.Ind. jüni-), O.N. kvæ ̄ n , kvün ,
O.E. cwēn, asächs. quün ds.;
O.Pruss. genna , voc. genno “wife, woman ”;
O.C.S. žena “wife, woman ”; ženinъ “weiblich” = Goth. qineins ds.;
Toch. A śäṁ (pl. śnu) = В śana (Obl. śno) “wife, woman ”; Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. 37 f.
References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gk.
296, 582 f., Tagliavini L ”Albanese di Dalmatia 126.
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gʷhedh -
English meaning: to beg, wish for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bitten, begehren ”
Material: Av. jaiδyemi , O.Pers. jadiyümiy “I bitte”;
Gk. Aor. θέσσασθαι (*gʷhedh -s-) “anflehen ”, participle - θεστός in ἀπόθεστος “verwũnscht,
verschmäht” , πολύθεστος “very ersehnt ”, Pers.-N. Θεό-θεστος, böot. Θιό-φειστος ; πόθος
m., ποθή f. ‘sehnsucht, desire ”, ποθέω “ersehne, vermisse painful, demand “;
O.Ir. guidiu “bitte” (= ποθέω ), perf. 1. sg. ro-güd, s-Konj. 1. pl. gessam (etc.); geiss f.
“Verwũnschung, taboo “ (*gʷhedh -ti-s); guide “prayer” (*gʷhodhiü ); foigde “Betteln” (*u̯o-
gedi̯ü ); Welsh gweddi “prayer” (*u̯o-godīmü );
Lith. gedáu -ju, - ti ‘sich sehnen, sehnsũchtig suchen, long, want, wollen” , gedù (and
gedžiu ̀ ), gede ́ti ‘sich sehnen; sad sein, grieve “; nasal present pasigendù , -gedaũ , -gèsti
‘sichsehnen; somewhat vermissen ”, ablaut. causative gadìnti ‘spoil, stören” , hence
secondary the ō-vocalism (instead of uo) from gōdas “greed, lust, Habsucht; burdock ”,
godùs “avaricious, stingy ”, godžiu ́ os , gode ́tis “lust, crave, whereupon dũrsten, wish,
begierig sein ”;
in Slav. with durchgefũhrter nasalization: O.C.S. že ̨ ždo ̨ , že ̨ dati , O.Cz. ža ́ dati “lust, crave,
wonachdũrsten” , že ̨ ždo ̨ , že ̨ de ̌ ti “cupere”, že ̨ žda “ thirst “, Pol. ža ̨ dza “Begehren, greed, lust,
Sehnsucht, wish ”;
doubtful because of Anlautes O.N. geð n. (*gaði̯a -) ‘sense, mind, character, desire, lust ”,
geðlauss “charakterlos ” perhaps = O.H.G. getilōs , M.H.G. getlōs “zũgellos, bratty” ;
man beachte die ũbereinstimmende Gruppierung θέσσασθαι : ποθέω = Ir. gess-am
(*gʷhedh -s-o-mos ) : guidiu (*gʷhodh -ei̯ō).
References: WP. I 673, Trautmann 84 f., Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 577.

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gʷheiǝ - : gʷhī -
English meaning: vein, sinew
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ader, Sehne, Band ”
Material: Welsh gi-au pl. “Nerven, Sehnen ”;
Lith. gijà “Faden in Aufzug a Gewebes ”, Ltv. dzija “ filament ”, pl. Garn”;
O.C.S. ži-ca ‘sinew”, Russ. dial. žíca “Kammgarn ”, Ser.-Cr. žȉca “ filament, Draht, cord,
Saite”; die Bal.-Slav.-forms could also to gʷii̯ǝ- belong.
gʷhīslo -:
Arm. jil ‘sinew, cord ”;
Lat. fīlum “ filament “;
maybe Alb. fill “thread” [shift LI >LL]
also Alb. (*gʷhīslo ) glisht “finger, thin finger ”?
Lith. gūsla “vein, sinew, Blattrippe ”, Ltv. dzîsla , dzîksla “vein” (die nasalization in žemait.
gį́nsla is secondary), O.Pruss. pettegislo “Rũckenader” ; but O.C.S. žila, Russ. žíɫa, Ser.-Cr.
žȉla etc. “vein, sinew ” are neologisms to ži-ca, see above.
References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.
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gʷhel -
English meaning: to wish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wollen”
Material: Gk. θέλω, ἐ -θέλω (to prefix s. ē̆-, ŏ-particle) “will, wũnsche” , changing through
ablaut φαλίζει θέλει Hes.; ἐπιζ άφελος “ violent”;
O.N. gildra f.; gildri n. “Falle”, gilja “allure, entice ”, O.S. giæl-skaper “Unzucht”;
O.C.S. žele ̌ ti , želati , iter. R.C.S. žalati “wish”, O.C.S. želja “wish, Sehnsucht ” (also “
grieve “ and “mourning, grief ” through support in žalь “pain” from *gʷel - “prick”).
References: WP. I 692.
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gʷhemb -
English meaning: to spring, hop
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lustig springen, hũpfen” ??
Material: Gk. ἀθεμβοῦ σα ἀκολασταίνουσα (“ausgelassen ”) Hes.;
M.H.G. gampen, gumpen ‘spring”, gampel, gumpel “merry mutwilliges Springen,
Possenspiel ”, gũmpel , Ger. Gimpel ; with High German consonant shift M.H.G. gampf m.
“das Schwanken ”; Nor. dial. gimpa “wippen, swing ”, gamp m. “großer schwerfälliger Kerl,
plumpes horse ”.
A kũrzere root form gʷhem - perhaps in O.Ice. gaman n. “pleasure, joy, Lustigkeit,
sensuality, voluptuousness ”, O.H.G. gaman n. ds., etc.
References: WP. I 678 f.
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gʷhen -1
English meaning: to swell, abound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen, strotzen, Fũlle”
Material: O.Ind. ü-haná - “tumescent, strotzend, luscious ”, ghaná - “dense, thick ”, m.
“kompakte mass ”;
Pers. ü-gandan “anfũllen” , üganiš “full”;
Arm. yogn “multum” (Prap. i + *o-gʷhon - or *o-gʷhno -, in prefix o- dem ar. ü-
nächststehend);
Gk. εὐθενής “rich, in fullness, wealth ”, Hes. εὐθενέω “ flourish”, εὐθένεια “fullness, wealth,
blũhender Zustand” , lengthened grade Ion. εὐθηνής “rich, in fullness, wealth ”, Ion. Att.
εὐθηνέω “ flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power “, εὐθηνία f. “fullness, wealth ”; o-grade
Πολυφόντης = Πολυκτήτης , Κλεοφόντης , etc., red.-grade φανᾶν θέλειν Hes., probably
actually “horny, lustful sein ”;
Lith. ganà “ sufficient “, gane ́ti “genũgen” , gande ́ti “ sufficient have ”, Ltv. gana “ sufficient
“;
O.C.S. gonějetъ , goněti “genũgen” , Denomin. from *gona = Lith. ganà ;
whether here Gk. ἄφενος, ἄφνος n. “ plentiful Vorrat, richness “, ἀφνειός “begũtert” (φ and
the Vokalvorschlag from the vokallosen form (α)φν - or *sm̥-gʷh(e)n -?), also παρ -θένος
“virgin” (leibliche fullness, wealth?)?
References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.
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gʷhen -2(ǝ)-
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Material: nominal formation: gʷho ́ no -s ‘schlagen”, gʷhn ̥-tó-s “beaten”, gʷhn ̥-tí-s and gʷhn ̥-ti̯ü
(?) ‘schlagen”, gʷhen -tel- ‘schläger”, gʷhen -tu̯o-s “occidendus ”.
O.Ind. hán-ti (newer thematic hanati ) “hits, knocks, trifft, erschlägt, slays “ , 3. pl. ghn-ánti,
Imp. ja-hí, Opt. han-yüt, ghn -īta, perf. jaghána ; jaghanvü ́ s , gen. jaghn-úṣ-aḥ, pass. hanyáte ,
participle hatá- “beaten, getötet” (= Av. jata-, Gk. -φατος ), hántva -ḥ “to hit, to slay ” (: Av.
jąϑwa-, O.C.S. že ̨ tva ), vr̥tra-hán-, gen. - ghn-áḥ (= Av. vǝrǝϑ ra-jan-, gen. -ɣ-nō) “den
Widerstand niederschlagend ”, ghaná - “erschlagend, m. shillelagh, club, mace, joint ” (= Gk.
ἀνδρο -φόνος , Ltv.gans ), saṃ-há-t “ layer “, hatí-ḥ “das Schlagen, blow, knock,
Multiplikation ” (: Gk. διφάσι-ος, Av.-jaiti-, O.N. guðr, gunnr ), hatyü ́ (late!) “Tötung” (: O.H.G.
gundea , Lith. dial. ginčia ̀ ), hantár - “wer einen schlägt or slays “ (= O.C.S. že ̨ teljь ); from the
heavy basis O.Ind. hanitum (late!) and ghüta - “tötend” , m. “blow, knock, Tötung,
Vernichtung ”, ghütayati “ slays “;
Av. jain-ti (= O.Ind. hánti -) “er hits, knocks, trifft, slays “, Imp. jaiδi, 1. sg. Med. ni-ɣne “I
schlage low, base ”, Opt. paiti-ɣnīta (= O.Ind. ghnīta ) “er möchte kämpfen um” , participle
jata- (= O.Ind. hatá-, see above), jąϑwa- “occidendus ”, participle perf. Akt. jaɣnvü ̊ , Pers.
ajanam “I erschlug = besiegte ”, 3. sg. aja(n); Av. jana- ‘schlagend ”, jantar - “the hits, knocks,
slays “, janti- f. “das Schlagen, Erschlagen ”, -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) “das Schlagen ” (=
O.Ind. hati-); Vǝrǝϑ rajan- “den Widerstand niederschlagend ” = O.Ind. Vr̥tra -han-;
Arm. gan, gen. gani ( *gʷh e-n) ‘schläge, Prũgel” , ganem “hit, prũgle” , jin ‘stick” (*gʷhen -),
jnem “I hit” (about * jinem from *gʷhenō = hánati , Lith. genù , O.C.S. ženo ̨ ), jnjem “destroy,
clean” (from *gʷheni̯ō = θείνω, Lith. geniù );

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Gk. θείνω ( *gʷhen -i̯ō = Arm. jnjem ‘slay, kill” , Alb. gjanj “jage”, Lith. geniù “ästle ab” ) “hit”,
θεν῵ , ἔθεινα; redupl. ἔπεφνον “tötete”, πέφαται; -φατός in Hom. ἀρηί-φατος (= O.Ind. hatá-
ḥ), also in δίφατον διφάσιον Hes. i.e. “ double” (“Mal” = “blow, knock ”, also:) δι -φάσι-ος (:
O.Ind. hatí- s .above); φόνος “ murder” (= Russ. gon), φονή ds., φονεύ ς “murderer ”,
ἀνδροφόνος “Männer mordend” (see also Boisacq under φοινός);
Alb. gjanj “jage, pursue ” (*gʷheni̯ō );
Lat. dēfendō, -ere “abwehren, verteidigen ”, offendere “anstoßen, beleidigen” , infensus
(participle *infendō ) “ hostile “;
O.Ir. gonim “verwunde, slay, kill ”, perf. 1. sg. gegon , 3. sg. geguin; guin “wound”;
O.N. guðr, gunnr f. (= O.Ind. hati-), O.S. gūðea , O.E. gūÞ (*gunÞjō = O.Ind. hatyü ́ bis auf
den Akzent) “fight, struggle, battle ”, O.H.G. gund-fano “Kriegsfahne ”; O.N. gandr ‘stick”,
Swiss gunten “a kind of wedge ”; Nor. dial. gana “die A ̈ ste an Bäumen abhauen ” as Lith.
gene ́ti ;
Lith. genù (= O.C.S. ženo ̨ , O.Ind. hánati , Arm. jnem ) giñti “drive (cattle auf die willow) ”,
Ltv. dzenu- , dzìt ds., heavy basis: geniù (= θείνω) genė́-ti “abästeln” and ginù, gìnti
“wehren, shield “ (giñti : gìnti, giñtas : gìntas = O.Ind. hatá : ghüta ́ -); to genù Iterat. ganūti
“cattle (drive, push =) beware, weiden ”; Lith. gãnas , Ltv. gans “herdsman, shepherd ” (=
O.Ind. ghaná -), gani m. pl. “ willow “, lengthened grade Lith. naktì -gonis m.
“Nachtschwärmer” ; Lith. genỹs , Ltv. dzenis ‘specht”, Lith. dial. ginčia ̀ (= O.Ind. hatyü ́ ),
giñčas “fight”, giñklas m. “weapon” (*gintlas , compare O.C.S. že ̨ lo from * gindla- ), išganu ̀ s
“heilbringend ” (Lith. gáinioti is iterative to giñti; Ltv. dzenis “das in the fork the plowshare
eingeklemmte Holz ”, dzenulis ‘sting, prick ” (compare to meaning under O.C.S. že ̨ lo ‘sting,
prick”);
O.C.S. ženo ̨ , gъnati “drive, push ” (as Lith. genù ), Iter. gonjǫ , goniti “drive, push, hunt,
chase”, whereof again poganjati “ pursue “; Russ. etc. gon “ drive, impel, drift, propel, push,

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thrust, Jagd ” (= φόνος), Cz. úhona “ injury, damage ”, Serb. prijègon “fight, struggle ” (in
addition perhaps Clr. honóba “Belästigung, plague” , Sloven. gonóba “damage, ruin” ,
ugonóba “Vernichtung, Untergang ”);
O.C.S. žьnjǫ, že ̨ ti (Serb. že ̏ ti, also heavy basis) “reap”, že ̨ tva (Serb. že ̏ tva ) f. “harvest” ( :
O.Ind. hántva -); also že ̨ lo (*že ̨ dlo ) n. ‘sting, prick ”, Pol. ža ̨ dɫo ds., Russ. ža ́ ɫo ‘sting, prick,
cutting edge a Messers, an axe ”; Slav. *gen-tel- m. “reaper, mower ” in O.C.S. že ̨ teljь (=
O.Ind. han-tár “wer schlägt, slays “ );
Hitt. ku-en-zi “ slays “ (= O.Ind. hánti ), 3. pl. ku-na-an-zi (kunanzi ); compare O.Ind.
ghnánti (*gʷhn -enti).
References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.
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gʷher -
English meaning: hot, warm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heiß, warm”
Material: O.Ind. háras - n. “blaze, glow ” (= Gk. θέρος, Arm. jer), ghr̥ṇá - m. “blaze, glow, heat ”
(= Lat. fornus , O.C.S. grъnъ ), ghr̥ṇṓti “glũht, shines” , gharmá - m. “blaze, glow, heat ”, Av.
garǝma - “hot”, n. “heat, blaze, glow ”, O.Pers. in garma-pada- Monatsname, perhaps
“*Eintritt the heat ” (= Lat. formus , dt. warm ; O.Pruss. gorme );
Arm. jer “Wärme, schönes weather; warm” , jernum “warm mich ”, jerm “warm” (= Gk.
θερμός; perhaps as *gʷher -mn-os derivative of men-stem:) jermn gen. jerman “fever” (also
Gk. θέρμα f. “Wärme” originally ein neuter?);
thrako-Phryg. germo- “warm” (in many PN: Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 142 f., 13, 285, 292,
294), kappadok. garmia (s) ‘stadtname auf the Peutingerschen Tafel ” (a = IE o);
Gk. θέρος n. ‘sommerhitze, harvest ”, θέρομαι “ become hot ”, θερμός “warm”, θέρμασσα
“oven”;
Note:
The shift eĝ(h)- > d- is of Illyr. Alb. origin, hence Greeks borrowed this cognate from Illyr.
also Germ- in Illyr. PN, as also probably in originally N.Illyr. VN Germani (Pokorny
ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); Alb.Tosk zjarr “fire, heat ” (rr from rm), gheg. zjarm (: θερμός), ngroh
“warm” (*gʷhrē - as in aksl grěti “warm”, Ltv. grēmens “pyrosis, heartburn ”); Alb. gatsë
“burning coal ” (*gʷhorti̯ü ?);
Note:
The phonetic shift gʷh > zj took place in Alb. alone as a typical Alb. phonetic mutatIon.
Hence Slav languages borrowed Alb. (Illyrian) cognate in O.C.S. žeravъ “ blazing “, požarъ
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Maybe other Alb. cognates: zjej “boil, cook ”, zi adj., m.”black, burnt ”, (duplicated zezë adj.,
f. “black, burnt ”.
Also Alb.Tosk zjarr “fire, glow, heat, fervour “ : Rom. jar “fire, glow, heat, fervour “ which
proves the migration from Albania to Rumania after the Turkish invasIon.
Lat. formus “warm” (Festus), fornus , furnus (*gʷhorno -s), fornüx “oven (latter in a fem. ü-
stem being based on), fornix , -icis “ dome “ (*fornicos “die Gestalt an Ofens habend ”);
Note:
The shift eĝ(h)- > d- is of Illyr. Alb. origin, hence the common Lat. shift d- > f- testifies a
loanword from Illyr.
O.Ir. fo-geir “erwärmt, erhitzt” etc., Bret. gred m. “Wärme, heat; courage “ = M.Ir. grith
‘sun, heat ” (*gʷhr̥tu-s), M.Ir. gorim , guirim “erhitze, erwärme, burn” , Ir. gor “heat; Brũten;
ulcer”; Welsh gori “brood”, gor “brood, pus ”, Bret. gor “(feu) ardent, furoncle ”; O.Ir. gorn
“fire” (= Lat. fornus ); against it is Ir. gorm “blue” Lw. from Welsh gwrm “dark-(blue) ” and
dieses together with abr. uurm in Uurm-haelon MN “aux sourcils bruns ” from O.E. wurma
“Purpurfarbe ” borrowed (Gwynn Hermathena 20, 63ff.); O.Ir. goirt “bitter” (“*burning of
taste”), wherefore O.Ir. gorte (*gʷhorti̯ü ) “hunger”;
O.N. gǫrr (*garwa- ), gerr, gørr (*garwia- ) “fertig, willing, ready, vollkommen ”, O.H.G. garo
“bereitgemacht, fertig ”, O.E. gearu , Ger. gar, O.N. gørva , O.H.G. garawen , M.H.G. gerwen
“fertigmachen, bereiten, rũsten, tan, convert hide into leather ”, O.E. gierwan “prepare,
concoct, cook ”, O.N. gerð (*garwiÞō ) “das Gären of Bieres” (formal indeed = O.H.G.
garawida “Herrichtung ”), M.H.G. gerw e “yeast, filth “, M.L.G. gere “Gärung, fetidness,
Mistpfuhl, smut ”, geren “ferment, seethe ” are rather after Holthausen Wb. of old Westn. 102
from prefix ga- and *- arwa - > O.N. ǫrr “rash, hasty, skilful ” (above S. 331) to define;
O.E. gyrwe-fenn “morass”, gyre “ manure”, mnl. gore, göre ‘smoke, smell, odor ”, M.L.G.
göre “puddle, slop ”, Nor. dial. gurm “yeast, ordure, Speisebrei ”, O.N. gor n. “the

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halbverdaute Mageninhalt ”, gjǫr (*gerva -) “ residuum “, O.E. M.L.G. O.H.G. gor “crap, muck,
manure”; to meaning compare above Welsh gor “pus”;
here probably O.N. gersta “ embitter “, M.H.G. garst , Ger. garstig ‘spoil”;
about Goth. warmjan “warm” etc. see though under u̯er-”cook”;
Lith. gãras “vapor; intense desire ”, Ltv. gars “vapor, ghost, soul ”, O.Pruss. goro f. ‘stove,
hearth”, gorme “heat”, Ltv. gar̂me “Wärme” , O.Pruss. garewingi adv. “rutting, in heat ”, Ltv.
grēmens “pyrosis, heartburn ”;
O.C.S. goritъ , gorěti “burn, grějǫ , grěti “warm”, žeravъ “ blazing “, požarъ “blaze”, grъnъ
“Kessel” (= Lat. fornus ), grъnilо “oven”, Russ. gorn ‘stove, hearth ”, Pol. garniec “pot, pan”;
further O.C.S. gorьkъ (*gʷhori -ko-) “bitter” (“*burning of taste ”; compare above Ir. goirt), but
Sloven. górǝk also “warm”, Cz. horkū “warm”, against it O.Cz. hořkū “bitter”; isoliert Ser.-Cr.
gr̂k, f. gŕka “bitter”, compare Berneker 232; O.C.S. gorьjь compounds “bad, schlimmer ”
(“*brennender, bitter ”), gore “wehe!”
gʷhrē ̆ -ns-o- (due to an es-stem gʷhre -nes-):
O.Ind. ghraṁsá -ḥ m. ‘sonnenglut, Sonnenschein, Helle ” = Bret. groez , grouez
(*gʷhrenso -) ‘sonnenhitze ”, Welsh gwres “heat” (to w s. Pedersen KG. I 108, das e through
influence of tes ds.); das ī from O.Ir. grīs “fire”, grīsaid “feuert an, reizt an ” probably from
*ghrēnso -, in spite of Thurneysen Gk. 130.
References: WP. I 687 ff., WH. I 532 ff., Trautmann 79, 102.
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gʷhðei(ǝ) -
English meaning: to perish, destroy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen ”, also trans. “vernichten ”
Material: O.Ind. kṣiṇǘti , kṣiṇōti ( : Gk. * φθινF-ω), kṣáyati “vernichtet, läßt vergehen” ,
participle kṣitá-ḥ “erschöpft” (= Gk. φθιτός ; śráva -ḥ ákṣitam = Gk. κλέος ἄφθιτον
“unverwũstlicher fame” ), kṣīṇá -ḥ ds., kṣīyátē ‘schwindet hin, nimmt ein end ”, kṣayá -ḥ
“Abnahme, Untergang ” (: Gk. φθόη f.), kšití-ḥ “Vergehen, Untergang ” (= Gk. φθίσις and -?-
Lat. sitis; compare - tu-stem Lat. situs); common O.Ind. ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. ĝʷh- > ph- : Lat. kṣ-
> s- phonetic mutation
prakr. ajjḥitah - (= ἄφθιτος ), jhīn ̣ a - (= O.Ind. kṣīṇa -);
Av. aɣžōnvamnǝm ‘sich nicht mindernd ” (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 651);
Gk. ep. φθί̄νω, Att. φθῐνω (*φθίνFω, see above) “ destroy”, mostly intr. ‘schwinde hin,
gehezugrunde ”, φθινύ-θω ‘schwinde hin, make disappear ”, Fut. φθέισω ( Att. ἀποφθί̆σω),
Aor. ἔφθεισα (Att. ἀπέφθῐσα ), ἐφθί̆μην, φθί̆μενος “ destroy”, pass. “zugrunde go ”, participle
perf. pass. φθιτός, φθό η ‘schwindsucht ”, φθίσις ds. (see above); about perhaps old double
forms, as ψίνεσθαι, ψινάζειν “Blũten or Frũchte abfallen lassen, lose”, ψίσις ἀπώλεια Hes.,
under likewise s. Schwyzer Gk. I 326.
From dem Lat. probably situs, -ūs “the modrige smut and mildew, körperliche
Unreinlichkeit and all körperliche and geistige Ver rosten” and sitis “ thirst “ (if actually
“*Hinschwinden, Verschmachten ”).
Maybe Alb. ( sitis) etje “thirst”
References: WP. I 505 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 326, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 38, 139 ff.
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gʷhðer-
English meaning: to run, flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rinnen, fließen; zerrinnen, verschwinden” , in ar. Kaus. and in Gk.
i̯o-Verbum trans. “rinnen lassen, zerrinnen lassen ”, daher Gk. “verschwinden lassen,
vernichten ”
Note: (or better gʷðer -??)
Material: O.Ind. kṣárati “ flows, streams, zerrinnt, verschwindet ”, kṣara -m “water”, kṣürayati
“läßt fließen” , kṣülayati “wäscht ab” (compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 241); Av. ɣžaraiti
‘streams, wallt auf ”, ɣžürayeiti “läßt fließen” , with vī- “läßt ũberfließen” ; further formations in
ü-ɣžrüδayeiti “läßt aufwallen” , vī-ɣžrüδayeiti “läßt apart, ũberwallen” ; reconverted žɣar- in
avifra-žɣaraiti “ flows herzu to- ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz- phonetic
mutation
probably Arm. jur, gen. jroy “water” (*gʷhðōro -);
Note:
Wrong etymology - Arm. jur, gen. jroy “water” : Alb. (*jura > uja ) ujë, ujëra pl. “water” : Lith.
jaurùs “ swampy, marshy “, jáura , jáuras “marshy place, marshy ground, swamp bottom ”
from *eu̯ǝr- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lith.). see Root au̯(e)-9, au̯ed -,
au̯er- (*aku̯ent -): “to flow, to wet; water, etc. ”.
Gk. Att. φθείρω (*φθερι̯ω ; Lesb. φθέρρω, ark. φθήρω), zero grade Dor. φθαίρω
(*φθαρι̯ω ) “richte zugrunde ”; in addition also φθεί ρ “louse” (ψείρει φθείρει Hes. is Folge the
Lateern spirantischen pronunciation of θ), φθορά̄ “ruin, Vernichtung ” and (as Rest the
älterenBedeut.) “ intermingling or Verreibung the Farben ”, also συμφθείρω besides
“zugleich or gänzlich zugrunde richten” also “lasse Farben ineinanderfließen” , then also
“verschmelzen, vermischen ũberhaupt” , συμφθείρεσθαι “zusammenströmen” .

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gʷhren -
English meaning: phrenic; soul, mind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zwerchfell as Sitz of Geistigen, Verstand, Denken ”?
Material: Gk. φρήν “Zwerchfell” (pl. “ intestines, entrails “), ‘soul, ghost, Verstand, heart ”,
φρονέω “denke”, φρόνησις “Denken, Verstand ”, φροντίς (: O.Ice. grundr ) “ care “, ἄφρων
“unverständig, crazy” , σώφρων ‘sensible, wise ”, εὔφρων “frohen Sinnes, erfreuend,
wohlwollend ”, εὐφραίνω “make glad, erheitere ”;
O.Ice. grunr m. “ suspicion “, gruna “beargwöhnen” , grundr m. “ contemplation “, grunda
“think”.
References: WP. I 699.
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gʷhrē -
English meaning: to smell, scent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “riechen, wittern, spũren”
Material: O.Ind. jíghrüti , ghrüti “riecht, riecht an etwas, kũßt, nimmt wahr” , participle ghrüta ́ -,
ghrü ́ n ̣ a - m. n. ‘smell, odor, Duft ”, ghrün ̣ ü f. and ghrün ̣ a - n. “nose”, ghrüti - “Riechen, smell,
odor”;
Gk. ὀσφραίνομαι ‘smell, wittern, spũren” (< *odes ‘smell, odor ” + *gʷhr -), Aor. Att.
ὠσφρόμην ; ὄσφρησις “Riechen, smell, odor ” (: O.Ind. ghrüti -);
Toch. A krüm , В kor “nose”.
References: WP. I 697, WH. I 540.
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gʷis-ti-s
English meaning: finger
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Finger”??
Material: Welsh bys, O.Corn. bis, bes, Bret. biz “finger”, M.Ir. biss ega “icicle”; Celto-Gmc.
PN Bissula “Fingerchen ”?;
O.N. kvistr m. “twig, branch ”;
M.L.G. twist “twig, branch ” mũßte dabei ein from kvistr miscellaneous word sein, was
also bedenklich is, as O.N. kvīsl f. “twig, branch, fork, arm of a river “ from O.H.G. zwisila
“gabelförmiger object, twig, branch” to separate; see above S. 232.
References: WP. I 694.
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gʷl̥tur (os)
English meaning: vulture
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geier”
Grammatical information: m.
Material: Gk. *βλοσυρός (with Eol. λο for λα) “ vulture”, Hom. βλοσυρ -ώπις “geieräugig” ,
hence adj. βλοσυρός “with furchtbaren Augen, grisly looking “, etc.;
Lat. voltur (vultur ), -uris and volturus “ vulture”.
The origin of Root gʷl̥tur (os) : (vulture) seems to be the fact that vultures are bald hence the
primal root was Root bhel-1, balto-Slav. also bhelǝ - : shining, white, *bald) suffixed by the
IE suffix *-tre, -tur.

References: M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 141 f.
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gʷou-
English meaning: cattle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rind”
Grammatical information: m. f. nom. sg. gʷōus , gen. gʷous (and gʷou ̯ os ?), acc. gʷōm , loc.
gʷou ̯ i
Material: O.Ind. gáuḥ m. f. “rother, cattle ” (= Av. güuš ds.), gen. góḥ (= Av. güuš ), dat. gáve
(= Av. gave ), loc. gávi (= Lat. abl. boue ), acc. gü ́ m (also 2silb., as Av. gąm); pl. nom. gü ́ vah ̣
(= Av. gü ̆ vō ), gen. gávüm (= Av. gavąm ), acc. gü ́ h ̣ (= Av. gü ̊, IE *gʷōs , Gk. Dor. β῵ς) ;
therefrom gō-pü ́-ḥ “herdsman, shepherd ”, gōpüya ́ ti , gopayati “hũtet” , etc.;
Maybe Alb. * głō-pü ́-ḥ, łopah, lopë “cow” contaminated by O.Ind. gavala-ḥ “ wild buffalo “
Arm. kov “cow”;
Gk. Att. βοῦς m. f. “ rother, cattle, cow ”, acc. βοῦν [both with unechtem ου an Stelle from
älterem *βοῦς (with real ου), acc. *β῵ν], Dor. β῵ς, acc. β῵ν, gen. βο(F)ός , etc.; also in βου-
λῡτός m. “ time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening ”, βού -τῡρον m. “ butter” (out of it Lat.
butyrum , Ger. “ butter”), lit. “Kuhkäse” (τῡρός “cheese”), further in dem verstärkenden prefix
βου- from βού-λῑμος “Heißhunger” , etc. (Schwyzer Gk. I 434, 6; 577 β);
Lat. bōs, bovis m. f. “rother, cattle ” (Osc.-Umbr. Lw. for Lat. *vōs); derivatives of stem
bov- (*gʷou - before vowel) or bū- (*gʷou - before Konsonanz), bū ̆ b- (redupl. formation):
bovīle “Rinderstall ”, bubīle ds., bovīnus “zum rother, cattle gehörig” , būbulus ds. (lautl.
identical with Gk. βούβαλος “ gazelle “, das with O.Ind. gavala-ḥ “wild Bũffel” not unmittelbar
gleichzusetzen is), Bubona “Rindergöttin” , etc.; Umbr. bum “bovem” (*gʷōm ), bue “bove”,
Osc. in Búvaianúd , volsk. bim “bovem”;
O.Ir. bó f. “cow” (from arch. * báu, IE *gʷōus ), gen. arch. bóu, báu, later báo, bó, in Brit.
ersetzt through die derivative O.Welsh buch , Welsh buwch , O.Corn. buch , Bret. buc”h “cow”

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(*boukkü ); here the urIr. FlN Βοουίνδα (= *Bovovindü ), nowadays Eng. Boyne , O.Ir. Bó(f)ind
“die Kuhweiße” ; *gʷou -, Celt. * bou- in den compounds gallorom. bō-tege (*gʷou -tegos )
“Kuhstall” (M.-L. 1229a), Welsh bugail (*gʷou-kʷoli̯os ) “βουκόλος” , Bret. bugenn “Kuhhaut,
Rindsleder ”, next to which *bovo-tegos in O.Bret. boutig , Welsh beudy “Kuhstall”; M.Ir.
búasach “rich (an Kũhen)” from buas “ richness “ (*gʷou ̯ o -u̯id-to-s “cow-Kenntnis ”);
O.H.G. chuo, asächs. O.S. kō (from dem acc. *kōn, IE *gʷōm ), O.E. O.Fris. cú, O.Ice. kūr
“cow” (*kūz from gʷōus ; O.E. cū could also be = O.H.G. kuo);
Ltv. gùovs “cow”, Dimin. guõtin̨a ;
Slav. *govędo “rother, cattle ”, O.C.S. gu-mьno “threshing floor ”, i.e. “place, where Rinder
das corn austreten ”;
Toch. A ko “cow”, pl. kowi, В kau, pl. Obliq. kewän ; A kayurṣ , В kaurṣe “bull” < *gʷou-
u̯r̥so-, to O.Ind. vŕ̥ṣaṇ - “bull”.
Maybe Alb. (*kʷo-) kau “ox” : Rom. (*gʷo-) bou “ox” common Illyr. - Celtic gʷ- > b- phonetic
mutatIon.
compare still die i̯o-derivative O.Ind. gávya -, gavyá -, Av. gavya- “bovinus”, Hom.
τεσσαράβοιος “ vier Rinder wert ”, Arm. kogi “ butter” (*gʷou ̯ io -), and die zero grade O.Ind.
śata-gu- “hundert Kũhe besitzend” = O.Pers. ϑatagu- “name a Landes ” (originally Volkes,
actually “hundert Kũhe besitzend” ), O.Ind. náva -gva, dáśa -gva- , Av. aēta(*g)va- EN, i.e.
“wer schimmernde Rinder hat ”; Gk. ἑκατόμ -βη ( *-gʷu ̯-ü) ‘sacrifice, oblation from 100
Rindern”; against it is Lat. bŭ-bulcus “Ochsentreiber ” after sŭ-bulcus ‘schweinehirt ” from
*būbulcus gekũrzt; after Specht Indog. Decl. 234 here O.N. kvīgr ‘stierkalb”, kvīge “young
cow” (after Holthausen Wb. of old Westn. in addition West fäl. quīne , nld. kween ds.) and
kussi , kursi “calf”, etc.
To dem Rindernamen places man die Gk. family of βόσκω “weide, fũttere”, βοσκή, βόσις
“food, willow “, βοτόν “cattle”, βοτάνη “ Weidekraut, food ”, βοτήρ, βώτωρ “ herdsman,

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shepherd ”, βωτιάνειρα “die männernährende” , as well as Lith. gaujà “herd, Rudel ”, gujù,
gùiti “drive, push ”, gúotas “herd”; die ältesten Glieder these Reihen mögen perhaps *gʷō[u] -
to-m “Rinderherde ” and * gʷou̯i̯ō “bin Rinderhirt ” gewesen sein? About Gk. πρέσβυς “ old”
see under per-3.
Vielfach wird borrowing from sumer. gu (older *gud) “bull, rother, cattle ” angenommen.
Against it Specht Indog. Decl. 33.
References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gk. I 577, 708.
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gʷōu-, gʷū -
English meaning: dung, dirt
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mist, Exkremente, Kot, Ekelhaftes ”
Note: in Gmc. and esp. in Balt-Slav. with meaning -development from “repugnance, disgust,
repulsion, loathing “ to ‘small, ekelhafte animal, Kriechtiere ” and from “verunreinigen,
verunstalten ” to “vilify, revile, rebuke ”.
Material: O.Ind. gū-tha-ḥ, -m “Exkremente ”, Av. gū-ϑa- n. ‘smut, ordure ” (only by Gramm.
also guváti “cacat”, gūnam “cacatum ”);
Arm. ku and koy “crap, muck ” (*gʷō ̆ u-so; ? see under);
Lat. būbinüre “with dem Monatlichen befoul “ could from älterem *bovinō (with Osc.-
Umbr. b for gʷ) transfigured sein, as bovīle to bubīle ;
Maced. γοτάν (leg. γοῦταν) ὗν Hes. (?);
Slav. *govъno “ordure” in R.C.S. govno etc., in ablaut Slav. *gavjǫ , *gaviti in R.C.S.
ogaviti “vexare”, Serb. gaviti se “ be disgusted “ (and changing through ablaut gȕvî mi se
“mich ekelt, I muß break, rupture” , gȕviti se), Cz. o-haviti “verunstalten ”, ohavnū “hideous”,
Russ. dial. gávedь f., “horror”, Clr. hávedńa “Gesindel ”, Cz. havěd” “Geflũgel, Gesindel” ,
Pol. gawiedź ‘small Kinder and Haustiere; Geflũgel, Läuse; Gesindel, Pöbel” .
dh-extension gʷē[u]dh -, gʷō[u]dh -, gʷūdh -.
Lith. ge ́da f. ‘schande, Unehre ”, ge ́dingas ‘schandbar ”, ge ́dinti “beschämen, revile “ ,
O.Pruss. gīdan acc. ‘schande”;
O.C.S. gadъ m. “Kriechtier (*ekelhaftes animal); schädliches animal” (*gʷōdh -), Church
Slavic gaždu, gaditi “verabscheuen, rebuke ”, Russ. gáditь ‘smudge, befoul, spoil ”, Serb.
gȁd “ disgust, repulsion, loathing; snake, worms “, Cz. haditi “vilify, rebuke ” (etc., s.
Berneker 289);

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Pol. żadać się “abominari ”, żadny , żadliwy “ugly, nasty “ (*gʷēdh -); Russ. dial. gídkij
“disgusting ”, Clr. hyd “Abscheuliches, disgust, repulsion, loathing “; with formants -d(h)a in
Cz. o-hyzda (*gyz-dü) “ disgust, repulsion, loathing, repugnance ”, hyzditi “rebuke, vilify,
verwerfen, Pol. dial. gizd “ disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut, unreiner person ” (with other
meaning change Serb. gízda “pride, Eleganz, jewellery, pleasantness, agreeableness “
under likewise, s. Berneker 374);
M.L.G. quüd ‘stercus”, O.H.G. quüt, M.H.G. quüt, kōt, küt , Ger. Kot, tirol. kōt “ekelhaftes
animal”, pl. köter “allerhand Ungeziefer ”, M.L.G. quüd , M.Du. qwaet , Du. kwaad “mad,
wicked, evil, ugly, verderbt ”, md. quüd “mad, wicked, evil, ekel, weak ”;
maybe Alb. (*kōt) kot “waste, useless ”
with IE -ǝu-:
Welsh budr “dirty, filthy ”, budro ‘smudge”, M.Ir. buadraim “cloudy, bewilder ” (compare
Pedersen KG. I 112);
O.E. cwēad “ordure”, O.Fris. quüd “evil, bad”;
with u from * -ǝu- slovak. ohuda ‘scheusal”, Clr. ohúda “reprimand ”, aRuss. guditi “
slander , blaspheme , accuse, blame “ under likewise;
with -ǝ- as zero grade from - ō[u] or Gmc. ablaut neologism N.Ger. quadder “ dirty
dampness, mucus ” = M.L.G. koder “mucus”, Ger. dial. koder, Köder “ glutinous mucus,
catarrh”;
Maybe Alb. kodër “heap, hill, mass ” similar to O.E. clūd m. “a mass of rock, hill ” [see Root
gel-1 : “to curl; round ”]
also N.Ger. quassen (*kwadsōn ) “(in Feuchtem) quatschen ”, quasken, quatsken , Ger.
quatschen , Eng. quask, squash and perhaps the people ’s name Quadi ;
Maybe Alb. guaskë ‘seashell”

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gʷrendh -
English meaning: to swell; brost
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen (physisch, and vor Hochmut); Schwellung, Erhöhung,
Brust”
Material: Gk. βρένθος “pride”, βρενθύομαι “gebärde mich stolz” ;
Lat. grandis “big, large, großgewachsen, old, convex, elevated” (a = e or o);
O.C.S. grǫdь “brost”, slovak. hrud “elevation ”, Pol. old grędzi “brost”, grąd “erhöhte place
in swamp, marsh, old “island, Werder ” (etc.).
References: WP. I 699, WH. I 617 f.
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gʷretso -
English meaning: thick, big
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dick, groß” ??
Material: Lat. grossus “thick” pflegt man with M.Ir. Welsh Corn. Bret. bras “big, large, thick ”,
M.Ir. also ‘strong”, zusammenzubringen. Yet makes the Celt. vocalism Schwierigkeiten, and
M.Ir. bres “already” is barely dazuzustellen. from bras rather as *gʷrǝ -sto- to Lat. gravis ,
above S. 476?
References: WP. I 698, WH. I 623.
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gʷrēug ̂ h -, gʷrū ̆ g ̂ h -
English meaning: to gnash the teeth; to bite
Deutsche Übersetzung: a) “with den Zähnen knirschen” , b) “nagen, beißen”
Material: a) Gk. βρύ̄χω “knirsche with den Zähnen” (besides through Entgleisung from
βρύξω, ἔβρυξᾱ βρύ̄κω) “bite”, βρύγδην “biting”, βρυγμός “ bruxism “, βρῡχετός “cold
fever”(“Zähneklappern” ).
b) O.Ir. brōn “ distress “, Welsh brwyn ‘stechender pain ” (Proto-Celt. * brŭgnos );
Lith. gráužiu , gráužti “ gnaw “, sugrùžinti “destroy”;
O.C.S. gryzǫ, grysti “ gnaw “ (in other Slav. Sprachen also from nagendem distress; here
probably also Sloven. grúže pl. f. “ scabies “).
To gryzǫ probably Russ. grustь “ distress “, Sloven. grûst “ disgust, repulsion, loathing “.
References: WP. I 697 f., Trautmann 100.
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iēlo- : i̯ǝlo-
English meaning: unripe, raw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “unreif, roh, unbearbeitet ”
Note: only Celt. and Bal.-Slav.
Material: Gaul. - ialo- “Lichtung ”, often in PN, as Nanto-ialo- , Fr. Nanteuil “valley-Lichtung ”,
etc.; Welsh ial f. “Lichtung ”, PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion2 II 356); an-ial “Einöde” ;
Ltv. jêls “unreif, unbearbeitet, raw, wund (from the skin) ”;
Slav. *jalъ and *jalovъ in Russ. jáɫyj and jáɫovyj “unfruchtbar, unbearbeitet (of Lande) ”,
Serb. jȁlov “unfruchtbar, gelt ”, Cz. jalovū ds., Pol. jaɫowizna “leere, wũste place” .
References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.
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i̯agh-
English meaning: to chase, wish for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nachjagen, begehren ”?
Material: O.H.G. jagōn , Du. Ger. jagen , M.H.G. jaget (*jagōÞ ), Ger. Jagd , M.L.G. Du. jacht ,
perhaps after Graßmann Wb. 1001 to O.Ind. yahú-, yahvá - “ restless, rash, hasty
dahinschießend” , yahvī́ ds. (from Flũssen), but sáhasō yahúḥ ‘son of power “, whereas the
concept “kid, child, son ” probably from “the muntere, bewegliche ” has evolved; jedenfalls
entspricht the letzteren Verwendung Av. yazuš puϑrō “the jũngste son” , yezivī dugǝdra ̨ m
“die jũngste the Töchter” (Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 1280); O.Ind. (pra-)yakṣati “dringt vor,
hurries, strebt ”, yakṣin - perhaps “keen, eager, lebendig ” (after Graßmann “ verfolgend,
rächend” ), yakṣya - “rũhrig, quick, fast zũngelnd” (s-formations to vorigen). Common O.Ind.
ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz- , z- phonetic mutatIon.
By den not ganz geklärten Bedeutungsverhältnissen from yahú -, yahvá - somewhat
doubtful rudiment.
References: WP. I 195 f.
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i̯ag-
English meaning: to worship
Deutsche Übersetzung: “religiös verehren”
Material: O.Ind. yájati “venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation ” (perf. ījē ́, participle iṣṭá-
) = Av. yazaite ds. (participle yasta- with lengthened grade after dem present), O.Ind. satya-
yáj- “veritable anbetend ”, with zero grade r̥tv-íj “after Vorschrift regelmäßig opfernd” =
“Opferpriester ”, ijya- “to worship, m. Lehrer ”, ijyü ‘sacrifice, oblation ”;
Gk. ἅζομαι (*ἅγι̯ομαι ) ‘scheue”, ἅγιος “ holy, geweiht ” (das with it identical O.Ind. yájya - “to
worship “ wird only from Vopadeva as Gerund. gelehrt, Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ἁγίζω
“weihe”;
O.Ind. yajas- n. “worship, veneration ” = Gk. ἅγος n. “ blame, Befleckung, sacrifice,
oblation”, *παναγή ς “ganz holy ”;
O.Ind. yajñá -ḥ, Av. yasna- m. “Gottesverehrung, sacrifice, oblation ” (yajñíya -, Av.
yesnya- “opferwũrdig, zum Opfer gehörig” ), Gk. ἁγνός “holy, pure, lauter ”;
Meillet (BAL.-SLAV. 21, 126ff., EM2 845) will die Gk. words rather with Lat. sacer “holy”
connect;
Toch. A yäks- “ hug, embrace, hold tight “ (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)?
References: WP. I 195, Schwyzer Gk. I 303.
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i̯ā̆m-
English meaning: to dig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “graben, aufgraben ”
Note: (or i̯em- : i̯em- : i̯ōm-)
Material: Gk. ἄμη f. ‘shovel, hack, mattock, hoe ”, δι-αμάω “grabe auf, scharre auf ”, ἐξαμάω ,
-ομαι “grabe from ”; ἀμάρᾱ “ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow ”, ἀμαρεύω “bewässere” ;
O.C.S. jama “pit, pothole ” (originally anlaut j- erwiesen through das O.Bulg. and through
das dial. Russ. ńama , grown from * vъn-jamě , *jamǫ).
References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker 444.
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i̯ā- : i̯ō-
English meaning: to be angry; to be punish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erregt sein ”, daher “bestrafen, rächen” , also “erregt sprechen,
beschwören, preisen”
Material: O.Ind. ved. yü ́-van- “Angreifer, Verfolger ”, yü-tár- “Rächer” , r̥ṇa-yü ́-, -yü ́-van- , -yüt-
“eine blame rachend ”, O.Ind. yü-tú- m. “Hexerei, Spuk, Zauberdämon” ;
Av. yü-tu- m. “Zauberei, magician “, yü-sü “wish”;
Arm. janam “I strenge mich an ” (Meillet Esquisse2 52);
Gk. ζ῅λος , Dor. ζᾶλος m. “ eagerness, jealousy, envy “ (: nSloven. jâl), ζητρός
“Folterknecht ”, ζημία , Dor. ζᾱμία “ punishment, penance, atonement, loss ”; ζωρός “fiery,
strong, unvermischt (of Wein) ” (: O.C.S. jarъ); ablaut. ἐπι-ζαρέω; ‘stũrme an, bedränge” ?;
O.Ir. á(i)lid “wũnscht eager, erbittet, erfleht” , Welsh iawl “ command, Lob ”, iolaf “I praise,
preise”, eiriolaf (*are-i̯ül-) “I bitte dringlich ”, O.Bret. 3. pl. Konj. iolent “precentur ”;
Slav. *i̯ōra- “violent” in O.C.S. jarъ ‘stern, herb ”, jarostь “rage, fury, vehemency ”, Russ.
járyj “irascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried ”, etc.; in addition nSloven. jâl
“ envy “ (: Gk. ζ῅λος )? Different above Berneker 28.
References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gk. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-
Jones, Welsh Gk. 383.
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i̯eg- (*ḫeik-)
English meaning: ice
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eis”
Note: only Gmc. and Celt.
Root i̯eg- (*ḫeik): “ice” derived from an extended Root okʷ- : to see; eye ”.
Material: old N.. jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan- ) “Eisstũck” , compare Swiss jäch, gicht (= gejicht ) “
hoarfrost , gefrorener Tau auf Bäumen” ; demin. formation alt N.. jǫkull m. “ hanging down
icicle, glacier “; O.E. gicel(a) m. “icicle, Eisscholle ”, Eng. icicle = O.E. īses gicel, O.N. ichilla
‘stiria”, N.Ger. īshekel , jäkel “icicle” (M.L.G. jokele ds. dũrfte from dem Nord. derive); O.H.G.
ihilla (= *jichilla ) ‘stiria”;
Maybe Alb. ( *ḫekul) akull “ice”, later abbreviated ( *ḫekul) hell “icicle” : old N.. jǫkull m. “
hanging down icicle, glacier “ [Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-].
M.Ir. aig f. (gen. ega) “ice” (*i̯egi-s), Welsh iü m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginü ) “glacicula ”, O.Corn.
iey gl. glaties, iein gl. frigus, M.Corn. yeyn , yen “cold”, br. ien “cold”.
Das a in M.Ir. aig is from e before paLat. g originated, das a in den Brit. forms whereas
through den alteration from anlaut. je- to ja- to define; compare under i̯et-;
about Hitt. e-ku- na-š “cold” compare Pedersen Hitt. 171.
References: WP. I 206; Schweiz. Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
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i̯ek-
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen”, also von feierlicher, bittender Rede
Material:
O.Ind. yü ́ cati “fleht, fordert ”, yücn ̃ ü ́ “request”; yücita ́ -, yü ́ citum , yücitar -, etc.
Lat. iocus ‘scherzrede, joke “; Umbr. iuka, iuku acc. pl. n. “preces”, Osc. iúkleí
“inconsecratione ”;
O.H.G. jehan, gehan ‘say, speak, bekennen ”, asächs. gehan ds., O.H.G. jiht (*jeχti-)
“Aussage, Bekenntnis ”, bijiht = Ger. “Beichte”, in addition Krankheitsname Gicht (“through
Besprechen verursacht ”);
M.Welsh ieith, Welsh iaith, Bret. iez “language ” (*jekti- );
Lith. juõkas , Ltv. juõks “ joke “ is perhaps Lat. Lw. from the Studentensprache, as also
Ger. Jux; against it Trautmann 108;
Toch. А В yask- “long, want, beg ” (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yüs ̣ s ̣ uce, В
yüs ̣ s ̣ ūca “ beggar”.
References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also i̯ǝk- “heal, cure ”
hierherstellen, but because of O.Ir. hīcc (IE ē) not glaubhaft.
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i̯em-
English meaning: to hold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “halten, zusammenhalten, paaren, bezwingen ”
Material: O.Ind. yámati “zũgelt, lenkt; streckt from, reicht dar” , yácchati ds., yatá-ḥ
“gehalten ”, yáma -ḥ m. “rein”, yántra - n. ‘strang, band, strap ”; Av. yam-, yasaitē , O.Pers.
Imperf. ayasatü , participle Av. yata- “hold, stop ”, yüta- “zugewiesener allotment, possession
“ (to ü compare die heavy root form O.Ind. yámitavai , Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); O.Ind.
yamá -ḥ m., Av. yǝ ̄ ma - m. “twin”; O.Ind. GN Yamá -ḥ “twin, hermaphrodite “ = Av. Yimō ;
Lat. geminus “zwillingsgeboren, twin; double ” hat probably das g- from the root gem- “
grasp, zusammenpressen ” (above S. 368 f.) bezogen;
M.Ir. emon m., emuin f. (*emno -, *emnī ) “Zwillingspaar ”, emnaid “verdoppelt ”;
perhaps here Gmc. *ibna- “eben, gleichmäßig” , whether from * imná - < *jemnó -, in Goth.
ibns “eben”, O.N. jafn, jamn , O.E. efn, Eng. even, asächs. eƀan , O.H.G. eban “еben”; after
Gũntert (Weltkönig 337 ff.) here the O.N. GN Ymir as “ hermaphrodite “ from Gmc. *i̯umii̯áz ,
IE *iem(i)i̯ós?
not certainly is, whether here also Gk. ἥμερος “tame, domesticated, mild ”, ἡμερίς , -ίδος
“the veredelte Rebstock ”, ἡμερόω “zahme” (with lengthened grade ē), and as zero grade
Lat. redimiō “binde um, umwinde, bekränze” , as well as infula “priesterliche head fascia ”
(*im-dhlü??) belong.
Das with Gk. ἥμερος identical O.H.G. asächs. jümar , O.E. gēomor “ sad “, Subst. O.H.G.
jümar “ misery “ (originally ostensibly “bedrũckt”) dũrfte though because of O.N. amra “
lament”, das to emja , ymja “howl” belongs, rather an interjection entsprungen sein. Welsh
afar “affliction, lament ” (M.Ir. amar ds.) kann not j- verloren have and muß already
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i̯énǝter -, reduced case i̯enǝtr- (i̯n̥̥̄tr-) (*ḫénǝter )
English meaning: husband ’s brother’s wife
Deutsche Übersetzung: “die Frau of Bruders of Gatten ”
Note: It derived from Root ĝen-1, ĝenǝ -, ĝnē-, ĝnō- : “to bear” suffixed in - ter formant.
Material:
O.Ind. yü ́ tar - ds. (Akzent the starken + vocalism the schwachen case);
Arm. ner, more properly nēr, gen. niri “die Frauen from Brũdern or desselben Mannes”
(zur basic form suppositions by Hũbschmann Arm. Gk. I 478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet
BAL.-SLAV. 30, CR. 90, lastly Cuny Recherches 66 f.);
Phryg. acc. ιανατερα;
Gk. ἐνάτηρ “ die Frau of brother s of Gatten ” (Ion. Psilose), Hom. εἰνατέρες, -έρων (εἰ -
verbalism the metr. lengthening for ἐν-), inschr. (kleinaswe.-Gk. ) ἐνατρί ;
Origin of the old laryngeal Gk. * ghe- > ḫe- phonetic mutation?
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ghenter ) dhandër ‘son-in-law” : lith. že ́ ntas ‘son-in-law” [common Alb.
gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Lat. janitrīcēs (extension from *ianiter after Fem. the nouns agentis auf -īc-) “die
Ehefrauen from Brũdern” (das i derives from *ianiter );
O.Lith. *jéntė , -ers ds. (gentė , žente through hybridization with gentìs “kinsman, relative ”,
že ́ ntas ‘son-in-law”), Ltv. ìetere , iẽtal”a and kurisch jentere ds.;
O.C.S. *jętry (ending after svekry ), R.C.S. jatry ds., Serb. jêtrva ds.
References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 568.
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i̯es-
English meaning: to foam, boil
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wallen, schäumen” , von kochendem Wasser
Material: O.Ind. *yásati , yásyati ‘sprudelt, siedet; mũht sich ab” , yayastu ‘soll verbrũhen” ;
with ü- ‘sich anstrengen ” (ü-yas- ta- “angefacht, angestrengt, ermũdet, erschlafft” , ü-yüs-
ayati ‘strengt an, ermũdet, afflicts” ), prá-yasta- “ũberwallend” , Intens. i-yas-yatē “erschlafft,
schwindet hin ”, redupl. yeṣati (*i̯e-i̯s-) “wallt, sprudelt ”, Av. yaēšyeiti ‘siedet (intr.) ”;
Gk. ζέω (= yásati ) “cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.) ”, ζέσσε, ζεστ ός, ζέσμα and
geneuert = renamed, has changed?? ζέμα “ Absud”, ζόη τὸ ἐπάνω τοῦ μέλιτος (Gischt,
scum, froth, foam) Hes.;
Gallo-Rom. i̯estü ‘scum, froth, foam ” (v. Wartburg), Welsh ias f., pl. iasau ‘sieden,
Schaumen, Kochen ”; O.Ir. ess m. (older n., from * i̯estu ) “waterfall”; Bret. gòi “ferment,
seethe” perhaps abstracted from gòell “yeast” (*upo-i̯es-lo-);
O.H.G. jesan “ferment, seethe , schäumen” = Swe. dial. esa (as) “ferment, seethe ”, Nor.
æse, Swe. dial. äsa (*jēsian ) ds., Nor. dial. asa (*jasàn ; preterit ōs) “flare up, foam, ferment,
seethe, roar, storm, dash ”, esja (*jasjan ) “ferment, seethe ”, O.N. ø̄sa (*jōsjan ) “in heftige
Bewegung place ”, compare Nor. dial. “das Brausen, Unruhe in animals and people ”, O.N.
jǫstr, gen. jastar m. (at first from * estuz, *estauz , older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from * estra )
“yeast”, O.E. giest (Eng. yeast ) ‘scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast ”, M.L.G. gest “yeast”,
M.H.G. jest, gest m. ‘scum, froth, foam ”, Ger. Gest and Gischt ‘scum, froth, foam, yeast ”;
Toch. A yäs- ‘simmer, seethe, boil ”.
References: WP. I 208. O ”Rahilly E ́ riu 13, 144 f.
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i̯et-
English meaning: to set out for; to strive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “worauf losgehen, streben, eifrig angehen ”
Material: O.Ind. yátati , -te after Pet. Wb. ‘schließt an, fũgt aneinander; strebt whereupon” ,
after Geldner Ved. stem 3, 11 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gk. Lautst. 157) “kommt gleich, is
ebenbũrtig, eifert after, wetteifert; is jealous, beneidet, streitet; drängt sich vor, squalls,
storms, sputet sich, hurries, marches ”, Kaus. yüta ́ yati “verbũndet, combined; zieht zur
Verantwortung, belangt, ahndet ”, yáti- m. “Asket” (“*Streber”), yatúna - ‘strebsam”, yatná - m.
“Bestrebung, Bemũhung, Anstrengung, toil” , Av. yateiti, yatayeiti “ places sich in Bewegung
(perf. in Gange sein), rũhrt sich, is emsig, bemũht sich eager “ , with frü- “kommt heran; geht
jemanden um etwas an ”, Kaus. yütayeiti “bringt zur Verwendung, betreibt, befaßt sich
wherewith, befleißigt sich” ;
Welsh add-iad ‘sehnsucht ”, Gaul. Ad-ietu-mürus , Ad-iatunnus , Ad-ietuanus (: O.Ind. yatú-
na-), nasalized (compare with Nasalsuffix O.Ind. yat-ná-) Welsh add-iant ‘sehnsucht ”, Ir. ēt
(Ir. éad) “ eagerness, jealousy “, Gaul. Iantu-müros, Ientu -müros (= Ir. ētmar “ jealous “);
O.Ir. ītu, acc. ītith, Ir. íota “ thirst “ maybe from lengthened grade * i̯ētu-tut-s;
maybe Alb. *et-, et-je, etje “thirst”, et-ur “thirsty”
perhaps here Toch. A yat- “reach, erlangen ”, present Med. yatatär , В yototär , Schulze-
Sieg Toch. Gk. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Toch. 221; also AB yüt- “fähig
sein, order ” (Van Windekens aaO.)?
References: WP. I 197.
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i̯eu-dh-
English meaning: to move swiftly, to fight
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in heftiger Bewegung sein, kämpfen”
Material: O.Ind. ud-yōdhati “wallt auf (of water); fährt zornig auf” , Kaus. yōdha ́ yati
“verwickelt in fight, struggle ”, yúdhyati, yōdhati “fights”, yúdh - m. “ combatant “, f. “fight,
struggle, battle ”, yudhmá -ḥ “ warlike “, m. “ combatant “, yō ́ dhīyas - ‘streitbarer, better
kämpfend” ; Pali yū ̆ hati “fights”;
Av. yūiδyeinti ‘sie kämpfen” , yūiδišta - “the at best kämpft” ;
Gk. Hom. ὑσμῖνι dat., ὑσμί̄νη “Treffen, battle, Kampfgetũmmel” (*i̯udh-s-mīn-, derivative
from a *i̯udh-s-mó-s, compare O.Ind. yudhmá -ḥ);
Lat. jubeō , -ēre (= Lith. jude ́ti ), jussī (alt. iousī), jussum eig. “*in Bewegung place,
aufrũtteln” , hence “jemanden etwas heißen, order” ; juba f. “Mähne” (“*die sich schũttelnde,
billowing “) ; (about jubar , -ůris “morning star, strahlendes light ” see WH. I 724);
O.Welsh O.Corn. O.Bret. Jud- “fight, struggle ” (*i̯oudho -), “ combatant “ (*i̯oudhi̯os ), in
MN as O.Welsh Jud-gual , O.Bret. Iud-uual “fight, struggle-gewaltiger ”; dieses Jud- (= iuð-)
wird later in anlaut mehrsilbiger Namen M.Welsh to Id- (= īð-), in allen other position to ud
(= ǖð), so O.Welsh Mor-iud “Meereskämpfer” to M.Welsh Mor-uð, selbständig Welsh udd
“master, mister ” (*i̯oudhi̯os );
Lith. judù, -e ́ti ‘sich bebend, zitternd bewegen, quarrel, squabble ”, jundù jùsti “in zitternde
Bewegung, in agitation geraten ”, O.Lith. judùs “zanksũchtig” , judra “whirlwind ”;
changing through ablaut Lith. jaudà f. “Verlockung, seduction “, whereof jáudinti “jemands
ferventness, passion awake, animate, jemanden verfũhren” , refl. “ agitated sein, sich
erregen”, Ltv. jaũda “fortune, power “, jaũdât “die nötige power have” ;

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i̯euĝ-
English meaning: to wave, unsteady
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufregen, unruhig ”
Material: Av. yaozaiti “regt sich auf (of water, from unruhigen Ländern)” , yaōšti - “Rũhrigkeit,
Regsamkeit ”;
Arm. yuzem “rege auf” is Iran. Lw.;
Goth. jiuka “rage, fury, fight ”, jiukan “fight”, M.H.G. jouchen , jöuchen “drive, push, hunt,
chase” and O.E. gēocor “full of hardship ”, gēocre adv. ‘stern”;
Toch. A yok-, А В yuk- “defeat, conquer ”.
References: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.
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i̯eu-1 (*gheu)
English meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vermengen, bei der Speisezubereitung ”
Note: (: i̯ēu-, i̯ō[u]-; i̯u-, i̯ū-; latter due to the Dehnstufen or from a heavy basis *i̯eu̯ǝ-),
originally probably “in Bewegung place ”; s. i̯eu-dh-.
Material: O.Ind. yü ́ uti , yuváti “ mixed “, ud-ü-yüuti “rũhrt auf” , pra-yüuti “rũhrt um ”, yū ̆ tí- f.
“Mischung ”, ü-yávana - n. “Rũhrlöffel” ;
Lith. jaunù , joviaũ, jaũti “heißes Wasser darũber gießen” , Ltv. jàut “dough einrũhren,
mix”, javs “Gemengsel from Viehfutter ”, Lith. jõvalas ‘schweinefutter, grape marc “;
Gk. ζῦθος, ζύθος “ägyptisches Gerstenbier” ??;
Alb.-Tosc gjär ‘soup” (*i̯ō-no-), Gheg gjanë ‘smut, pond, pool, watering-place “;
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
ablauteud gallorom. iutta from Gaul. * i̯u-tü, M.Lat. iotta “broth”, M.Welsh iwt, Welsh uwd,
iwd m., O.Corn. O.Bret. iot, Bret. ioud, iod “porridge, mash ”; O.Ir. íth “porridge, mash, broth ”
hat das ī probably from íth “fat” bezogen (Thurneysen Gk. 39).
s-stem i̯ō̆(u)s-, i̯ūs- “broth”:
O.Ind. yūs ̣ (only nom.), yūs ̣ a ́ -, уuṣa- m. n. “broth”, Lat. iūs, iūris “broth, soup ”, Lith. júšė
(*i̯ūsii̯ü ) ‘schlechte soup from sourdough with Wasser durchgerũhrt” , O.Pruss. juse “broth,
meat broth ”, O.C.S. jucha (*i̯ousü ) “broth, soup ” (Ger. Jauche from dem WestSlav.); in
addition die to-derivative Mod.Swe. ōst (*i̯ūsto ), O.N. ostr (secondary ō) “cheese” and finn.-
Run. juusto , Mod.Swe. dial. ūst ds.;
perhaps in addition Gk. ζύ̄μη “ sourdough ” (*i̯ūsmü or i̯ūmü) and ζωμό ς “broth,
soup”(*i̯ō[u]smos or *i̯ō[u]mos).
References: WP. I 199, WH. I 734, Trautmann 110.

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i̯eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ -, i̯eu̯-g-
English meaning: to tie together, yoke
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verbinden ”
Note: probably as 1. i̯eu- “vermengen ” from “in Bewegung place ” evolved; s. also i̯eu-dh-
and i̯eu-ni-.
Material: O.Ind. yáuti , yuváti “bindet an, schirrt an ” (also “ mixed “), participle yutá-, yū ̆ tí- f.
“connection ” (and “Mischung ”), ni-yút- f. “row, Gespann ”, yūtha ́ - m. “ association, troop,
multitude, crowd ”, yōtra - n. “rope, band ”, yūna - n. “band, strap, cord ”, avayava- m. “limb,
member, part ”; Av. yav- ‘sich wherewith beschäftigen” (present yavayeiti , Inf. yūtō, yūta),
yaona- n. “Beschäftigung” , yav- (yu-) adj. “ holding, stehend to jemanden ” = O.Ind. yú- “
journeyman, fellow “ (see Bartholomae AIran. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yáv-
“duration”);
Ltv. pl. jũtis “joint (*connection), Scheideweg ”, Lith. jáutis m. “ox” (“*the vor den cart
gespannte, jūmentum ”; Balt heavy root); here also Ltv. jumis “Doppelfrucht, Felddämon” ,
jùmt “(roof) cover ” (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 177ff.). Fraglich Arm. yaud “connection ”
because of vocalism (Iran. Lw.?).
Perhaps here Lat. juvüre “ support , help; ergötzen” ; probably with O.Ind. yu-yō ́-ti “hält
fern, separates from, bewahrt vor, wehrt; hält sich fern, wird apart, separated” , ví-yavanta
“abwehrend ” to a eigenen family zusammenzuschließen, with the as g-derivative also O.E.
géoc “help, consolation, certainty “, géocian “preserve, protect, retten ” compatible is; see
under i̯eu-4.
Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvüre to O.Ind. ávati , whereat above S. 77;
against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.
i̯u-go-m “Joch”:

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O.Ind. yugá - n. “Joch; pair ” (also “gender, sex, Generation ”) =
Gk. ζυγόν “ Joch” =
Maybe Alb. zgjedhë “ox yoke, slavery ”, zgjidh “untie” contaminated by Alb. lith “tie” and
gjedh “cattle”
Lat. jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about Umbr. Iguvium ) =
Goth. asächs. juk n., O.E. geoc , O.N. ok “Joch”, O.H.G. juch, joch “Joch; also so viel
Land, as man with a Ochsengespann an a Tage pflũgen kann” ;
Lith. (with n after jùngiu ) jùngas “Joch”;
O.C.S. igo (gen. iga) “Joch” (es-stem), Cz. jho ds. (Slav. *jьgo from * jъ́go, see also
Berneker 421 f.; in addition aRuss. оbьžа “ein Landmaß; so viel, as ein Mann with a Pferde
pflũgt” from * ob-jъgjü, nowadays obža and obga- d. j. * ob-jъga- “Deichselarme of
Hakenpflugs ”; Church Slavic pl. ižesa , Sloven. gen. iže ̂ sa with results of IE stem *i̯eugos -,
see under);
Welsh iau f., O.Welsh iou, O.Corn. ieu, Bret. ieo, geo “Joch”, kazelyé , kazelgé
“Knechtschaft ” = M.Welsh kesseyl -yeu “axillary yoke ” (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); Gaul. PN Ver-
iugo-dumnus ; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 zweifelt an the affiliation
of Ir. and Urverwandtschaft of Brit. words; doubtful is also die Beurteilung from Ir. cuing
“Joch”; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*i̯ungis ) through influence the
preposition com- ; dazuM.Welsh kyn-iwng “ association “ (Loth RC 38, 160);
Arm. luc “Joch” zeugt not for originally anlaut li̯- the root; influence of lucanem ‘spanne
from”;
Hitt. i-ú-ga-an (yugan ) “Joch”;
Toch. A yokäm f. “door, gate ” (O.Ind. Lw.?).
without geschichtlichen connection untereinander are O.Ind. yugalá - n. “pair”, Lat.
jugulum (Dimin. ) “Jochbein, Schlũsselbein” , jugulae ‘sterngũrtel of Orion” , and Gk. ζεύγλη

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‘schlingeim Joch ”; with Hitt. yugas “annual”, düyugas “ biennial “ compare Lith. dveigỹs “
biennial “ (treigỹs “dreijährig” , etc.), above S. 229, 230.
i̯eu-gos- es-stem:
Gk. τὸ ζεῦγος “ Gespann ”, pl. ζεύγεα = Lat. jūgera (*i̯ougesa ), wherefore ein neuer sg.
jūgerum “ein morning Landes ” = M.H.G. jiuch n. “ morning Landes” , compare also above
Church Slavic ižesa , further perhaps (das certainly late) ἀζυγής “unverbunden, unvermählt” ,
as well as Lat. iouxmenta, iūmentum (see S. 510); zero grade (as ἀζυγής, das but from
ζυγόν from neo logism sein kann) probably Goth. jukuzi f. “Joch, Knechtschaft ”, compared
with O.E. gycer “Joch” (*jukizi -), with u the 2. syllable through assimilation?
Verbalstamm i̯eu-g-:
O.Ind. yunákti (3. pl. yuñjánti = Lat. jungunt ), yuñjati ‘schirrt an, spannt an, connects ”,
compare full grade yōjayati (*jeugei̯eti ) “fũgt together” ; Av. yaoj-, yuj- “anspannen,
anschirren; wherewith vertraut make, a thing teilhaftig machen ”;
Gk. ζεύγνῡμι ‘schirre an, verbinde ”, ζεῦξαι ζυγ῅ναι ;
Lat. jungō, -ere, -nxi, -nctus “ connect “;
full grade O.H.G. untar-jauhta ‘subjugavi”;
Lith. jùngiu , jùngti “ connect, ins Joch spannen ”; participle O.Ind. yuktá -, Av. yuxta- , with
dem präs. -n- Lat. junctus , O.E. geoht , iukt n. “Joch”, Lith. jùngtas , with the (as in present
from ζεῦξαι, ζευκτήρ etc. stammenden) lengthened grade ζευκτός;
root nouns i̯ug- in:
O.Ind. yúj- “ fellow, comrade; geschirrt, bespannt with ”, ayúj- “ without Genossen, not in
pairs, by pairs ” = Gk. ἄζυξ “ not gejocht ”, σύζυξ “ zusammengekoppelt, vereint ”, Lat. conjux “
husband, wife ”; superl. *i̯ugistos in Lat. juxtü “dense besides ” (*jugistü , scil. viü “auf dem
nächst verbindenden Wege” ); in den starken KO.S. analogisches O.Ind. yúñj-, Lat. conjunx.
Additional derivatives in:

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O.Ind. уṓgа- m. “das Anschirren, connection ”; уṓgya - m. “ draft animal “, compare O.N.
eykr “ draft animal, horse ” (Gmc. *jaukiz , compare also Kaus. *jaukian “anschirren ”
assumed through O.N. eykt f. “Arbeitszeit between den Mahlzeiten ” from *jaukiÞō ) = Lat.
jūgis “perpetual; beständig flowing “ (besides iūges , -ĕtis “angespannt ”); O.Ind. yō ́ jana - n.
“ein Wegmaß” , Av. yujasti- f. ds.; O.Ind. yukti- f. “das Anschirren ”, Gk. ζεῦξις “das
Anschirren, Verbinden ”, Lat. juncti-m, juncti- ō, compare of es-stem Av. yaōxšti - “Fertigkeit,
ability, capacity, adroitness “; O.Ind. yōkta ́ r - “Anschirrer ”, yō ́ ktra - n. ‘strang, Gurt ”, Av.
yaōxǝδra - n. “kriegerische Anspannung, Unternehmung, attack ”, Gk. ζευκτ῅ρες
“Jochriemen ”, Lat. junctor, junctūra ; O.Ind. yugmán - “gepaart”, Gk. ζεῦγμa
“Zusammenjochung, Joch ”, Lat. jug(u)mentum “Pfosten, crossbar, crossbeam ”, due to of
es-stem in addition aLat. iouxmenta , klass. iūmentum “Gespann ”.
Perhaps with i̯eu̯- related are also die Sippen i̯eu̯(e)s- “ statute “ as “Verbindlichkeit,
bond, Fug ” and i̯ōs- “gũrten” as *i̯ō[u]s-.
References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 70 ff.,
109, Renou BAL.-SLAV. 41, 18 ff.
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i̯eu-3
English meaning: young
Deutsche Übersetzung: “jung”
Material: O.Ind. yúvan - (yúvü , gen. yū ́ nah ̣ ) “ young; youngling “, f. yūnī, compounds Sup.
yávīyas -, yáviṣṭa -ḥ; Av. yvan -, yavan- (beides for yuvan- inscribed), gen. yūnō “ youngling “;
Lat. juvenis “ young; youngling, virgin ” (to -ven- instead of - vin- compare EM2 509)
instead of * i̯uu̯ō due to the old conservative case gen. juven- is, dat. -ī, acc. - em etc.; jūnī-x
“young cow ” Lat.-c-extension besides O.Ind. yūnī, against it compounds jūnior with jungem
jūn- (through Lat. development from * juvenios ); Umbr. iouies “juvenibus, militibus ”, acc. pl.
jovie (ein of compounds rũckgebildetes *joviē -s “troop, multitude, crowd the juniores ”?);
O.Ir. ōa “jũnger”, ōam “jũngst” , M.Welsh ieu (Welsh iau) “jũnger” , ieuaf (so also Welsh )
“jũngst” , Bret. iaou “jũnger” , next to which the Positiv O.Ir. ōac (arch. oëc), M.Ir. ōc, Welsh
ieuanc , Bret. iaouank , O.Corn. iouenc , M.Corn. yowynk “ young “, Gaul. Jovinc-illus, -a (IE
*i̯uu̯n̥k̂ós , see under), after dem compounds-Sup. to Celt. * i̯eu̯-, *i̯ou̯n̥ko - unvocalized;
Lith. jáunas , Ltv. jaûns ; O.Bulg. junъ “ young “ (-no-stem instead of - n-stem after *seno-s
“old”; i̯uu̯eno - after dem compar. reconverted to * i̯eu̯eno -, Bal.-Slav. *i̯ōuno -).
derivatives of stem *i̯uu̯en -:
i̯uu̯n̥k̂ó -s: O.Ind. yuvaśá -ḥ, yuvaká -ḥ “jugendlich ”, Lat. juvencus, -a “young bull, young
cow, Junges ”, Umbr. iveka , iuenga “juvenca”, Goth. juggs , O.Ice. ungr, O.H.G. jung, O.E.
geong “ young “ (urg. *jūngaz from *juwungáz ; in addition ein neuer compounds *jū ́ nhizan -
in:) Goth. jūhiza , O.Ice. ø̄re “jũnger” (compare also O.Ice. ø̄ska “Jugend” from *jū[n]hiskōn -
).
i̯uu̯ent -, i̯uu̯n̥t -: O.Ind. yúvant -, f. yuvatí -ḥ “ young; virgin ”; O.H.G. jugund , O.S. juguð ,
O.E. geoguð (g instead of w after *duʒunÞi- “Tugend , skillfulness “), Goth. junda “Jugend”

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(*i̯uu̯n̥tü ); Lat. juventūs, -tūtis “Jugend” (jūventa = Goth. junda ?) = O.Ir. ōetiu , ōitiu, gen. - ted
“Jugend” (*i̯ou̯n̥tūt -s, reshaped from i̯uu̯n̥tūt -, see above to ōac).
A s-extension probably in O.Ind. yō ́ s ̣ ü , gen. *yōs ̣ n ̣ a ́ h , N. pl. yóṣūḥ , yō ́ s ̣ an ̣ ah ̣ “young, zum
Liebesgenuß geeignetes woman, wife” ; for Lat. Jūnō , if die goddess eig. “die jugendliche ”
stands for, is from dem in jūnīx, jūnior present stem i̯ūn- derived; different Leumann-Stolz5
239.
Maybe Alb. *yąng-, vągel, vogël (diminutive) “young”, voc “young boy ”
References: WP. I 200 f., WH. I 735 f.
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i̯eu-ni- or i̯ou -ni-
English meaning: the right way
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “angewiesene Stätte, richtiger Weg”
Material: O.Ind. yō ́ ni- m. “Aufenthaltsort ”, f. “womb”, Av. acc. sg. yaonǝm “way” (probably
from yaonim , see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition O.Ind. syoná - “behaglich ” from * su-
yoná -, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;
O.Ir. úain f. “Gelegenheit (i.e. more properly place = richtige time), Muße, time” .
References: WP. I 204;
See also: probably to i̯eu-1 “in Bewegung place ”.
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i̯eu̯o-
English meaning: corn; barley
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Getreide ”, vor allem “Gerste”
Material: O.Ind. yáva - m. “ corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum ” = Av. yava - m. “ corn, grain
“, Pers. jav “barley” (= Lith. javaĩ); O.Ind. yavya- m. “Fruchtvorrat ” (: Lith. jáuja “barn”);
yavasá - n. “grass, food ”, Av. yavaŋha - n. “ willow “; Av. yǝvīn - m. “Getreidefeld ”;
Hom. Att. ζειαί f. pl. ‘spelt”, Hom. ζείδωρος “ corn hervorbringend ” (for *ζεFεδωρος), φυσί -
ζοος (αἶα) “ corn hervorbringend ” (: i̯eu̯o-s = εὔ-φρων : φρήν);
Lith. jãvas m. ‘species of grain ”, javaĩ pl. “ corn, grain “, jáuja “barn”.
References: WP. I 202 f., Trautmann 107.
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i̯eu̯os -
English meaning: norm, right
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa ‘satzung, Fug ”
Note: perhaps as “Verbindlichkeit ” to *i̯eu-2 “ connect “
Material: O.Ind. yōh ̣ n. ‘salvation!” (only in connection with śáṃ; zur form s. Bartholomae
AIran. Wb. 1234); Av. yaožda -δüiti “makes bright, purifies, cleans rituell ”;
Lat. iūs “ statute, Verordnung, right ” (aLat. ious from *i̯ou̯os , compare:) iūstus (aLat.
iovestōd ) “gerecht”; jūrō, -üre ‘swear, vow ” (aLat. probably in iouesat Duenos-Inschr.),
about jūrgō , iniūria ; pe(r)ierüre , ējerüre , dēierüre (tiefstufiges i̯ŭsü-) s. WH. I 732 ff., EM2
506 ff.; about jūdex “judge” see above S. 188, WH. I 726;
O.Ir. huisse “gerecht” (*i̯us-ti̯os).
References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.
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i̯ēgʷā
English meaning: force
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kraft, Jugendkraft ”
Material: Gk. ἥβη “Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit ”, ἡβάω “bin nubile, marriageable ”, ἡβάσκω
“become m. ”, ἔφ-ηβος “ youngling “ (compare ἐπ-άργυρος );
Lith. nuo-, pa-jėgà “ power, Vermogen ”, jėgiù , je ̃gti “vermögen, stark sein” , Ltv. jẽga
“Verstand ”, jẽgt “catch, understand, comprehend “; whether here das isolierte Russ. dial.
jáglyj “violent; keen, eager; fast, rapid, hurried ”? (see Berneker 443).
Doubtful is die interpretation from Gk. ἁβρός “tender, fine, luscious ” from *i̯ǝgʷ-rós “in
Jugendkraft strotzend ”, also, whether Lat. Iegius , Osc. Ieíis (with ē?) hierhergehören.
References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.
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i̯ēk- : i̯ǝk-
English meaning: to heal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heilen”?
Material: Gk. ἄκος n. “remedy”, ἀκέομαι “heal”, delph. ἐφακει̃σθαι , ἀκέστωρ (as epithet
Apollos, “physician, medicine man, Retter ”, ἀκεστήρ “Heiler, physician, medicine man ”,
episch-ionische Psilose), in Att. Prosa selten gebrauchte words;
O.Ir. hīcc (*i̯ēkko -) “healing, Zahlung ”, Welsh iach “fit, healthy ”, Corn. yagh , Bret. iac”h ds.
(*i̯ǝkko -), with unclear Konsonantenverdopplung.
References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gk. I 303;
See also: see above i̯ek- ‘speak”.
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i̯ē̆kʷ-r̥(t-), gen. i̯ekʷ-n-és
English meaning: liver
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Leber”
Material: O.Ind. yákr̥t , gen. yaknáḥ “liver”; pers. jigar (*yakar -), afghO.N. yī̆na (obl. *yaxna- );
lengthened grade (?) Av. yükarǝ (after W. Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also Av. * ha-
yükana -, compare O.N. lifre m. “the zur selben liver Gehörige, brother “ , lifra f. “ sister “) =
Gk. ἧπαρ , -ατος (*-n̥-tos);
Lat. jecur , -oris and -inoris (proves previously * jecinis ; amalgamation of r-and n-
Stammes);
Balt *i̯eknü f. in Lith. jãknos , old jeknos, jekanas , Ltv. aknas, aknis f. pl. O.Pruss. iagno
(Hs. lagno ) f.
After Pedersen KG. I 129 here M.Ir. i(u)chair (*ikuri- ) f., gen. i(u)chrach “Fischrogen ” and
Church Slavic ikra, Russ. ikra, O.Sor. jikro, jikno ds., das further with Slav. ikra ‘scholle” and
ikra “calf” (and dessen Balt equivalent or rather Lehnformen, O.Pruss. yceroy , Ltv. ikrs,
O.Lith. gen. ikrū) under a basic meaning “clump, intumescence “ identical is. Also IE *i̯ekʷr̥t
could auf the same outlook based on.
Schwierig is das perhaps distorted taboo Arm. leard , gen. lerdi “liver” (compare lastly
Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belon g O.N. lifr f. “liver”, O.E. lifer, Eng.liver, O.H.G.
libera , lebara to Gk. λιπαρός “fat”, indem das originally epithet the (gemästeten) liver also
das old word for liver verdrängt hat, as Lat. jecur ficütum to Ital. fegato etc. gefũhrt hat.
A Proto- IE basic form *li̯ekʷr̥t scheint mir to gewagt.
References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gk. I 518, Benveniste
Origines I 8f.
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i̯ē- : i̯ǝ-, with -k- extended i̯ēk-, i̯ǝk-
English meaning: to throw; to do
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, machen, tun ”
Material: Gk. ἵημι (Inf. ἱέναι, Fut. ἥσω, Aor. ἕ-ηκα, ἧκα) “put in Bewegung, throw, cast,
sende” (*i̯i-i̯ē-mi); ἧμα n. “Wurf”;
Lat. iaciō, iēci, iactum, iacere “throw, cast, schleudere; streue from, verbreite ”;
Hitt. i-ja-mi “I make”, pí-ja-mi ‘schicke hin ”, u-i-ja-mi ‘schicke her ”; here luw. a-i-ja-ru (from
*i-ja-ru?) ‘soll gemacht become ”?;
Toch. A ya- “make”, suppliert through y-pa-, in preterit through yüm- , das in В in ganzen
paradigm durchgefũhrt worden is; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also А В yäk-
“neglect”?
Pedersen places also here Gk. ἰάπτω ‘sende, dispatch “.
Ghegen derivation from Gk. ἵημι from * si-sē-mi with guten Grũnden WH. I 667, EM 468.
Zweifelnd Schwyzer Gk. I 686, 741. Frisk (Eranos 41, 49 f.) entscheidet sich because of
Arm. himn “ foundation “ (“*das Geworfene? ” = Lat. sēmen ) for *si-sē-mi.
References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hitt. 129, 198, Toch. 166, 191, Lykisch
under Hitt. 30.
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i̯oi-ni-
English meaning: bulrush
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Binse”
Material: Lat. iuncus “ bulrush” (*i̯oini-ko-s ) belongs to M.Ir. aín “ bulrush” (*i̯oini-), gen. aíne;
about Lat. iūniperus “Wacholderstrauch ” s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74;
O.Ice. einir, Swe. en “ juniper “, N.Ger. ēn(e)ke ds. whether from * jainia- , wodurch the
Bedeutungswechsel Binse : juniper (see above) as old gesichert wũrde. Yet is then by
M.L.G. eynholz and Ger. Einbeerbaum (from O.Ice. eini-ber “Wacholderbeere ”) influence of
ein “ein” anzunehmen.
References: WP. I 208f., Kluge11 126.
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i̯ork-
English meaning: a kind of roebuck
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tier from the Gruppe the Rehe ”
Material: Gk. ζόρξ, ζορκάς , with folk etymology connection an δέρκομαι mostly δόρξ,
δορκός ; δορκάς f., δόρκος m. “roe deer, gazelle “;
Gallo-Rom. *i̯orkos “roe deer ”, Welsh iwrch “caprea mas ”, Corn. yorch , Bret. iourc”h “roe
deer” (presumably from dem Keltischen derive die Lateeren occasional forms ἴορκος ,
ἴορκες , ἴυρκες by Opp. and Hes.); Gaul. FN Jurca.
References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.
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i̯ō[u]s- : i̯ūs-
English meaning: belt; to begird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gũrten”
Note: (presumably to i̯eu-2)
Material: Av. yü ̊ ŋhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) “gũrtet” , participle yüsta - “gegũrtet” , yüh n.
“Gũrtelschnur” ;
Gk. ζώννvμι “gũrte” , ζωστός (= Av. yüsta -, Lith. júostas) “gegũrtet” , ζωστήρ “belt, girdle ”,
ζ῵μα ds. (*ζωσ -μα compare Lith. juosmuõ “Gurt”), ζώνη ds. (*ζωσ-νᾱ, compare R.C.S.
pojasnь ds.);ζούσθω ζωννύσθω Hes. perhaps thessal. = * ζώσθω ?
Alb. n-gjehs “I gũrte” ;
Lith. júosiu , júosti “gũrten” , júostas “gegũrtet” , júosta “belt, girdle ” besides pa-jūse ́ti
“gũrten” (ablaut ōu : ū);
O.C.S. pojaśǫ , -jasati “gũrten” , pojasъ “belt, girdle ” (etc., see Berneker 449).
References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gk. I 330, Trautmann 108 f.
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i̯u-1
English meaning: you (pl.)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ihr”
Grammatical information: originally only nom.; case oblique of stem u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s- (from *i̯u̯es,
*i̯u̯os?)
Material: 1. O.Ind. yuvám “ihr” Du., yūya ́ m pl., Av. yūžǝm , gathAv. yūš;
Arm. nachwirkend in den with je- anlaut. case e.g. dat. jez (e after mez “nobis”, k”ez
“tibi”);
Goth. jūs “ihr” pl. otherwise after “wir” (see u̯e-) reshaped O.Ice. ér, O.E. gē, O.S. gī̆, ge,
O.H.G. ir; Du. Goth. *ju-t (: Lith. jù-du), otherwise after “wir” reshaped O.Ice. it, O.E. O.S.
git;
Lith. jū ́ s, Ltv. jũs, pr. ioūs, iaūs “ihr” pl., Lith. jù-du “ihr both”; O.Pruss. iouson , Lith.jū ́ sų,
Ltv. jũsu “euer”.
u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s-: O.Ind. vaḥ, Av. vü ̊ enkl. for acc. gen. dat. pl., Dual. O.Ind. vüm; of acc. *us-
sme (= Lesb. ὔμμε) from with U ̈ bernahme of nominative i̯- O.Ind. yuṣmǘn acc. (etc.), Av.
abl. yūšmat̃ ;
Gk. Lesb. ὔμμε (* us-sm-), Dor. ὑμέ acc., out of it nom. Lesb. ὔμμες, Dor. ὑμές, as well as
Att. ὑμεῖς etc.;
Alb. ju “ihr” from * u = O.Ind. vaḥ with hiatustilgendem j-;
Also Alb. juve “you”, jush “from you ”
Lat. vōs (= Av. acc. pl. vü ̊?), pälign. vus “vos” and “vobis”, Lat. vester , Umbr. uestra
“vestrü” ;
O.Pruss. wans acc. ; O.C.S. nom. acc. pl. vy, gen. pl. vasъ , dat. pl. vamъ , instr. pl. vami ;
Hitt. šu-(um-)me-es (sumes ) from * usme (compare Pedersen Hitt. 75 f);

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Toch. A yas, В yes (das y from the 1. pl.).
Besides with anlaut su̯ : O.Ir. sī, sissi “ihr” (uai-b “from euch ” under likewise from * ō-su̯ī),
Welsh etc. chwi “ihr” (das -ī < -*oi of nom. pl. the o-stem?); Ir. far n. “euer”, indala -sür “the
eine from euch beiden ”, sethar “euer” (compare Thurneysen Gk. p. 449), and with anlaut
esu̯- Goth. izwis “euch”, izwara “euer”, O.Ice. yðr, yðuar ds., WestGmc. without s (i.e.
probably with s- reduction) O.H.G. iuwih “euch” (acc.), iuwēr “euer” etc.; perhaps is also Gk.
σφώ “ihr both” after dem Reflexivum, where *σFε - through σφε - abgelöst wurde, an die
place an älteren *σFω getreten.
References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gk. I 600 f.
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i̯ū̆ 2
English meaning: exclamatory interjection
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausruf, especially Jauchzen
Material: Gk. ἰαυοῖ “juche!” (ἰαῦ, ἰύ:), ἰύ: “ interjection of amazement ”; with silbischem, to Teil
langem i- (ī̆u-) reiht sich an ἰ̄υγή “Jubel- or Wehgeschrei ”, ἰυγμός ds., ἰ̄ύζω (Fut. ἰύξω) “cry”
(Lith. by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf Lith. ūvas “Nachteule ”, O.Pruss. ywo-
garge , Eulenbaum ” and auf das n-present ἰνύεται κλαίει, ὀδύρεται Hes. verweist); not here,
but to au1 (above S. 71) belongs ἀῡτή “ scream “, da older inschr. ἀFῡτά;
Lat. jūbilō “jauchze, jodle ” (perhaps *i̯ūd-dhǝ-lō “make jū” ) ; in addition iugō, -ere ‘shout,
call the Gabelweihe ”;
M.Ir. ilach (*ii̯uluko -) ‘siegesjubel ”;
M.H.G. jū, jūch “Ausruf the pleasure, joy ” (similarly jō beim From- and shout), therefrom
M.H.G. jūwen, jūwezen “ju rufen, jubeln ”, jūchezen , Ger. jauchzen , juchzen, M.H.G. jōlen ,
jodeln , Ger. johlen, jodeln , also O.N. ȳla, Eng. yowl “howl” from *jūljan ;
Serb. jȕ, íjù, ijuju “juchhe!”;
Lith. ūvas “Nachteule ” see above.
References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.
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īli-
English meaning: groin, intestines
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Weichen, Eingeweide, Geschlechtsteile ”?
Note:
From Root engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn (engʷh -): swelling derived Root īli- (engʷhi, indi ): groin, intestines.
Common Illyr. -gʷh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon. Maybe taboo in Alb. anda “pleasure, delight
(sexual?) ”. From Illyr. * engʷhi > indi derived Root īli- (engʷhi, indi ): groin, intestines
[common Lat. -d- > -l- phonetic mutation].
Material: Gk. ἴλια μόρια γυναικεῖα; ἴλιον τὸ τἡς γυναικὸ ς ἐφήβαιον δηλοῖ. καὶ κόσμιον
γυναικεῖον παρὰ Κῴοις Hes. (presumably ἰ -, compare:)
Lat. īlia, -um “ intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen ” (sg. īlium Gl., īle “the
genitals” constructed by Catull); or ἴλια Lat. Lw.?
whether here Welsh il “Gärung” (*swelling?), Gaul. PN Ilio-mürus “with big groin “ and
schott. island O.Ir. Īle, Gael. İle, Eng. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)?
Perhaps here Slav. *jelito (from * jilito?) etc. “ groin, intestines, testicles ” (t-forms as in
lanita “cheek”, isto “kidney”, lysto “calf”, usta “mouth”) in w Russ. jality “testicles”, Serb. old
jelito “ a sausage, a small sausage “, čak. olìto “ intestine, a sausage “, Pol. jelito “ intestine
“, dial. “ sausage “, pl. “ intestines, entrails “, Russ. litónьja “ manyplies of ruminants,
psalterium “ (O.Pruss. laitian n. “ sausage “ probably from O.Pol. *lito?).
References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.
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īl-, īlu-
English meaning: dirt; black
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlamm” and ‘schwarz” (= ‘schmutzig ”? or umgekehrt ‘schlamm,
Moor” as das “Dunkle”?)
Material: Gk. ἰλύ̄ς, -ύος f. ‘slime, mud, ordure; dregs, sediment (of wine); impurity “, εἰλύ (i.e.
ἰλύ) μέλαν Hes.;
Ltv. īls “ very dark “ (*īlus);
O.C.S. ilъ “ mud, mire, dirt; clay; bog “, Russ. iɫ, gen. íɫa ‘slime, mud ”, Cz. jíl ‘slime, mud,
loam, clay ”, Pol. iɫ, jeɫ “ clay, natural dampness of earth “, wherefore maybe the name of
the whitefish living in the mud (Squalius vulgaris), Russ. jeléc, gen. jelcá, Cz. jelec, jilec,
Pol. jelec, nsorb. jalica (to Anlautswechsel compare under īli- “ groin, intestines “).
References: WP. I 163, Trautmann 103.
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(gʷhēi- :) gʷhǝi -, gʷhǝid - : gʷhīd -
English meaning: bright, shining
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hell, leuchtend ”
Material: Gk. φαιδρός “clear, bright, hellglänzend, luminous; cheerful, vergnũgt” (= Lith.
giẽdras), next to which φαιδι - in φαίδιμος “ gleaming, stately ”; φαιός ‘schummerig,
dämmerig, bräunlich, gray” (basic form *φαι -Fός or -σός); φαικός λαμπρός Hes.;
Lith. giẽdras , gaidrùs “cheerful, clear, bright ” (therefrom giedrà , gaidrà f. ‘schönes
weather “), Ltv. dziedrs “azurblau ”, changing through ablaut dzīdrums “Klarheit”; Lith. gaĩsas
(*gʷhǝid -so-s ), gaisa “Lichtschein am sky, heaven ”, Ltv. gàiss m. “Luft, weather ”, gaišs
(*gaisus ) “clear, bright ”, gàisma f. “light”, Lith. gaĩsras m. “Lichtschein am sky, heaven,
Feuersbrunst; rage, fury ”, gaĩzdras m. “Lichtschein am sky, heaven ”; probably also
O.Pruss. gaylis “white”.
References: WP. I 665, Trautmann 75.
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ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k-
English meaning: ash tree
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Esche”
Material: Lat. ornus “wild Bergesche ” (*os-en-os); Welsh O.Corn. onn-en, Bret. ounn-enn
“ash tree ”, Welsh pl. onn, ynn (Proto-Celt. *onnü < *osnü ); O.Ir. (h)uinnius , dat. uinnsinn
(*onn- is-ō) ds.; Lith. úosis f., m., Ltv. uôsis m., O.Pruss. woasis (*ōsi-s; in addition Illyr.-
pannon. VN Osi, PN Osones );
Note:
This Illyr. cognate bears the hallmark of a satem langue when Illyr. dialects seem mostly
kentum.
Alb. ah “beech” (*oskü )?; (rather inaccurate etymology because of Alb. ahi, ahu “beech” -i, -
u m. endings: Illyr.-pannon. VN Osi.)

Note:
Common Lat. sn > rn rhotacism has taken place. While Alb. clearly derived from Illyr.-
pannon. VN Osi, PN Osones ; common Alb. shift is sk > h but always at the beggning of a
word: like (* sk̂ii̯-ü) hia f. ‘shadow” : Gk. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ü) ‘shadow” while in the middle of a word
Alb. s > h is universal like in:
O.Ind. śváśura -, Av. x ̌asura - “father -in-law” : Alb. vjehërr “ father -in-law “, vjéherrë “ mother-
in-law “ hence Illyr.-pannon. VN Osi : Alb. ahi, ahu “beech”.
[the common Alb. s > h phonetic mutation in the middle of the word (See Root su̯ekrū́ -
English meaning: mother-in law or father- in-law shift s > h in Alb. (*śváśura -) vjehërr “
father- in-law “) not sk > h which is common at the beginning of the word Alb. hē, hie
‘schatten” (*sk̂ii̯ü) See Root sk̂üi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī- English meaning: to glimmer (of wet things);
shadow]. Because Illyr. (and its offspring Alb.) shows satem and centum characteristics it

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could be the oldest IE tongue. Illyr. similarly to Alb. preferred truncated form Illyr.-pannon.
VN Osi against its older Illyr.-pannon. PN Osones which is another sound proof Alb.
descendant of Illyr.

Slav. *jasenь (*jasenъ ) m. in Serb. jȁsên , Russ. jásenь ;
with k-extension: Arm. hac̣i “ash tree”; Gk. ὀξύη “beech, spear shaft ” (*ὀσκ[ε]σ -?); ligur.
PN ᾽Οσκέλα “ Eschenwald ” (?); O.Ice. askr m. “ash tree, spear, javelin, ship ”, O.E. æsc
(Gmc. * askiz ), O.H.G. asc “ash tree”;
compare tscherem. oško “ash tree”.
References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 223, Trautmann 203, Specht IE Decl. 59.
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((s)pen -2), (s)pon -, (s)pondho -
English meaning: a kind of wooden vessel (pail)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Holzeimer ”, also gelegentlich von anderen Holzgeräten
Note: related with sphē -, sphǝ - “langes, flaches bit of wood ” (compare dessen -no-derivative
Ger. Span ).
Material: Arm. p”and “vessel” (*phondho -); Lat. sponda “Bettstelle ”; M.Ir. sonn m. “Pfosten,
Pfeiler”, sonnaid ‘stößt, presses” , Welsh ffon f. ‘stick” (*spondhü ); O.Ice. spann n. “ bucket,
pail “ (Dan. spand “ bucket, pail “), M.L.G. span , -nnes “Holzeimer ”, fat-span “ wooden
vessel handle “ (Gmc. * spanna -, perhaps o-Ableit. an en-stem * spanan -, or from * spondh-
no- or *spon-u̯o-); O.C.S. spǫdъ “modius”;
e-forms fehlen; Dutch spinde ‘speisekammer ”, Ger. Spind ‘schrank” derive from M.Lat.
*(dis)penda (Frings, Germania Romana 146).
References: WP. II 662, WH. II 578.
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(s)p(h)ereg -, (s)p(h)erǝg -, (s)p(h)rēg - (nasal. spreng -)
English meaning: to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zucken, schnellen ” and ‘streuen, sprinkle, spritzen ”
Note: g-extension to sp(h)er -
Material: A. With onomatopoeic word formation:
O.Ind. sphū ́ rjati , sphūrja ́ yati (“bricht hervor, kommt zum Vorschein ” and) “prasselt,
knattert, dröhnt” ; sphū ́ rja -, sphū ́ rjaka - m. “eine bestimmte plant ”; onomatopoeic word
formation also Gk. σφαραγέομαι ‘strotzen (from vollen Eutern ” and) “ crackle, hiss, with
lautem Knalle zerplatzen ”;
Lith. sprãga , -e ́ti “ crackle, crack, creak ”, causative sprãginti “ crackle make, roast” ;
ablaut. sprógti “platzen”; Ltv. sprâgt and sprêgt “break, crack ”, spruogt “bud”, Lith. spùrga f.
“Hopfenblũte” , Ltv. spurdzes f. pl. ds.; spurgt ‘spray”; Proto-Slav. . *pragnǫ , *pragnǫti in Cz.
prahnouti “ wilt, schmachten ”, PN Praha “gerodete place ”; causative Slov. prážiti “braise”,
ablaut. Serb. pȑžiti “roast” (Proto-Slav. . *prъžiti );
maybe Alb. (*prážiti ) përzhit “burn”
В. Alb., Gmc. and Celt. of Sprechen: Alb. shpreh “I spreche from ” (*spreg-sk -); but Welsh
ffraeth (*spr eĝh-to-) “quick, fast, willing, ready ”, Bret. fraez, freaz “distinct”, Corn. freth “agile,
lively” belong to sperĝh - S. 998; Welsh ffreg “gossip” hat unklares -g (from *- k); O.E.
sprecan , O.S. sprekan , O.H.G. sprehhan ‘speak”, O.E. spræ ̄ c , O.S. sprüca , O.H.G. sprühha
“language ” (besides forms without r unclear Geschichte: O.H.G. spehhan , O.E. specan
‘speak”, spæ ̄ c “ discourse “, Eng. to speak , speech , M.H.G. spaht “gossip, lauter song ”,
spehhen “babble”); in more general onomatopoeic word formation O.Ice. spraka “ crackle,
patter “ (spraki “rumor”), Dan. sprage “crack, creak, knistern ”.
C. In other English meaning:

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O.Ind. sphū ́ rjati “bricht hervor, kommt zum Vorschein ” (see above); parügas
“Blũtenstaub” ;
Av. sparǝga - ‘scion, shoot ” (“from den Widerhaken below the arrowhead “), frasparǝɣ a-
‘sprout, twig, branch ”;
Gk. σφαραγέομαι ‘strotzend voll sein, from Eutern ”, σπαργά ω ‘strotzen (from juice, sap,
milk), vonBegierde, ferventness, passion geschwellt sein ”, σπαργαί ὀργαί ὁρμαί Hes.,
σποργαί ἐρεθισμοὶ εἰς τὸτεκεῖν Hes., ἀ σπάραγος, ἀ σφάραγος “ young Trieb; Spargel ”;
Lat. spargō, -ere ‘strew, distribute, hinstreuen, sprinkle, spray ”;
M.L.G. sparken “Funken sprũhen, sparkle, glitter” , O.E. spearcian ds. (Eng. sparkle ),
spircan “Funken sprũhen, spray” , M.L.G. sparke , O.E. spearca (Eng. spark ) ‘spark”,
nasalized M.L.G. spranken ‘sparkle, glitter ”, mnl. spranke ‘spark, das Aussprũhen, small
Fleck”;
O.Ice. sparkr “agile, lively, rũhrig” , O.Ice. spræ ̄ kr , Nor. spræ ̄ k , Swe. dial. spräker “agile,
lively”, also “radiating, gleaming ”, Dan. dial. spræg “hochmũtig, boasting “ (*sprēgi -); Eng.
sprinkle “ sprinkle, sprinkle, sprũhen” , Swe. dial. spräkkel “Fleck” (“*Spritzer ”), spräckla
“dieMasern ”, Nor. and Mod.Ice. sprekla , M.H.G. spreckel “(skin)-fleck ”, nasal. M.H.G.
sprinkel , sprenkel ‘sprenkel , Fleck”; r-lose forms are M.L.G. spinkel = sprinkel , mnl.
spekelen ‘sprinkle”, nl. spikkel “Fleck, Sprenkel ”, O.E. specca ds., Lith. spúogas “Fleck,
Punkt”; - without anl. s, and gleichzeitig as variant besides *perk̂-, *prek̂- “ dappled “ (see
820 f.): O.Ice. freknōttr ‘sommersprossig ”, Nor. and Mod.Ice. frekna ‘sommersprosse ”, Eng.
freak “gestreift make ”;
O.E. spræc n. ‘scion, shoot, twig, branch ”, spranca m. ds. ( sprincel “basket-snare ”); auf
the meaning “ crackle, knistern, break, crack ” based on Nor. sprek “dry deadwood ”, O.Ice.
sprek “morsches wood ”, O.H.G. sprahhula ‘splinter, chaff ”, M.L.G. sprok, sprokkel
“deadwood ”; Du. sprokkig “ brittle “, sprokkeln “break, crack ”, Nor. dial. sproka, sprokka

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‘sprung, cleft, fissure ”, O.E. forspiercan “dry, dehydrate, desiccate ”; mnl. sporkel “Februar”
(probably of Knospensprießen, compare Eng. spring “ spring “), nd. sprickel “deadwood,
trockener twig, branch ”;
compare also O.E. spracen “ alder “, Nor. sprake “ juniper “, O.H.G. sporah, spurcha ds.,
also (“zuckend, schnellend, elastisch ”) O.H.G. houue-spranca “locusta (Heuhũpfer)” , O.S.
sprinco ds., M.L.G. spranke, sprinke, sprenkel ds.; M.H.G. sprinke “Vogelfalle ”, nd. Ger.
Sprenkel ds.; nd. sprenkel “Klemmholz ”;
O.H.G. springa “pedica”, older Ger. Sprengel “Vogelfalle ”, Eng. springe, springle
“Vogelschlinge ” are from springen influenced;
Ltv. spir̃gt “fresh become, erstarken ”, spir̃g (t)s “fresh, alert, awake, smart, fit, healthy ”;
spir̃gsti (pirgsti ) “glowing coals under the ash ”; spir̃gulis ‘splinter” (“*Weggespritztes ”);
spridzinât “umherspritzen, schnellen ”, spridzîgs “rash, hasty, alert, awake, smart ”; spur̃guls
‘small, munteres kid, child ”, spē ̨ rgans “ brittle, alert, awake, smart ”; Lith. sprõgis , Ltv.
spradzis “Erdfloh”;
D. without anlaut s- compare still: O.Ind. parjánya - “Regenwolke (spritzend,
besprengend); the rain- and Gewittergott ” (see above S. 819, 823); O.Ir. arg “drip”, M.Welsh
eiry, Welsh eira ‘snow”, O.Corn. irch, nCorn. er, Bret. erc”h ds. ( *pargo- , *pargi̯o -); probably
also O.C.S. prъga “neuer Kornansatz of Weizens ”, Russ. pergá “Blũtenstaub” under
likewise; O.C.S. is-prъgnǫti “herausspringen ”, Pol. pierzgnąć “break, crack, aufspringen
(skin)”; nasal. O.Bulg. vъs-pręgnǫti “hervorsprießen” , prǫgъ “ locust, grasshopper “; as
‘schnellend ” O.C.S. prǫglo “tendicula, Sprenkel ”, Russ. prúga , pružina ‘springfeder ”, u-
prúgij “elastisch schnellend, prall ”, also die family Proto-Slav. . *pręgǫ ‘spanne, spanne an ”,
prǫgъ “Joch”, Pol. poprąg “Gurt” etc.
References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450.
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u̯ep-1 : u̯ō̆p- : up-
English meaning: water
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wasser”
Material: O.Ind. vüpī- f. “länglicher pond, pool” ; die above S. 52 mentioned vorCelt. FlN with
-up- auf Celt. bottom, wherefore still Uxantia (*upsantiü ) “Ousance ” (Orléans ), the ligur. PN
Vappincum “Gap”; Lith. ùpė “river” (barely to ap-); O.Pruss. wupyan “cloud”; O.C.S. vapa
‘sea” (*u̯ōpa ; barely after W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 1152 to aRuss. vapь “paint, color ” etc.); Hitt.
u̯appu - “Flußufer, Wadi” .
References: Trautmann 11, 342, Vasmer 1, 168 f., Krahe BzNF 5, 98 ff.
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kadh -
English meaning: to guard; to cover
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hũten, schũtzend bedecken”
Material: Lat. cassis , -idis “helmet” (if echtLat., s. WH. I 177, then from * kadh -tis); perhaps
M.Ir. cais “love”, mis-cuis “hate” (*kadh -ti-s);
O.E. hædre ‘sorglich, ängstlich” ; O.H.G. huota f. “die Hut, Obhut, Bewachung ”, O.E. hōd,
O.Fris. hōde “Obhut”, whereof O.H.G. huoten , O.E. hēdan “look after, watch over, keep,
guard, watch ”; O.H.G. huot m. “the Hut, Haube, helmet ”, O.E. hōd m. “Kappe”; O.Ice. hǫttr
and hattr, O.E. hætt, Eng. hat “the Hut” (*had-tu-), O.Ice. hetta “Каppе” (*hattjōn -); Kluge
under Hut, Zupitza Gutt. 206 f.; O.E. heden “dress” = O.Ice. heðinn “Pelzrock ” (*haðina -).
Maybe Alb. kas-, kasolle (diminituve) “hut”
References: WP. I 341 f., WH. I 177.
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kagh - : kogh -
English meaning: to sew, plait, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, einfassen; geflochtene Hũrde, Flechtwerk”
Material: Lat. caulae (*caholae ) ‘schafhũrden, Einfriedigungen um temple and Altäre” ,
wherefore (dial. development) cōlum ‘seihkorb, Seihgefäß, fish snaring net” (all from
wickerwork), cōlō, -üre “durchseihen, läutern” ; ablaut. Lat. cohum , after Paul. Diac. “lorum,
quo temo buris cum iugo colligatur, a cohibendo dictum ” as “ holder, Umfassung ”, in
addition incohō, -üre “fange an ”, lit. “anlegen, anschirren ” (word the Bauernsprache);
here Osc. κα, ας “ incipias”, kahad “capiat”: Umbr. 3. pl. Konj. perf. kukēhē(n)s
“occupaverint ” = Lat. capere : cēpi (see under S. 527 f.); Umbr. cehefi “captus sit ” is Konj.
pass. of f-Perfekts (E. Fraenkel, Fil. Biedr. Rüksti 1940, 8 f.);
maybe Alb. (*cēpi) qep ‘sew”.
Gaul. (5. Jh., Zimmer KZ. 32, 237 f.) caii “cancelli” Gl., caio “breialo sive bigardio ” nom.
Gaul. (out of it Fr. quai, aFr. chai “Flußdamm” ); O.Bret. caiou pl. “munimenta ”, Welsh cae “
paddock “ and “collar, neckband ”, Corn. kē “ paddock “, M.Bret. kae “thorn hedge, fence ”;
derived Welsh caũ “einhegen ”, Bret. kea “einen Hag machen ”; perhaps Welsh caen f.
“Bedeckung, skin ” (*kagh-nü) Vendryes WuS. 12, 242; out of it borrowed M.Ir. caín
“Oberfläche” ); Welsh cael “das Erlangen ” (*kagh-lü), see above S. 408; ablaut. in Bret. mor-
go (*mon- go, to *mon- “ neck “) “Halsring the Pferde ”, whether -go from * kogho- (after V.
Henry, Lexique, though to Welsh caw “band, strap ”), and Welsh myn-ci ds., whether from * -
cei, IE *koghi̯o -; out of it M.Ir. muince “collar, neckband ”;
O.H.G. hag “ hedge, paddock “, O.E. haga m. “ hedge, garden ”, Eng. haw, asächs. hago ,
O.Ice. hagi “Weideplatz ”; O.E. hæg n. “ paddock, Grundstũck” , Eng. hay, O.E. hecg f. “
hedge “, Eng. hedge , O.H.G. heckia, heggia “ hedge “, to O.Ice. hegg -r “Ahlkirsche ” (*hagjō ;

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kaĝo - or koĝo -, -ā-
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziege”
Note: only Slav. and Gmc.
Material: O.Bulg. koza “goat”, kozъlъ “he-goat” (Ltv. kaza “goat” from dem Russ.),
therefrom abgel. koža ‘skin” (*kozjü , originally “* goatskin “, as Church Slavic (j)azno ‘skin,
leather”: Lith. ožy ̃ s “he-goat”);
auf die meaning “(Ziegen)fell as U ̈ berwurf ” goes probably also Goth. hakuls “mantle”,
O.Ice. hǫkoll ds. (fem. hekla “mantle with cowl “), O.E. hacele , O.Fris. hezil (*hakil ), O.H.G.
hachul m. ds. back; with lengthened grade probably O.E. hēcen , M.L.G. hōken , M.Du.
hoekijn “young goat, kid ” (*hōkīna -).
Meillet E ́ t . 246 reminds an *aĝos “goat(nbock) ” (above S. 6 f.) as “ rhyme word “, was for
kaĝo - with a spräche. The geringe Verbreitu ng of words erklärt sich from the Menge with it
in Wettbewerb stehender Ziegennamen , s. in addition Lide ́ n Arm. stem 13 f.
Maybe Alb. kedhi, keci “yound goat, kid ”.
References: WP. I 336 f., Feist 238 f.
Page(s): 517-518

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kai-ko-
English meaning: one-eyed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einäugig; with nur einem geraden Auge, schielend” (in Lat. out of it
“blind”)
Material: O.Ind. kēkara - “ squinting “;
Lat. caecus “blind, lichtlos ”, O.Ir. caech “einäugig, squinting, blind” , Welsh coeg “vacuus,
deficiens ”, coegddall “einäugig” , O.Corn. cuic “luscus vel monophthalmus ”, Goth. haihs
“einäugig” ; M.Ir. leth-chaech “ squinting ” (*half-einäugig);
perhaps here Gk. καικίας Nord Eastwind ” as “*the dunkle ” (Gũntert, Kalypso 676, compare
aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Fick GGA. 1894, 238: of Κάικος , a river the A ̈ olis ,
herkommend);
Lith. kéikti “fluchen”, lit. “bösen Blick throw” (*kēikmi : *kaikmés ).
Because of the basic meaning “einäugig” compare *kai- “allein”.
References: WP. I 328, WH. I 129.
Page(s): 519-520

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kaik̂- or koik̂-
English meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, kämmen”
Material: O.Ind. kéśa - m. “ hair of the head “, kēs ́ ín - mähnig “ (as O.C.S. kosa “hair” : česati
“comb” from *kes- ‘scratch, scrape, comb ”);
Maybe Alb. ( *cěs-) qeth “to cut hair of the head ” common Alb. -s > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Lith. kaĩšti ‘scrape, rub, smooth ”, iškaĩšti “glass, wood under likewise inside smooth
machen”, kaĩštuvas “ Glättinstrument der Böttcher “ , O.Pruss. coysnis “comb”, coestue
“comb, bristle brush ”;
O.Bulg. cěsta “way, road ” as “geglätteter way” .
References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113.
Page(s): 520

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kai-1, kai-u̯o-, kai-u̯elo-
English meaning: alone
Deutsche Übersetzung: “allein”
Material: O.Ind. kē ́ vala -ḥ “jemandem exclusively eigen ”, hence “allein” and “whole,
vollständig” ;
Lat. caelebs, -ibis “unvermählt, ehelos” , probably from * kaiu̯elo -lib(h)-s “allein lebend ”, to
Goth. liban “leben” etc.; compare Ltv. kaîls “bare, kinderlos ”.
References: WP. I 326, WH. I 130, 455;
See also: compare also kai-ko-, kai-lo-.
Page(s): 519

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kai-lo- (kai-lu-)
English meaning: bright; safe, healthy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heil, unversehrt, also von guter Vorbedeutung ”
Material: Welsh coel f. “omen, sign ”, O.Welsh pl. coilou “auspiciis ”, O.Bret. coel
“(h)aruspicem ”, leg. “(h)aruspicium ”, O.Welsh coiliaucc , O.Corn. chuillioc “augur” (O.Ir. cēl
“augurium ” Brit.Lw.);
Goth. hails, O.Ice. heill, O.H.G. heil “fit, healthy, whole ”, O.E. hül, Eng. whole “whole”,
O.H.G. heil n. “das salvation, luck ”, O.E. hæ ̄ l “gũnstiges omen, sign, luck, Gesundheit” ,
O.Ice. heil (*heilz, s-stem) n. f. “good Vorbedeutung, luck ”, O.H.G. heilisōn “emblem,
landmark, mark observe ”, O.E. hülsian “(mad, wicked, evil Geister) adjure “, O.Ice. heilsa
“begrũßen” (compare also Goth. hails! , O.E. wes hül! as Gruß), O.E. hülettan , O.H.G.
heilazzen “begrũßen” , O.H.G. (etc.) heilag “holy”; O.E. hülan pl. “ placenta, afterbirth “ =
Nor. heile ds.;
O.Pruss. kailūstiskan acc. sg. “Gesundheit ” (derivative from *kailūsta -s adj., dieses from
*kailu-s ), kails! - pats kails! “Heil! - selbst Heil! ”, Trinkgruß;
O.Bulg. cělъ “heil, fit, healthy; whole, unversehrt ”, cěljǫ, cěliti “heal, cure ”, cělujǫ , cělovati
“ greet “, then also “kiss”.

References: WH. I 130, Trautmann 112, Lidén KZ . 61, 25 f.
See also: Perhaps to kai- “allein”, above S. 519.
Page(s): 520

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kais-
English meaning: hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haar”
Material: O.Ind. kēsara - m. n. hair, Mähne” (s instead of ṣ from a form * kēsra -, e.g.
Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 232); compare above kéśa - under kaik̂-;
Lat. caesariēs “ hair of the head “ (Rhotazismus unterblieben zur the avoidance zweier r);
about Toch. A śiśäk, В ṣecake “Löwe” s. Van Windekens Lexique 120 f., E. Schwentner
IF. 57, 59, Pedersen Toch. 247.
References: WP. I 329 f., WH. I 133.
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kaito -
English meaning: forest
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wald, unbebauter Landstrich ”
Note: (Celt. and Gmc. )
Material: O.Welsh coit, Welsh coed “wood, forest ”, O.Corn. cuit, M.Corn. coys, cos ds.,
Bret. coet, coat “wood, forest, spinney ”, Gaul. PN Καιτό -βριξ, Cēto -briga, Eto- cētum under
likewise (die Lateere rom. pronunciation -zētum lies den Ger. place names auf -scheid am
linken Rheinufer the basic);
Goth. haiÞi f., O.Ice. heiðr , O.E. hæ ̄ ð, Eng. heath , O.H.G. heida f. Heidekraut ”, M.H.G.
heide f. “Heide”; besides O.E. * hüð, Eng. dial. hoath ; Proto-Gmc. *haiÞanas
‘steppenbewohnend, wild ”, probably Lehnũbersetzung from Lat. pügünus (: pügus “land”),
in addition Goth. haiÞnō f. Heidin ”, O.Ice. heiðinn , O.E. hæ ̄ ðen , Eng. heathen, asächs.
hēthin , O.H.G. heidan , heidin , heidanisk “heidnisch ”; different W. Schulze Kl. Schriften 521
ff.
about Lat. būcētum “cow-heard ” s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48, 398.
References: WP. I 328 f., Feist 237 f.
Page(s): 521

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kaiu̯r̥ -t, kaiu̯n̥ -t
English meaning: hole, ravine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grube, Kluft ”
Material: O.Ind. kē ́ vaṭa - m. “pit, pothole ”;
Gk. καίατα ὀρύγματα Hes., Hom. καιατόεσσα (Λακεδαίμων; so for ũberliefertes κητώεσσα
herzustellen) “klũftereich”, και άδας Erdschlund in Sparta (δ as in δεκάδ - : Lith. dẽšimt -).
References: WP. I 327, Specht IE Decl. 25.
Page(s): 521

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kai 2
English meaning: and
Deutsche Übersetzung: “and”?
Material: The Gleichung Gk. καὶ “and, also ”: O.C.S. cě in a cě, cě i “καίτοι, καίπερ, εἴπερ”
(compare die still unclear forms ark. Cypr. κας, Cypr. κα) is very doubtful; for cě is probably
as “*as = as also, as probably ” at first with Lith. kaĩ, Ltv. kâ, kaî, O.Pruss. kai “as, as” of
Pron. stem kʷo-, to connect, during καὶ barely from kʷ- (infolge proklitischer position?) could
have evolved; not to Lat. ceu “as” (*kai u ̯ e barely with ē from ai as prehendō after
Wackernagel and Niedermann IA. 18, 76).
References: WP. I 327, Schwyzer Gk. II 5672, Trautmann 112, Endzelin Ltv. Gk. p. 474,
WH. I 209.
Page(s): 519

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kakka -
English meaning: to defecate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “cacüre”
Note: babble-word the Kindersprache
Material: Arm. k”akor “crap, muck ”, Gk. κακκάω cacō” , κάκκη Menschenkot” , Lat. cacō , -üre,
M.Ir. caccaim “caco”, cacc “ordure”, Welsh cach , Bret. cac”h, Corn. caugh ds., Russ. etc.
kákatь “defecate ”, Ger. kacken ;
in addition perhaps as Kinderwort - compare Ger. gegga “fie” - also Gk. κακός evil, bad” ;
neuPhryg. κακουν evil, harm” , after Friedrich (Eberts Reallexikon I 139) Gk. Lw.; barely
here Κακασβος, kleinaswe. Reitergott (in Lykien), compare above S. 309.
Also Alb. kaka “ordure”
References: WP. I 336.
Page(s): 521

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kal-1
English meaning: hard; blister
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hart”
Material: O.Ind. kíṇa- m. “weal, callus ” (mind. from * kr̥ṇa-s); about O.Ind. kaṭhina -, kaṭhora -
see under kar-3;
Lat. callum n., callus m. “verbärtete thick skin, weal, callus” (in addition calleō, -ere
“dickhäutig sein; gewitzigt sein” , callidus ‘sly, cunning ”);
Alb. a-kul “ice”;
Note:
Wrong etymology. Alb. akull “ice” derived from old N.. jǫkull m. “ hanging down icicle,
glacier “ see Root i̯eg- : “ice”
O.Ir. M.Ir. calath , calad “hard”, Welsh caled ds., Gaul. VN Caleti , Caletes ; in addition
Gallo-Rom. *cali̯o-, *cali̯au̯o - ‘stone” (M.-L. 1519a), as well as Gaul.-Lat. callio-marcus
“Huflattich ” (for*callio marci “testiculus equi ”), epo-calium (leg. -callium ), ebul-calium (for
*epülo -callium , to M.Welsh ebawl , Bret. ebol “Fũllen” ) ds., to Welsh caill, Bret. kell f.
“testicle” (Dual * kalnai );
Church Slavic kaliti “abkũhlen, härten (glũhendes iron)” , Serb. prìkala “ hoarfrost “.
References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388.
See also: Zusamenhang with kel- “hit” wäre possible .
Page(s): 523-524

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kal-2, kali-, kalu -
English meaning: handsome; healthy
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schön, gesund”
Material: O.Ind. kalyá - “fit, healthy, lively “, kalyü ́ n ̣ a - “beautiful, heilsam ” (-ün ̣ a- = *ülno- to
Gk. ὠλένη, ὠλλ όν, above S. 308 f.); Gk. *καλλο - = O.Ind. kalya - (?) as base from καλλίων,
κάλλιστος ‘schöner, schönst”, κάλλος n. “ beauty”. καλλύ̄νω “make beautiful ”, Ion. καλλονή
“beauty”, καλλι- as 1.composition part; besides with formants - u- böot. καλFός = Hom.
κᾱλός, Att. etc . κᾰλός “beautiful ”; in addition as Spottname καλλίᾱς “ ape” and perhaps
κάλλαιον n. (mostly pl.) “Hahnenkamm ”.
i-stem O.N. halr (*hali-) “man, husband, master, mister ” (poet.), O.E. hæle(ð) “man,
husband ”, asächs. helið , O.H.G. helíd “man, husband, combatant, Held”, O.S. hälith ,
besides u-stem O.N. hǫldr “free Bauer, man, husband ” (*haluÞ ).
References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht IE Decl. 128, 195; Seiler, The primären Gk.
Steigerungsformen 68 ff.
Page(s): 524

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kam- er-
English meaning: to bend, curve
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wölben, biegen”
Material: O.Ind. kmárati (only Dhütup.) “ is crooked ”;
Av. kamarü f. “belt, girdle ” (and “* dome “);
Gk. κμέλεθρον ‘stubendecke, roof, house ” (probably dissim. from *κμερεθρον), καμάρα “
dome, Himmelbett; covered cart “ (to Solmsens BPhW. 1906, 852 f. assumption karischer
origin, κάμαρα λέγεται τὰ ἀσφαλ῅ , s. Boisacq 402 Anm.; Lat. Lw. camera , camara “arched
cover, Zimmerwölbung” ); at most κάμῑνος “ oven” (certainly this could have derived from a
culture word);
Lat. camur(us) , -a, -um “arched, writhed, crooked, humped “ (dial.), genuine Lat.
camerus.
References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256;
See also: s. also kam-p-.
Page(s): 524-525

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kam-p -
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: O.Ind. kapanü ́ “worm, caterpillar, inchworm ” (*km̥p enü), kampate “trembles ”, if
originally “ writhes, curves “ (doubtful); ablaut. kumpa - (uncovered) “ lahm an der Hand “;
doubtful O.Ind. kapaṭa - n. “deceit, insidiousness ” (would be *km̥p-).
Gk. καμπή “bend”, κάμπτω “ curve, bend ”, καμπύλος, καμψό ς “ writhed, crooked, humped
“; κάμπη “ caterpillar, inchworm ”; pannon. PN Campona ;
Maybe Alb. këmba “leg, bent leg ” : Eng. jamb n. Also jambe . ME. [(O)Fr. jambe leg, vertical
support, f. Proto-Romance (whence late L gamba hoof) f. Gk. καμπή .] The characteristic
Alb. m > mb shift.
Lat. campus “field” (originally “bend, indentation, lowland, depression ”, as Lith. lankà
“valley, meadow ” to leñkti “bend”);
Goth. hamfs “mutilated ”, O.E. hōf “ paralyzed hands “, asächs. hüf, O.H.G. hamf
“mutilated, lamed “;
Lith. kam̃pas “point, edge, angle “, Ltv. kampis “ Krummholz “; reduced grade (with IE u =
e in dark environment) Lith. kum̃pti “ crook oneself “, kum̃pas “crooked”, Ltv. kùmpt “
become hunchbacked, crooked “, O.Pruss. etkūmps adv. “against”; in addition probably
Lith. kùmstė “fist” as *kùmp -stė “ the fingers bending together “;
perhaps Pol. kępa “river island covered with bush, shrubbery ”, O.C.S. kąpina “ἡ βάτος,
rubus, bush, shrub ”, Russ. kupiná ‘shrubbery, bush, mound, knoll; bunch, fascicle, sheaf “;
IE kamp - is possibly an extension from *kam- “bend, curve “ (see also the similar root
(s)kamb - from Gk. σκαμβός, Gaul. Cambio- dūnum etc.); yet compare also the nasalized
equal meaning family of O.Ind. cüpa - m. n. “bow”, capalá - “restless, fluctuating “, Pers. čap

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kand -, skand - and (O.Ind.) (s)kend -
English meaning: to glow; bright, *moon
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, glũhen, hell”
Note:
Root kand -, skand - and (O.Ind. ) (s)kend - : “to glow; bright, *moon ” derived from Root
sen(o) - (*heno ): “old, *old moon ”
Material: O.Ind. candati ‘shines”, Intens. participle cáni-ścadat “ũberaus gleaming” (*skn̥d -),
candrá - (ścandrá -, EN Hári-ścandra -) “luminous, gleaming, glũhend; m. moon” , candana-
m. n. ‘sandelholz (incense “);
Gk. κάνδαρος ἄνθραξ Hes.;
Alb.Gheg hânë , Tosc hënë “moon” (*skandnü ); Urdu chand “moon”
The cognate of moon in Alb. is the abbreviated compound of Root k̂u̯on -, k̂un- : “dog” +
Root dhau- : “to press, wolf ”
PN Candavia : Maybe Illyr. PN Sca(n)din-avia
(Κανδαοΰ ια), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating Illyricum from Macedonia, across
which the Via Egnatia rO.N.
Alb.Gheg hânë “moon” : Root sen(o) - (*heno ): “old, *old moon ” : Gk. ἕνος “old” in contrast to
“anew”, only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of the last year, also from the last
day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at the same time the new
circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually ἕνη καὶ νέα (sc. σελήνη; Att.
since Solon).
Therefore Alb. hana “(*old) moon ” : Gk. ἕνος “old moon ” : σέλας n. “ brilliance ”, σελήνη, Eol.
σελάννα “moon” (*σελασνᾱ ), σελαγεῖν “ shine “; hence σελ-ήνη “ the full-moon “ see Root
su̯el-2 : “to smoulder, burn ”.

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Lat. candeō, -ēre “gleam, shimmer, bright glow ”, transitive *candō, -ere in accendō ,
incendō “zũnde an” , candidus “blinding, dazzling white, gleaming ”, candor “blinding,
dazzling weiße paint, color, Lichtglanz” , candēla, candēlübrum “candlestick, flambeaux ”
(out of it Welsh etc. cannwyll ds.), cicindēla “Leuchtkäferchen , Öllampe” , cicendula
“Lämpchen” (redupl. *ce-cand- );
Welsh cann “white, bright ”, M.Bret. cann “Vollmond ”, O.Bret. cant “canus”; borrowing
from candidus nimmt Pedersen KG. I 190 an (compare Lat. splendidus > Bret. splann ), but
Welsh cannaid “luminous; sun, moon ” and zahlreiche derivatives lassen perhaps ein
genuine Celt. *kando- as possible appear, whereas belongs the FlN Kander (Baden,
Switzerland) to nicht IE gand - “ waste, desolate liegendes land ”, Bertoldi BSL 30, 111 and
Anm. 2.
It seems that the name for the moon passed from PIE to Altaic languages through celt.-
Illyr.:
Protoform: * ǘńu
English meaning: moon; (moon cycle), year
Turkic protoform: * ün ́
Mongolian protoform: *oj
Tungus protoform: * ańŋa
Note: АПиПЯЯ 283, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс . 70, Лексика 77. A Western isoglO.S.S.
The initial root must have been Lat. annus “year, *moon year ” from Root at- : “to go; year ”

References: WP. I 352, WH. I 151 f.
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kan-tho-
English meaning: angle, curve
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ecke, Biegung ”
Note: probably from kam-tho- to kam-p- “bend”
Material: Gk. κανθός “Augenwinkel ”; in the meaning “Radreifen ” meaning-Lw. from Lat.
cantus ;
Lat. cantus “eiserner Radreifen ” is again Lw. from:
Gaul. (also Gallo-Rom. ) *cantos “eiserner Reifen, edge, point, edge ”, Welsh cant (hence
ceiniog “Penny”) ds., Bret. kant “ circle “, O.Ir. cétad “(round) seat ” from * kanto-sedo- , M.Ir.
cét “round Steinpfeiler ”; Derivatives: Gaul. cantalon , probably “Pfeiler”, cantena, καντενα
dss.?; also Gaul. cando-soccus “Rebsenker ”, lies canto-soccus (to Gaul. succo-
‘schweineschnauze, plowshare “; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);
O.Bret. int coucant “vollständig” ; M.Welsh yn geugant ds. (lit. “very skillful “ from *kou̯o -
kantos to keu- “ whereupon achten ”, Lat. caveō ); to kant “ circle “ > “vollkommen ” compare
O.Welsh lloergant “voller moon ”;
Welsh cant “troop, multitude, crowd ”, in addition M.Ir. céte (*kanti̯ü ) “congregation,
meeting”, probably as * ” a division of 100 ” identical with Welsh cant “100” above S. 92;
Slav. *kǫtъ m. “ angle “ in R.C.S. kutъ etc.
maybe Alb. kënd “angle”.
References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45, 331
ff.
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kan-
English meaning: to sing, sound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘singen, klingen, also von anderen Geräuschen”
Material: Gk. κανά (σσω), Aor. κανάξαι “with noise fließen or schũtten” , καναχή “Getön,
noise”, καναχέω , καναχίζω ‘schalle, töne” (compare στενάχω, στοναχή : στένω), ἠι-κανός
“rooster, cock ” (“in the Morgenfrũhe krähend” ); κόναβος “noise”?
Lat. canō , -ere ‘sing, erklingen, erklingen lassen ”, canōrus “wohlklingend ” (compare
sonōrus ), carmen “ song” (*canmen ), Umbr. kanetu “canito”, procanurent “praececinerint ”,
ař-kani “*accinium, cantus flaminis ”; perhaps also Lat. cicōnia “ stork “ (out of it probably
syncopated praen. cōnea ; compare zur vowel gradation O.H.G. huon , Russ. kánja );
maybe Alb.Gheg *kánja , kanga ‘song”
O.Ir. canim “I singe”, Welsh canu , Bret. cana ‘sing”, M.Ir. cētal n., Welsh cathl f. “ song”,
Bret. kentel f. “lec̨on” (*kan-tlo-m , previously Brit. to Fem. geworden, s. Pedersen KG. II 66);
lengthened grade M.Welsh g(w)o-gawn “illustrious ”, Welsh go-goniant “fame”;
Goth. hana , O.H.G. etc. hano “rooster, cock ”, fem. O.H.G. henīn , gen. -nna (*hanen-i , -
i̯üs), henna (*han[e]n- ī, -i̯üs) and O.N. hø ̄ na “hen” (*hōnjōn ), pl. hø ̄ nsn (hø ̄ ns , hø ̄ sn )
“Hũhner” , O.H.G. huon “ chicken “ (Gmc. s-stem *hōniz );
perhaps (Berneker 483 between) Russ. (etc.) kánja , kanjúk “Milan, consecration, through
sein Geschrei lästiger bird of prey” (: cicōnia );
Toch. A kan “Melodie, Rhythmus ”.
References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f.
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kapro -
English meaning: goat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ziegenbock, Bock ”, presumably allgemeiner “male animal ”
Material: O.Ind. kápr̥th - m., kapr̥thá - m. “penis”;
Gk. κάπρος “boar”, also σῦς κάπρος ;
Lat. caper , caprī “he-goat, billy goat “ (in addition ein new formationes Fem. capra “goat”
as well as due to of adj. *capreus “αἴγειος: caprea “roe deer ”, capreolus “Rehbock ”), Umbr.
kabru, kaprum “caprum”, cabriner “caprīnī”;
Maybe Alb. (*capreolus ) kaproll “roebuck” [common Alb. shift lu > ll ]
Gaul. *cabros “ he-goat; billy goat “ reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from Gallo-
Rom. *cabrost os “Geißblatt, Liguster” ;
O.N. hafr “he-goat”, O.E. hæfer ds. (figurative “crab”, as Fr. chevrette ), Ger. Habergeiß
(of meckernden Brunstlaute of Vogels);
Proto-Celt. *gabros “ he-goat; billy goat “, *gabrü “goat”, Gaul. PN Gabro-magos
(Noricum) “Bocksfeld ”, Γαβρ῅τα ὕλη “Böhmerwald” (Illyr.?), O.Ir. gabor , Welsh gafr m. “ he-
goat; billy goat “, f. “goat” , O.Ir. also “mare”, etc., have das g- perhaps from an equivalent
from IE ghaido - (above S. 409) bezogen.
To Gmc. hafra- “ he-goat; billy goat “ seems as “Bockskorn ” das word Hafer to belong, da
this originally nur as Viehfutter gebaut wurde : O.N. hafri m., O.S. haƀoro , O.H.G. habaro ,
Ger. Haber , Hafer. Ein miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre , Swe. Nor. dial. hagre , finn. Lw.
kakra “Hafer”; es belongs after Falk-Torp aaO. as behaartes, i.e. begranntes grass to Nor.
dial. hagr n. “ coarse Roßhaar” , perhaps gleichzeitig to M.Ir. coirce , Welsh ceirch , Bret.
kerc”h “Hafer”, if diese through dissimilation from * korkri̯o -.
References: WP. I 347 f., WH. I 157 f.

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kap-ut, -(ē̆)lo-
English meaning: head; pan, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kopf; Pfanne am Schenkel; Kniescheibe ”
Note: originally perhaps ‘schalenförmiges” , see under
Material: O.Ind. kapúcchala - n. (from * kaput- ) “Haar am Hinterkopf, Schopf, bowl ”;
Lat. caput, -itis “ head “; bi-caps “ bicipital “;
O.N. hǫfuð n. “ head”; in Gmc. besides Goth. haubiÞ “ head “, O.N. haufuð , O.E. hēafod ,
O.H.G. houbit , Ger. Haupt through amalgamation with one to O.Ind. kakúbh - f. “cusp, peak,
acme, apex “, O.H.G. hūba “Haube” etc. (compare keu-2) respective words; Cret. κύφερον
ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Hes.
With l-suffixes: O.Ind. kapü ́ la - n. “bowl, cranium, cranium, Pfanne am Schenkel, schalen-
or scherbenförmiger bone” , pehl. kapürak (Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 144) “vessel”, kapōlī
“Kniescheibe ”, kapōla - m. “cheek”;
O.E. hafola “head”.
Fraglich is affiliation from Lat. capillus “hair, esp. hair of the head “, see WH. I 158.
References: WP. I 346 f., WH. I 158, 163 f.
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kap-
English meaning: to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen”
Note: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); various in words for Gefäße
Material: O.Ind. kapaṭī “two handful “ (ṭ mind. for t), O.Pers. ἡ καπίθη “δύο χοίνικες” ; with IE
e Pers. časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan “ grasp, packen ”;
Gk. καπέτις “a measure of capacity “, κάπη “ crib, manger “, καπά̄νη ds., Thess. “the
Wagenkasten ”, κάπτω ‘schnappe, schlucke ”, κώπη “ handle, grasp ”;
Alb. kap “ergreife, catch ”, kapasë “Ölgefäß” , kam “habeo” (*kapmi or *kab(h)mi- zur root
form * kabh - to Ger. haben );
Lat. capiō , -ere, cēpī, captus “take”, au-ceps , -cupüre “Vogelfanger, Vögel fangen” , parti-
ceps “teilnehmend ”, capüx “fassungsfähig, suitable “ , capēdo, -inis “einfaches tönernes
vessel in Opfergebrauch; drinking vessel ”, capulus “barrow, bier, later coffin ” and “handle,
grasp, Handhabe ”, capula ‘schöpfgefäß” (capulüre “from a vessel ins other scoop “),
caputrum “ loop, noose, snare zum Fassen a Ghegenstandes; esp. halter “ (but capis , -idis
“ a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices “, Umbr. kapiře “capide”, Osc. καπιδιτομ
“ollarium” maybe from Gk. σκαφίς with s-drop in allen drei Ital. Sprachen; certainly is
capisterium Lw. from σκαφιστήριον); capsa “ receptacle, Kapsel, Kasten ”, capsus “the
Wagenkasten; cage for wild animal ” (out of it Gk. κάψα, κάμψα);
Lat. captus , -a = O.Ir. cacht “Dienerin, Sklavin ”, Welsh caeth ‘slave”, O.Corn. caid
“captivus”, Bret. keaz “ unlucky, arm ”, Gaul. Moeni-captus ‘slave of Mains ”, M.Ir. cachtaim
“take gefangen ” = Lat. captüre “to gripe suchen ” (coincidental also = asächs. haftōn
“haften”); Ir. cúan (*kapno- ) “(See-) harbor “;

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Goth. - hafts (= Lat. captus , Ir. cacht ) “behaftet with ”, O.N. haptr “captus”, hapt n.
“manacle ”, O.E. hæft m. “captive, slave, band, strap, manacle ”, n. “Heft, handle, grasp ”,
O.S. haft “vinctus”, O.H.G. haft “ bound, gefangen, behaftet with ”, m. n. “Haft, manacle ”,
whereof O.N. hefti n. “Heft, Handhabe ”, O.H.G. hefti n. “Heft, handle, grasp ” and Goth.
haftjan “befestigen ”, O.N. hefta “bind, hinder ”, O.E. hæftan , O.S. heftan , O.H.G. heften
“bind, verhaften ”; Ger. haschen (*hafskōn ) = Swe. dial. haska “nachlaufen, um einzuholen ”;
Goth. hafjan (= Lat. capiō ) “heave, life ”, O.N. hefja (hafða ), O.S. hebbian , O.E. hebban ,
O.H.G. heffen, heven , M.H.G. Ger. heben (Swiss only “hold, stop ”); in addition (compare
zur form Lat. habēre ) Goth. haban , -aida “hold, stop, have ”, O.N. hafa (hafða ), O.S.
hebbian , O.E. habban , O.H.G. habēn “have”;
O.N. - haf n. “Hebung”, O.E. hæf n., M.L.G. haf ‘sea” (N.Ger. Haff), M.H.G. hap, -bes
‘sea, harbor “; O.N. hǫfn f. “ harbor “, O.E. hæfen (e) f., M.L.G. havene , M.H.G. habene f. ds.
(Ger. Hafen from N.Ger.; compare Ir. cuan ); O.H.G. havan m. “pot, pan, kitchenware “, Ger.
Hafen ; O.N. hǫfugr , O.E. hefig , O.S. heƀig , O.H.G. hebīc, -g “ heavy “ (actually ‘somewhat
enthaltend ”); O.E. hefe, hæfe m., O.H.G. heve , hepfo , Ger. Hefe (“was den Teig hebt ”); Ice.
Nor. dial. havald n. “band, strap ”, O.E. hefeld , M.L.G. hevelte (*hafaðla -; O.H.G. haba , Ger.
Handhabe ;
O.N. hüfr m. “ Fischhamen, Reuse “ (ē as in Lat. cēpī);
O.N. hōf n. “das rechte Maß or relationship” , hø ̄ fa “aim, passen, sich schicken ”, Goth.
gahōbains “Enthaltsamkeit ”, O.E. behōfian “bedũrfen” , O.H.G. bihuobida “praesumtio ”,
M.H.G. behuof m. “ business, purpose, benefit, advantage ”, Ger. Behuf ;
[O.N. haukr (*hǫƀukr ), O.E. heafoc “ hawk” (out of it M.Welsh hebawc , and from this O.Ir.
sebocc “falcon”), O.S. haƀuk - in EN, O.H.G. habuh “ hawk” from Gmc. *haƀuka - (finn. Lw.
havukka ), are to be compared probably better with Russ. (etc.) kóbec , Pol. kobuz “ names
from falcon ’s kinds “]

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Maybe Alb. f. (* keboccna ), gabonja , zh-gabonja, sh-kabonja , shqiponja, shkaba “ eagle “
common Alb. -kn- > -nj- phonetic mutation : O.Ir. sebocc “falcon” : Serbo-Croatian: kòbac
m. “merlin, small hawk ”
Probably wrong etymology since Alb. ( *kaponti̯ü ) “ eagle “ is phonetically a derivative of
Root (s)kē ̆ p-2, (s)kō ̆ p- and (s)kü ̆ p-; (s)kē ̆ b(h)-, skob(h) - and skü ̆ b (h)- : “to work with a sharp
instrument ”: Alb. kep “ hew stones, cut out “ (IE *kopō or *kapō ), wherefore kmesë , këmés ,
kamés f. “hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife ” (*kapneti̯ü ), sqep “ angle, bill, beak,
neb”;
Maybe Alb. ( *kaponti̯ü ) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba “ eagle “ : sqep “ beak of the eagle “,
shqipta, shqip “ clear, sharp (language) “, shqiptonj “ speak clearly, divide words “, shqep “
(*split), rip, tear; unpick “ : qep ‘sew (with a needle) ” [see below]
with the meaning from Gk. κάπτω and Gmc. pp as intens. consonant-Gemination (due to
the root form in p or bh or b) Ger. (actually N.Ger. ) happen , hapsen “ devour “. Du. happen “
snatch “ under likewise;
Lith. kúopa 1. “troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off ”, 2. “ ransom for
distrained livestock “ (= Gk. κώπη); Ltv. kàmpju , kàmpt “ gripe, catch ”;
about Troernamen Κάπυς, Lat. capys , capus “falcon” (Illyr.?) s. Bonfante REtIE 2, 113.
The vocalism is absolutely fast a, also in O.Ind. kapaṭī (das as isoliertes word not
probably a as Entgleisung for i = ǝ have kann); besides occasional ē (cēpi, hüfr) and ō
(κώnη, Lith. kúopa , presumably also Gmc. hōf-), die barely as Normalstufen ( ē: ō: ǝ)
einzureihen are (Konstatierun g by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). Dasselbe Vokalverhältnis between
Osc. hafiest : hipid , Lith. gabénti : preterit atge ́bau , Goth. gabei : O.N. gæ ̄ fr; hinsichtlich of
Konsonantismus shows sich in Wurzelanl. and -auslaut Schwanken between Tenuis,
voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, was from imitation of Schnapplautes ( kap, ghap ,
ghabh etc.) and imitation of raschen Zugreifens through diesen sound ( ‘schnapp”) to define

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is. Darũber ausfũhrlich Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224 -237; s. also above S.
407ff.; different EM3 173.
Altaic etymology :
Protoform: *kůp”è
English meaning: to squeeze, press together
Turkic protoform: *Kɨp-
Mongolian protoform: *kajiči
Tungus protoform: *kap-
Comments: KW 180, Владимирцов 270, Poppe 48. A Western isoglO.S.S. Despite
Doerfer’s doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each
other. It is interesting also to mention the forms meaning “to wink” ( < *”press eyelids
together”) among the reflexes of PT *K ɨp- (usually confused with *K ɨp- ‘spark”) and the TM
derivative *kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- “flat”). Cf. also *k”ap”V.
References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.
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kar-1
English meaning: to scold, punish
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmähen, strafen”
Material: Gk. κάρνη ζημία , αὐτόκαρνος αὐτοζήμιος Hes.;
Lat. carinō, -üre “ scoff, mock “ (probably ů);
O.Ir. caire f. “reprimand ”, O.Welsh cared “nequitiae ”, Welsh caredd “fault, error ”, Corn.
cara “rebuke”, M.Bret. carez “reprimand ” (*kr̥i̯ü);
O.H.G. harawēn , M.H.G. herwen “ deride “, O.E. hierwan “ despise, deride “, O.N.
herfiligr “verächtlich, erniedrigend” , M.H.G. here, herwer “herb”, finn. Lw. karvas “amarus”;
zero grade O.E. gehornian “beleidigen ”;
Ltv. karinüt “banter, stir, tease, irritate ”; ablaut. E.Lith. kìrinti ds.;
O.C.S. korъ, u-korъ “contumelia ”, u-koriti “vilify, scold ”, po-koriti “unterwerfen ”, Cz. po-
kora “Demut”, po-kornū “demũtig” , ablaut. Serb.-Church Slavic kara f. “fight”, Cz. kára
“Vorwurf, punishment “, etc.;
maybe Alb. korit “make ashamed ”
perhaps here Toch. A kärn-, В karn- “torment, smite ”.
References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places die Bal.-Slav. words to IE
kori̯o -, see there.
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kar-2, karǝ -
English meaning: to praise, glorify
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut preisen, rũhmen”
Note: also (still) more in general onomatopoeic words as viele other, die connection from k
and r enthaltende roots
Material: O.Ind. carkarti “erwähnt rũhmend” (Aor. ákürīt ), carkr̥tí - “fame, Preis ”, karkarí -,
karkarī́ “eineArt Laute ”, kīrtí- f. “fame, knowledge ” (thereafter with ī also kīrí-, kīrín- ‘sänger”);
kürú- ‘sänger, Dichter” (: κήρυξ);
Gk. καρκαίρω “erdröhne” , κήρῡξ , Dor. κά̄ρῡξ “ Herold”;
O.N. herma (*harmjan ) “berichten, melden ”, hrōðr m. “fame, Lob ”, O.E. hrōðor m.
“pleasure, joy ”, hrēð (*hrōÞi -) “fame”, O.H.G. ( h)rōd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in EN), Goth. hrōÞeigs
“ruhmreich ”, O.N. hrōsa “ vaunt “ (*hrōÞ -s-ōn); O.H.G. (h)ruom , O.S. hrōm “fame, Lob,
honour”, in addition O.E. brēme “illustrious ” (*bihrōmi -);
maybe Alb. mbrëmbje “evening, dark ” common Alb. b > mb phonetic mutatIon.
perhaps as b-extension: Goth. hrōps “clamor”, O.H.G. ruof ‘shout, call ”, O.S. O.E.
hrōpan , O.H.G. ( h)ruofan “call, shout, cry ”, O.H.G. (h)ruoft , M.H.G. gerũefte, geruofte n.
‘shout, call, scream “, M.L.G. ruchte , rochte n. ‘shout, call, scream, rumor ”, Ger. (from dem
N.Ger. ) Gerũcht ;
Lith. kar̃das “Echo”, O.Lith. ap-kerdžiu “I verkũnde” , O.Pruss. kirdīt “hear”.
References: WP. I 353 f.
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kar-3, redupl. karkar-
English meaning: hard
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise “hart”
Material: O.Ind. karkara- “rough, hard ” = Gk. κάρκαροι τραχεῖς Hes., O.Ind. karkaśa - “rough,
hard” (also karaka- m., “hail”?); presumably Gk. κρανα [F]ός “hard, rough, felsig ”.
In addition probably die words for “Krebs”: O.Ind. karkaṭa - m. “Krebs” (karkin - “Krebs as
Sternbild ”, Lw. from Gk. καρκίνος ), karka-ḥ m. “crab”;
Gk. καρκίνος ds., Lat. cancer , -crī ds. (dissim. from * carcro- , perhaps already IE,
compare O.Ind. kaŋkaṭa - m. “Panzer” from *kaŋkr̥ta -);
daß O.C.S. rakъ “Krebs” from * krakъ dissim. sei, is possible ; die A ̈ hnlichkeit with Nor.
(etc.) ræke “cапcег squilla, Garnele ” places borrowing of Nor. words ahead;
further words for hard Schale, Nuß: Gk. κάρυον “Nuß”, καρύα f. “Nußbaum ”; Lat. carīna f.
“Nußschale, the keel of a ship, ship ” (maybe from dem Gk. after Keller Volkset. 279, in
welchem case καρύινος die wellspring is); Welsh ceri (*carīso -) “kernel “.
With t-suffixes: Goth. hardus “hard, stern ”, O.N. harðr “hard”, O.E. heard “hard, strong,
valiant”, O.S. hard, O.H.G. hart, herti “hard, tight, firm, heavy “, adv. O.N. harða , O.E.
hearde , O.H.G. harto , M.L.G. harde “very, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in
particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “ (compare Gk. κάρτα), Proto-Gmc. * harðú-
from IE *kar-tú-; due to an IE extension *kre-t- , *kr̥t- Eol. (Gramm.) κρέτος, next to which
with dem vocalism of adj. Att. κράτος, ep. Ion. κάρτος “ strength, power “, Hom. κρατύς
‘strong” Komparat. Ion. κρέσσων, Att.κρείττων, superl. κράτιστος, ep. κάρτιστος, adv. κάρτα
‘strong”, κρατερός, καρτερό ς ‘strong, tight, firm, violent ” (etc.); remains far off O.Ind. krátu -,
Av. xratuš “geistige power “.

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O.Ind. kaṭhiná -, káṭhora - “hard, tight, firm, stiff “ kann also with IE l to Welsh caled , M.Ir.
calad “hard”, Gaul. -caletos belong (see kal- “hard”).
Because of the Existenz an weitverbreiteten iber.-mediterr. *carra ‘stone, Steinhaufe ” (v.
Wartburg FEW. s. v.) is die affiliation folgender words dubious, die partly here or to (s)ker -
“cut, clip” belong, partly nicht IE origin sein can:
O.Ir. carrac f. (Ir. carraig ) “rocks, cliff ” and crec f. ds., gen. craice , creice , M.Ir. also nom.
craic (Ir. craig ) f. ds., gen. creca , derive alle from dem Brit., also M.Ir. crach “rough”
(=scabbed); to O.Welsh carrecc , Welsh carreg f. ‘stone, rocks ” (*karrikü ), Bret. karreg ,
Corn. carrek ds., compare Welsh carrog ‘stream, brook ” (*karrükü ), eig. ‘steinbach ” = M.Ir.
carrach “ scabbed “ and Gallo-Rom. *cracos ‘stone” (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v), O.Welsh creik ,
Welsh craig f. (*krakī ) “rocks”, Bret. krag ‘sandstein ”, Welsh crach ‘scurf” = Bret. (Vannes)
krah “ small hill, cusp, peak ” (*krak- , *krakk- , perhaps through metathesis from * kar-k -) etc.
basic forms are vor IE*karr- or IE *(s)kr̥-s- (ergäbe Celt. carr-), respectively *kar-k -; also
zweidentig Ital.-venezi O.N. (Ven. ) scaranto, caranto ‘steiniger Bergbach ” and Ven. PN
Scarantia > Scharnitz (Tirol), Carantania “Kärnten” , etc.;
likewise Gmc. *har(u)gaz “ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some
kind, sacrificial altar “ in O.N. hǫrgr “ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind “, O.E. hearg m. “heidnischer temple ”, O.H.G. harg “Hain, temple ” (finn. Lw.
karko “Holzstoß, Stapel” , harkko “clump, heap ”), perhaps also to O.Ir. Welsh Bret. corn
‘steinhũgel, Steingrab” , and O.H.G. hart “Bergwald ”, O.E. harað , -eð ds.; barely here as
“Waldbewohner ” the altGmc. VN Φαροῦδες, Harudes , O.E. Hæreðas , O.Ice. Hǫrdar ; rather
to O.Ir. caur, cur “Held” (*karut-s ).
References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ.
48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.
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kars-
English meaning: to scratch, rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, striegeln, krämpeln”
Material: O.Ind. kaṣati “reibt, schabt, kratzt ” (mind. from * kr̥ṣati ), unclear kaṣüya - “herb,
bitter, sharp ” etc. (also kuṣṭha - n. “ leprosy “, mind. from * kr̥ṣṭha -?);
Lat. carrō , ere “(wool) krämpeln” , carduus “thistle” (due to from *carridus “kratzend ”);
Maybe Alb. * carrō , ere, kore ‘scab”
Lith. karšiu ̀ , kar̃šti “comb, curry, krämpeln” , Ltv. kü ̀ ršu , kü ̀ rst “wool comb ”;
O.Bulg. krasta (*kor-stü), Russ. korósta f., Ser.-Cr. krȁsta “ scabies, crust, scab, eschar “;
M.L.G. harst “ rake, rake “, probably also M.L.G. Ger. harsch “hard, rough ”, Ger.
verharschen ‘schorf build, by Wunden ”, dial. harsch ‘schneekruste ”, M.H.G. harsten,
verharsten “rough, hard become ”; with Gmc. ablaut neologism and anlaut. s- from the
Wurzel sker- here also aN.Ger. ofskerran intense Verb “abkratzen ”, O.H.G. scerran , M.H.G.
scherren intense Verb ‘scratch, scrape, scrape ”, Intensivbildung *skarzōn in Nor. skarra
“einen scharrenden sound bring forth ”, M.L.G. M.H.G. scharren ‘scratch, scrape, scratch ”,
Swe. skorra , M.L.G. schurren “einen scharrenden sound give ”.
Maybe Alb. (*schurren ) shkurre “thorny bush ”
Der root vowel is a; the Intonationsunterschied between Lith. and Slav. bleibt still to
define.
References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.
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kat-1
English meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechtend zusammendrehen, to Ketten, Stricken, Hũrdengeflecht”
Material: Lat. catēna “ chain “ (*cates-nü), cassis , -is “Jägergarn, net” (because of catēna
rather = *kat-s -is as * kat-ti-s; perhaps also casa “primitive cottage ” (originally from leichtem
netting; probably dial. from * cati̯ü , as Osc. Bansae from Bantiae );
perhaps here caterva f. “heap, troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe ” (*kates-ou̯ü), Umbr.
kateramu , caterahamo “catervamini, congregamini ”, yet see under under ket-1.
Welsh cader “fortress” (only in PN), O.Ir. cathir “town, city ”;
Maybe Alb. (*cader ) kodër “heap, hill (fortified hill) ” [common Alb. a > o shift]
perhaps O.Ice. hadda f. “ring, Henkel, Bũgel” (*haÞiÞōn: catēna ; right doubtful), probably
O.E. heaðor n. “Einschließung, jail “ ;
maybe Alb. kotec “cell, nest ” –ec diminutive ending in Alb.
Church Slavic kotьcь “cella, nest ”, Russ. kotū pl. “Fischwehr, fish weir “, Ser.-Cr. kôt,
(dial.) kòtac “ small stall ”; dial. “kind of fishing ” etc. and Bulg. kótara , kótora , kótor “ hurdle “,
Ser.-Cr. kȍtar “fence”, kȍtür “Gebiet, limit, boundary ” (“*from Zäunen” ), Sloven. kotár “
district, region, area “ (see Berneker 386, 588);
References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.
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kat-2
English meaning: to bear young; animal cub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Junge werfen; Tier junges ”
Material: Lat. catulus “ a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp.
young dog or cat] ”, Umbr. katel , gen. katles “catulus”;
Maybe Alb. kotele “young cat ” [common Alb. a > o shift] Also [OE catt masc. (= ON kottr),
catte fem. (= OFris., MDu. katte , Du. kat, OHG kazza , G katze ), reinforced in ME by AN,
ONFr. cat var. of (O)Fr. chat f. late L cattus .] from there Pol. kot “cat”, Gmc. Kater “tomcat”.
Again Alb. kotem “rest (like a cat) ”
O.Ice. haðna f. “young goat ”, M.H.G. hatele , Ger.-Swiss hatle “goat”;
Slav. kotiti sę (Russ. kotítьsja etc.) “Junge throw ”, dial. kótьka “lamb”, Ser.-Cr. kot
“brood”, Pol. wy-kot “young goat, kid ” etc. (see Berneker 589 f.).
References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.
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kau-l-, ku-l-
English meaning: hollow; bone
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hohl; Hohlstengel; Röhrenknochen”
Material: Gk. καυλός m. ‘stengel; Federkiel, Schaft ”; Lat. caulis (cōlis, caulus ) ‘stengel, Stiel
an Pflanzen ”; M.Ir. cuaille “picket, pole ” (*kaulīni̯o -); Lith. káulas m. “bone” (glottal stop
secondary), Ltv. kaũls ‘stengel, bone ”, O.Pruss. caulan n. “bone, leg ”.
zero grade: O.Ind. kúlyam n. “bone”, kulyü ́ f. ‘stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel,
canal”; O.N. holr “hollow”, O.H.G. O.E. hol ds., Goth. ushulōn “hollow out ”.
References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-.
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kau-
English meaning: to put down, discourage
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erniedrigen, demũtigen”
Material: Gk. καυνός κακός (σκληρός, in latter meaning to καίω, Schulze KZ. 29 270 Anm.
1) Hes. and καυρός (or καῦρος) κακός, also καυαρόν κακόν Hes.;
Goth. hauns “low, demũtig” (haunjan “erniedrigen ”), O.H.G. hōni “verachtet, woeful,
wretched, miserable, low ” (hōnen “vilify, scold, scoff “), O.E. hēan “low, woeful, wretched,
miserable, pitiful “ (hȳnan “vilify, scold ”), O.H.G. hōnida , O.S. hōnða ‘schande”, O.Fris.
hünethe “ accusation “, O.H.G. hōna “ derision, ridicule ”;
O.N. hüð (*hawiÞa -) n. “ derision “, M.H.G. hūren “kauern”;
Ltv. kàuns m. “disgrace, shame, Schande, the genitals ”, kàunêtiês ‘sich schämen, stupid
sein”, kàunîgs “ shamefaced, verschämt, stupid “ ;
Lith. kūviu ́ os, kūve ́tis ‘sich schämen” .
References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.
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kā ̆ d-
English meaning: to harm, rob, chase
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schädigen, berauben, verfolgen”
Material: O.Ind. kadana- n. “Vernichtung ”, caküda (doubtful, if not caküra? ) kadanam “habe
eine Vernichtung angerichtet ”;
Gk. Hom. κεκαδών “beraubend ”, Fut. κεκαδήσει “wird berauben ”, κεκαδ῅σαι βλάψαι ,
κακ῵σαι , στερ῅σαι Hes., in medial-pass. meaning Hom. κεκάδον to ‘sie wichen ”, ἐκεκήδει
(Konjektur) ὑπε(κε)χωρήκει Hes., ἀποκαδέω ἀσθενέω Hes.; κάδυρος κάπρος ἄνορχις Hes.
References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under k̂üd-.
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kā ̆ i-3, kī̆-
English meaning: heat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hitze”
Material: O.H.G. hei “arid”, gihei n. “heat, aridity “, arheigētun “verdorrten ”, Goth. dat. pl.
haizam “den Fackeln ” (es-stem *hai̯-iz-).
With -d-extension: O.H.G. heiz, O.S. hēt, O.E. hüt, O.Ice. heitr “hot” (whereof O.H.G.
Ger. heizen , O.E. hæ ̄ tan , O.Ice. heita ds.); Goth. heito f. “fever”; O.H.G. hizza “heat”, (*hitjō)
O.S. hittia , O.E. hitt f., O.Ice. hiti m. ds.
With - t-extension: Lith. kaistù , kaitaũ , kaĩsti “hot become ”, kaitrà “Feuerglut ”, kaitrùs “heat
giving”, prãkaitas m. ‘schweiß”, Ltv. kàistu , kàitu , kàist “hot become, burn ” under likewise,
figurative Ltv. kaĩtinát “anger, stir, tease, irritate ” (kaĩte “damage, affliction, Gebrechen,
plague”, compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 135), O.Pruss. ankaitītai “Angefochtene ”;
O.Ice. hüss (*hairsa - from * hais-ra-), O.E. hüs (*haisa -), Eng. hoarse (from M.Eng. hōs
+coarse ), O.S. hēs, O.H.G. heisi “hoarse” (unclear is, whether here from * kirsem Alb. kirrem
“werde hoarse ”?).
References: WP. I 326 f., Trautmann 113.
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kā ̆ pho - or k̂ō̆pho -
English meaning: hoof, *claw , nail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Huf”
Note:
Root kü ̆ pho - or k̂ō̆pho - : hoof, *claw , nail” derived from Root k̂eub - : thorn”
Material: O.Ind. śaphá - m. “hoof, claw , nail “, Av. safa- m. “hoof of Pferdes ”;
O.Ice. hōfr, O.E. hōf, O.H.G. huof “hoof”.
Maybe Alb. (*suha- ) thua “(*hoof, claw) nail “, thundra “ hoof (*claw , nail) “common Alb. s- >
th- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 346, Specht IE Decl. 253.
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kā ̆ po -
English meaning: things that float in water
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vom Wasser Fortgeschwemmtes ”
Material: O.Ind. śǘpa - m. “was running Wasser with sich fũhrt, drift, trailing, Geflößtes” ,
śüpēṭa - m. “ washed ashore reed under likewise ”; Lith. ša ̃ pai “verstreute Halme, Rũckstand,
den eine inundation auf den Feldern zurũckläßt” , ša ̃ pas “Halm, straw, bough ”.
References: WP. I 345, Specht IE Decl. 27.
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kāp-, kǝp -
English meaning: a piece of land
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stũck Land, Grundstũck”
Material: Gk. κ῅πος , Dor. κᾶπος “garden”, Hes. κάπυς κ῅πος (Cret. “unbearbeitetes
Grundstũck” , s. Gl. 3, 303); O.H.G. huoba , O.S. hōƀa ‘stũck Land” , Ger. Hufe, Hube ; Alb.
kopshtë “garden”.
References: WP. I 345, Specht IE Decl. 27, the here O.H.G. habaro etc. “Hafer” stellen
wIllyr.
See also: S. under under kapro -.
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kār-
English meaning: wax
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wachs”
Material: Gk. κηρός “Wachs”, κηρίον “honeycomb, Wabenhonig ” kann, although Dor. κᾱρός
not genũgend gesichert is, out of lon. -Att. Lehnform from this Dialektgruppe sein,
welchenfalls Lat. cēra as Gk. Lw. gesichert wäre;
Lith. korỹs “Wabenhonig, honeycomb of the bees ”,
Maybe Alb. (*hole) hoje “ honeycomb of the bees “ common shift r/l
Ltv. kâres nom. pl. ds.;
Pol. skarzyk “the thrust in beehive ”.
References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht IE Decl. 52.
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kā ̆ u(ǝ)lā : kūlā
English meaning: abscess, boil
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Geschwulst; especially Leibschaden, Leistenbruch ”
Material: Gk. Ion. κήλη, Att. κά̄λη ‘swelling, lump, growth, esp. Leibschaden ”, βουβωνοκήλη
“hernia” underlikewise; καλάζει ὀγκοῦται. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes., κάλαμα ὄγκος Hes. (vokalisch very
difficult, hard; Ion. κήλη from *κᾱF-ελ-ᾱ, Att. ach. κά̄λ-η, -ᾱ from κᾰF-ελ-ᾱ?);
O.N. haull , O.E. hēala , O.H.G. hōla f. “hernia” (*küu[ǝ]lü , at most *kǝu ̯ [ǝ]lü );
zero grade Church Slavic kyla “ds.”; Russ. kilá “ds.; knag am tree ”, Serb. kȉla ds.; Lith.
dial. kúle f. “ hunch, outgrowth, knag ”.
References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.
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kāu-, kǝu -
English meaning: to hit, cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hauen, schlagen ”
Material: Lat. (with präsensbildendem d) cūdō, -ere “hit, knock, stomp, prägen” (probably for
*caudō after den viel frequent compound; compare) caudex, cōdex “tree truck, clot, chunk;
to Schreibtafeln cloven Holz, Notizbuch ”, cōdicillus ‘scheitholz ”, caudica “from a tree truck
made barge ”, incūs, -ūdis f. “Amboß” ; Toch. A kot-, В kaut- ‘split”;
O.H.G. houwan (hīo), O.E. hēawan (hēow ), O.Ice. hǫggua (hiō) “hew, hit (blow) ” (in
addition as “to Hauendes ” Goth. etc. hawi “hay”);
Lith. káuju , kóviau , káuti (*küu ̯ i̯ō ) “hit, schmieden; fight ”, kovà “fight, struggle ”, Ltv. nuò-
kaût ‘slay, kill” , kava “blow, knock, layer “ (*kǝu-), Lith. kújis “hammer” = O.Pruss. cugis ds.
(O.Bulg. kyjь ds.; Lith. kúgis is reshaped from kújis after kúgis “ haycock, haystack “);
O.Bulg. kovǫ (later Church Slavic kujǫ) kovati ‘schmieden ” (= O.H.G. houwu ), Serb.
kȕjēm (dial. kòvēm ) kòvati ‘schmieden, prägen; (a horse) beschlagen” , Church Slavic kyjь
“hammer” (*kū-i̯o-), Russ. kuznь ‘schmiedearbeit ”, zero grade O.Bulg. kьznь “artifice”
(“Ränke schmieden” ) etc.; Toch. A ko-, В kau- ‘slay”.
Maybe Alb. pod-kua “horseshoe ” [literally “pod = under + kua = horseshoe ”]
References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.
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kā ̆ u-, kē ̆ u-, kū-
English meaning: to howl
Deutsche Übersetzung: ,heulen”
Note: onomatopoeic words, partly with anlaut. k, partly with k̂.
Material: O.Ind. kü ́ uti ‘shouts, howls ”, Intens. kōkūyate ‘schreit, sounds, seufzt ” (Gramm.),
kō ́ ka - m. “owl, dog”? (‘schreiend; heulend ”); kokila - “cuckoo”;
Arm. k”uk” “στεναγμός” (: Lith. kaũkti , Meillet Msl. 12, 214; die Nichtverwandlung of 2. k to
s after u is in onomatopoeic words not objection);
Gk. κω-κύ̄-ω “cry, wehklage ” (dissim . from *κῡ-κύ̄-ω), κώκῡμα “ lamentation “; καύᾱξ, -
ᾱκος , Ion. -ηξ, Hom. κήξ, -κός f., κ῅ υξ, -ῡκος “eine Möwenart” ; with fractured reduplication
(as O.Ind. kō ́ ka -, Lith. kaũkti, šau ̃ kti , Slav. kukati etc.) καυκαλίας, καυκίαλος, καυκιάλης bird
name (Hes.);
but M.Welsh cuan , Welsh cwan , O.Bret. couann , Bret. kaouan , dial. cavan , kohan,
kouhen ds.(Ernault RC 36, 2063) are probably onomatopoetische neologisms;
Lat. (Gaul. ) cavannus “Nachteule ” (Anthol. Lat.);
O.H.G. hūwo “owl “, hūwila , hiuwula “Nachteule ”, O.H.G. hiuwilōn “jubeln”, M.H.G.
hiuweln, hiulen “howl, cry”, M.L.G. hūlen , M.Eng. hūlen , Eng. howl;
Lith. (see above) kaukiù , kaũkti , Ltv. kàukt “howl, from Hunden or Wölfen” , Lith. sukùkti
“ds., aufheulen ”, kaukalė “a kind of Wasservogel ”, Ltv. kaũka “whirlwind ”;
Lith. kóvas m. “jackdaw”, kóva f. ‘saatkrähe” (*küu ̯ ü = Pol. kawa );
Russ. kávka “frog”, dial. “jackdaw”, kávatь ‘stark cough ”, Clr. (etc.) kávka “jackdaw”,
kavča ́ ty “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “; ablaut. ( *kēu-) Bulg. ča ́ vka ,
Serb. ča ̂ vka , Cz. čavka “jackdaw”; O.C.S. kuja-jǫ, -ti “murmur”; Russ. kúkatь “murmur,
mucksen ”, Serb. kȕkati “lament” etc.

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maybe Alb. kuja “ lamentation “ : O.C.S. kuja-jǫ, -ti “murmur”; çavka, çafka “heron” : Cz.
čavka “jackdaw”
With -b-, -b(h)o-: O.Ind. kúkkubha - m. “wild rooster, cock, pheasant ”, Gk. κουκούφας
“Vogelart” (late, kaumecht Gk. ); onomatopoeic words are: κίκυβος probably “ Nachteule ”
(besides κικκάβη, κίκυμος (out of it Lat.cicuma), κικυμίς ds., κικκαβαῦ “deren scream ”), Lat.
cucubiō, -īre of scream the Nachteule (Thomas Stud. 39 nimmt Hiat fũllendes b an); also
die b(h)-’suffixe” the vorgenannten could so aufgekommen sein.
With -ĝ-: O.Ind. kū ́ jati “ growls, brummt, murmelt ”; Nor. hauke “johlen, call, shout, cry ”.
Maybe Alb. kujit “ growl”
With -p-: Goth. hiufan “lament”, O.N. hjūfra ds., O.E. hēofan ds., O.S. hiovan ,
O.H.G. hiofan , hioban ds.
With -r-: O.Ind. cákōra - m. “a kind of partridge, game bird “; Lat. caurīre “cry, of
brũnstigen Panther” ; O.C.S. kurъ “rooster, cock ”, Church Slavic kurica “hen”;
With anlaut. palatal:
O.Ind. śúka - m. “parrot”; Arm. sag “goose “ (*k̂au̯ü ) = O.C.S. sova “owl “ (: Celt.
cavannus ); Lith. šaukiu ̀ , šau ̃ kti “cry, loud call, shout, cry, name ”; Russ. syčь “Zwergeule,
Sperlingseule ”, Cz. sūc “owl “ (*k̂ūk-ti-); doubtful O.C.S. šumъ “noise” (*k̂ē̆u-mo-s?
Brugmann II2 1, 247).
Maybe Alb. zhurma “noise”
compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism O.H.G. kaha “jackdaw”
etc.; compare Lith. kóvas etc. ds.).
References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.
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kā-
English meaning: to like, wish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gern haben, begehren ”
Material: O.Ind. kü ́ yamüna - “gern habend ” (ü-küyíya - “begehrenswert ” with from this i̯o-
present verschlepptem- y-), perf. cakē ́ ‘sich whereof gladden, lieben, lust, crave ”, -küti- (in
compound) “heischend, verlangend ”; Av. kü- “whereupon long, want ” (kayü 1. sg. , küta-;
čakuše );
-mo-stem O.Ind. kü ́ ma - m. “Begehren, wish, love ”, Av. O.Pers. küma - m. “desire, wish ”;
kü ̆ m- in O.Ind. küma ́ yati , particle perf. Med. cakamüna ́ -; kamra- “reizend, beautiful ”,
kamana- “begierig, lascivious “; Lith. kamaros “Geilheit” and Ltv. kãmêt ‘starve”.
ro-stem: Lat. cürus “lieb, wert, teuer (also of Preise) ”; Goth. hors (*hōra-) “Ehebrecher,
Hurer”, O.Ice. hōrr ds., hōr n. “Buhlerei, Unzucht ”, O.E. hōr n. ds., O.H.G. huor n. ds.,
O.H.G. huora (and huorra from *hōriōn -) “Hure”, O.E. hōre, O.Ice. hōra- (*hōrōn -) ds.; Ltv.
kürs “ lascivious, covetous “ (küruo ̂ t “lust, crave, long, want ”);
reduced grade Gaul. Carant-us, -illus etc., O.Brit. Carant-īnus, -orius , O.Ir. caraim “love”,
carae “friend”; Welsh Corn. Bret. car “friend” (*kǝ-rünt-s), Welsh caraf “I love”; about
(Gaul.?) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; Toch. acc. sg. A krant, В krent “good” (= Celt. carant- ).
Beruht ar. kan- (O.Ind. perf. cükana , Aor. akünis ̣ am , Av. čakana ), can- (O.Ind. caniṣṭám ;
O.Ind. cánas - n. “Gefallen, Befriedigung ”, Av. čanah -, činah - “desire, Heischen ”) “befriedigt
sein, Gefallen finden ”, Av. činman - n. “Begehren, Trachten ” auf a IE -(e)nes-stem k-e-nes-?
The forms cani- , kani- can also secondary sein as kami-ṣyate , -tar- besides küma - (if
Stokes KZ. 40, 246 with right M.Ir. cin, gen. cena “love, affection “ as *kenu - vergliche, wäre
k-en- : kü-as ks-en- : kes- under likewise to beurteilen).

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kā ̆, ke, kom
English meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Partikel, perhaps etwa “probably! ”
Material: O.Ind. kám behind Dativen from Personen (as dat. commodi; so also once Av.
kąm) and from Abstrakten (as finaler dative), also beim Imper., after the particles nú, sú, hí,
and in indik. Hauptsätzen;
O.C.S. kъ(n) with dat. “to”.
Nasallos Gk. κᾱ, κε (κεν kann ν ἐφελκυστικόν have) perhaps “ probably ”, Modalpartikel,
Slav. -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -kъ, -če, -či, -ču), Anhängepartikel esp. by Pron., beim Imper. and by
adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g. Russ. kó-
vorotъ “Halswirbel, Genick ”);
Lith. - ki (perhaps originally ke), -k beim Imper. (e.g. dúo-ki, -k “gib!”).
References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gk. II 568, Trautmann 111f.
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ked-
English meaning: to smoke, fume
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rauchen, rußen”
Material: O.Ind. kadrú - “brown”, perhaps also kadamba- m. “Nauclea cadamba, ein tree
with orangefarbenen Blũten” and küdamba - m. “eine Gansart with dunkelgrauen Flũgeln” ;
O.C.S. kadilo “ incense “, kaditi “räuchern” , Russ. čad “haze, mist ”, Serb. čad “caligo”,
čaditi “rußig become” (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps O.Pruss. accodis (*at-codis )
“Rauchloch, through das the Rauch herauszieht ”;
as “Räucherhölzer” are anzureihen (?):
Gk. κέδρος “ juniper; later: Pinus cedrus ”, κεδρίς “Wacholderbeere; fruit the cedar “; Lith.
kadagỹs , O.Pruss. kadegis “ juniper “ (from estn. kadakas borrowed?).
References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht IE Decl. 147.
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keg-, keng - and kek-, kenk -
English meaning: hook, grappling hook. handle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pflock zum Aufhängen, Haken, Henkel” ; also ‘spitz sein”
Note: compare das similar k̂ak-, k̂ank -; and k̂enk -, k̂onk -
Material: Pers. čang “ claw, nail, fist ” (*kengo- );
M.Ir. ail-cheng f. “ rake, Waffengestell ” (: Lith. kéngė , see under);
Gmc. *hakan- , *hōka -, *hēkan - m. “hook” in: O.Ice. PN Haki m. “hook”, haka f. “chin”,
O.E. haca m. “bar, bolt”, hæcce f. “Krummstab ”; O.Ice. hükr m. “Frechling ”, O.H.G. hüko ,
hüggo “hook”, O.E. hōc m. “hook”, M.L.G. hok, huk m. “ angle, point, edge, foreland,
promontory “, O.Ice. høkja f. (*hōkiōn -) “ crutch “, høkill m. “Hinterbug ”; with intensive
Gemination: O.E. haccian “hacken”, M.L.G. , M.H.G. hacken ds., and die j-verbs: O.E.
ofhæccan “amputare ”, O.H.G. hecchen “bite, prick ”, M.H.G. hecken “hew, hit, prick ”;
nasalized M.L.G. hank “Henkel” (out of it O.Ice. hǫnk m., hanki f. “Henkel”), Dutch honk ,
E.Fris. hunk “picket, pole, Pfost en”;
Gmc. *hakilō f. “Hechel” (from den gekrũmmten Eisenzähnen) in: asächs. hekilon
“hecheln”, Eng. hatchel , M.H.G. hechel “Hechel”, Nor. hekla “Hechel, Stoppel ”;
Gmc. *hakuda- m. “Hecht” (after den spitzen teeth) in O.E. hacod ; *hakida in O.E. hacid
m., O.H.G. hachit, hechit , M.L.G. heket “Hecht”;
Lith. kéngė f. “hook, Klinke ”;
Slav. *kogъtь m. in Russ. kógotь “ claw , nail, crooked Eisenspitze ”, O.Sor. kocht “thorn,
sting, prick ” (: Gmc. * hakuda -);
perhaps here, as “auf einen hook hinaufhängen, as with a hook scratch, scrape, stir,
tease, irritate ”: Bulg. káčъ , káč(u)vam “erhebe, erhöhe, hänge” , za-káčъ, -káčam “hänge,
catch, necke ”, Serb. zàkačiti “anhaken ”, Sloven. káčiti “banter, anger ” (Berneker 465 f.).

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keid-
English meaning: to fall
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fallen”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: Welsh cwyddo , di-gwyddo “fall, sich ereignen ”, cwydd “fall”, Bret. koezaff “fall”, di-
gouezout ‘sich ereignen ”;
O.Ice. hitta a ́ “meet”, hitta í “hineingeraten ”, dO.N. hitte paa “auf etwas verfallen ”, Swe.
hitta “find”, M.Eng. (from dem Nord.) hittan “auf etwas treffen, find ”, Eng. hit (originally “auf
etwas fall, verfallen ”?).
References: WP. I 364.
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keku-
English meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “keulenförmiger Stock, Stock with hammerartigem Quergriff” ?
Material: Av. čakuš - n. “Wurfhammer, Wurfaxt ”, Pers. čakuš “hammer”;
O.Pruss. queke ‘stecle”, i.e. “Tannen- or Fichtenast as Zaunstab ”, Ltv. čaka “cudgel, club
with knag as handle, grasp ”; compare but Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 401.
References: WP. I 381.
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kek̂-
English meaning: weasel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wiesel, Iltis ” (?)
Material: O.Ind. kaśa - m. kaśīkǘ f. “weasel”; but with anlaut. Pal. Lith. še ̃ škas “polecat”, Ltv.
sesks ds. Is Balt ś- through progress. Assim. from *keškas to define, whereas die
Nachholung of in anlaut verdrängten k- in ending the 1. syllable through den anlaut k- the 2.
syllable verhindert wurde? Different about Lith. še ̃ škaš W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.
References: WP. I 381.
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kelg-
English meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich winden; Windung, Ränke”
Material: M.Ir. celg f. “artifice, betrayal “ (out of it Welsh celg “Verhehlen ”);
Arm. keɫck” “Heuchelei ” is in Konsonantismus unclear;
changing through ablaut O.E. hylc “ curvature, convolution “ and Slav. *čъlgati in Pol.
czoɫgać się “ grovel, truckle, creep, glide, slide, sich schleppen ”.
References: WP. I 447.
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kel-1, kelǝ -
English meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ragen, hoch (heben) ”
Material: Gk. κολωνός, κολώνη “ hill”, κολοφών m. “ acme, apex, cusp, peak ” instead of
*κολαφών due to an *kolṇ-bho-s );
Lat. ante- , ex-, prae-cellō, -ere “hervorragen ” (*cel-d-ō with präsensbildendem -d-),
participle celsus “high”; collis “hill” (*kl̥n-is or * koln-is); columen , newer culmen “ acme,
apex, Höhepunkt” (*kelomn̥ “elevation ”), columna “ column “ (*kelomnü “die ragende ”);
M.Ir. coll “ head, guide, leader ” (*kolnos ); Gaul. celicnon “tower” (out of it Goth. kelikn
‘söller” );
gallorom. calma “ödes Land” is probably vorCelt. ;
maybe Alb. (*culmen ) kulm “ridge, peak ”.
O.E. hyll m. f., Eng. hill “hill” (*hulnis , IE *kḷnis); O.S. holm “hill”, Ger. Holm , O.E. holm
“island, Meereswoge, (hohe) sea ”, O.Ice. holmr , holmi ‘small island ” (*kḷmo -);
maybe Alb. (*holm ) kolmë “fat, big, huge ”
maybe Alb. ( *hill-arya ), Illyria “hilly land ”, (*Hilion ), Ilion “city built on a hill ”), also Gk. Olymp -
us (*holum ) “mountain in Northern Greece, home of the gods ” [common Illyr. Alb. m > mp
phonetic mutatIon.]
Lith. keliù, kélti (heavy basis) “heave, life, emporheben, bear, carry, ũbers Wasser
befördern” , Ltv. ceĺt “heave, life ”, Lith. iške ́ ltas .convex, elevated ”, kálnas , Ltv. kal̂ns
“mountain ”, compare Lith. kalvà f. “ small hill ”, Ltv. kalva “hill, Flußinsel” ; in addition Lith. kìlti
‘sich erheben, aufsetigen ”, iškilu ̀ s “high”, kilme ̃ f. “ lineage, gender, sex ”, kìltis and kiltìs f.,
Ltv. cil̂ts f. “gender, sex ”; Ltv. kal”a f. “Hebel”; Lith. kélnas m. “Fähre, barge” , Lith. kélta f.,
kéltas m. = kéltuvas m. “Fähre” ; Ltv. cel̂tava f. ‘small Fähre” ;

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Slav. *cьlnъ m. in Ser.-Cr. ču ̂ n (gen. ču ̂ na ), “barge”, Cz. člun, Russ. čoɫn “boat,
Weberschifflein ”;
O.Bulg. čelo “forehead ”, Russ. čelo ́ “forehead, head, cusp, peak ” etc., R.C.S. čelesьnъ
“praecipuus ” (originally -es-stem).
maybe Alb. (*čelo) çaloj “walk with a limp (*waving like a boat) ”, çalë “lame”
It seems that Root ĝenu -1, ĝneu - : (knee, joint) derived from *koln : (to tower, be high; hill,
project). Proto -Slavic form: kolě̀no (knee) [see ĝenu -1, ĝneu - : (knee, joint)]
References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.
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kel-2
English meaning: to stick; sting
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen”
Material: O.Ind. kaṭambá - m. “Pfeil” (*kol-to-);
M.Ir. cuilenn , Welsh celyn , Corn. kelin, m. Bret. quelenn ‘stechpalme, Mäusedorn,
Walddistel ” (Celt. *kolino- );
O.H.G. hulis, huls ds., Ger. Hulst , M.Du. M.L.G. huls ds. (Dutch hulst ), O.E. hole(g)n,
Eng. holly and holm-oak , M.Eng. also hulvir , O.N. hulfr ds.;
O.C.S. klasъ “Ähre” (“die Stechende ”), Russ. kólos = Alb. kall ds., kashtë (*kallshtë ), Jokl
IF. 36, 124, ‘straw, chaff ” (-s-forms then as in huls);
Alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) rë-kuall “thistle” (*për-kēl “Durchstich, sting, prick ”).
g(h)-extension in M.Ir. colg ‘sword, awn the barley, sting, prick ”, O.Welsh colginn
“aristam”, Welsh cola “awn”, col “cusp, peak, awn ”, colyn ‘sting, prick ”, cal, cala, caly
“penis”, Bret. kalc”h ds. Auf Grund keltischer forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer
KZ. 38, 100f. also eine equal meaning root kʷel- ‘stecken, dig ” an: Welsh palu “dig”, pal,
Corn. Bret. pal ‘spade” (from Lat. püla? certainly doubtful because of ligur. pala “grave”,
Welsh paladr “hastile”, also “balk, beam, ray ”).
kol-no-s in O.Ind. kün ̣ a ́ -ḥ “durchstochen, durchlöchert, einäugig” (*kolno- ; to ü compare
Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 168) = O.Ir. (O.Welsh?) coll “luscum, einäugig” , M.Ir. (with
secondary voiced-nonaspirated) goll “blind”; changing through ablaut Gk. κελλάς
μονόφθαλμος Hes.
References: WP. I 435.
See also: s. kel-3 and skel- “cut, clip”
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kel-3, kelǝ -, klā - extended klād -
English meaning: to hit, cut down
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, hauen ”
Note: separation from kel- “prick” and from skel- “cut, clip” is barely durchfũhrbar; beachte
esp. Slav. *kólti “prick” = Balt kalti “hit”.
Material: Gk. κελεός (*κελεFός) “Grũnspecht” (as δρυκολάπτης ); κελέις ἀξίνη Hes.; κελοί
“ξύλα” after Hesee under κελέοντας ; δίκελλα “zweizinkige hack, mattock, hoe ”; compare
σκαλίς “hack, mattock, hoe ” under skel- “cut, clip”;κόλος “mutilated, ungehörnt” , κόλ-ουρος
“with gestutztem Schwanze ”, κολάζω “verstũmmle, hindere; zũchtige” , κολούω
“verstũmmle; hemme” ; κολετρᾶν “tread”;
with formants -bo-: κολοβός “mutilated ” (compare also die root form *k(e)lemb- );
with formants -bho-: κόλαφος ‘slap in the face, box on the ear, Backenstreich ”, therefrom
derived κολάπτω “ behaue, behacke ”,
from the heavy basis κλά̆ ω “break” (κλά̆σω, ἔκλᾰσα , ἀποκλάς, κλαστός), κλάσις “ das
Brechen, Beschneiden the Zweige ”, κλάσμα “ piece, fragment ”, κλ῅μα n. “ twig, branch; vine-
layer, -rebe ”, Dimin. κληματίς esp. pl. “deadwood ”; κλ῅ρος, Dor. κλᾶρος m. “Holzstũckchen
as lot, fate, lot, fate, allotment “ (= O.Ir. clür, Welsh clawr “board, Tafel ”, Bret. kleur
“Gabelbaum am cart “);
κλών, κλωνός m. ‘sprout, Trieb, Reis ”, κλώνακα ῥάβδον Hes., κλ῵ναξ κλάδος Hes. (close
kinship to: O.Ice. hlunnr “Rollwalzen for Fahrzeuge ”, hlu(m)mr “the obere thick Teil of
Ruders” from * hlunma -?) - κλ῵μαξ, -ακος m. “ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or
mark of some kind, rocks ”;
Lat. calamitas “damage” (from *calamo- from * calimo -, IE *kele-mo- “beaten”), in addition
incolumis “unversehrt ”; further from * kel-nō : percellō , -culi ‘schlage to Boden, shatter ”, se

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procellere ‘sich hinwerfen ”, procella f. “heftiger storm ”, recellō ‘schnelle back ”; not *kel-dō
because of Gaul. GN Su-cellus “good Schläger” ;
O.Ir. clür etc. see above S. 545;
Lith. kalù, kálti, Ltv. kal”u, kalu, kal̃t “hit, schmieden ”, Lith. pãkalas ‘sensenkeil ”, príe-,
prei-kãlas “Ambos”, O.Pruss. kalo-peilis “Hackmesser” , Lith. káltas “chisel”, O.Pruss. calte
“Mark (Mũnze)” , i.e. “geschlagenes = geprägtes Geld” , Lith. kálvis “ smith “, causative Lith.
káldinti ‘schmieden (lassen) ”, Ltv. kal̃dît ds.; Lith. kuliù, kùlti “dreschen ”, Ltv. kul”u, kũlu, kul̃t
“hit, thrash, dreschen ”; Lith. kélmas “ stump “, kann also “geschnitten, split ” sein;
O.Bulg. etc. koljǫ klati “prick, schlachten ” (O.Bulg. also ‘sacrifice”), Russ. kolótь “prick,
schlachten; split, hacken ”; O.Bulg. kolъ “peg, plug ”, Russ. koɫ, gen. koɫá “ shaft, pole,
picket, pole ”, ablaut.*kъlъ in Clr. koɫ (gen. kɫa) “Eckzahn, Hauzahn ”, Sloven. kɛ̀l (gen. klà);
Cz. klanice “ shaft, pole ”, Pol. kɫonica ‘seitenholz am cart “ (auf participle *kolno- to klati
being based on); Serb. kláto “kind of neck yoke for Schweine ”, Cz. klát “ stump, clot, chunk,
club, cudgel ” (= Lith. káltas see above); Church Slavic pro-kle ́ju, -klěti “germinate ”, Russ.
(etc.) klin “wedge” (formation as mlinъ to meljǫ ); doubtful Slav. *kolt-jǫ, -iti in O.Bulg. klašto ̨ ,
klatiti “move, shake, bump, poke ”, Russ. koloču ́ , kolotít “hit, knock; chatter ” etc.; whether in
addition zero grade r. koltátьsja ‘sich bewegen, wobble, sway ”?
d-extension kelǝd -, klüd-:
Gk. κλαδαρός ( *klǝd eros) “frail, breakable; abgelebt ”, κλαδάσαι σεῖσαι Hes., ablaut.
καλαδία ῥυκάνη Hes., κλάδος m. “ twig, branch ”, conservative d-stem *κλάς, κλάδεσι etc.
ds., κλαδών, -ονος Hes. ds., κλαστάζω “ beschneide den grapevine “;
Lat. clüdēs f. “ injury; damage, mischief, Niederlage ”;
M.Ir. claidim “grabe” (with ad- “ pursue, hunt, chase, fischen ” etc.), Welsh claddu , Bret.
claza “dig”, M.Ir. clad, Welsh cladd “ditch, trench, channel ”; lengthened grade Welsh
clawdd , Corn. claud “ditch, trench, channel ”, Bret. kleuz “ditch, trench, channel, hedge “

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(*klüdo -); Welsh cleddyf ‘sword”, Bret. klézé ‘sword, blade ” (cleddyf diss. from * cleðyð , Celt.
*kladi̯os ), Ir. claideb is Lw. from dem Welsh , Lat. gladius from dem Celt. ;
M.Ir. caill (gen. caille ) “wood, forest ”, Welsh celli “wood, forest ”, Corn. kelli “nemus” (Celt.
*kaldī );
O.Ir. Welsh coll, Bret. koll “ruin, damage ”; M.Ir. cellach “war, fight ” and die with it related
O.Ice. hildr f. “fight, struggle, Kampfgöttin” , O.S. O.E. hild “fight, struggle, war, fight ”, O.H.G.
hiltia, hilta “fight, struggle ” have IE -dh- and probably “hit, dreinhauen ” as basic meaning;
Goth. halts , O.Ice. haltr, O.E. healt , O.H.G. halz “lame” (= O.Ir. coll; basic meaning “
broken “), perhaps at first from gebrochenen Gliedmaßen;
O.Ice. O.E. holt, O.H.G. holz “wood, wood, forest ” (= κλάδος), in addition O.Ice. hjalt n. “
the hilt of a sword “, O.E. hilt f. ds., O.H.G. helza “ the hilt of a sword, Heft ”, O.S. helta
“Handgriff am rudder “;
O.Bulg. klada “balk, beam, Block ”, Russ. kolóda “HoIzblock, clot, chunk, tree truck, from
a stem abgehauenes Stũck” etc.; Church Slavic kladivo “hammer” (Proto-Slav. *klüd -: Lat.
clüdēs ).
Labial extension:
klomb(h)o - in: Gk. κλαμβός “mutilated ”, O.E. laempi -halt, lamp-healt “hinkend” (Specht IE
Decl. 262); compare Lith. klumbas “lame”.
References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht IE Decl. 130 f., 262, 322,
Trautmann 114 f.
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kel-4 and kāl -
English meaning: a kind of dark/light spot
Deutsche Übersetzung: in den Worten for helle and dunkle Flecken, graue and
schwärzliche Farbentöne
Note: compare also k̂er-3 and kers-1 .
Material: I. O.Ind. kalaŋka - m. “Fleck, Rost ”, kalana- n. “Fleck, smut ”, káluṣa - “dirty, filthy,
black”, kalmaṣa - m. “Fleck, smut ”, kalmü ́ s ̣ a - “varicolored, dappled “; with formants -ko-:
karka - “white”, m. “ mildew “, karkī vaśü “weiße cow” , karkü “weiße mare” (Persson Beitr.
169), kalká - m. “ordure, filth “, cüs ̣ a - m. “the blaue Holzhäher” (*kel-so- );
Pers. čarma “ mildew “, kurd. čerme “white” (: Swiss helm );
Gk. κελαινός “black”, κιλλός “gray”, κίλλος “ donkey “ and “Zikade” (vowel as in πιλνό ς
besides πελιός; -λλ- from - λν-?); very probably κόλυμβος ( *kolu-mbhos ) “ aquanaut
(Vogelart) ”, whereof κολυμβά ω “tauche”, from the dunklen Farbe genannt; here also κί λλ-
ουρος “ Bachstelze ” Hes.;
Lat. columba f., -us m. “dove(r)” from * kol-on-bho- or *kolu-mbho- , then identical with
κόλυμβος; to -mb- from - mbh- s. Schwyzer Gk. I 333;
Ger. Swiss helm “weißer Fleck beim Vieh auf the forehead” , helme “name a Kuh with
weißgeflecktem Kopf” , Swe. dial. hjälm “blässiger ox or blässiges horse” (compare to m-
forms O.Ind. kalmaṣa -); probably M.H.G. hilwe f. “fine fog”, bO.Ir. gehilb “fog, Herdrauch ” (-
w- in relationship to u from O.Ind. káluṣa -ḥ), wherefore O.H.G. huliwa “uligo, sordes limi
velaquae ”, M.H.G. hũlwe “puddle, slop, pool, Sumpflache ” in ablaut steht;
here (from den schwarzen Beeren) also O.H.G. holuntar , holantar “elder”, O.S. hylle ds.;
s. Berneker 473 m. Lith., the also for Russ. kalína “Viburnum opulus ” affiliation to kalъ (see
under) considers.

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II. root form kül- : kǝl- (with unclear relationship to kel-):
Gk. κηλί̄ς, -ῖδος ( Dor. κᾱλί̄ς) “Fleck”, κηλιδό ω ‘sully, bedraggle “, κηλήνη μέλαινα Hes.,
κηλάς νεφέλη ἄνυδρος καὶ χειμερινη ἡμέρα καὶ αἴξ, ἥτις κατ ὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον
ἔχειτυλοειδές Hes.;
Lat. cülidus , callidus (Gl.) “weißstirnig *(from horses)” = Umbr. kaleřuf (buf) “callidos
(boves)”; Lat. cülīgo f. “fog, darkness “;
O.Ir. caile, M.Ir. gaile “Fleck”;
Lith. kalūbas , kalūvas “weißhalsig” ;
O.C.S. kalъ “πηλός, ordure” with den meaning ‘swamp, marsh, morass, with ordure
smudge”; in addition (after the paint, color) Russ. kalína “Viburnum opulus ”, as also Sloven.
kalina “puddle, slop ” and Russ. kalú-ga “morass”, kalú-ža “puddle”.
References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht IE Decl. 118, 140, 1433, Trautmann
113 f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f.
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kel-5
English meaning: to drive, force to move quickly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treiben, to schneller Bewegung antreiben ”
Material: O.Ind. kü ̆ la ́ yati “treibt, carries, nimmt wahr, hält” ;
Alb.Gheg qil, Sicil. qel “bring, bear ”, shqiltsë “rennet, i.e. co-agulum”, probably also kal
‘stifte, stelle an ” (Jokl IF. 30, 198);
Gk. κέλλω “ drive (das ship ans Land); lande ” (present only by Gramm. and in ὀ-κέλλω
trans. “drive das ship ans Land; strande, scheitere ”; otherwise only Aor. Fut. ἔκελσα,
κέλσω), κέλης, -ητος “ rusher, racer (horse); schnellsegelndes ship ”; κλόνος “ intense
movement ”, κλονέω “vor sich her drive, push ” (compare θρ -όνος, χρ -όνος; Boisacq s. v. m.
Lith.); perhaps (Persson Beitr. 179) κολεῖν ἐλθεῖν undκολέα, κολί α “kind of Tanz ” Hes.;
Lat. celer “quick, fast, rash, hasty ” (as κέλης), celeber , -bris, -bre “betrieben, befahren
(via), animated ( locus , oppidum ), frequent, often, gefeiert ” (*kele-dhlo- , -dhli-);
as t-present Goth. haldan “Vieh weiden ” (to a-voc. s. Brugmann IF. 32, 181), O.H.G.
haltan “beware, guard, hold, stop ”, O.S. haldan , O.E. healdan , O.Ice. halda , O.S. halla
(*halÞan ) “hold, stop ”, M.L.G. hilde , hille “rash, hasty, keen, eager ”.
References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;
See also: probably identical with kel-6 ; s. also keleu- “ wander “.
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kel-6, k(e)lē-, k( e)lā- or kl̥̥̄-?
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien, lärmen, klingen”
Material: O.Ind. uṣü-kala- m. “rooster, cock ” (“ἠι-κανός” ), kalüdhika -, kalüvika - ds., kala-
víŋka - ‘sparrow”, kala- “leise tönend, undeutlich vernehmbar” , kalakala- m. “verworrenes
clamor, noise ”;
Gk. καλέω (instead of * κάλω ) “rufe, name, rufe herbei ” (Eol. κάλημι ), Futur. καλέσω, Att.
καλ῵ , perf. κέκληκα , κλητός ; ἐπίκλησις “epithet”, κλ῅σις ‘shout, call, Einladung, Vorladung ”,
κλητής , κ(α)λήτwρ “Rufer”, ὀμοκλή ‘shout” (to 1. part see under omǝ-); κικλήσκω (or
κικλῄσκω ) “rufe an, flehe ”, κληΐζω , κλῄζω “name” (*κλη-Fε-ς-ίζω?); zero grade κελ(α)- in
κέλομαι “treibe an (through shout) ”, Hom. Aor. ( ἐ)κέκλετο , Dor. κέντο = (ἔ)κελτο ; [about
κελεύω see under k̂leu-]; κελαρύζω “rausche, riesle (water under likewise) ”, κέλωρ φωνή
Hes.; extension κέλαδος “Getöse, din, fuss, noise” , κελάδων , κελαδεινός “ roaring “,
κελαδέω “tose; lasse (einen song) erklingen ”;
Umbr. kařitu , kařetu , carsitu “calato, appellato ” (*kalētōd); daß a corresponding
Lat.*caleō einst in the Ausrufungsformel the Kalenderdaten Dies te quinque , respectively
septem , calo, Iuno Covella gestanden habe and daß calendae “the erste day of Monats ”
from this Ausrufen benannt sei, is probably (Salonius Z. röm. dat. 1 ff.);
Lat. calō, -üre “Ausrufen, Zusamenrufen ” (: Ltv. kal”uôt), calütor “Rufer, Ausrufer ”,
nōmen -clator “Namennenn er” (from nōmen calüre back formation), calübra (curia ) “die zum
Ausrufen the Kalenderdaten bestimmte Kurie ”, perhaps concilium “Zusamenkunft,
congregation, meeting, association from Dingen, geschlechtliche connection ” (*cón-caliom ),
con-ciliüre “unite, connect, gain etc. ”, clümō , -üre “call, shout, cry ” (compare O.H.G. hlamōn
etc.), clümor ‘scream”, clürus “lauttönend, fernhin schallend; illustrious; clear, bright” , Umbr.

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anglar nom. pl. , anglaf acc. pl. “oscines” (*an-klü “avis inclamans ”); Lat. classis “Aufgebot:
Heer, fleet; Klasse, dividing off, partitioning off ” (*klad- ti-: κέλαδος?);
O.Ir. cailech , ogam gen. caliücī , Welsh ceiliog , Corn. chelioc “rooster, cock ” (*kaljükos );
O.E. hlōwan “rugire, boare ”, O.H.G. (h)lōian , (h)luoen , M.H.G. lũejen “roar, bellow ”; O.E.
hlētan “grunt”; O.H.G. hluoticla “latratus”; with lengthened grade the ersten syllable O.H.G.
hel “loud, tönend” (Ger. hell “gleaming ”), hëllan “ resonate ”, M.H.G. hal “echo, clangor “,
O.N. hjala “ babble, chatter “, hjal n. “gossip”, hjaldr “Gespräch, Kampfgetöse, fight,
struggle”; O.Fris. halia “herbeiholen, heimfũhren, take” , O.E. geholian “bekommen ”, asächs.
halōn “berufen, herbeibringen ”, O.H.G. halōn and ablaut. holōn, holēn “call, shout, cry, get,
fetch”, N.Ger. halen “pull, drag ”.
Ltv. kal”uôt “ babble, chatter “ (kalada “clamor, din, fuss, noise ” is Russ. Lw.), Lith. kalbà
“language ”, O.Pruss. kaltzü, kelsüi ‘sie lauten ” (Lith. *kalsóti ); redupl. Lith. kañkalas
(*kalkalas ) “bell”, O.C.S. klakolъ , Russ. kólokolъ “bell”, kolokólitь “läuten, clink; babble,
klatschen ”, Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 115.
Hitt. ša-ra-a kal-li-iš-ta (sarü kallesta ) “rief (lockte) herauf ”.
extension *k(e)lem - (compare Lat. clü-m-üre): O.Ind. krándati ‘shouts, howls, bellow,
roar, wiehert ” (*klem -d-?); O.E. hlimman, hlymman “ring, sound, clink, sough, rustle, roar,
bellow”, hlimme “reißender stream” , hlemm (*hlammi ) “ clangor “, O.H.G. (h)limmen “drone,
grumble, howl ”, O.N. hlymja “ clink, crack, creak, rant, roister ”, O.H.G. hlamōn ‘sough,
rustle, bawl, blaster ”;
*k(e)len - in O.E. hlyn(n) “ clangor, din, fuss, noise, reißender stream” , hlynnan, hlynian
“hallen”, hlynsian ds., hlynrian “ thunder “, gehlyn, asächs. gihlunn “Getöse” ;
Similar to skel-, (s)kʷel - (s-Dublette besides kel-):
1. skel-: O.Ice. skjalla st. V. ‘sound, clink, loud hit ” = O.E. sciellan ‘sound, sound, clink ”,
O.H.G. scellan ‘sound, clink, ring, rant, roister ”, Ger. verschollen “ verklungen “; Kaus.-Iter.

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O.Ice. skella “knallen, rant, roister, scold, chide, laugh loudly “, M.H.G. schellen schw. V.
“ertönen lassen, shatter “ , Ger. zerschellen; t- or dh-present O.Fris. skelda ‘scold, chide,
rebuke, loud define ”, O.H.G. sceltan ‘scold, chide, vilify, scold, revile, rebuke ”; O.Ice. skǫll f.
“ derision, ridicule, din, fuss, noise ”, skellr (*skalli -z) “ clangor, Knall ” = O.H.G. scal (-ll-) “
clangor , row” ; O.Ice. skjallr “lauttönend” = O.E. sciell , Dutch schel “widerhallend, schrill ”;
O.H.G. scella “bell”; with einfachem l (das - ll- the vorgenannten based on auf a n-present
*skel-nō) O.Ice. skal n. “din, fuss, noise ”, skjal n. “Geplauder ”;
Lith. skãliju , -yti “continual bark, bay, anschlagen ” (of Jagdhund), whereof skalìkas “ein
continual bellender Jagdhund (see under because of Gk. σκύλαξ); O.Pruss. scalenix
“Vorstehhund ” derives from Pol. skolić “as ein Hund whimper “; Ltv. skal”š “ clinking,
helltönend” ; with ( b)h-extension (as Lith. kalbà ) Lith. skélb -iu, -ti “ein rumor verbreiten ”;
Cz. skoliti “belfern”, Pol. skolić , skulíć “as ein Hund whimper “.
2. (s)kʷel -: O.Ice. skval n. “unnũtzes gossip, Wortschwall” , skvala “loud talk, call, shout,
cry”, skvaldr n. “lautes discourse “; without s- O.Ice. hvellr “helltönend” ;
the changing by ablaut skʷel- perhaps in Gk. σκύλαξ young dog, dog; young Tier” , also
κύλλα σκύλαξ. ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes. ( -λλ- probably kurznamenartige consonant- lengthening), as
from *skel- das above genannte Lith. skalìkas , and from kel- from: Lith. kãlė, kalė̃ “bitch”,
Alb. këlũsh “cub, esp. young dog ”, M.Ir. cuilēn , Welsh colwyn , O.Corn. coloin , Bret. kolen
“young dog ”, (Celt. *koli- gno-); diese Namen for young animal, esp. Hunde, wären also of
Kläffen or Winseln genommen. Immerhin but could σκύλαξ, κύλλα as (s)k ol-, also as IE or
Gk. Reduktionsformen (influence of κύων?) unmittelbar with Celt. *koligno- , Lith. kãlė, Alb.
këlũsh zusammengehören.
References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;
See also: probably identical with kel-5 .
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kel-7 (kol-, k ol-)
English meaning: goblet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Becher”
Note: with k̂-suffix
Material: O.Ind. kaláśa -ḥ m. “pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl ” (*kolek̂o -, -ok̂o-);
Gk. κύλιξ, -ικος “ goblet” (*keli-k);
= Lat. calix, -icis m. “deep bowl, goblet, Kelch ” (from calix derives O.H.G. chelih , Ger.
Kelch ), wherefore perhaps with beweglichem s Umbr. skalc̨e -ta, scalse- to “ex patera”,
scalsie “in patera ”; Lat. culigna “ small Kelch ” from Gk. κυλίχνη (*κυλικ -σνᾱ) ds.;
das s- also in Ger. Schale (das to ( s)kel- “cut, clip”) and in Gk. σκάλλιον, σκαλίς ds. Hes.,
das probably ebendahin.
In addition Gk. κάλυξ, -υκος f. “ Fruchtkelch, Samenkelch ” and perhaps O.Ind. kalikü f.
“bud” (in Gutt. of suffixes from kaláśa -ḥ different).
References: WP. I 442, WH. I 138 f.
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keleu -
English meaning: to wander; way
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wandern; Weg ”
Note: probably extension from kel-5 .
Material: Gk. κέλευθος f. “way” (from *κλευ-θο-ς reshaped after ἐλευθ -), ἱππο-κέλευθος “ zu
Pferd sich fortbewegend “, ἀ-κόλουθος (*ἁ- = sm̥-) “ companion “;
Maybe Alb. kalonj “walk”
Lith. keliáuju “fare, journey ” (kẽlias “way” probably previously postverbal).
References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl . 20, 253, E. Fraenkel , Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.
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kelp-, kl̥p-
English meaning: jar, cauldron
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Krug, Topf ”
Material: Gk. κάλπις , -ιδος, κάλπη f. “crock, pitcher; Aschenurne ”;
Lat. calpar, -üris “ wine cask “ (*calp-üli-, probably Lat. further formations of Gk. κάλπᾱ );
O.Ir. cilornn , cilurnn “urna” (*kelpurno- ), Welsh celwrn “Milcheimer ”, Bret. kelorn “Kũbel” ,
Brit. PN Celurnum.
References: WP. I 447, WH. I 142.
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kemero -, komero -, k emero -
English meaning: name of a plant
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pflanzenname
Material: O.H.G. hemera (*hamirō ) “Nieswurz ”, Ger. dial. hemern ds.;
R.C.S. čemerъ “ poison “ (originally the Nieswurz), Russ. čemeríca f. “Nieswurz ” (etc. s.
Berneker 142 f.);
Lith. kemerai pl. “Alpkraut, Wasserdost ”; presumably Gk. κάμαρος “Delphinium” ,
κάμμαρον , κάμμορον (latter spelling after Hom. κάμμορος “ unlucky “?) “aconitum ” and
O.Ind. kamala - n. “Lotus” (wäre bis aufs Geschlecht = O.H.G. hemera ; also in the
Blũtenform similarly), camarika- m. “Bauhinia variegata ”.
References: WP. I 390, Trautmann 126.
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kemǝ -, komǝ-, kmā -
English meaning: piece
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bissen”?
Material: Gk. ἄκμηνος “ without Imbiß, hungry” , ἄκμᾱ (Eol. ) νηστεία , ἔνδεια Hes.; zero grade
κομ῵σα γέμουσα Hes.?
Ltv. kumuôss “morsel, mouthful ” (-um-reduced grade; the ending - uoss from - ansas
perhaps through hybridization with a *kan[d]s- as = O.C.S. kąsъ ‘stũck, morsel, mouthful ”?
compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. II 313);
N.Ger. ham, hamm “bite, morsel, mouthful, Stũck, cut” .
References: WP. I 389.
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kem-1
English meaning: to press, squeeze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammendrũcken, -pressen, hindern ”
Material: Arm. k”amel “to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow ”;
O.N. hemja (hamda ) “curb, restrain, hemen ”, hemill “Beinfessel ”, hamla f. “Ruderband ”,
M.H.G. hemmen and hamen “hinder, hemmen ”, sal-fränk. chamian “ clamp, press ”, O.Fris.
hemma “hinder”, Ger. dial. ham, hamen “Kummet” (compare das maybe from a Goth.
*hamands “hemmend ” borrowed Slav. *chomǫtъ , Russ. etc. chomútъ “Kummet”); M.L.G.
ham, O.E. hamm “eingefriedigtes Stũck Land” , N.Ger. hamme “umzäuntes field” , O.E. Eng.
hem(m) “edge, hem ”, Eng. to hem (in) “to hem, gird, border, umgeben ”;
O.N. hafna “aufgeben, ablassen from ” (“*gehemmt sein ”), causative hefna “rächen” ; with
labial M.Eng. hamperen , Eng. to hamper “hinder, belästigen” (: O.Pruss. kūmpinna
“hindert”, kumpint “verrũcken” );
Bal.-Slav. *kama- m. “clump” in Ltv. kams m. “clump”, in addition Lith. kamúoti
“zusamenpressen, stuff “, kãmanos “lederner bridle, rein ”, kẽmuras “grape”, kamíenas m.
‘stem”, Ltv. kamuot “torment, smite, plague ”, Lith. kamuolỹs , Ltv. kamuolis “ ball, tangle,
knot “; ablaut. Ltv. cęmu (o)rs m. “grape”, extended Lith. kemšu ̀ , kim̃šti “ stuff “, Ltv. ḱemsu ,
ḱimst (Lith. Lw.) “ds.”, also “ devour “, Lith. kamša ̀ “Dam”;
Russ. kom “clump”, komítь “zusamenballen ”, Serb. kȍm “Weintreber ” (“was from den
gepreßten Trauben bleibt” ); in addition Russ. kómelь m. “thick end a Balkens ”, Pol. komel
m. “knag” (*kamli̯a -), Russ. komúlja f. “clump”, Serb. kȍmina f. “Weintreber ”; in ablaut Slav.
*kъmy, gen. *kъmene m. in Cz. kmen ‘stem”; as “gedrũckt sein” presumably also Slav.
*čьmain Serb. ča ́ ma “Langeweile ”, ča ̏ mati “with displeasure wait, hold on ”; O.C.S. če ̨ stъ
“dense” (= Lith. kim̃štas “gestopft”).

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Maybe truncated Alb. (*kem̃štas ) shpesh : Russian : ča ́ styj “frequent, close (together),
dense”
Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from Gk. κώμῡς , -ῡθος “ bundle; place, where
das reed with den roots dense verwachsen steht ” (“*Geballtes, clump ”), κ῵μος “ swarm,
feast and lärmender Umzug, Fes taufzug to Ehren of Dionysios ”; Gk. κημός (*kümos
because of Lat. Lw. cümus ) “muzzle” is in vocalism not compatible.
References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.
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kem-2
English meaning: to buzz
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘summen”
Material: O.Ind. camara - m. “bos grunniens ”;
M.H.G. Ger. hummen , Ger. hummeln , Du. hommelen “buzz”, M.Eng. hummen , Eng. hum
ds., Nor. humre “leise neigh “; in addition originally probably also O.H.G. humbal , M.H.G.
humbel , hummel m. “bumblebee ”, M.L.G. hummel f., Eng. humble-b ее, Nor. dial. humla f.
ds.;
Lith. kìmstu , kìmti “hoarse become ”, kìminti “die voice dull machen ”, kimùs “hoarse,
dumpflautend ”, kamãnė “Erdbiene ”, kamìnė “Feldbiene ”, Ltv. kamines f. pl. “Erdbienen,
Hummeln ”, O.Pruss. camus “bumblebee ”;
Slav. *čьmelь (ablaut equally with Hummel ) in Russ. dial. čmelь etc., “bumblebee,
Erdbiene ”; Church Slavic Russ. komár etc. “ mosquito “ (ablaut equally with Lith. kamãnė ).
References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.
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kenk-1
English meaning: to bind, girdle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gũrten, umbinden, anbinden”
Material: O.Ind. káñcatē (Dhatup.) “binds”, kañcuka - m. “Panzer, Wams, Mieder ”, kün ̃ cī f.
“belt, girdle ”;
Gk. κιγκλίς “Gitter” (to ι from ε s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), κάκαλα n. pl. “Mauern” (*kn̥k-),
ποδο -κάκ(κ)η “Holz zum Festlegen the Fũße” ;
Lat. cingō , -ere “gũrten, gũrtelartig umgeben” , Umbr. s̀ihitu “cinctos”, perhaps also
c̨ihc̨eřa “cancellos ” (*kinkedü -); Lat. -g for c Entgleisung due to the doppeldeutigen cinxi,
cinctum after Präsentien as clingō , mingō ; WH. I 217 places here Celt. cing- ‘schreiten”
(different above S. 439), whether originally “*sich in Kreise wenden ”; die Variation of
Auslauts wäreallerdings light verständlich, as die S. 439 angenommene Anlautsvariation;
still different about Celt. cing- Kuiper Nasalpräs. 168 f.;
Lith. kinkaũ , -ūti “Pferde anschirren ”.
An unnasalized root form *kek- seeks man in O.Ind. kaca- m. “ hair of the head
(“*Zusammengebundenes ”?); scar, band, strap ” and Lat. cicütrīx ‘scar, scratch “ (due to a
*cicüre from *cecüre “zusammenbinden, vernarben ”)?
References: WP. I 400 f., WH. I 211, 216 f.
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kenk-2
English meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen (dörren), weh tun; also especially von brennendem Durst
and Hunger ”
Material: O.Ind. küŋks ̣ ati “begehrt” (“burning verlangen ”), kákatē (Dhatup.) “dũrstet” ;
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Gk. κέγκει πεινᾳ (after Aor. * κακεῖν entstand ein neues present * κάγκω , compare:)
καγκομένης ξηρᾶς τῶ φόβῳ Hes., Hom. πολυκαγκής (δίψα) “very brennend ”, κάγκανος
“arid”, καγκαίνει θάλπει, ξηραίνει Hes., καγκαλέα κατακεκαυμένα Hes.; κακιθής ἄτροφος
ἄμπελος ; κακιθές λιμηρές ; κακιθά λιμηρά Hes. (in the ending vermutete Schulze Kl. Schr.
329 *aidh- “burn”);
Goth. hūhrus , with gramm. variation O.N. hungr , O.E. hungor , O.H.G. hungar (*kn̥kru -)
“hunger” (= Gk. κακ-); ablaut. O.N. hü “plague, torment, smite ” (*hanhōn”);
Lith. kankà “pain, agony ”, kankìnti “ afflict “, keñkti “harm”.
References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann nom. postverb. 42.
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kenk-3
English meaning: knee-cup, heel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kniekehle or Ferse ”
Material: O.Ind. kaŋküla - m. n. “bone, Gerippe ”;
O.N. hü (*hanha -) in hü-mōt m. ‘sprunggelenk, Fersengelenk ”, hü-sin f. “Kniesehne of
Hinterbeins by animals, Fersensehne beim people ”, O.E. hōh-sinu f., O.Fris. hō-sene
“Fersensehne ”, O.E. hōh “calcaneus “ (*hanha -), O.N. hæ ̄ ll “calcaneus “ (*hanhila -), O.E.
hēla m. “calcaneus “;
Lith. kenkle ̃ “ popliteus “, kìnka “ds., Hachse ”, Ltv. cinksla ‘sinew in the knee-bend “.
References: WP. I 401.
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ken-1
English meaning: to press, pinch, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: as basis for extensions the meaning “zusamendrũcken, kneifen,
zusamenknicken; Zusamengedrũcktes, Geballtes”
Note:
Root ken-1 : “to press, pinch, etc. ” derived from Root gen- : “to pinch, pluck, press, etc. ”.
Note: meaning-Umfang as by gen-.
Material: knek - (only germO.N.):
O.Ice. hnakki , hnakkr m. “ nape “ (Nor. nakk also “ mountain top, Kuppe ”), O.H.G. hnac , -
ckes “ nape, acme, apex “, bO.Ir. nacken “bone”, changing through ablaut O.E. hnecca “
nape, Hinterkopf ”, M.L.G. necke ds., M.H.G. genicke “Genick”; with the meaning “knicken”
here Ice. hnakki “Anker”, Nor. nakke “ small eiserner hook ”, nøkia “crook, bend ”, M.Eng.
nōk, Eng. nook “ angle , point, edge ” (O.Ice. hnekkja “zurũcktreiben, hemmen” , actually “ to
press together “?).
knes - perhaps in O.H.G. hnel, M.H.G. nel(le) “cusp, peak, acme, apex, Scheitel ”, O.H.G.
hnol “ acme, apex “, O.E. hnoll ‘scheitel” (*hnezlá -, hnuzlá -?) and Ltv. knese “club, cudgel ”.
A i-basis in kneigʷh -, knei-b- “ incline “? (see there).
u-basis kneu - and extensions:
M.Ir. cnū, gen. cnō (*knūs , *knuu̯os ), Welsh cneuen , pl. cnau , M.Corn. knyfan , M.Bret.
knoen “Nuß” , Gaul. *knou̯ü ; derived M.Ir. cnuas “Nũsse; harvest” ; with d-suffix O.Ice. hnot,
O.E. hnutu , O.H.G. ( h)nuz “Nuß” ; with k-suffix Lat. nux, -cis “Nuß” (“Nuß” also actually “
pellet, globule, clots “); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
kneu -b-: Lith. kniùbti ‘sich bũcken” , Ltv. kn̨ubt “einbiegen ”;
Mod.Ice. hnypra sig saman ‘sich zusammenkauern ”, hnypur “kauernde position “.

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kneu -d-: Nor. nut “knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit “, O.Ice. hnūtr m.,
hnūta f. ‘swelling, lump, growth, ankle ”, Swiss nossen m. “Felszacke, protrusion ”.
kneu -g-, -k-:
O.Ir. cnocc , Ir. cnoc (*knukkos ), Welsh cnwch (and as Lw. from dem Ir. also cnwc )
(ablaut. cnuch “joint, coitus ”), O.Bret. cnoch “tumulus”;
O.Ice. hnūka ‘sich zusammenkrũmmen” , hnokinn “ writhed, crooked, humped “, hnykill
‘swelling, lump, growth, knot ”, Nor. nykkja “bend, crook (e.g. einen Eisennagel);
hervorragen ”, Mod.Ice. hnjūkr , hnūkr “round mountain top “, Nor. dial. nykkla n. “ ball,
tangle, knot “, Mod.Ice. hnokki m., Nor. nokka f. “ small Eisenhaken ”, O.E. hnocc “penis”
(Eng. nock “ incision “ is Swe. Lw.), M.Du. nocke “ incision in a arrowhead “, N.Ger. nock ,
nocke “hervorstehendes end from etwas ”, O.E. ge(*h)nycned “gerunzelt ”, Ger. dial. nock ,
nocken “ small hill; Mehlkloß” (also O.Ice. hnykkia “an sich reißen” , perhaps from “ to press
together “?); besides nock steht Ger. dial. knock “hill” (also in ganzen ũbrigen Gmc.
Sprachraum), das above S. 372 With te to erwähnen gewesen wäre (compare also
O.N.knjūkr, knykill besides hnjūkr , hnykill ), but also secondary Gmc. neologism to nock sein
could, and das kn- perhaps from words, as Knollen , Knopf , Knorren , KNOTE n, Knũppel
etc. bezogen have kann; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;
compare Ltv. knaũk”is “toddler; transom am langen Sensenstiel ” and Gk. κνυζόν ἀέρα
ἐπινέφελον, κνυζώσω συσπάσω Hes.; Toch. A k”ñuk “Genick”.
kneu -p-: Ltv. kńūpt “zusammengekrũmmt lie” , Lith. kniū ́ poti ds.;
O.Ice. hnūfa “abstumpfen, stutzen ”.
kneu -t-: O.Ice. hnoða n. “ ball, tangle, knot “.
kondo - “Geballtes ”:
O.Ind. kanda- m. “tuber, bulb ”, kandúka - m. ‘spielball”, kanduka- n. “pillow, cushion ”;

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ken-2, kenǝ -, keni -, kenu -;
English meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, schaben, reiben ”
Note: various with conservative extensions
Material: I. Leichte basis: Gk. κόνις , -ιος f. “dust, ash ” (-is-stem, compare κονίσσαλος “cloud
of dust”, κεκόνισ-ται Theokr., κονί̄ω “bestäube” from *κονισ -ι̯ω, Hom. κονίη “dust, sand, ash ”
from κονισᾱ ); ἀκονῑτί “unbesiegbar ” (Jũthner Gl. 29, 76);
Maybe zero grade Lat. cinis -eris m. f. “ashes” < Arm. ačiun “ash”; Alb. (*aski) hi “ash”
[common Alb. ski- > hi- phonetic mutation].
Note:
Root ken-2, kenǝ -, keni-, kenu - : “to rub, scrape off; ashes ” must have come from zero
grade of an extended Root ü̆s-, therefrom azd-, azg(h) - : “to burn” into ü̆sk-en with the suffix
-en. This assumption is proved by Alb.Gheg (*askini ) hini “ash” [common Alb. ski- > hi-
phonetic mutation].
ablaut. with Lat. cinis, -eris f. m. “ash” (from * cenis ), Dimin. cinis-culus (κόνις, cinis are
probably originally ein neutr. is-stem gewesen, and have erst einzelsprachlich because of
nom. auf -is Geschlechtswechsel erlitten).
II. Schwere basis kenǝ -, knē-: Att. κν῅ν, 3. sg. present κνῆ, later κνή-θω “ scrape,
scratch; itch ”, κνηθμός, κνησμός , κνησμόνη “das itchiness ”, κν῅σις “das Reiben, scratch;
itchiness ”, κν῅σμα “Abschabsel ”, κνηστήρ ‘schabmesser ”, κν῅στις “ rasper” and “backbone,
spine” and “Brennessel ”; Att. Κονίσαλος “demon of Geschlechtstriebes ” (auf ein ar. *knüth -
same meaning will Gũntert KZ. 45, 200 Av. xnaąϑaitī “name a Pairika ” zurũckfũhren).

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O.H.G. nuoen , M.H.G. nũejen “ through Schaben glätten, genau zusammenfũgen” ,
O.H.G. hnuo , nuoa “Fuge, Nut ”, O.S. hnōa “Fuge, Nut, schmale Ritze ”, M.H.G. nuot
“Zusammenfũgung zweier Bretter, Fuge” , Ger. Nut, Nute.
M.Ir. cnáïm “consume, gnaw “; ēcna “Verzehren ” (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite doubtful;
M.Ir. cnüim m. “bone” (*knō-mi-s “Benagtes ”), Welsh cnaw , pl. cnofein.
1. d-extension kenēd-, kenǝ -d-:
Gk. κνώδων , -οντος pl. “die den the hilt of a sword gegen die blade abgrenzenden Zähne
or hook”, sg. ‘sword”, κνώδαξ , -ᾱκος m. “Achsenzapfen ” (“*tooth”), κνώδαλον “(bissiges =)
wild, gefährliches animal” (seit Hom.), zero grade κναδάλλεται κνήθεται Hes., with e the
ersten syllable (as κίναιδος , κινώπετον , see under) κίναδος Sicil. “fox”, Att. as swearword,
by Hes., θηρίον, ὄφις” ;
Maybe Alb. kunadhe “marten”
Lith. kándu , ką́sti (*konǝd -) “bite”, kándis “Milbe”, kañdis “morsel, mouthful ” (secondary
second accent) ką́snis “morsel, mouthful ”, Ltv. kuôžu , kuôdu , kuôst “bite, sharp sein, divide ”
(after Persson Beitr. 808 also kńadas “Nachbleibsel beim Getreidereinigen; Reizen,
Necken, with secondary softening);
Church Slavic kusъ “frustum”, Serb. kus “morsel, mouthful, Stũck” , Church Slavic kusaju ,
kusati , Serb. kûsüm , kúsati (etc.) “bite” (schleiftonig as from light root form); O.Bulg. če ̨ stь
“part” (*kn̥d-ti-); without s-extension Pol. kądek “morsel, mouthful, Stũck, gobbet “ .
Maybe Alb. çast “moment”: O.C.S.: če ̨ stь “part” [f i]
2. Labial extensions:
kenē-p-: Gk. κνώψ, -πός “bissiges animal ”, κνωπε ύς ἄρκτος Hes.; κῐνώπετον ( *kenōp-)
“animal, esp. Schlangen and anderes poisonous worms “.
kenē-bh-, kenǝ -bh-:

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Gk. κνήφη “ scabies, mange “, with anlaut. s- σκνήφη Hes. “ Brennessel ”; κνάπτω
(γνάπτω) ‘scratch, kratze auf, drum; tumble; tear, rend, mangle, rend, lacerate ”, κνάφος
“Weberkarde, wherewith the Walker das Tuch aufkratzt; Marterwerkzeug ”, κναφεύ ς “fuller,
Tuchscherer ”, κνάφαλον (κνέφαλλον Eur., γνόφαλλον Alkaios) “ abgekratzte Wollflocken;
pillow, cushion ” (die Auffassung from κναφ - as hybridization from κνεφ - and καφ - =κn̥φ- is
incredible, s. Persson Beitr. 139);
Gaul. GN Cnabetius (: Run. gen. Hnab[ī]das ), O.Ir. cnai “vellus” (from dem Welsh),
Welsh cnaif “Fließ”, cneifio “tondere”, nCorn. (?) kneu , Bret. kreoñ , Vannes kaneo “Fließ” ;
different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;
Run. gen. Hnab(i)das (IE *knǝbheto ́ s “mutilated ”), O.Ice. hnafa , preterit hnōf “cut, clip”,
hnefi m. “fist, sword ”, M.H.G. neve “fist”, PN O.E. Hnæf , O.H.G. Hnabi ; geminated O.S.
nappa “ nip, pinch, to pick to pieces “ and die j-verbs O.Ice. hneppa “nip, pinch, clamp ,
press”, O.E. (once) hnæppan “hit, gegen etwas bump, poke ”;
remain far off though O.E. hnappian “ drowse “, O.H.G. hnaffezen ds., Ger. dial.
na(p)fezen ds. (Wissmann nom. postverb. 183);
Lith. kniebiù , kniẽbti “leise nip, pinch ”; Ltv. knü ̀ b -ju, -u, -t “picken, pluck ”, Iter. knübüt ; Lith.
knab-ù, -e ́ti ‘schälen (Kartoffeln under likewise)” , knabùs “langfingerig, diebisch, skilful ”,
knabénti , knebénti “(auf)picken ”, knimbù , -aũ, knìbti “pluck, klauben ”, Ltv. knibêt , knibinât
Iter. “klauben” (-ni- kann zero grade to -nĕ- sein); whether the consecutive words previously
from knib- gefolgerten ablaut after the i-row have or partly old Reste the i-variant kenei -bh-
are, is not certainly; Lith. knỹburiuoti “with irgendeiner Hand- or Fingerarbeit beschäftigt
sein”, Ltv. kniêb -ju, -u, -t “ pinch, tweak, nip “, Iter. knaibît .
3. s-extension kene -s-, k(e)nē -s-:
O.Ind. redupl. ki-knasa- m. “parts of zerriebenen Korns, Schrot, semolina “;
Gk. κνέωρος, -ον “Nesselart ” (probably from *κνη[σ]ορος);

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Goth. hnasqus ‘soft, fine” (from Kleidern; originally either “ through Reiben or Knistern
soft gemacht ” or ‘soft as gekratzte wool ”), O.E. hnesce “tender, soft, weak ”, O.H.G.
[h]nascōn “naschen (*abknipsen), tidbit genießen” ; Ltv. knùosti, knuost “with dem bill, beak,
neb in Gefieder rupfen ”. compare from the i-basis kenei -s-: Lith. knisù etc., see under.
III. i-basis keni-, kenǝ-i:
1. base of -w-stem Gk. κόνις, Lat. cinis, see above; Gk. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, δια-κναίω “zerschabe,
grind, pulverize, reibe auf under likewise ” (seems *knǝi̯-ṓ with after ἔκναι -σα, κναί -σω
bewahrtem i); in addition Gk. κίναιδος “ obscene “, actually “pruriens”, grown from an adv.
auf -δόν as βάδος “ Marsch” from βαδόν adv.
2. Dental extensions:
k(e)nē ̆ i-d-:
Gk. κνίζω (Fut. κνί̆ δω) “ scrape, scratch, reiae ” (*κνιδι̯ω), κνισμό ς “itchiness,
Sinnenkitzel ”, κνίσμα “ das Abgeschabte, Abgekniffene, shred, gobbet “; κνί̄δη “Brennessel ”;
M.Ir. cned “wound” (*knidü ), in addition Ir. Welsh cnes ‘skin” (*knid-tü);
O.Ice. hnīta (hneit ) “an etwas anstoßen” , hneita (*hnaitjan ) “bump, poke, beleidigen ”,
hnita , -aða “nieten”, O.E. hnītan “bump, poke, prick “, hnitol (M.L.G. netel ) ‘stößig,
cornipetus ”, gehnæ ̄ st n. “Zusammenstoß, fight, struggle” , O.S. of-hnītan “tear away ”;
Ltv. kniẽdêt “nieten” (as O.Ice. hnita ); Ltv. knidêt “itch, grovel, truckle, creep, sich
bewegen ”; besides from a root form auf t: Ltv. knìest , 3. present knìeš preterit knìete “itch”,
kniẽtêt ds.
Under the imagining of kratzenden, stechenden Geruches are anreihbar: Hom. κνί̄ση
“Opferduft, Fettdampf, fume, smoke ” (*κνῑδ-σ-ᾱ, compare Lat. lixa : liquor , Lith. tamsà :
O.Ind. tamas -; in die ă-Decl. ũbergefũhrt Att. κνῖσᾰ);
Lat. nīdor (*cnīdōs) m. “Bratenduft, vapor, vapor, fume, smoke ”;

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O.Ice. hniss n. ‘smell, odor, ekelhafter Geschmack beim food, eating ” (: hnīta ; compare
Goth. stigqan “bump, poke ”: O.E. O.H.G. stincan ‘stink”).
3. Labial extensions:
Gk. κνί̄ψ, acc. pl. κνῖπας “ an ant kind, die Honig or Feigen annagt; under the Rinde
lebendes insect ”, with anlaut. s- σκνί̄ψ “ small Holzwurm ”, κνῑπός , σκνῑπός “knauserig ”,
σκνί̄πτω, σκενί̄ πτω, οκηνί̄πτω “ kneife”; κνίφεα κνίδας Hes., κνίφων (see in addition also
*gen- , gneibh- “ to press together “);
M.Du. nipen st. and schw. V. (Dutch nijpen ) “ pinch, nip, press, anrũhren, grasp “ , M.Eng.
nīpin “press” (Gmc. - p[p]-, compare:) O.Ice. hnippa “bump, poke, stecken ”, hnippask
“quarrel, squabble ”, M.Eng. nippen “nip, pinch, clamp “, Eng. nip, nd. Dutch nippen
“nippen”, Ger. bO.Ir. nipfen, nipfeln “nippen”; nd. nibbelen “abbeißen” ; perhaps Lith. knimbù
under likewise (see above under kenē -bh-), if with old i-vocalism.
4. s-extension: Lith. knisù , knìsti “wũhlen, dig” , Ltv. knisis , knislis ‘small mosquito “.
IV. u-basis kenu -, kneu -:
1. Gk. κνό(F)ος, κνοῦς “das knarrende Reiben of Rades in the Radachse; Larm the Fũße
beim Marschieren ”, κνύ̄ω ‘scratch light ”, κνῦμα “the scratch, light Anpochen ”, κνύος n. “
scabies “, κνύ ἐλάχιστον Hes.;
O.Ice. hnøggva , hnǫgg (and weak hnyggja ) “bump, poke ” (originally “rub, scratch,
scrape”) = O.H.G. hniuwan , M.H.G. niuwen “zerstoßen, zerquetschen” (O.E. hnygelan , Plur.
“Abschnitzel ” from * hnuvilan- ?); further with the meaning “ penurious “ (compare schäbig :
schaben ) O.Ice. hnøggr “concise, penurious, economical “, O.E. hnēaw “ penurious,
knauserig ”, M.L.G. nouwe “eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, concise, small, genau ”,
M.H.G. nou, nouwe “eng, genau, painstaking “, Ger. genau ;
Ltv. knūdu and knūstu , Inf. knūt and knūst , preterit knūdu “itch” (d(h)- and st-present,
compare with wurzelhaft behandeltem - d- also knudêt ds.); Pol. knować “ dismember,

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ästeln” , knowie ‘strohsplitter ”? (see also Brũckner KZ. 45, 313 because of Slav. *kъnъ
‘stem”, *kъńiga “book”, whereat different Berneker 663, 664).
2. Dental extensions:
With d: Gk. κνῦζα, κνῦσα “ scabies “, κνυζοῦμαι “ kratze mich ”; about κόνυζα see under;
O.E. hnot “abgeschabt, naked, bald, bleak, kurzgeschoren ”.
With dh: Gk. κνύθος ἄκανθα μικρά Hes., κνυθόν σμικρόν Hes.;
O.Ice. hnjōða , hnauð “bump, poke, hit, nieten ”, O.H.G. pi-hnēotan “befestigen ”, M.H.G.
niet m. f. “breit geschlagener nail, Niet ”, nieten “nieten”; O.Ice. hnyðia “tool zum Schlagen or
Klopfen”;
Nor. dial. nuddast “abgestumpft become ” (with s- Swe. dial. snudda “gentle touch ”, Falk-
Torp under nudd ); O.H.G. hnotōn ‘shake”, M.H.G. notten ‘sich hin and her bewegen ”,
M.Eng. nodden , Eng. nod “nicken”; O.Ice. hnoss f. “Kleinоd” (“gehämmert” ), O.E. hnossian
“knock”. About Ltv. knudêt etc. see above 1.
With t: presumably Goth. hnuÞō , hnutō “σκόλοψ” , O.Ice. hnūðr “ shaft, pole, picket, pole ”,
Ltv. knute, knutele “dũnne shaft, pole” (or Lw. from Ger. Knũttel ?).
3. g-extensions: Gk. κόνυζα, σκόνυζα, κνῦζα “ strong-smelling plant, Erigeron
viscosumL. ” (if -ζ- from -γι̯- ; also -δι̯- is equally possible; zur Geruchsbed. compare above
κνῖσα, nīdor ); O.Ice. hnykr (*hnuki- ) “ fetidness “ (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr, nykr ds., wobl
late Anlautswechselformen).
4. Labial extensions:
With IE b: Goth. dis-hniupan “tear”, dishnupnan “zerrissen become ”, O.S. niupa “nip,
pinch”, O.E. ü-hnēopan “abpflũcken” ; with intensive consonant-Doppelung Nor. dial. nuppa
“pluck”, O.E. hnoppian “pluck”, Dan. M.L.G. noppe “Wollflocke, tuft of wool, Hechelhede ”;

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ken-3
English meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young
Deutsche Übersetzung: “frisch hervorkommen (perhaps actually: sprießen), entspringen,
anfangen; also von Tierjungen and Kindern ”
Material: O.Ind. kanī́na - “ young “, compounds Sup. kánīyas -, kániṣṭha -, kaniṣṭhá -; kanyü ̀ ,
gen. pl. kanī́nüm (older n-stem) “girl”, Av. kaine , kainī-, kainīn - ds.;
Gk. καινός “neu, unerhört” ;
Lat. recens “fresh, young, neu ”, actually “gerade vom origin, source, beginning; an
ancestor, the birth her ”;
M.Ir. cinim “entspringe ”, ciniud “gender, sex, Stam ”; O.Ir. cenēl “gender, sex ”, O.Welsh
cenetl , Welsh “gender, sex, Nation ”; perhaps also O.Welsh M.Welsh cein, Welsh cain,
M.Bret. quen , O.Ir. - from dem Brit. - caín “beautiful ” (: Gk. καινός “beautiful ” = “ young “?);
genuine Ir. is cůin (*keni-) ds.;
M.Ir. cano , cana “Wolfsjunges ”, Welsh cenau “young dog or wolf ” (*kenǝu ̯ ō : ken-);
Gaul. Cintus, Cintugnütos (“Primigenitus ”), O.Ir. cētne , cēt- “erster”, Welsh etc. cyn(t) “
previous, before, rather ”, cyntaf “the erste ”;
burgund. hendinos “king”; strittig Goth. hindumists “äußerster, hinterster” , O.H.G.
hintana , hintar “ behind “, O.E. hindema “the letzte ” (“novissimus ”);
O.C.S. vъ-, na-čьną, -če ̨ ti “begin”, zače ̨ ti “ds.; receive (of Weibe) ”, konъ “Anfang”, konьcь
“end”, O.C.S. če ̨ do “kid, child ” (if not Lw. from Ger. Kind; s. Berneker 154); with
beweglichem s- O.Sor. ščen ́ o “das letztgeborene kid, child ”, Russ. ščeno ́ k “young dog ”,
O.C.S. štene ̨ “catulus”.
References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.
Page(s): 563-564

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ken-4
English meaning: to strain, strive
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich mũhen, eifrig streben, sich sputen”
Material: Gk. κονεῖν ἐπείγεσθαι , ἐνεργεῖν , κόνει σπεῦδε, τρέχε, κοναρώτερον δραστικώτερον
Hes., κονηταί θεράποντες, ἀγκόνους διακόνους, δούλους Hes., διά̄κονος , Ion. διήκονος
‘servant, Aufwärter” , ἐγκονέω “ hurry, verlege mich auf etwas ”, ἐγ-κονίς “Dienerin”;
Lat. cōnor , -üri ‘sich körperlich anstrengen, den Versuch machen” ;
Proto-Celt. *kün- (IE *kōn-) “vollbringen ” in M.Welsh digoni “make”, dichawn, digawn ,
Welsh dichon, digon “kann”, digon “ sufficient “, O.Welsh MN Guoccawn , M.Welsh
gochawn, gogawn “ distinguished “, abr. MN Uuocon.
References: WP. I 398 f., WH. I 262.
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kenth(o) -
English meaning: rag, cloth
Note: also ket(h) -?
Material:
O.Ind. kanthü “ repaired dress “; poor. k “ot” anak “ dress, cover “;
Gk. κέντρων “ skirt from rags, Flickpoem “ is Bedeutungslehnw. from the Lat .;
Lat. cent ō “ from cloth zusammengenähtes dress or cover, patch work “ ;
without nasal O.H.G. hadara f. “ Cloth, rags “ (*ha Þ r ō, IE *kotr ü), Ger. Quarrel; in
addition with l derivative M.H.G. Hadel, ablaut. Ger. dial. Hudel, of it work sloppily ‘smudge”.

O.Ind. kanthü “geflicktes dress ”; Arm. k”ot”anak “dress, cover ”;
Gk. κέντρων “Rock from rag, Flickpoem ” is Bedeutungslehnw. from dem Lat. ;
Lat. centō “from rag zusammengenähtes dress or cover, Flickwerk ”;
without nasal O.H.G. hadara f. “rag, clout ” (*haÞrō , IE *kotrü ), Ger. Hadern ; in addition
with l-derivative M.H.G. Hadel , ablaut. Ger. dial. Hudel , therefrom hudeln ‘schmieren ”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg ( *hadara ) çandra ‘supporting beam for the wall or fence ”.
References: WP. I 402 f., WH. I 200.
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kerd-1
English meaning: to girdle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gũrten”
Note: only Celt. and Slav.
Material: O.Ir. fo-cridigedar “accingat”, cri(u)ss “belt, girdle ” (*kr̥d-su-), M.Ir. fo-chrus
“Gũrtung” , Welsh crys “belt, girdle, Hemd ”, gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from * gwo-grys ) “belt,
girdle”, O.Corn. kreis “Hemd”, grugis “belt, girdle ”, Bret. krez “Hemd”, gouriz “belt, girdle ”;
Russ. če ́ res (besides če ́ rez , das z through influence the preposition čre ̌ z hat) “Geldgurt ”,
Clr. če ́ res “lederner, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze ”, Pol. trzos “Geldgurt, Geldkatze ”;
perhaps eine extension from (s)ker - “turn”.
References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.
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kerd-2
English meaning: talent, craft; talented
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “handwerksmäßig geschickt, klug berechnend”
Material: Gk. κέρδος n. “profit, gain, benefit, advantage ”, κερδίων “nũtzlicher,
ersprießlicher” , κέρδιστος “the Verschlagenste (Hom.); ersprießlichst” , κερδαλεός
“gewinnend, nũtzlich, cunning” , κερδαλέη , κερδώ “fox”, κερδαίνω “gewinne”; from Gk.
*κέρδων derives Lat. cerdō “gemeiner Handwerksmann ”;
O.Ir. cerd f. “Kunst, Handwerk; Kũnstler, Dichter” ; Welsh cerdd f. “Kunst, Poesie ”;
O.Ice. epithet horti m. ‘smart” (?), horskr ds., O.E. asächs. O.H.G. horsc ds. ( *hort-ska- ).
References: WP. I 423.
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(kerem -), krem- (: krom -) and kerm -
English meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “Zwiebel- and Knoblaucharten ”; 2. “Eberesche under likewise ”
Note: (esp. with s-forms); anlaut k-, occasionally k̂-
Material: Gk. κρέμυον Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) κρόμυον “ Zwiebelart ”
(*kremusom );
M.Ir. crim, gen. crema , Welsh (reduced grade) craf “ garlic “;
O.E. hramsan , Eng. ramsons “Waldknoblauch ”, Nor. Swe. Dan. rams ds., M.L.G.
ramese, remese ds., O.H.G. ramusia , Ger. (bO.Ir.) rams “ds.” (Allium ursinum L.);
Lith. kermùšė f. “wild garlic “;
Slav. *čermъša , *čermucha in Russ. čeremša ́ , čeremíca , čere ̈ muška “Bärenlauch, Allium
ursinum”, Pol. trzemucha ds., with Pal. Ser.-Cr. srȉjemuś m. -ša f. uud srȉjemuž , -ža “kind of
wildwachsendes vegetables “; in addition die Bezeichnung of “Prunus padus ” (likewise
strong-smelling plant);
Lith. šermu ̀ kšnis m. šermu ̀ kšle , šermu ̀ kšne f. “ rowan, mountain ash “, Ltv. sē ̨ rmūkslis
etc. ds., with other Gutturalreihe Ltv. cērmauksis etc., ds.;
Russ. čere ̈ mcha , čere ̈ ma , čere ̈ mucha “ alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche,
Prunus padus ”, Clr. čere ́ m -cha, -ucha ds., Sloven. čre ̣̂m-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srrm-ša, -
sa ds., Pol. trzemcha , Cz. třemcha , nowadays střemcha ds.,
perhaps here the Ven. PN Cremōna.
References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht IE Decl. 168.
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ker(ǝ) -3
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, glũhen, heizen”
Material: O.Ind. kūd ̣ ayüti ‘sengt” (*kr̥̄-d-, i.e. *kerǝ-d-); nasalized kuṇḍatē “burns”; about
kuṣüku -, kaṣǘku - see under;
dubious Lat. carbō, -ōnis m. “coal” (IE *ker-dhō?), from Specht IE Decl. 266 zur color root
ker- (*ker-bhō?) placed;
Goth. haúri n. “coal”, O.Ice. hyrr m. “fire” (*hurja- , IE *ker-i̯o-);
O.H.G. herd, O.S. herth , O.E. heorð ‘stove, hearth ”; O.H.G. harsta “frixura”, gahurstit
“frixus”, M.L.G. harst “Rost (zum Braten) ”, O.E. hierstan “roast”, hierstepanne “Bratpfanne ”;
Lith. kuriù, kùrti “heizen”, kūre ́ nti “continual heizen ”, kùrstyti ‘schũren” , Ltv. kur”u (kurstu ),
kurt, frequent. kur̃stît , kurinât “heizen”, O.C.S. kurjǫ , kuriti sę ‘smoke”, kurenьje
“Kohlenfeuer ” etc.; Balt kūr-, Slav. kur-, mũßten by this interpretation Ablautsneubildungen
to *kŭr from a IE reduplication-grade o sein; eine other interpretation under (s)ker- “cut, clip”;
Ltv. cęri “Glutsteine ”, cęras “Inbrunst”, cerêt “lieben, sehnen, hoffen ”; Russ. čeren
‘salzpfanne the Salzsiedereien ”, Clr. čereń “bottom of Back- and Kochofens, Feuerherd ”,
Pol. trzon ‘stove, hearth ”;
Lith. kárštas “hot”, kar̃štis “heat”, Ltv. kar̂sts “hot”, kar̂sêt “erhitzen”, (*kor-s -); wherefore
as ‘stormy, hot tempered ” also Lith. ker̃štas “rage, fury ”, kerùs , kerìngas “zornvoll”, kir̃šti
“zornig become ”; probably to O.Ind. kuṣüku - “ burning; fire, sun ” and kaṣüku - “fire, sun”
(both mind. from * kr̥šüku -; compare Arm. xaršem “cook, burn ” from intensive *khr̥s-);
compare Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.
A cognate root form krü-s- as “Feuerglanz, blaze, glow ”, from which partly “red”, partly
“luminous, bright, beautiful ”, in O.C.S. krasa “venustas, pulchritudo ”, Russ. krasá “beauty,

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Zierde, jewellery ”, O.C.S. krasьnъ “beautiful, pleasant, white gekleidet ”, Russ. krásnyj “red,
beautiful ”, Cz. krásnū “beautiful ”, old also “licht, gleaming ” and “reddish” (etc.); Ltv. krüsus
“beautiful ” is Russ. Lw.
Maybe Alb. kreshnik “noble man, lord ”
Ein from ker- widened *k(e)r- em- seeks man in Lat. cremō, -üre “verbrennen (tr.) ”, Umbr.
krematra pl. *crematra “kind of vessel zum Braten of Fleisches, Braten ”;
in addition as “Decoct” also cremor “the from aufgeweichten Getreidekörnern or
otherwise from Pflanzen gewonnene juice, sap, porridge, mash ”; further Gaul. κόρμα ,
κοῦρμι, O.Ir. coirm n., M.Welsh cwrwf , O.Corn. coref , coruf “beer” , wherefore perhaps
O.Ind. karam-b(h) á- m. “Grũtze, porridge, mash” , kulmüs ̣ a - m. ‘sour mucus from Frũchten,
sour Reisschleim ”; compare further Toch. В kark- , kärk- “fry, roast ”.
References: WP. I 418 f., WH. I 165 f., 287 f.
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kerǝp -, krēp -
English meaning: cloth, leather; shoe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zeug- or Lederlappen; especially Schuh ”
Material: Lat. carpisculum “a kind of shoes ” (previously by Vopiscus and strange origin
verdächtig as das similar carpatinus from Gk. καρβάτινος “ from leather ”, καρβατίνη
“Lederschuh ”);
O.Ir. cairem ‘schuhmacher ” (*kariamos , IE *ker[ǝ]p-), Welsh crydd ds. ( *cerūdd ,
Celt.*karíjos ), O.Corn. chereor , Bret. kere, kereour ds.;
O.Ice. hriflingr , O.E. hrifeling “ shoe “;
Lith. kùrpė , Ltv. kur̃pe , O.Pruss. kurpe “ shoe “ (*kūrpi̯ü , IE *korǝp-);
O.C.S. krъpa “textura, rag ”, is-krъpiti, -ati “ausflicken ”, Bulg. kъ́rpa “rag, kerchief, cloth;
Flicken”, Serb. kȑpa “Fleck, Stuck canvas, fabric ”; with the meaning “ shoe “, Serb. kȑplje
‘snowshoe ”, Pol. kierpce “kind of Beschuhung ”, Cz. krpec “Bastschuh ”;
with full grade the 2. syllable κρηπίς, -ῖδος “ shoe; Fundament a Baues ” (Lat. Lw.
crĕpĭda ).
Daß kerǝp - extension from (s)ker(e)- “cut, clip” sei, is probably.
References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.
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(kerk̂-:) kork̂- : kr̥k̂-
English meaning: to wrinkle, become thin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einschrumpfen, magern ”
Note: (or at most kark̂- : kr̥k̂-)
Material: O.Ind. kr̥śá- “abgemagert, hager, weak ”, kŕ̥śyati “magert ab ”, Av. kǝrǝsa - “ skinny
“;
Lat. cracentēs , leg. gracentēs “graciles” to gracilis “ skinny, slim, arid ”, dissim. from
*cracilis ;
O.Ice. horr (*hurha -) “Magerkeit ”;
Lith. karše ́ti , intensiv kárštu , káršti “old become ”, iška ́ rša ̨ s “ frail before age “, káršė
“Altersschwäche” , Ltv. nuo-kürst “veralten, reif become ”;
Clr. kors “ausgerodete Striche Landes ”, Ser.-Cr. kȑšljav “in growth zurũckgeblieben” ,
Sloven. kr̀š m. ‘shrub, bush ”, Cz. krs “Zwergbaum ”, krs-ati, -nouti “ abate “, Pol. dial. karślak
“niedriger, crooked tree, firewood ”.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.
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ker-1, kor-, kr-
English meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schallnachahmung for heisere, rauhe Töne, solche Tierstimmen
and die sie ausstoßenden Tiere”
Note:
Root ker-1, kor-, kr- : “a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane ” derived from Root
ger-2 : “to shriek (in expr. forms), *crane ”.
Note: anlaut mostly k-, rare k̂- also with beweglichem s- : (s)ker -.
Material: I. O.Ind. karaṭa - m. “crow” (?), karüyikü “a kind of crane “.
Gk. κόραξ, -ακος m. “ raven”, κοράκιον “ bill, beak, neb of raven “ (*kor-n̥-k-, compare Lat.
cor-n-īx), σκορακίζω “ behandele schimpflich (from ἐς κόρακας βάλλειν under likewise),
κορώνη “ crow”, κόραφος ποιὸ ς ὄρνις Hes. (* kor-n̥-bhos); κορκορυγ ή “Kollern in Leibe ”;
Lat. corvus “raven”, cornīx, -īcis “crow”, Umbr. curnüco “cornicem ” (-īk- besides - ük-);
Specht, IE Decl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and cornīx zur color root ker-;
Cz. krákorati “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “ (*kor-kor- , compare κορκορυγή ),
Serb. krakoriti “gracillare ”, Clr. kerekoríty “kollern, coo “.
see also kar- “loud praise “.
1. Dental extensions:
Älter Dan. skrade “rattle, clash, röcheln” , Swe. dial. skrata ‘sound”, Nor. dial. skrata “
gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, scold, chide, loud lachen ”, skratla “rattle, clash ”, Swe.
skratta “lachen”, Dan. skratte “einen gesprungenen Ton give ”.
2. guttural extensions:
A. Auf -k- (broken reduplication): kerk-, krek-, krok-:

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O.Ind. kr̥kara -, krakara -, kr̥kaṇa - m. “a kind of partridge, game bird “, kŕ̥ka-vüku - m.
“rooster, cock ”, kr̥kaṣü , kr̥külikü “bird name ”; Av. kahrkatüt - f. “rooster, cock ”, Pers. kärk “
chicken “, Av. kahrküsa - m. “ vulture, actually Hähneesser” ; O.Ind. karkati (uncovered)
“lacht”, krákṣamüṇa -, -krakṣa -, -krakṣin - perhaps “knarrend ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ-
phonetic mutation
Arm. perhaps as neologism karkač ̣ “Rauschen, noise ”, karkačem “excessive lachen,
roar”;
Gk. κέρκαξ ἱέραξ Hes., κερκάς κρεξ τ ὸ ὄρνεον Hes., κερκιθαλί ς ἐρωδιός Hes., κερκί ς
...εἶδος ὄρνῑθος Hes., κέρκνος ἱέραξ, ἤ ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κέρκος ... ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κίρκος
“ἱέραξ”, κορκόρας ὄρνις. Περγαιοῖ Hes., κρέ ξ “eine Vogelart ”, κέρχνος m. “ hoarseness “ (if
from *κερκ -σνος), κέρχνη, κερχνηίς f. “ Turmfalke ”;
Lat. crōciō , -īre and crōcō , -üre “ croak, caw “ (: Ir. crüin , Lith. krokiù , Ltv. krücu , Slav.
krakati , compare with - g: Gk. κρώζω, O.N. hrókr );
M.Ir. crüin , gen. crüna ‘sow” (“grunzend ”; Proto-Celt. * krükni -); cercc “hen” (but Welsh
ysgrechf. ‘scream” from O.E. *scræ ̄ c “clamor”; M.Ir. scrēch ‘scream” from O.N. skræ ́ kr );
O.Bret. corcid , Bret. kerc”heiz, Welsh crychydd “Reiher”, Ir. corr (*kork-so- ) “ crane “;
O.Pruss. kerko f. “ aquanaut (bird) ”, Ltv. ḱḕrcu , ḱḕrt “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make ”, Lith. karkiù , kar̃kti “ burr, croak, caw , gaggle,
cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “, Lith. kirkiù , kir̃kti “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle,
croak, yell (from the Bruthenne) ”; Lith. krẽkinuos , -intis “rutting, in heat sein (of swine) ”, Ltv.
krecêt “hoarse become ”; O.Pruss. kracto (lies kracco ) ‘schwarzspecht ”, Lith. krãkė ds., Lith.
kr(i)okiù, kr(i)õkti “röcheln, grunt” (: Lat. crōciō etc.), kr(i)oklỹs “waterfall”, Ltv. krü ̀ cu , krü ̀ kt “
croak, caw , schnarchen, röcheln, bawl, blaster” ; Lith. kurkiù , kur̃kti “quarren”, Ltv. kùrcu ,
kùrkt “quarren” (: O.C.S. krъknǫti ; changing through ablaut with Lith. kvar̃kti ?); compare
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;

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O.C.S. krъknǫti “ croak, caw “ (etc.); R.C.S. krečetъ “Zikade”, Russ. krëk “Aufstehnen ”,
krečet “Jagdfalke ”, Serb. krȅka “clamor the Hũhner or Frösche” (etc.), Cz. škřek “clamor”,
O.Sor. škŕekava “Eichelhäher” ; Russ. krochálь “Tauchergans ”, Bulg. krókon “raven”, Serb.
krȍčēm , kròkati “ croak, caw “ (etc.); R.C.S. (etc.) kraču , krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krẽk
(*krakъ ) m. “raven”.
Nasalized: O.E. hringan ‘sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter ”, Eng. to ring “lauten, clink “,
O.N. hrang n. “din, fuss, noise ”, hringia “läuten” , Lith. krankiù , krañkti “ croak, caw , röcheln” ,
krankščiu ̀ , krañks̀ti ds., Russ. krjákatь “crack, creak, groan, burr, croak, caw “; Toch. В
kraṅko rooster, cock; O.Ind. kruṅ, kruñca -, krüun ̃ ca m. “Brachvogel ”.
With anl. k̂-: O.Ind. śüri- f. “ein bird”, sürikü “die indische Elster ”; Arm. sareak ‘star”; Lith.
ša ́ rka , O.Pruss. sarke “Elster”, Russ. soróka , Cz. straka , Serb. srȁka “Elster”; besides
O.C.S. svraka , Serb. svrȁka ds., see under.
With anlaut. k̂u̯-: Alb. sorrë (*k̂u̯ērnü ) “crow” (Jokl , Mél. Pedersen 146);
O.C.S. soraka , Serb. svrȁka “Elster”.
B. Auf -g-:
O.Ind. kharjati “knarrt”, khargálü “ein certain Nachtvogel (owl?) ”;
Gk. κρώζω “krächze” , κράζω, ἔκραγον , κέκρᾱγα “ croak, caw (of raven), cry ”; κάραγὺς ὁ
τραχὸς ψόφος οἷον πριόνων Hes.;
O.N. hrōkr , O.E. hrōc, O.H.G. hruoh “crow”; N.Ger. harken , Dan. harke ‘sich räuspern” ,
Swiss harchlen “röcheln” , O.N. hark, skark “din, fuss, noise ”, herkir , skerkir “fire”
(“*knisternd ”), O.N. harka “rant, roister ”, N.Ger. harken ‘scratch, scratch, scrape ”, harke “
rake “, Ger. Lw. Harke ; to O.Ind. kharju- m. (uncovered) “the itchiness, scratch “, khr̥gala -
m. “ crutch “ (?);
O.H.G. rachisōn ‘sich räuspern” , O.E. hraca m., hracu f. “throat”, O.H.G. rahho “Rachen”,
O.E. hræ ̄ ca m. “das Räuspern; saliva” , hræ ̄ can ‘sich räuspern, spucken” , O.N. hrüka m.

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‘saliva”; O.N. skræ ̄ kr m. ‘scream” (*skrēki -), skræ ̄ kja , skræ ̄ kta “cry”, skrǫk n. pl. “lie, falsity ”,
skrǫkva “erdichten, erlũgen” ;
Lith. kregžde ̃ ‘swallow”, krėge ́ti “grunt”, krogiù “röchle, grunt” .
3. Labial extensions:
A. With -p-: O.Ind. kŕ̥patē , Aor. akrapiṣṭa “ lament”;
kr̥cchrá - ‘schlimm”; n. “need”, mind. from * kr̥psra -;
Pers. särfük “ clangor “, surf (Iran. *sǝrǝfa -) “ cough “;
Lat. crepō, -üs and -is, -üre “knattern, knistern, crack, creak ”, crepundia , -ōrum “Klappern
as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten ” (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan);
EM3 268;
O.N. hrafn “raven”, Run. HrabnaR , O.E. hræfn “raven”, O.H.G. hraban, hram “raven”
(M.H.G. also rappe ), O.S. naht-ram “Nachteule ”;
With s-: O.N. skrafa “ babble, chatter “, skraf (and skrap see under) n. “gossip”; O.N.
skarfr ‘seerabe”, O.E. skræf ds., O.H.G. scarba , scarva f., scarbo m. ds., Ger. Scharbe ;
Bret. scrav “Meervogel ” is Gmc. Lw.;
Ltv. krepēt, krēpēt “dirty, filthy become ”, krẽpât “zähen mucus auswerfen” (from
“*räuspern” ), Lith. skreplénti ds., Ltv. krẽpalas pl., Lith. skrepliaĩ pl. ‘schleimauswurf, O.C.S.
kroplją , kropiti “ besprinkle, sprinkle ” etc., Russ. kropotátь “drone, grumble, grumpy, surly,
sullen sein, sich sorgen ” etc.
With -b-: O.N. skrap “das Rascheln, gossip ”, skrapa “rustle, babble ”; Lith. skrebe ́ti
“rustle”, O.C.S. skrobotъ “noise”. Nasalized Gk. κρέμβαλα “ Kastagnetten ”.
II. i-basis (s)(k)erei -:
O.Ir. scret f., Ir. scread ‘scream” from * skri-zd(h)ü ; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;
with s-: Bret. screo (*skriu̯ü ) “kreischender Meervogel ”;

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O.H.G. O.S. scrīan “cry”, O.H.G. screi n. ‘scream”, N.Ger. schrēwen , Dutch schreeuwen
“cry” (*skraiwian ), wFlem. schreemen , Eng. scream ds. ( *skraimian );
without s-: O.N. hreimr “clamor”, O.N. hrīna “cry” (of Schweine); compare Ltv. krī̆na ‘sow”
(also Ir. crüin ds. : Lat. crōcio ) and piem. crin (ligur.?) ‘swine”.
guttural extensions:
A. With -k-: Gk. κρίκε “(das Joch) knarrte, kreischte ”; Lith. krykščiu ̀ , krỹkšti “ screech,
shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “, kriksėti “quaken”;
O.C.S. krikъ “clamor”, kričati “cry”;
O.N. hegri , O.E. hrügra , O.H.G. heigaro and (h)reigaro , M.H.G. heiger and reiger , Ger.
Reiher (*kroikro- , *krikro- ), partly with diss. Schwunde of ersten r;
Welsh cryg “hoarse”, fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr “Reiher”;
eine various Lautnachahmung is Bulg. cъ́rkam “zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze ” (etc. s.
Berneker 132);
B. With -g-: Gk. κρῑγή “das Schwirren; creakiness (the Zähne)” , κριγή ἡ γλαῦξ Hes.,
κρίζω, κρίξαι, κέκρῑγα “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell, growl “, böot.
κριδδέμεν ( δδ = γ) “γελᾶν”;
Welsh cre (*krigü ), dychre (*dī-eks-krigü ) “clamor”; derived crë-ydd, crë-yr “Reiher”;
O.N. hrīka “ gnash “, hrikta “ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “;
with s-: O.N. skrīkia “Vogelschrei ”, as verb “chirp, twitter ”, O.E. scrīc “Wũrger” , Nor.
skrīka, skreik “cry”, O.S. skrikōn ds., O.N. skræ ̄ kr ‘scream”;
late neologism: Ger. Krickente , Swe. krickand, krikka ds., Dutch kriek, krekel “ cricket,
Heimchen ”, Fr. criquet ds., Dutch kricken, kreken “Zirpen (from the cricket) ”, M.Eng. creken
“creak”, Eng. creak ds., Fr. criquer ds.;
with s-: O.C.S. skrъgati (i.e. skrъg -) “ gnash “, skrъžьtъ (i.e. skrьž -) “Geknirsche ”.
III. u-basis (s)k(o)reu -, (s)k(o)rau -:

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1. Lat. corvus (see above S. 567); M.Ir. crū “raven” (*krou̯os ); N.Ger. schrauen,
schraulen , Nor. skryla , ryla “cry”, Nor. dial. skrynia “clatter, noise make, sharp clink; cough ”;
O.N. skraumi “ bawler, crier, Hanswurst ”; N.Fris. skrummel “Getöse, noise, rumor” , Ger.
schrummeln “ thunder “, O.N. skrum “gossip; Lith. kriunù , -e ́ti “cough, groan, moan ”;
perhaps also Toch. В keru “drum”.
2. Dental extensions:
With -d-:
O.N. hrjóta “roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble ”, O.E. hrūtan ‘schnarchen, pant,
sniff, snort ”, O.H.G. rūzan , rūzōn “rattle, clash, schnarchen, buzz ”; compare O.E. hrot m. “
thick Flũssigkeit, mucus” , etc. under S. 537;
M.L.G. schrūten ‘schnarchen, wheeze, prusten ”, wfäl. Schrute “Truthenne ”, Swe. skryta
“brag, boast ”, dial. ‘schnarchen ”, Nor. dial. skrȳta “pant, sniff, snort, prusten ”, skrota
(*skrutōn ) “brag, boast ” (perhaps also O.N. skraut n. “ splendor, jewellery ”, skreyta “adorn”,
if actually “brag, boast ”, compare Nor. skrøyta “adorn, praise, laud, brag, boast ”, røyta ds.).
With IE -t-: O.N. hryðja f. ‘spucknapf ”, Ice. hroði ‘saliva”, Nor. dial. ryda, skryda f. “mucus
in Halse”.
3. guttural extensions:
With -k-: Lith. krauklỹs “crow”, kraukiù , kraũkti “ croak, caw “, ablaut. kriūk -iù, -ti “grunt”,
krùkė “Ghegrunze ”; Ltv. kraûklis m. “raven”, kraũḱis ‘saatkrähe” , kraukât “cough, mucus
auswerfen (of cattle) ”; kraũka f. ‘schleimauswurf ”;
O.C.S. krukъ “raven” (etc.);
Ice. hrygla “rattle in the throat ”, M.H.G. rũ(c)heln , Ger. röcheln , Nor. rugde
“Waldschnepfe ”; in addition probably O.E. hrog “ nasal mucus “;
with gemination -kk-: Dan. skrukke “glucksen ”, skrokke “chat, prate ”, next to which older
Dan. krokke “call, shout, cry , from Hũhnern” , M.L.G. krochen “grunt; hoarse cry (of raven) ”.

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With -k̂-: O.Ind. krō ́ s ́ ati , Av. xraosaiti “kreischt, shouts, howls ”, O.Ind. krōs ́ a -, klō ́ s ́ a - m.
‘scream, Rufweite ”, (: O.E. hrēam “Notruf” from * hrauhma ), Pers. xurōs “rooster, cock ”; s.
W. Schulze Kl. Schr.166.
With -g-: Gk. κραυγή “clamor”, κραυγός δρυκολάπτου εἶδος (“ kind of Specht ”) Hes.; Goth.
hruk acc. “das Krähen” , hrukjan “ crow “.
References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann
nom. postverb. 130 f.
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ker-4
English meaning: cherry
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “Kornelkirsche, Kirsche ”
Material: Gk. κράνος m. f. = Lat. cornus (*kr̥nos ) “Kornelkirschbaum ”, κράνον = Lat. cornum
“Kornelkirsche ”, Lith. *kirnas as base from Kirnis “deus cerasorum ”; in addition probably Gk.
κέρασος “ Kirschbaum ” (out of it Lat. cerasus ), perhaps thrakisch-Phryg. word.
Contrariness of phonetically U ̈ bereinstimmung remain far off the meaning because of :
Lith. kìrna f. ‘strauchband from Weiden ”, kirnis ‘swamp, marsh ”, O.Pruss. kirno f. ‘shrub,
bush”, ablaut. Lith. kẽras “hoher, verwitterter stump; Staude ”, kere ́ti “in die A ̈ ste schießen” ,
Ltv. cęrs ‘shrub, bush, knorrige Baumwurzel ”, O.Pruss. ker-berse “Wirsenholz ” (perhaps
‘strauchbirke ”), with formants - ba, Lith. kìrba (out of it Ltv. ḱirba ) ‘swamp, marsh, morass ”;
R.C.S. kъrjь , Russ. korь “root”, Cz. keř ‘shrub, bush ”, o-grade O.C.S. (etc.) korenь , gen. -
ene (en-stem) “root”; together with Russ. če ́ ren , čereno ́ k “Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp a
Messers; Pfropfreis ” etc. (see Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker - “cut, clip”.
References: WP. I 411 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.
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(ker-5?), kō ̆ r-
English meaning: to hang
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hangen, hängen”
Material: Lith. kariù, kárti “with a Strick erhängen” , Ltv. kar”u, kãrt “hängen” , Lith. pakara
“Kleiderständer, peg, plug zum Kleideraufhängen” , Ltv. pakars “hook zum Aufhängen” ,
O.Pruss. paccaris ‘strap”, Lith. pakore ̃ “ gallows “; perhaps also Lith. prã-kartas “ crib,
manger “, O.Pruss. pracartis “trough”, if originally “vorgehängter Futtersack” ;
in addition perhaps as extension *krem(ǝ) - in Gk. κρεμάννυμι “ hänge”, older κρίμνημι ds.
(besides κρήμνημι, s. Specht KZ 59, 97), κρέμαμαι “ hange”, κρεμάθρᾱ “Hängematte” , zero
grade κρημνό ς ‘slope”.
References: WP. I 412.
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ker-6 and k̂er-
English meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: Farbwurzel for dunkle, schmutzige and graue Farbentöne
Note: often extended with -i and -u; s. the extensions kerb(h) - and kers-.
Material: O.Ind. karaṭa - “ oxblood, indigo “ (?), kuruṅgá -, kuluṅgá - m. “ antelope “, kirmira-
“varicolored ”, kárīṣa - n. “Auswurf, manure ”, kardama- m. ‘slime, mud, smut, manure ”; kalka -
m. “ordure, filth “, karka- “white” (: M.Ir. corcach ); Pers. cardeh “ blackish, darkish “, kari,
karah ‘smut”, pehl. karic “crap, muck ”; Gk. κόρυζα “ catarrh, Rotz ”, κορύναι μύξαι Hes.,
καρυμόν μέλαν Hes., κροῦμαι μύξαι Hes.;
about Lat. carbō “ burning or burnt wood ” see above under 3. ker-;
M.Ir. corcach f. ‘swamp, marsh ” (: O.Ind. kalka-, karka- , see above);
O.H.G. horo, gen. horawes , M.H.G. hor, hurwe “ordure, smut ” (*kr̥-u-); O.E. horh, gen.
horwes , O.H.G. horg “dirty, filthy ” (*kr̥-k-u̯-o); O.Ice. horr m. “ nasal mucus, snot, smut ”;
O.E. hrot m. “Rotz”, O.H.G. hroz ds., asächs. hrottag ‘snotty”; O.H.G. ruoz, rouz, M.H.G.
ruoz, ruost, asächs. hrot ‘smut”; O.E. hrum m. ‘smut”, asächs. hrum , M.H.G. PN Rum-olt ;
with palatal in anlaut:
Arm. saṙn, gen. saṙin “ice”, saṙnum “gefriere”;
Ven.-Illyr. PN Carmō (Steiermark, Austrian province), rätorom O.N. carmún “weasel”; see
under k̂or-men -;
Alb. thjer-më “gray”, per-thjerm “ lazuline” (*k̂er-u̯o- with secondary -më); i surme ̈ “ashen”
(*k̂or-mo-); s. Jokl Me ́ l . Pedersen 153 ff.;
O.Ice. hjarn n. “frozen snow ” (: Arm. saṙn, Slav. *sernъ ); O.H.G. hornunc , Ger. Hornung
“Februar”; O.H.G. harmo m. “ermine” (: Ven.-Illyr. carmō );

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Lith. šir̃vas “gray, greyish-blue ” (*k̂r̥-u̯o-s), šir̃mas ds. ( *k̂r̥-mo-s), Ltv. sirms “gray”
(compare O.Ind. śyü-má- “black, dark ” besides śyü-vá- ds.); Lith. šir̃vis “(*gray) hare ”; in
addition Lith. šarma ̀ f. “ hoarfrost ”, Ltv. sarma, serma ds., Lith. šarmuo ̃ , šermuo ̃ “(*gray)
ermine” (:O.H.G. harmo , Ven.-Illyr. carmō ); šarmuony ̃ s m. “(*gray) weasel ”, with ablaut
E.Lith. širmuone ̃lis ds., Ltv. sermulis m. “(*gray) ermine ”;
Proto-Slav. . *sernъ in R.C.S. srěnъ “ποικίλος” , aRuss. serenyj “white” (from horses) and
as m. Sloven. sre ̂n, sre ̂nj “hoarfrost, frozen Schneerinde ”, Russ. serën “frozen snow ”, Pol.
szron (older srzon ) “ hoarfrost (: O.Ice. hjarn );
Lith. šer̃kšnas (besides šer̃kštas ) “weißgrau, mouldy” , šer̃knas m. “ hoarfrost “, ablaut.
šir̃kšnas “ hoarfrost “ and širsn ̌ ija širšnyti “ cover itself with white frost “; Ltv. serns , serksns
m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. “ hoarfrost “ and serstu laiks “time, da the Schnee trägt” .
Note:
maybe (* hurwe ) Hrv > Hrwat “dark people ” = Sarmoi > Serboi , Srb from Lith. sarma “gray,
white weasel ” [common PIE b > w mutation].
It is interesting that the etymology of the name of the Croats (root: Hrv) is also unknown.
Some suggest that the names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots are
distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv). However, it is not known whether this is merely coincidental or
indicative of a common origin.

References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht IE Decl. 118 f., 179, 199, W.
Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.
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kerno -
English meaning: jaw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kinnbacken ”
Note: only Celt. and Slav.; compare ker-2.
Material: Welsh cern “mandible, lower jaw bone “, Bret. kern “Mũhltrichter, Scheitel,
Tonsur”. M.Ir. cern “point, edge, angle “ (es lies die imagining of Knicks am mandible, lower
jaw bone vor);
Slav. *černъ in: O.Bulg. čre ̌ novьnaja “μύλαι” , R.C.S. čre ̌ novъnъ (zubъ ), čre ̌ novítьcь
“μύλη” “dens molaris ”, slovak. čren “mandible, lower jaw bone “ etc.
After Būga RFV. 67, 234 to Ltv. cęruo -k(s)lis “Backenzahn ”, O.Ind. carvati “chew”.
References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht IE Decl. 141, 169.
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kers-
English meaning: a kind of colour (black)
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for Farben, especially dunkle, schmutzige
Note: and probably also bloßes ker-; compare also kel-4 and ker-6 .
Material: O.Ind. kr̥ṣṇá - “black” = O.Pruss. kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = O.Bulg. črъnъ ,
Russ. če ̈ renъ , Ser.-Cr. cr̂n etc. “black” (*čьrxnъ , *čьrsnъ ); without -no-forms Lith. kéršas
“black and white mottled, speckled, *tabby ”, kéršė “bunte cow ”, kéršis ‘schwarzbunter ox ”,
keršulis “Ringeltaube ”; karšìs f. “Brassen, lead (fish) ”, kiršly ̃ s m. “ash”; the intonation from
kéršas paßt but not zum O.Ind. ;
Note:
O.C.S.: črьnъ “black” : Lithuanian: kir̃snas “black (of a horse) ” : O.Pruss.: kirsnan “black” :
Krishna “ Vedic black god “
Swe. Nor. harr “Äsche” (*harzu- ); O.E. heard-hara , heardra- m., Ger. Du. harder, herder
‘sea-ash”.
References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.
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kert-, kerǝt -, krāt -
English meaning: to turn, roll, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, zusammendrehen ”, vielfach vom Biegen and Verflechten
von A ̈ sten to Flechtwerk ; “fest zusammengedreht = kompakt, massiv, knag ”
Note: extension from ker-7, S. 574; see under (s)ker -3.
Material: O.Ir. kr̥ṇátti “dreht den Faden, spinnt ”, karttar- “the Spinner ”, cr̥táti “binds, heftet
together”, kaṭa- m. “netting, Matte ” (mind. for *kr̥ta-), probably also kuṭí-, kuṭī f. “cottage”
(*kr̥tī̆), kuḍya - n. (*kr̥tya -) “(*geflochtene) wall ”, püli koccha- “ wickerwork “ (O.Ind. *kr̥tsa -);
O.Ind. kr̥tsná - “vollständig, whole” (compare Lat. crassus , Slav. *čьrstvъ );
Gk. κάρταλ(λ)ος m. “ basket”, κροτώνη “ Astknorren ” (*κρατώνᾱ ); with u-colored reduced
grade κύρτος, κύρτη “ Binsengeflecht, fish snaring net, cage ”, κυρτία “ wickerwork “;
Alb. kjerthull “ circle, Garnwinde, Haspel ” (: M.Ir. ceirtle see under);
maybe Alb. * kjerth, kredh “dive, roll in water ”
Lat. crütis “ wickerwork from A ̈ sten or Ruten , hurdle, Rost, Faschinen ”, crütēs dentatae
“Eggen”, crütiō , -īre “harrow” (*kerǝti-, or *krüti -, compare Ltv. krâtińš , Lith. krõtai ); crassus
“thick, strong, coarse ”; probably cartilügo “gristle” (probably ker[ǝ]t-, compare palma :
παλάμη);
M.Ir. ceirtle f. “ ball, tangle, knot “ (*kerteli̯ü ); cert f. ‘scrap, shred, Kleinigkeit ”;
Goth. haúrds (*kr̥tis) “door”, O.N. hurð ds., O.S. hurth “netting”, O.H.G. hurd, pl. hurdi ds.,
Ger. “Hũrde = hurdle “, O.E. hyrdel and (old) hyrÞil “ wickerwork “;
maybe Alb. kurth “trap, (net) ”
doubtful ( *kert-s-to-, *kr̥t-s-ti-?) O.S. harst m. “ wickerwork , Rost”, harsta “Rost”; M.L.G.
harst ds., “deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost ” (whereof M.L.G. harsten , O.H.G. hersten ,
O.E. hierstan “roast”), Nor. dial. rust “ spinney ”, O.E. hyrst m. “wood, forest ”, M.L.G. horst ,

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hurst ‘shrubbery, bush ”, O.H.G. horst , hurst m. ‘shrubbery, bush ”, Ger. Horst
“Raubvogelnest ”;
O.Pruss. corto “ paddock “; nasalized (as Slav. krę[t]nąti) perhaps Ltv. krìetns (wäre
Lith.*kreñtnas ) “proficient, valiant ” (if originally as much as Russ. krutъ , see under);
Lith. krañtas ‘steiles bank, border, shore ”; compare Clr. krutūj “winded, upright, schroff ”,
krúča ‘steiles bank, border, shore ” (Trautmann 142);
R.C.S. črьstvъ , čьrstvъ “tight, firm; lauter, genuine ”, Russ. čerstvъ “hard, dry; fũhllos;
altbacken ”, Serb. čvr̂st “tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig ” etc. ( *kr̥t-tu̯-os);
nasalized Slav. *krętati, *krę[t]nąti, Russ. kŕátatь , kŕánutь “from the Stelle bewegen,
umwerfen; touch ”, Sloven. krę́tati “wenden, lenken, turn, rũcken” etc., changing through
ablaut *krǫtъ in R.C.S. krutъ “tortus, immitis ”, Russ. krutъ “drall; jäh, upright (see above to
Lith. krañtas ); thick eingekocht; cold; hard, stern ”, Serb. krût “violent”, Pol. kręty “drall;
winded, crooked; twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved , gekräuselt” , Church Slavic
krąštǫ , krątiti sę “torqueri”, Russ. krutítь “turn, winden, whirl, lace, tie “ etc., Sloven. krotíca
“knot in Gespinst ”, Cz. krutína “ds.; convolution: cradle “, Pol. skrętka “Weidenseil ”;
after Pedersen Toch. Sprachg. here Toch. В kerccīye “palace”.
References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.
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kes- (*ĝhes-)
English meaning: to scratch, itch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, kämmen”
Material: Gk. κεσκέον (zur form κεσκίον s. Boisacq) “ oakum “ (*kes-kes- );
M.Ir. cīr f. “comb” (*kēs-rü);
O.N. haddr m. “Kopfhaar the Frau ” (*hazda-z ); O.E. heord f. “hair” (*hezdü ), in addition
heordan pl. “ oakum “, Eng. hards , M.L.G. herde “Flachsfaser ”; hēde , M.L.G. hēde , heide
(Dutch Ger. Hede ) “ oakum “;
Lith. kasà “ braid, plait, pigtail “, kasaũ , -ūti “continual gelinde scratch, scrape ”, kasù , kàsti
“umgraben ”, Ltv. kast “ rake “, kasît ‘scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape ”, in addition kasa
f., kasus m. kašk ́ is m., “ scabies “; O.Pruss. kexti f. “Zopfhaar, (development from a
participle *kestas or a *koz- dho- = Gmc. *hazda- );
maybe Alb. (*češ) qeth “dress hair ” [common Alb. s > th shift], (* kasît ) kosit “harvest the
crops”
O.C.S. češo ̨ , česati “comb; stripe, abstreifen (e.g. Beeren) ”, Bulg. (etc.) če ́ šel “comb”, Cz.
pa-čes m. “Hede, oakum “, Russ. če ̈ ska “Hede, oakum “, češuja ́ “dandruff”, česotka “
scabies “; Church Slavic kosa “hair”, Russ. (etc.) kosá “lichen, pigtail “, Church Slavic
kosmъ “hair”; O.C.S. kosnąti “touch, anrũhren” , kasati sę “touch” (from “pluck”), Serb.
kȍsīm , -iti “lacerare, vellere ” probably iterative to česati ; Cz. (etc.) kochati “ergötzen, caress,
lieben” (to kosnąti as “liebkosend, zärtlich touch” , perhaps “krauen”; compare Berneker 152,
491, 538, 580 ff.).
Root extensions:
ks-en- in Gk. ξαίνω (*ksn̥i̯ō ) ‘scratch, comb; drum; tumble, prũgle” , ξάνιον “comb zum
Wollekrempeln ”, ξάσμα “gekrempelte wool ”, ἐπίξηνον “clot, chunk, Haublock ”;

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Lat. sentis (*ksen-tis ) “briar”, sentus “horridus” (by Prudentius “dornig”);
ks-n-eu- in:
O.Ind. kṣṇüuti ‘schleift, wetzt, reibt ”, kṣṇṓtra - n. “grindstone, whetstone ”, participle
kṣṇutá - Av. hu-xšnuta - “good geschärft” ; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lat. novücula ‘schermesser, razor ” (due to a Verbums *novüre from *ksneu̯ü -);
O.N. snøggr “kurzgeschoren ”, snoðenn “naked, bald, bleak geschoren ”; snauðr
“unverhũllt, arm” , O.E.besnyððan “mug, rob ”, M.H.G. besNOTE n “ sparse, arm ”, snæde
‘small, weak ”, Ger. schnöde.
ks-es- in: Gk. ξέω ( *ks-es-ō), Aor. ξέσσαι ‘scrape, smooth ”, ξεστός “geschabt ”; common
O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz- , z- : Gk. z- phonetic mutation
ks-eu- in:
O.Ind. kṣurá - m. ‘schermesser, Dornpflanze ”; Pers. šor ‘salzig”, kurd. śūr ds.; common
O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Gk. ξύ̄ω “ scrape, rub, glätte”, participle ξυστό ς “geschabt, geglättet” , -όν “(geglätteter)
spear shaft ”, ξύσμα “ Abschabsel ”, ξύστρα ‘striegel”, ξυστήρ “ rasper”, ξυρόν (: O.Ind. kṣurá -)
‘schermesser ”, ξυρόν τομόν, ἰσχνόν, ὀξύ Hes.; ξόανον ( *ks-ou̯-enom) “all Geschnitzte ”, esp.
“Götterbild” ; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz- , z- : Gk. z- phonetic mutation
Gk. ξώστρα ψηκτρ ίς, ψήκτρια Hes. ( ‘striegel”), rather with ksō[u] - here, as with *ksōs - zur
root form ks-es-;
here probably with metathesis Balt *skuu̯ō “rasiere” in Ltv. skuvu , skũt, Lith. skutù , skùsti
ds.
References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht IE Decl. 239, 250,
Kuiper Nasalpräs. 851.
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keuǝd -, kū ̆ d-
English meaning: to cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreien; anschreien, schelten, höhnen, spotten”
Material: O.Ind. kutsáyati ‘schmäht, tadelt” , kutsü ‘schmähung, reprimand” , Pers. nikūhīdan
“rebuke, vilify, scold ”;
Gk. κυδάζω, -ομαι ‘schmähe, beschimpfe ”, κυδάγχας μάxας, λοιδορίας Hes.,
κυδαγχόμενα λοιδορούμενα Hes.; from a stem κυδοι - : κυδοιμός ‘schlachtlärm, -getũmmel” ,
κυδοιμεῖν “din, fuss, noise “Tumult cause ”, κυδοι -δοπᾶν ds.;
maybe Alb. huta “owl, crying owl ”
agutn. huta “herbeirufen ”, Nor. dial. huta “cry, rant, roister, einen Hund drohend
anschreien, verächtlich behandeln” (M.Eng. hūten, hōten , nEng. to hoot “cry, jucheien ” from
O.N. hōta “threaten”); O.E. hūsc (*kūd-sko- ), O.H.G. O.S. hosc (*kŭd-sko- ) ‘schmähung,
derision, ridicule ”, O.E.hosp ‘schande, disgrace, shame, insult ”, hyspan “ mock “ (with -sp-
suffix), M.H.G. hiuze “ cheeky, alert, awake, smart ”, hiuzen ‘sich erfrechen ”
(“*herausfordernd cry ”), gehiuze, gehūze “Larm, clamor, derision, ridicule ”, hiuzen, hūzen
“zur Verfolgung call, shout, cry ” (in addition die Interj. hussa? );
with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien under likewise?) perhaps M.Eng.
schūten “vociferari ”, Eng. to shout “loud cry, call, shout, cry, jubilate “, O.Ice. skūta, skūti “
derision, Stichelei ”;
O.Bulg. kuždo ̨ , kuditi “zugrunde richten ”, Church Slavic also “vilify, scold, rebuke ”, Russ.
prokúditь ‘schlechte Streiche make, Schabernack play ”, kúdь f. ‘schwarzkunst ”, Ser.-Cr.
kudīm , -íti “rebuke, slander ”, Pol. dial. prze- , przy-kudzić ‘spoil, langweilen ”.
References: WP. I 378 f.
Page(s): 595-596

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keu-1, skeu -, lengthened grade kēu-
English meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “worauf achten (beobachten, schauen) ”, dann “hören, fũhlen,
merken”
Note: heavy basis kou̯ǝ -; s-extension keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. am Schlusse;
kou̯o -s ‘sorgsam”; d-extension kēud -: kūd- in kēudos : kūdos “fame”.
Material: 1. O.Ind. kaví- ‘smart, wise; seer, Dichter ”, kavürí - “eigennũtzig; penurious “ , á-
kava- “not stingy ”; ü-kúvatē “beabsichtigt ”, ü-kūta- n., ü-kūti- f. “ intention ”;
Av. čǝvīšī 1. sg. Med. Aor. “I erhoffte, versah mich ”;
Gk. κοέω “merke, hear ” (Denomin. from *kou̯os ; = Lat. caveō); *κοFος placed in Ion.-Att.
ἀνακ῵ς ἔχειν “ care bear, carry ”; Dor. ἐκοᾶμες ἠκούσαμεν Hes.; κοίης, κοιόλης ἱερεύς;
κοῖον, κώιον ἐν έχυρον; κοῦα, κ῵ α ἐνέχυρα Hes.; Maced. κοῖος “number”; PN Λᾱο-κό(F)ων,
Λᾱο-κόωσα, etc.; κῦδος n. “ fame” (see under to Slav. čudo );
from the basis keu-s-: ἀκούω “hear” (*ἀκουσι̯ω ), ἀκοή, Hom. ἀκουή “Gehör” (*ἀκουσά̄ ),
ὑπήκοος “ gehorsam, untertan ”, lak. ἐπά̄κοος “ Zeuge”, ἀκεύει τηρεῖ Hes., gort. ἀκεύοντος
(with old e-voc., during ἀκούω from *ἀκουσά: abhängt); about κῦδος see under;
ἀκούω etc. at first with Goth. hausjan etc., see under, related; ἀ- is barely = n̥ “in”, but =
ἁ- (*hα-κουhι̯ω, *hα -κευhω) through Hauchdissimilation, or IE sm̥- “together”; different
above S. 18, whereas ἀκεύω ablaut neologism sein mũßte or fernzuhalten wäre, was wenig
probably is;
Lat. caveō, -ere ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen ” (*covē ́ re , Denom. from *kou̯os ),
cautus “ careful “, Umbr. kutef probably “*cautens ”, “ careful “;
Goth. hausjan , O.Ice. heyra , O.E. hīeran , O.S. hōrian , O.H.G. hōr(r)en “hear” (see
above); lengthened gradees *kēu- in O.E. hüwian ‘see, show ”;

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Ltv. kavēt (: Lat. cavēre ) “zaudern, hesitate ”;
wRuss. s-kumá -ju, -ć “ understand, comprehend “, Cz. koumati, s-koumati “merken,
gewahr become ” (denominative a (s)kou- mo-, -mü); O.Bulg. čujo ̨, čuti “ feel, merken ”, Serb.
ču ̏ jēm ču ̏ ti “hear, feel “ (etc.; *kēu-);
O.Bulg. čudo , -ese “wonder, miracle ”, čuditi sę ‘sich wundern ” (*kēu-dos, changing
through ablaut with:)
Maybe Alb. cudi “marvel”
Gk. κῦδος “ fame, honour ”, κύ̄διστος “ ruhmreichst ”, actually “whereof man hört” ;
Serb. ču ́ vati “beware, guard ”; Proto-Slav. *čevo ̨ , *čeviti in O.Cz. vš-čieviti, na -vš-čieviti ,
nowadays navštíviti “besuchen ”.
keu-s- in Russ. dial. ču ́ chatь “wahrnehmen, hear ”, Sloven. ču ̂ ha -m, - ti ‘spũren, ahnen” ,
Cz. čich ‘sense, mind, Witterung, spoor ”; compare above to ἀκούω.
2. With anlautendem s-:
mIran. śkōh , Pers. šikōh , šukōh (urIran. *skau̯aϑ a-) “ splendor, glory, magnificence,
Majestät, stateliness “ ; Arm. c̣uc̣anem “lasse schauen, points, shows, evinces ”, c̣oyc “das
Zeigen, Schau ” (skeu-sk̂ō);
Gk. θυοσκόος “ Opferschauer ”;
Goth. us-skaws “(*ausschauend =) besonnen ”, O.E. scēawian , O.S. skauwōn , O.H.G.
scouwōn ‘see, show ”; O.Ice. skygn “ seeing “, skygginn “clear, bright ” (*skuvvini- ), whereof
skygna “ peer “; Goth. skauns “beautiful ” (ibna-skauns “from gleicher Gestalt ”), O.H.G.
scōni ds., O.Ice. skjōni , O.S. skōni “gleaming, beautiful ”, O.E. scīenc ds. (actually
“conspicuous ”); tiefstufiges *sku- ni- in O.Ice. skyn f. n. “order, Bescheid, discernment ”,
skynja “untersuchen, understand, comprehend “; O.Ice. skoða “ peer “;
O.Pruss. au-schaudītwei “trust”.
References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.

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keu-2, keu̯ǝ-
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: often with labialen or gutturalen extensions: “biegen” in
verschiedenen Sonderungen as “in joint biegen, Gelenk, sich bũcken, sich drehen ”;
“Einbiegung, Einwölbung, Höhlung” ; “Ausbiegung, Buckel, round Haufen ”
Note: Zahlreiche parallel formation from the root geu- see there, compare esp. die
Ghegenũberstellungen by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - About den Versuch a
Vermittlung with (s)keu- “cover” see there.
Material: The einf. root in O.Ind. kora- m. “bewegliches joint ”; Av. fra-, apa-kava- “vorn,
hinten hunchbacked “; Clr. kúlity “ shrink up, before coldness ”, Pol. kulić “pull together,
crook”.
Ebenso is die Vorgeschichte from Ltv. kuza “craw “ under likewise because of
Reimverhältnisses to guza etc. not certainly to beurteilen, see under geu- “bend” above S.
395.
Under an Anlautvariante kh will Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here stellen O.Ind. khōlaka -
“Ameisenhaufe ” (also Lith. kūly ̃ s “ bundle straw ”), zuversichtlicher Arm. xoyl, gen. xuli
‘struma, scrofula ”, Russ. šuljata “testicles”, Serb. šu ́ ljevi “goldene vein ”.
A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: O.Ind. kakúd - “Kuppe, acme, apex “, küku ́ d -
“Mundhöhle, palate” , kakúdmant - “with a Gipfel or hunch versehen ”; Lat. cacūmen “cusp,
peak, acme, apex “ (die men- further formations probably after acūmen ), basic meaning “
bulge “; auf ein Gmc. *hagu = O.Ind. kakúd - one introduces also O.Fris. heila “head” back
(*hagila- , with Suffixwechsel for hagu- la-); compare also O.Ind. kakúbh - “ acme, apex “
under “labial extensions ”.
B. guttural extensions.

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B. I. keu-g-:
O.Ice. hūka “kauern, hocken ” (hūkta , st. participle hokinn ), hoka , hokra “ grovel, truckle,
creep “, høykiask ‘sink down, zusammenkriechen ”, M.H.G. hūchen “kauern, sich ducken ”,
Ger. hocken ; Swiss hock m. “heap”, tirol. hocken m. “heap of hay ”, with anlaut. s- M.H.G.
schoche m. “aufgeschichteter heap of hay under likewise ”, (with kk:) asächs. skok m. “60
piece”, M.H.G. schoc(kes) “heap tussock, Anzahl from 60 piece ”, M.Eng. shock “heap
Garben (12 - 16)”; about Schoch s. lastly Sommer “Zum Zahlwort ”, S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bavar.
Akad. 1950, Heft 7;
Lith. káugė , ablaut. kiū ́ gis “Heuhaufe ”, O.Pruss. kugis “ knob, handle, button, pommel am
the hilt of a sword “, Lith. kaugure ̃ “ small steiler hill ”, Ltv. kàudze “heap, barn, haystack ”
(and skaudze ).
B. II. keu-k-:
O.Ind. kucáti , kuñcatē “zieht sich together, krũmmt sich” , kuñcikü ‘schlũssel”, kuca- m. “
female brost ”, kōcayati “zieht together ”, kōca - m. “das Einschrumpfen ”, Pers. kōž
“gekrummt, hunchbacked “;
O.Ir. cūar “crooked” (*kukro- );
M.H.G. hocker, hogger, hoger “ hump, hunchback , hunch “; Goth. hauhs , O.Ice. hōr, hür ,
O.E. hēah , O.S. O.H.G. hōh “high” (“*aufgewölbt” ); O.Ice. haugr , M.H.G. houc “hill”, Goth.
hiuhma “heap; bulk, mass ”, hūhjan “haufen, gather, collect ”, Ger. (md.) Hũgel ;
Lith. kaũkas ‘swelling, blister, Eitergeschwũr” , kaũkos pl. f. “ glands “, kaũkas “fairy
demon, ghost, zwerghafter ghost ”, O.Pruss. cawx “devil”, Lith. kaukarà “hill”, kukulỹs
“Mehlkloß” , kùkis “Misthaken ”, Ltv. kukurs , kukū ̀ ms “ hunch, swelling, blister ”, kūki’s “ dwarf;
Zaunkönig” , kūkša “eine of Alter Gebeugte ”, R.C.S. kukonosъ “ crooked-nosed “;
Russ. kúka “fist”, Bulg. kúka “hook, crutch “, Ser.-Cr. kȕka “hook”, kȕkonosast
“hakennasig ”, kùkara “hook by the Pflugdeichsel ”, ȍkuka , ȍkuč f. “ convolution of a

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Flusses”; Ser.-Cr. ču ́ čīm , ču ́ čati “hocken, kauern ”, Sloven. čučím , ču ́ čati and kučím , kúčati
ds.; Russ. dial. kúčeri pl. f., Clr. kučery pl. m. “Locken”; with a meaning “heap” Russ. kúča
“heap”, dial. “haystack ”, kúčkatь “ conglobate, häufen” , kúčki “die Plejaden ”, Cz. kuče
“mass”, Pol. kuczki pl. ‘small heap ”. O.Bulg. kъkъnjь “Unterschenkel ”.
C. Labial extensions.
C. I. keu-b-:
a. In Anwendung auf bend am body, sich in Gelenk biegen:
Gk. κύβος “cavity before the hip, haunch beim Vieh; Wirbelknochen - dice, cube ” (out of it
Lat. cubus ; κύβωλον “elbow” Poll. either from κύβος with Suff. - ωλο- or reshuffling from
κύβιτον ds. - from Lat. cubitum - under Einwirkung from ὠλένη);
Lat. cubitum n., -us m. elbow ” (out of it Gk. κύβιτον ds.); cubō, -üre “lie” (fal. cupa , i.e.
cuba[t] , besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves Ital. b; also pälign. incubat ), Lat. ( ac-, in-
)cumbō, -ere ‘sich lay, place ” (originally ‘sich zum Liegen niederbucken ”), sabin. cumba
“lectica”;
Welsh gogof “cave” (derivative M.Welsh guocobauc ), Bret. kougoñ ds. ( *upo-kubü );
Goth. hups m. (stem hupi-), O.E. hype m., O.H.G. huf f. “hip, haunch ”; O.Ice. hopa , O.E.
on-hupian “zurũckweichen” , O.E. ( fen-, mōr-)hop n. “hiding place, nook, bolt-hole ” (as “ lair,
cavity”);
intensive j-verb is N.Ger. hũppen , Ger. hũpfen , M.H.G. hũpfen , hupfen , hopfen ; ō-verb
with gemination: O.Ice. hoppa , O.E. hoppian, hoppettan , Ger. hopsen ; geminierte voiced-
nonaspirated in Swe. dial. hobba, hubba “bump, poke ”, Ger. dial. hoppen “hũpfen” , Eng.
hobble “hinken” (Wissmann nom. postverb. 174 f.).
b. With not aufs Biegen of Körpers gewendeten English meaning:
O.Ind. kubra- n. “cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring ”; Gk. κύβος ... Πάφιοι δε τὸ
τρυβλίον Hes.;

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[but O.E. hōpig “in hills and hollows ”, hōp m. “Reifen”, Eng. hoop , Dutch hoep “ring,
Reifen”, O.Ice. hōp n. “bay” to Lith. kabe ̃ “hook”?];
O.E. hēap m. f., O.S. hōp, O.H.G. houf “heap; troop, multitude, crowd ”, M.L.G. hūpe ,
O.H.G. hūfo, Ger. Haufe (also), M.H.G. hūste (see above under keu-p- ).
С. II. keu-bh- (including from words, die bh or b contain can).
O.Ind. kubhanyú - perhaps ‘sich drehend, tanzend ”;
redupl. O.Ind. kakúbh - f. “Kuppe, acme, apex “, kakubhá - “hervor -, emporragend ”
(previously after kakúd - reshaped?);
in final sound ambiguous bakhi (pümird.) kubūn “ wooden drinking bowl ” (: Pol. kubek
“goblet”, Gk. κύβος “τρυβλίον”, nasal. Gk. κύμβος etc.; Uhlenbeck O.Ind. Wb. 59);
Gk. κῡφός “gebũckt, writhed, crooked, humped “ , κῦφος n. “ hump, hunchback “, κύ̄φω
“bend vorwärts, curve “ , probably also κύπτω “beuge mich, ducke mich ”, κυπτός “demũtig” ,
κύβδα “geduckt” (originally labial not objektiv feststellbar); κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν
Κρ῅τες Hes.; maybe from the language nördlicher ( Thrac. , Maced.) Gaukler derive hence
probably κύβη “κεφαλή” EM., κύβηβος “ὁκατακύψας” EM., κυβηβᾶν “κυρίως τὸ ἐπὶ την
κεφαλην ῥίπτειν” EM., “from fury ergriffen sein ” Hes. Poll., as well as κυβιστάω ‘schlage
einen Purzelbaum, stũrze kopfũber” ;
to the labial extensions in the meaning from κύπτη τρώγλη under likewise probably
κυψέλη “Kasten, hutch; Bienenzelle; Ohröffn ung”, κύψελος “die in Erdlöchern nistende
Uferschwalbe ”;
O.H.G. hūba , O.S. hūva , O.E. hūfe, O.Ice. hūfa Haube, Kappe ”;
Russ. kubarь “Brummkreisel ”, kúbaremъ “kopfũber” , kubécъ “Brummkreisel ”, kúbélъ dial.
“ wooden ball zum Spielen ”, kúbokъ “goblet, Pokal ”, Clr. kub “from Holz ausgehöhltes
Geschirr ”, kúbok “ paten, hauchiges vessel, small Geschirr ”, Pol. kubek “goblet, Schoppen,
Obertasse ”.

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C. III. keu-p-:
a. O.Ind. kū ́ pa - m. “pit, pothole, cave ”;
Gk. κύπη τρώγλη Hes. (ῡ?), κύπαι εἶδός τι νεώς, καὶ αἱ ἐξ ὕλης καὶ χόρτου οἰκήσεις;
κύπελλον “ goblet”, κύπρος m. “Getreidemaß” ;
Lat. cūpa f. “ cask, butt “, romO.N. also “Wanne” (besides glO.S.S. and romO.N. cŭppa
“goblet” seems late short form with Konsonantenverdopplung besides κύπελλον to sein);
about Lehnformen from dem Lat. and Rom. orientiert Berneker 645 f.;
O.Ice. hūfr m. ‘schiffsrumpf ”, O.E. hȳf “beehive”; here (or zur root form auf - bh- or -b-)
probably also O.E. gehopp”folliculus ”, hoppe f. “ a round swelling; in water, a bubble,
Kapsel”, M.Eng. hoppe ‘samenkapsel of Flachses ”;
at most Slav. *kъpъ , Cz. kep “vulva”, Pol. kiep “ds.; fool, Taugenichts ” (Berneker 664 f.
between).
b. Bedeutungsgruppe “ bulge after above, heap under likewise ”:
Apers. kaufa- “mountain ”, Av. kaofa- “ds.; Kamelbuckel ”, Pers. kōh “mountain ” (place -
ph- ahead);
Alb. (sũdTosc ) kjipī́ “heap” (*kūp-íjü);
M.Ir. cūan f. “Trupp, heap ” (*koup-nü);
O.H.G. hovar “ hump, hunchback “ (: Lith. kuprà ), O.E. hofer m. ds., O.H.G. hubil “hill”,
O.S. huvil ds. (therefrom Ger. hobeln as “die Unebenheiten entfernen ”); perhaps O.H.G.
hūfila, hiufila “cheek”, Ger. Swiss hũfelin “under den Augen liegender Teil the cheek ”; Nor.
hov n. “Anhöhe, small hill” , O.Ice. hof n. “temple”, O.E. hof n. paddock, house, temple ”, O.S.
hof, O.H.G. hof m. “umschlossener room beim Haus, courtyard, blessing ” (originally from
the Lage auf Anhöhen); M.H.G. hūste “auf dem Felde zusammengestellter Getreidehaufen,
Hauste” (: Lith. kùpstas ); *hūfsto is ablaut equally with O.H.G. hūfo and seems as dieses

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probably rather to keu-b- to belong (see there); wird also with Russ. kustъ “bush, shrub,
bush, Staude ”, Clr. kust ‘shrub, bush, Staude ” connected;
Lith. kaũpas “heap” = O.Bulg. kupъ ds. (Serb. kȕp certainly with other intonation as
kaũpas ; s. Berneker 646); Lith. kaupiù , kaũpti “häufeln” , kupiù , kùpti “auf einen heap lay,
place, sort, order, arrange ”, kuprà “ hunch “, kùpstas “hill”, kùpeta “ haycock, haystack “,
kùpinas “gehäuft” , Ltv. kupt ‘sich ballen ”, kupenis ‘schneehaufen ”, kuprs “ hunch “;
with lengthened grade *kō[u]p -: Lith. kuopiù , kuõpti “häufeln (corn, grain)” , Ltv. kuops
“heap”, kuopiná “ fascicle, sheaf “;
Russ. (Berneker 646) kuprъ, kúper ‘steißbein, Bũrzel” , Pol. kuper “Bũrzel, buttocks “ .
D. Nasalized kum-bh-, mostly kum-b- :
O.Ind. kumba- m. “das thick end (a Knochens) ”; kumbha- m. “pot, pan, crock, pitcher ”,
Du. “die beiden Erhöhungen auf the forehead of Elefanten ” = Av. xumba- m. “pot, pan;
Vertiefung ”, Pers. xumb, xum “pot, pan, crock, pitcher ” (diese with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);
Gk. κύμβη “Becken, bowl, barge ”, κύμβος , κυμβίον “vessel”, mostly pl. “cymbalum,
Becken” (after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from semit. qubbüh ; Van Windekens Lexique 48
compares Toch. A kumpäc “drum”);
κύμβη “head, κύφη” EM., Suid., Hom. κύμβαχος “cusp, peak a Helmes ” (compare
κύμβη), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 231 ff.;
Lat. (with present nasalization) -cumbō (see above S. 590);
M.Ir. comm “vessel”; cummal “goblet, bowl ”, Welsh cwmm “valley” (m.), Bret. komm
“trough” (m.); from urBrit. *kumbos derive O.E. cumb “valley”, Eng. coomb , combe
“Talmulde ”, whereas is Gaul.-rom. cumba “valley, trough ” Fem.; from dem Fr. derives Bret.
komb “valley”; compare die unnasal. Gefäßbezeichnungen pam. kubun , Pol. kubek , also
Gk. κύβος “τρύβλιον” ;

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O.Ice. aptr-huppr , Nor. dial. hupp and hump “the groin, flank beim Vieh ”, Ger. humpeln ,
M.L.G. humpelen “hinken” and in not particularly auf das Biegen of Körpers gewendeter
English meaning:
Nor. hump m. “bumpiness, knag (N.Ger. Lw.), Eng. hump “ hump, hunchback “, N.Ger.
humpe f. “thick piece ”, humpel “niedriger hillock ”, Dutch homp “thick Stũck bread” ; perhaps
Ger. (N.Ger.) Humpen (compare κύμβος).
References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.
Page(s): 588-592

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(keu̯ǝp -:) ku̯ēp -, ku̯ǝp -, kū ̆ p- next to which occasional
keu̯(e)p-, k(e)u̯ep-
English meaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rauchen, wallen, kochen; also seelisch in Aufruhr, in heftiger
Bewegung sein ”
Note: From ku̯- plural bloßes k- probably through previously Proto- IE simplification
Material: O.Ind. kúpyati (= Lat. cupiō ) “gerät in Wallung, zũrnt” , kō ́ pa - m. “Aufwallung, rage,
fury”, kōpa ́ yati “erschũttert, angers” ; cō ́ pati “bewegt sich, rũhrt sich” ; kapi- (uncovered)
“Weihrauch ”, wherefore as “* smoke-color “ kapilá -, kapiśá - “bräunlich, reddish” , also kapí-
m. “ape”;
Alb. kapitem “atme heavy “ (as Lith. kūpu ́ oti );
Gk. καπνός ‘smoke”, Hom. ἀπὸ δε ψυχην ἐκάππυσεν “ hauchte from ” : κάπυς uud κάπος
πνεῦμα Hes., κέκηφε τ έθνηκε Hes., κεκαφηότα Hom. “aushauchend ”; zur dissimilation from
*ku̯ap -no-s to καπνός compare Schwyzer Gk. I 302;
Lat. cupiō, -ere “lust, crave ” (= O.Ind. kúpyati ), cuppēdo = “cupīdo” , also cuppēs “
lascivious, esp. auf Leckereien ”, cuppēdium “Näscherei, tidbit “ ; Umbr. Cubrar “Bonae”,
sabin. cuprum “bonum” (“*erwũnscht, begehrenswert” with passivischem forms -ro- as
clürus etc.); vapor “haze, mist, vapor, vapor ”, old uapōs (*ku̯apōs );
maybe Alb. * cuprum, bakër “bronxe??? ”
O.Ir. ad-cobra “wũnscht” (*-kuprüt ), Verbaln. accobor (*ad-kupro- ) “wish”, Thurneysen
Gk. 139;
Goth. afƕapjan (*ku̯ǝb - besides sonstigem *ku̯ǝp -) “ersticken, auslöschen” , afƕapnan
“erlöschen” (: ἀπο-καπύω), M.H.G. verwepfen “kahmig become, of Wein ”, Mod.Ice. hvap
“dropsical flesh ”;

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Lith. kvãpas m. “breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch ” (: Lat. vapor ), kvepiù , -e ́ti
“duften” (-ĕ- kann Balt ablaut neologism sein), kvėpiù , kve ̃pti “breathe”, Ltv. kvêpt
“qualmen ”, kvêpes pl. “breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut ”, kvêpêt “räuchern” , changing
through ablaut Lith. kūpu ́ oti “ heavy breathe ”, Ltv. kûpêt ‘smoke; steam, stäuben” ,
kupinüties “aufgehen (of dough) ”, kupt “ferment, seethe ”, O.Pruss. kupsins “fog” (derivative
from an es-stem as Lat. vapor );
O.C.S. kypljǫ , kypěti “boil, ũberlaufen” , kyprъ “ lax, porös” , Cz. kyprū old ‘strebsam,
emsig, fresh ”; Clr. kvápyty śa ‘sich sputen, hurry ”; with ( IE) reduced u̯ Russ. kópotь (*koput-
) f. “fine smut, dust ”, koptítь “with smoke black make, räuchern” ; perhaps O.C.S. koprъ “dill”
(riechende plant; s. Berneker 564).
References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.
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kēi-
English meaning: to move
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in Bewegung setzen, in Bewegung sein ”
Note: (: kǝi- : kī̆-); eu-basis (partly with n-Infix) kī-(n-)eu-; heavy basis kiǝ- (: kiē-?)
Material: Gk. κίω “go away, travel ” is late neologism to Aor. ἔκιον; Imper. κίε, participle κιών;
Hom. Präteritum μετ -εκί̄αθε, -θον (ī metr. lengthening) “folgte after, durchstreifte ”, κίατο
ἐκινεῖτο Hes. (heavy root); όνο -κίνδιος, -κίνδας “ Eseltreiber ”, κίνδαξ “ movable, nimble,
εὐκίνητος” (compare zur formation ἀλίνδω, κυλίνδω);
from kī-n-eu-: Gk. κί̄νυμαι “werde bewegt, erschũttert, go” , κῑνύσσομαι ‘schwanke hinund
her”, κῑνέω “put in Bewegung, drive ” (*κῑνέF-ω);
Alb. qoj “ awake, erwecke ” (*kiēni̯ō ), c̨oj ‘send, senden ” (*ds-kój), cys, cyt “reize, necke ”
(*ter-ki̯u-t-i̯ō), syei, syen (*ki̯u-n-i̯ō) “bestũrmen, anfallen” (Jokl Me ́ l . Pedersen 149 f.);
Lat. cieō, ciēre (secondary ciō, cīre) “in Bewegung place, astir make, herbeirufen ” (ciēre
= IE ki(i̯)ē-??), citus “quick, fast ”, citō, -üre “in Bewegung place, come lassen, vorladen ”,
solli-citus “whole, stark bewegt, perturbed, in Angst and danger ”, cunctus (*con-citos)
“gesamt, sämtlich” .
extensions from the einfachen root form kei- from:
With d (d-present?): perhaps Ir. cid- e.g. in cisse “invecta”, pass. Konj. as-cesar gl.
“exseri” (etc., Pedersen KG. II 490 f.), very probably Goth. haitan , O.H.G. heizan , O.E.
hütan , O.S. hētan , O.N. heita “heißen (= antreiben), order, call, name ”; compare Osset.
sīdin “call, shout, cry ”.
With l(o)-formants: Auf *kē ̆ i-lo-s “moves, wippend ” kann based on: Lith. kíelė , kūlė, Ltv.
ciẽlawa , O.Pruss. kylo “Bachstelze ”, O.Cz. čily ́ “agile, lively ”; Lat. cillō, -ere “move” is
perhaps only Grammatikererfindung.

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With s: O.Ind. cē ́ s ̣ ṭati “bewegt die Glieder, is in Bewegung ”, cēs ̣ ṭa - n., cēs ̣ ṭü “movement,
Gebärde” .
root form ki̯-eu- without nasal infix:
O.Ind. cyávatē “regt sich, geht fort ”, Av. š(y)avaite “ places sich in gait, Marsch ”, O.Pers.
ašiyavam “marschierte ”, O.Ind. cyautná - n. “Unternehmung, Bemũhung” , Av. šyaoϑ na- n.
“Tun, Handeln, Wirken ”, šyaoman - n. “feat, dead, act, work ”;
Arm. č̣u (= O.Ind. cyuti- ) “ departure “, č̣vem “I breche auf, fare, journey ab ”, Aor. (to
present ert”am) č̣ogay “I walked “ (*ki̯ou-):
Gk. σεύω “put in rasche, intense movement ”, Med. “ hurry, bin excited, aroused “ (σεύεται
= cyavatē; the diphthong kann after den außerpräs. forms and after unthemat. σεῦται
festgehalten sein), Hom. ἔσσυτο “ eilte”, participle perf. ἐσσυμένος, ἐπί -σσυτος
“herandrängend, daherstũrmend” (= O.Ind. cyutá - “getrieben ”, compare Av. fra-šūta- “in gait
gekommen ”), παν -συδίῃ “in haste, hurry ”; Att. σοῦμαι “ budge mich rash, hasty or violent ”
(*σοFόομαι), σύει (Bacchyl.) “ treibt”, ἐσσοημένον τεθορυβημένον, ὁρμημένον Hes., Hom.
λᾱο-σσόος “die Völker zum Kampfe antreibend” ; Att. τευμ῵μαι “ betreibe” (compare Av.
šyaoman -); τευτάζω “beschäftige mich anhaltend with etwas” ; eine Dehnstufenbildung as
O.Ind. cyautná -, but with reduced u, is das probably here gehörige σ῵τρον “ das wooden
wheel”, ἐπίσσωτρον “ Radreifen ”.
References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 679, 686, 745.
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kēl-, kōl- , kǝl-
English meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “betören, vorspiegeln, schmeicheln, betrũgen”
Material: Gk. Att. κηλέω (Proto-Gk. η) “ enchant, betören” , κηληθμός “ enthrallment “,
κηληδόνες pl. f. “bezaubernde creature “;
Lat. calvor, -ī and calviō , -īre “Ränke schmieden, hintergehen, deceive “ , calumnia “false
accusation, deceit, slander, Ränke” (*calvomniü ), very probably also cavilla (*calvilla )
“Neckerei, Stichelei, Trotzelei ”, cavillor, - ürī “banter, bewitzeln, behöhnen” ; das - v- is
unclear;
Goth. hōlōn , afhōlōn ‘slander”, O.N. hōl n. “Lob, boastfulness “, hø ̄ la “ praise, brag,
boast”, O.E. hōl n. “ slander “, hōlian ‘slander”, hōlunga, hōlinga “vergebens, grundlos ”,
hēlan ‘slander”, O.H.G. huolen “cheat, deceive ”.
Sollte Perssons (Beitr. 148) citation of Gk. κόλαξ ‘schmeichler ” zutreffen (?), wäre die
root as kurzvokalisch must be assumed, hence Gk. κηλ- and Gmc. hōl- Dehnstufen, Lat.
cal- reduced grade.
References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann nom. postverb. 125.
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kē ̆ t-, kot-
English meaning: dwelling space
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wohnraum ” (originally “Erdloch as Wohngrube ”?)
Material: Av. kata- m. “ chamber, Vorratskammer, Keller od. likewise ” (: Goth. hēÞjō ), Pers.
kad “house”, from which finn. kota; but about O.N. kot ‘schlechte cottage ”, kytja “cottage”,
O.E. cot “cottage, chamber “ etc. see above S. 393 f.;
Goth. hēÞjō “ chamber “;
Church Slavic kotьcь “cella, nest ” etc.; whether “Wohngrube, hole in the earth ” die
original meaning, wũrden sich anreihen lassen:
maybe Alb. kotec “animal shelter ” (contaminated by Slavic lang.), also Alb. (*kotu-) katua
‘stable, basement, cellar ”, nasalized katun, katund “house, village ” [common Alb. shift n >
nd] not from Ital. cantone “corner”.
Gk. κοτύλη, κότυλος “ Hohlung”, further “hohles vessel, bowl, goblet ”;
Lat. catīnus “eine Schũssel zum Speisenauftragen” (Dimin. catillus , out of it Goth. katils ,
dt. Kessel , out of it again O.Bulg. kotъlъ , Lith. kãtilas ) = O.E. heden “Kochgeschirr ”.
References: WP. I 383 f., WH. I 176, 182.
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kÞē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)- (*ĝhðē (i)-)
English meaning: to acquire, possess
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erwerben, Verfũgung and Gewalt worũber bekommen”
Material: O.Ind. kṣáyati “besitzt, beherrscht ” (*kÞǝi̯-éti) = Av. xšayati “hat power, force,
might, herrscht, verfũgt worũber, besitzt” , xšayō “power”; O.Ind. kṣatrá - n. “Herrschaft ”, Av.
ap. kšaϑ ra- n. “Herrschaft, Reich; Herrschergewalt ” (Urar. neologism to kṣayati ), O.Pers.
xšüyaϑ iya- “in Besitz the Herrschergewalt, king ” (Pers. šüh), Xšayüršan - “Xerxes” (xšaya -
aršan - “Helden beherrschend ”); common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š-
phonetic mutation
Gk. κτάομαι “erwerbe” (= kṣayati ), perf. κέκτημαι “besitze”, κτέανον (with unclear ε) “
possession, property, fortune ”, poet. κτέαρ, dat. pl. κτεάτεσσιν ds., κτ῅μα n. “ acquisition,
possession, property ”, κτ῅νος n., pl. “ possession, fortune ”, sg. “das einzelne Stũck Vieh” ;
with the same Anlautverhältnis as between κτείνω : gort. κατασκέν ῃ also Att. Υιλο -σκήτ[ης] =
-κτήτης; through hybridization from ἔγ-κτησις and ἔμ-πασις (: πᾶμα) dial. ἔγκτᾶσις
“Landerwerb ”.
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : Gk. tk- > kt- phonetic mutation see Root ĝhðem -
, ĝhðom -, gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : “earth”.
References: WP. I 504, BAL.-SLAV. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gk. I 325 f., 5196.
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kha kha!
English meaning: interjection of laughter
Deutsche Übersetzung: Interjektion of Lachens
Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism
Material: O.Ind. kákhati (Gramm.) “lacht”; Arm. xaxank “ laughter “, Gk. καχάζω (from
*χαχάζω ) “ laugh loud ”; Lat. cachinnō , -üre “hellauf lachen ”, cachinnus “ laughter “; O.H.G.
kachazzen, kichazzen , O.E. ceahhettan “loud lachen ”; O.C.S. etc. chochotati ds.; compare
Lith. kikénti , kiknóti “kichern”.
Similar to onomatopoeic words kük- “auslachen ” in Gk. κηκάζω ‘schmähe” ; O.H.G.
huohōn “ mock, scoff “, O.S. hōhi-līk “ laughable ”; with Gmc. -k-: O.E. hocor n. “ derision “.
--------------------------------
*) The by WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 angefũhrten roots khüd - “bite”, khübh - : khōbh - “feeble”,
khenǝ “dig” are not as IE to prove, ebensowenig das from Specht ( IE Decl. 263, Anm. 4)
angesetzte khü-mo- “crooked”; die from ihm (see 256) angefũhrten O.Ind. Beispiele khalati-
, kharva- , khara- , khaṇḍa -, khora- are sämtlich nicht IE origin. O.Ind. khüd ati “zerbeißt,
chews”, Pers. xüyad ds., could to Arm. xacanem “bite” belong, but also with secondary
expressive Aspiration as *kn̥̄d- to Lith. kándu “bite” (somewhat different above S. 560). Zur
gleichen root ken- (above 559 ff.) could O.Ind. khánati “gräbt” , Inf. kháni -tum, participle
khüta ́ - (*khn̥̄-to-) belong, together with den neologisms khá- n. “cave”, ü-khú- “Maulwurf ”,
khü- ‘stream, brook ”= Av. nom. acc. pl. xü ̊ ds.; O.Ind. khaní - “wũhlend” , f. “Mauseloch ” = Av.
kani- “ditch, trench, channel ”; Av. O.Pers. kann- “dig” (k- from kh- from den compounds with
us-, ham-). Der anlaut from Gk. κᾱφά̄ν, κηφήν “ drone”, κωφός “dull, deaf ” is doubtful, also
the from Church Slavic chabiti ‘spoil”, chabenъ “ woeful, wretched, miserable “, as also the
from Church Slavic chomǫ -tъ “Kummet”, from Specht to Lat. hümus (*khü-mo-) “hook”, Gk.

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χαμός “ writhed, crooked, humped “ (and χαβός ds.) placed (different above S. 555). For
Problem the Tenues Aspiratae, die partly certainly as secondary expressive aufzufassen
are, compare Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ars Ser.-Cr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff., Specht IE Decl.
251 ff. For Slav. anlautenden ch- compare V. Machek Slavia 16 (1938), 161 ff. and J. J.
Mikkola UrSlav. Gramm. 174 ff.
Zahlreiche O.Ind. words nicht IE origin with anlaut. kh-, darunter die above mentioned, by
Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff.
References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.
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kik-
English meaning: jay
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Häher”
Note: onomatopoeic words
Material: O.Ind. kiki-, kikidīví - m. “blauer Holzhäher” (k not to c zur Festhaltung the
onomatopoeic word Schallnachahmung);
Gk. κίσσα, Att. κίττα (*κικι̯-α) “Häher” ;
O.E. higora m., higore f. “picus (Elster or Holzhäher)” , M.L.G. heger n. “Häher” , O.H.G.
hehara “Häher” .
References: WP. I 451.
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klā-
English meaning: to heap up, to put
Deutsche Übersetzung: “breit hinlegen, darauflegen ”
Material: Lith. klóju, klóti “hinbreiten, breit hinlegen ”, Ltv. klâju, klât ds., Lith. klõtas “das
Pflaster in Hofe ”, ùžklodas “ bedspread “, paklõdė “Bettlaken ” (-d- from d- or dh-present as:)
O.Bulg. kladǫ , klasti “laden, lay, place ” (etc., in addition also Russ. kladú “verschneide ”);
t-present (partly perhaps also original to-nouns) in Goth. afhlaÞan “ũberbũrden” , O.Ice.
hlaða , O.E. O.S. hladan , O.H.G. hladan (participle gihlatan ) “aufschichten, laden ”; O.Ice.
hlað “Pflaster in Hofe, Stapel, heap ”, O.E. hlæd n. “Erdaufwurf, heap ”, hlædel “ dipper “,
and full grade (compare Lith. klõtas ) Mod.Ice. hlóð nom. pl. ‘stove, hearth ” as well as O.E.
hlōð f. “booty; bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd ”, anfränk. hlōtha “booty”, M.H.G. luot, md.
lūt “load, big, giant bulk, mass, Rotte ”.
-to- or -sto-, -sti-noun to *hlaÞan is O.Ice. hlass n. “load, cargo ”, agst. hlæst n., O.H.G.
last, pl. lesti f. “load”.
Sonderstellung from O.E. hlóð f. “ robbery, booty ”, hlóðere “ robber “ (: O.H.G. landēri
“latro”, O.Ice. hlenni “ robber, thief ”, hlanna “rob”, Gmc. *hlanÞ -); da also M.H.G. luot, md.
lūt, die not from * hlanÞ - to derive are, die meaning “Rotte” have, is only for the O.E.
Zusammenfließen zweier different words zuzugeben.
References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f.
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kleik̂-
English meaning: to press, squeeze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(schmerzhaft) drũcken, quetschen, klemmen, zwicken”
Material: O.Ind. kliśṇǘti “afflicts, belästigt” , klíśyatē “wird afflicted, leidet ”, klē ́ s ́ a - m. “pain,
affliction, complaint “, saṁ-kliś- ‘squeeze”;
Lith. klìšė f. “Krebsschere ” (therefrom probably also klìšas ‘schiefbeinig ”), kleišiu ́ oti “with
crooked Fũßen run” ;
Slav. *kliša and *klěša “pliers, scissors ” (from Bal.-Slav. *kleiši̯ü - and *klaiši̯ü -) placed in
Pol. kliszawy and Clr. *klíšavyj “ bowlegged ”; besides R.C.S. klěšča “pliers”, Sloven. klẹ́šče ,
Clr. kliščí f. pl. ds. (from Bal.-Slav. *klaišti̯ü -);
Church Slavic klěšta “pliers”, klěštiti “premere”, O.Bulg. sъ-klěštati sę “cruciari”, Russ.
dial. klestítь (= klěstítь ) “press, press, clamp “ etc.
References: WP. I 492, Trautmann 137.
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klem-, klēm -, kl em-
English meaning: weak, ailing, feeble
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff, matt, siech ”
Note: (barely better as klēm - : klǝm - must be assumed)
Material: Das O.Ind. bietet on the one hand klü ́ myati, klü ́ mati “wird tired, erschlafft ”, on the
other hand śrǘmyati “wird tired, mũht sich ab, kasteit sich” , śrüntá - “ermũdet, abgearbeitet” ,
śráma - m. “Ermũdung, tiredness, Erschöpfung” ; śramaṇá - ‘sich kasteiend, Bettelmönch” is
about die ostasiat. Sprachen as Schamane “ magician “ after Europa gekommen ( IE
Reihenwechsel?; also die Doppeldeutigkeit the Liquida erschwert das judgement; from
kerm - “exhaust” jedenfalls wenigstens through die Vokalstellunggeschieden);
Gk. κλαμαράν πλαδαράν , ἀσθεν῅ Hes.;
O.Ir. clam “Aussätziger” , Welsh O.Corn. claf, M.Bret. claff, Bret. klañv , klañ “ sick “.
References: WP. I 498.
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kleng - and klenk -
English meaning: to bend, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen, winden, zusammendrehen ”
Material: 1. Lat. clingō, -ere “cingō or clūdō” (Paul. ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);
O.Ice. hlykkr “ curvature “, hlekkr “ring” (*hlanki- , =) O.E. hlence “limb, member or ring in
a chain “; O.H.G. (h)lanca “hip, haunch ” (“incurvation “ or “place, where man sich abbiegt ”),
M.H.G. lanke “hip, haunch, Seite, Lende, Weiche ”, M.H.G. gelenke “bend”, Ger. gelenk
Subst., gelenk “pliable”, M.H.G. lenken “bend”, Ger. lenken “leiten”, O.E. hlanc “ slim, thin ”
(lit. “pliable”), gehlencan “flax, wattle, braid ”, also O.E. hlinc ‘slope, hill ”; Toch. В kleŋke
“Befestigung ”;
2. with auslaut. Tenuis:
Bal.-Slav. *klenki̯ō “humpele ” in: Lith. klénkti “quick, fast go ”, Ltv. klencêt “humpeln ”,
O.C.S. klęčǫ , klęčati , Clr. kljaču ́ , kljača ́ ty , Ser.-Cr. klȅknem , klȅći “knien”, Sloven. klę́cati
“hinken”, etc.
References: WP. I 498 f., WH. I 233 f., Trautmann 136.
See also: compare die rhyme roots lenk- “bend”, sleng-, slenk- “winden, turn ”, skreng(h)- ,
skrenk- ds.
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kleno -
English meaning: maple
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ahorn”
Note: partly with still unsettled i, ei
Material: Maked. κλινότροχον (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) “ Ahornart ”, Gk. γλεῖνον (Lw.);
M.L.G. lönenholt “Ahornholz ”; N.Ger. löne, läne in pomm.- rũg. lön etc. “Ahorn” (*hluni -z;
from dem Nd. Ger. Lehne, Lenne ‘spitzahorn ”) = O.Ice. hlynr (hlunr ), Dan. løn, Swe. lönn
“Ahorn”, O.E. hlyn ds. (probably better as hlīn); besides O.H.G. M.H.G. līn-, līm-boum , Ger.
Leim- , Lein-baum , -ahorn ;
Lith. (with quite unclear v) klẽvas “Ahorn”;
Russ. klënъ “Ahorn”, Serb. klȅn and kljȅn “Feldahorn ”, kūn (*klъnъ ) “kind of tree ” etc.
References: WP. I 498, Trautmann 136.
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klep-
English meaning: wet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht”??
Material: Gk. κλέπας νοτερόν , πηλ῵δες , ἤ δασύ , ἤ ὑγρόν Hes.;
O.Ir. cluain “meadow ” (k̂lop-ni-, also k̂leu-ni- possible);
Lith. šlampu ̀ , šlapti “damp become ”, šlapuma ̀ “nasse Stelle auf dem Felde ”, šla ̃ pias
“damp”, Ltv. slapêt “damp make ”;
References: WP. I 497, Trautmann 306.
See also: s. still under k̂leu- ‘spũlen” .
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klēg- , klōg -, klǝg -, klang -; kleg -; klōg -; kleig -; kleik -
English meaning: to cry; to sound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreien, klingen ”
Note: various extensions of Schallwortes kel-6 “call, shout, cry ”
Material: 1. Gk. κλαγγή f. “KIang, Getöse, woozy din, fuss, noise” , κλάζω “ clink, sound,
esp. from wirrem Getös; erschallen lassen” (*κλαγγι̯ω; κλάγξω , ἔκλαγον , κέκλαγγα ,
κεκληγώς ); full grade κλώζω (κλωγι̯ω) ‘schnalze, cry ”, κλωγμός “Glucken”;
Lat. clangō, -ere “clash (Trompete); cry, krächze (from birds)” , clangor “Vogelschrei ”;
O.Ice. hlakka (= Lat. clangō ) “cry (eagle), jubilate “; O.E. hlacerian “ deride “; O.Fris.
hlakkia “lachen”;
Lith. klage ́ti , Ltv. kladzêt “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “; with ē̆: Ltv. klę̃gât “cry”,
Lith. klege ́ti “loud lachen ”;
ĭ-forms: Lith. suklìgo “er schrie auf ”, Ltv. klidzêt “cry as ein hawk ”, klìedzu , klìegt , Iter.
klaĩgât “cry” (Leskien abl. 275, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 231 f.).
ŭ-form: Lith. kluge ́ti “glucksen ”;
2. with auslautender Tenuis:
Gk. κλώσσω “ glucke” (late, perhaps rather back-formation from κλωγμός);
M.Ir. clocc m., Welsh etc. cloch f. “bell”; die wellspring from Ger. Glocke etc. is M.Lat.-
rom.clocca “bell”;
Goth. hlahjan (hlōh), O.H.G. (etc.) lahhēn, lahhan “lachen”, hlahtar n. “ laughter, laughter
“, O.E. hleahtor “ laughter, jubilation, lust ”, O.Fris. hlackia “lachen”, Kaus. O.Ice. hlø ̄ gia
“zum Lachenbringen ”, Goth. ufhlōhjan “auflachen make ”; O.Ice. hlæ ̄ ja “lachen”, O.E.
hliehhan ds.;

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R.C.S. klegъtati, klekъtati “cry, esp. of eagle ”, O.Bulg. klьčьtъ “Zähneklappern” (etc., s.
Berneker 511), O.Bulg. klokošto ̨ , -otati “glucken, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “
(etc., Berneker 521).
ī̆-forms: O.E. hlīgan “to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to ”, hlīsa, hligsa “account,
shout, call, fame ”, M.Du. līen bе-līen, līhen ‘say, melden ”, Dutch belijden , O.Fris. hlīa
“melden, bekennen ”;
Lith. klinkù klìkti ‘sudden pfeifend aufkreischen ”; ablaut. klykiù , klỹkti “ screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “;
R.C.S. kliknuti “aufschreien ”, Iterat. O.C.S. klicati “call, shout, cry ”, klikъ “clamor” (etc.,
Berneker 519).
Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: Lat. glōciō, -īre “glucken”, M.H.G.
klukken , O.E. cloccian ds.; O.Ice. klaka “babble”, Eng. clack “rattle, Klappern;
Mũhglöckchen” , M.H.G. Klechel, Kleckel “Glockenschwengel ”; with anlaut. k-: Church
Slavic klъcati “knock”, Lith. klukše ́ti “glucken”; Reimworte bietet die onomatopoeic words
ker-1 S. 567 f.
References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.
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klēp-
English meaning: to hold in the arms, in one ’s lap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with den Armen and in Schoß zusammenhalten” ?
Note:
Root klēp- : “to hold in the arms, in one ’s lap” derived from labial extensions geleb (h)-,
glēb(h)- (: glǝb(h)-) and gleb(h)- (:gl̥b(h)-) of Root gel-1 : “to curl; round, *fathom, arm ” [see
above].
Material: M.H.G. lüfter “ fathom, arm ”, Ltv. klèpis “lap, Schoßvoll” , Lith. klėbỹs “Armweite,
Klafter, armful, armload “ (b perhaps after glėbỹs “ armful, armload “).
Anlautvariante besides Lith. glėbỹs , Ger. Klafter? (see above S. 359 under gel- “ clench
“). - O.H.G. halftra “ halter “, Lith. kìlpa “ loop, noose, snare , Steighũgel” (Persson) see
under skel- ‘split”.
References: WP. I 498, Būga Kalba ir s. I 71, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 224.
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klēu- (also kle ̆ u -?) and klāu-
English meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: perhaps actually “Haken, krummes Holz or Astgabel, Pflöckchen” ,
verbal einerseits “anhaken (sich anklammern), hemmen, also von hinkendem Gauge ”,
andrerseits “durch einen vorgesteckten Haken, Riegel, ein Pflöckchen verschließen”
Material: Gk. Ion. κληΐς -ῖδος, altAtt. κλῄς, Att. κλείς , Dor. κλᾱΐς , -ΐδος ‘schlũssel” (also “bar,
bolt; hakenförmige O ̈ se ; Ruderdolle ”)., Dor. secondary κλᾳξ, epidaur. gen. κλαικος ds.,
κληΐω (Ion.), κλῄω (altAtt.), κλείω (Att. ) “verschließe with a balk, beam, a bar, bolt, a
Schlũssel” , κλήιθρον (Ion.), κλῆθρον (altAtt.), κλεῖθρον (Att. ) “Verschluß” ;
Lat. clüvis ‘schlũssel” , Dimin. clüviculae “Wickelranken of Weins ”, clüvus “nail (zum
nageln): rudder, helm, Ruderpflock ”, claudō, -ere ‘shut, sperren ” (*klüu ̯ i-dō, with
präsensbildendem d); in addition probably claudus “lame, hinkend ” (to clūdus , clōdus s.
WH. I 231), claudeō, -ēre “hinken”.
O.Ir. clō, pl. clōi “nail”; unclear M.Welsh clo m. “bar, bolt, Verschluß” , pl. cloeu “clavi”,
M.Bret. clou “ferrement ” (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);
from dem Gmc. probably here (with beweglichem s-) O.H.G. sliozan , M.L.G. slūten ,
O.Fris. slūta ‘shut”, O.H.G. sluzzil, asächs. slutil ‘schlũssel”, O.H.G. sloz n. ‘schloß” (sl- from
skl-); compare M.Eng. slote = nd. slaten “bar, bolt ”, M.L.G. slēt from * sleuta- “biegsame
shaft, pole ”, if from “Pflöckchen, Aststũck” .
without s- perhaps O.N. hljōta strong. V. “losen, receive ”, O.E. hlēotan , O.S. hliotan
“losen, erlosen ”, O.H.G. hliozan “losen, wahrsagen, conjure, perform magic ”, Goth. hlauts
“lot, fate, Erbschaft ”, O.Ice. hlautr “lot, fate”, O.H.G. hlōz n., O.S. hlōt “lot, fate, zugeteiltes
right or property ”, O.Ice. hlutr “lot, fate, allotment, thing, thing ”, O.H.G. (h)luz “as lot, fate
zugefallener allotment, Landanteil ”, O.Fris. O.E. hlot n. “lot, fate”, Dutch lot ds.;

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Ltv. kĺũt “become, succeed, erlangen ”, kĺũtas “fate, destiny ”, Lith. nekliūtas “Mißgeschick,
mischief “ and Lith. kliudūti “anhaken make ”; if die Gmc. family related is, is rather from
“Pflöckchen, Aststũck as Losstäbchen” auszugehen;
Lith. kliūvu ̀ , kliū ́ ti “anhaken, hangenbleiben ”, kliū ́ tìs , kliū ́ te “ hindrance “, kliáutė “
hindrance, Gebrechen ”, pasikliáu -ju, - ti “trust auf” (“*sich whereof klammern ”), Ltv. kĺūstu ,
kĺũt “(hangenbleiben), (whereto) gelangen, become ”, kĺaustîtiês “hangenbleiben ”, kĺūm -s, -
a, -e “ hindrance “; causative with -d-: Lith. kliudaũ , -ūti “anhaken make ”, kliaudaũ , -ūti
“hinder”, kliaudà “körperliches Gebrechen” (see above to Lat. claudus ), Ltv. kĺũdît Iter. to
kĺũt (see above);
with k-forms O.C.S. ključь “hook, Schlũssel” , ključ-ǫ, -iti “zusammenschließen” ; Russ.
kljuká “ crutch, Krummstab, Ofenkrũcke” , Serb. kljȕka “hook, Schlũssel, agrafe, hook, clasp
“, O.C.S. ključ-im, -iti “bend, crook ”, also Church Slavic kljuka “artifice, deceit ” under
likewise, and as “anhaken = sich zusammenfũgen, passen, sich ereignen ” O.Bulg. kĺučiti sę
“passen, zusammentreffen ” under likewise; probably also Serb. kljȕna “kind of hook,
cramp”, kljûn ‘somewhat Gebogenes, Krummes ”.
References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.
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knei-gʷh-, knei -b-
English meaning: to incline, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “neigen, sich biegen ”
Material: Lat. cōniveō , -ē̆re, -nīvī and -nīxī ‘sich zusammenneigen, sich shut ( claustra ,
lineae); esp. die Augen to press together, ein Auge zudrũcken, nachsichtig sein ”, as *con-
cnī(g)ueō to nictō, -üre “wink, zublinzeln, nicken ”, nītor, -ī, nīsus and nīxus (gnixus Festus)
‘sich stemmen, prop, support; sich whereupon abandon; sich in die Höhe stemmen, climb,
ascend “; Umbr. conegos , kunikaz “conixus” (as though *conigütus: -g- probably analogical
form after verbs auf -g);
Goth. hneiwan, hnaiw ‘sich neigen ”, hnaiws “demũtig, low” (“*gebũckt” ), O.Ice. knīga ‘sich
neigen, sink “, O.S. O.E. hnīgan ds. (O.E. hnüg “gebeugt, verächtlich” ), O.H.G. hnīgan “
incline “; O.H.G. hnëgēn “geneigt sein ”, O.E. hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599
f.); Kaus. O.H.G. hneicken “ incline “, O.Ice. hneigja “ incline, bend, bow, sich verneigen
vor”; denominative (from hnaiws ) Goth. hnaiwjan “erniedrigen ”, O.E. hnæ ̄ gan “demũtigen” ;
O.H.G. nicken “bend, be bent, bow, nicken ”.
Besides IE knei-b- in O.Ice. hnīpa (*hnīpēn , -ōn) “den Kopf hängen lassen, mißmutig
sein”, hnī̆pinn “mißmutig” , gnīpa f. (*ga-hnīpōn -) “ũberhängender rocks” , O.E. hnipian “den
Kopf hängen lassen, mißmutig sein” ; Goth. *ga(h)nipnan “ sad sein ”; Lith. knimbù , knìbti
“zusammenknicken ”.
References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann nom. postverb. 64, 183.
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knid-, k̂nid-, sknid -
English meaning: louse, nit
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Laus, Ei der Laus, Nisse ”
Note: often distorted taboo; compare above S. 437 ghnīdü ds.
Root knid-, k̂nid-, sknid - : “ louse, nit “ derived from Root ghen- : “to crack open, grind,
scratch” hereupon root ghnī̆dü “ nit, louse “. That means zero grade mutations: ghen > kn- ,
skn-: O.Ice. , Nor. dial. gnit f., O.S. gnether , Swe. gnet, Dan. gnid; Ltv. gnīda “ nit, louse “
(Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 633), Lith. glìnda (from * gnìnda dissimilated?); Russ. gnída ,
Sloven. gnjìda , Cz. hnída , Pol. gnida ; about Lat. lēns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and
Specht Decl. 44.
Material: Arm. anic “louse” (*nid-s);
Alb. thënī́ “louse” (*k̂(ë)nid-);
Gk. κονίς, -ίδος f. ( *knid-s), probably an κόνις “ dust” angeglichen;
M.Ir. sned f. “nit”, kymr. pl. nedd , nkorn. neð, Bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nidü );
O.E. hnitu f., O.H.G. (h)niz , Ger. Nisse “egg of the louse ” (*knidü ).
Könnte to (s)ken- ‘scratch, scrape ” belong, as ghnīdü to ghen- ds.
References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht IE Decl. 44, Trautmann 93.
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ko ko, kak(k) -, ku(r)kur-
English meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise as Nachahmung of Naturlautes the Hũhner; words
ohne nachweisbare ältere Geschichte
Material: I. Gk. κακκάβη f., κακκαβίς f. “ partridge, game bird “, κακκαβίζειν of Naturlaut the
Rebhũhner (also das borrowed Lat. cacabüre ), κακκάζειν “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker “;
Lat. cacillüre “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (from the hen) ”;
N.Ger. kakkeln “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker “, nl. kokkelen “kollern (of rooster,
cock)”, next to which O.H.G. gackizōn “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (from the ein
egg legenden hen) ”, Ger. gackern , dial. gaggezen , Ger. Gockel (see also under ghegh- ).
II. Lat. coco coco “Naturlaut the Hũhner” (Petron 59, 2), franz. coq “rooster, cock ”, Dan.
kok, Swe. dial. kokk “rooster, cock ”, O.N. (aFr. Lw.) kokr, O.E. cocc, nl. old cocke ds.;
O.C.S. kokotъ “rooster, cock ”, kokošъ “hen”, Russ. kokotátь “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker “ etc.
Maybe Alb. kokosh “cock”
III. O.Ind. kurkuṭa -, kukkuṭa - m. “rooster, cock ”, kukkubha- m. (mind. for *kurkubha- ) “
pheasant ”; Lat. cūcurriō, -īre “kollern” (of rooster, cock), cūcuru interjection; Ger. kikeriki
(older kũkerukũ, kũkerlũkũh ), md. kuckern, kockern, köcken “crow, cackle ”; Lith. kakarūkū
“kikeriki”, klRuss. etc. kukuríku ds., Serb. kukùriječēm -, -ijèkati , Russ. kukorékatь etc. “crow,
cackle”, Gk. κουρίζω ds.
Maybe Alb. kukurisem “laugh”, kikiriku “cock cackle ”, kakaris “(hen) cackle ”
IV. Gk. κίκιρρος, κικκό ς “rooster, cock ” Hes.; Osc. cicirrus , Cognomen of Messius,
probably “Kampfhahn ”.

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kob-
English meaning: to fare well, be successful
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich gut fũgen, passen, gelingen”
Material: O.Ir. cob n. “victory” , Gaul. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos > Cobnertos MN, Cobrūnus,
-rūnius MN (also ins Slav. gewandert as Kobrynъ, whereof the Stadtname Russ. Коbrynь,
Pol. Kobryń in Gouv. Grodno);
O.E. gehæp “ fitting”, nasal. Swe. hampa sig ‘sich ereignen ” = Nor. heppa ds., heppen
“lucky, gũnstig” , O.Ice. happ n. “luck” (Eng. hap “ chance, luck “, to happen ‘sich ereignen ”,
happy “lucky” from dem Nord.);
O.Bulg. kobь f. “τύχη, Genius, Schutzgeist ”, Church Slavic kobь “οἰωνοσκοπία ,
augurium ”, Russ. old kobь “Wahrsagung, Vorahnung after dem Vogelflug or Begegnung ”,
nowadays dial. “horror, Scheusal ”, Ser.-Cr. kôb “good Vorbedeutung, Glũckwunsch;
Vorahnung, mad, wicked, evil Vorahnung ”, etc.
References: WP. I 457 f.
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kok̂sā (*hoĝhā )
English meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Körperteilbenennung”
Note: (Aryan also *kok̂so -s)
Material: O.Ind. kákṣü f., kakṣa - m. “Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde ”, Av. kaša - m.
“Achsel” (proves - k̂s-); common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lat. coxa f. “hip, haunch ”;
Maybe Rom. coapsů “thigh” : Alb. kofsha “thigh”, kafsha “animal (*meat) ”, kafshoj “bite (like
an animal) ” common Rom.-Illyr. kʷhs- > phs-, fs- phonetic mutatIon..
O.Ir. coss f. “foot”, O.Brit. Αργεντό -κοξος perhaps “ Weißfuß “ (but Welsh cоеs “leg” is
borrowed from Lat.);
O.H.G. hühsina “ knee bow of the hind leg “, M.H.G. hehs e, Ger. Hächse, Hesse bO.Ir.
Haxn.
References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.
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kol(ē̆)i̯-
English meaning: glue
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Leim”
Note: Root kol(ē̆)i̯- : “glue” derived from a reduction of the extended *glei- bh- Root gel-1 : “to
curl; round ” [see above].
Material: Gk. κόλλᾰ “ glue “ (*κόλι̯α);
M.Du. M.L.G. helen ‘stick, glue ” (*haljan );
O.C.S. klějь, klejь “ glue “ (Proto-Slav.. forms *kъlějь, kъlьjь , kъĺe, s. Berneker 659 f.);
Lith. klejaĩ “ glue “ is Lw. from dem Slav. ; Slav. -ъl- reduced grade to -ol-.
References: WP. I 464, Trautmann 144 f.
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kolǝ- : klō-
English meaning: to spin
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spinnen”?
Material: Gk. κλώθω, κλώσκω ‘spinne”, κλωθώ eig. “die Spinnerin ”, κλωστήρ, -῅ρος “
filament, spindle ”;
Lat. colus , -ūs or -ī ‘spinnrocken ”.
Ghegen connection from colus with kʷel- ‘sich drehend herumbewegen ” speaks, daß the
distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) sich not dreht.
Formell kann κλώθω ein dh-present from a heavy basis kolǝ- : klō- sein (*klō-dh-ō or
kolǝ-dhō); kinship at first with κάλαθος “ basket” (“*netting”) wäre denkbar.
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 250.
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kom
English meaning: by, beside, at, with
Deutsche Übersetzung: Adverb (prefix and preposition or Postpos.) ‘so an etwas entlang,
daß Berũhrung with it stattfindet; besides, bei, with”
Material: Gk. κοινός “common ” from *κομ-ι̯ό-ς (*-i̯ó-s “going”);
ligur. FlN Com-beranea , Ven. PN Com-petalis , hispO.N. PN Com-plūtum, Com -pleutica
(ligur.? veneto-Illyr.?);
Lat. cum “with, by”, preposition and (after Pron.) postposition beim abl. (= instr. ), as prefix
com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Celt.) and Vokalen mostly cocō -; also cōram ,
das after palam, clam from co-ōro- “vor dem front situated ” reshaped is; Osc. com, con
preposition “with” beim abl. (= instr.), com- , kúm- prefix “with” (derivative comono , loc.
comenei “comitium ” from * kom- no-); Umbr. com “with”, preposition (only by pronoun
Postpos.) beim abl. (= instr.), stets Postpos. in the meaning “juxta, apud, ad ”, likewise beim
abl. (= instr.), prefix kum- , com- (cо- again before v-: coaertu , kuveitu ); falisk. cuncaptum
“conceptum ”, volsk. co-uehriu abl. “curiü” (*ko-uīrio-, compare Lat. cūria probably from * co-
uĭriü);
Ital. comparative auf -t(e)ro- , das Beisammen from zweien, das Compared with
bezeichnend, in Lat. contrü “compared with, against it, against ” contrō -versia , Osc. contrud
“contra”;
O.Ir. cоn- “with”, preposition beim dat. (= instr. ), prefix Gaul. com- , O.Ir. com- (prokLith.
con-), Welsh cyf-, cyn-, Corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u̯-, e.g. Welsh cy-wir, O.Bret.
keuuir -gar, Gaul. Covīrus MN, Welsh cy-wely “bed”;

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therefrom different O.Ir. cо “to, bis”, preposition m. acc. co a chēle “to seiner Genossen ”
= Welsh bw-y gilydd “(from one) zum other ”, also with originally kʷ; *kom- dho-s “verstehend ”
istvielleicht die base from O.Ir. cond ‘sense, mind, Verstand ” (= O.C.S. sǫ-dъ “judgement ”);
Alb. kë- = Lat. co(m)- ;
for citation also of Gmc. Präfixes ga- speaks dessen basic meaning “with”, compare e.g.
Goth. ga-juka “conjunctus, comrade ”, ga-mains “com-mūnis”, ga-qiman “con-venire ” and
similar congruities; Gmc. g- from χ- in unbetonten prefix; the nasal schwand before the
association with verbs and after deren example also in perhaps ũberkommenen älteren
Nominalkompositis as gamains (man beachte die Vortonigkeit the particle also in letzteren);
unzweideutiges *kom stecktin afränk. ham-ēdii “coniūrütōres” ;
O.C.S. sǫ-dъ “judgement ” see above.
Verwandtes km̥ta “besides, along, downwards, with ” in:
Gk. κάτα, κατά preposition beim acc. “along, about - toward, through - to, in, by ” beim
gen. “about - toward, along, downwards “, beim gen. (= abl. ) “from etwas her herab ”, also
prefix;
O.Ir. cēt-, preceding ceta- (*km̥ta ); in cēt-buith ‘sense, mind ” and also otherwise with dem
verb Subst.; O.Welsh cant, M.Welsh can, gan, O.Corn. cans , Bret. gan “with, by, längs” ;
Hitt. kat-ta (a from m̥?), Postpos. with dat. “under, under an, by, with ” with abl. “from,
from - herab ”; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (?) enkLith. -kán, Pedersen Hitt. 158 f.
References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gk. II 473 ff., irrig ZceltPh. 22, 325
ff.
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konǝmo -, knāmo - or k enǝmo -
English meaning: shin; bone
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schienbein, Knochen ”
Material: Gk. κνήμη f. ‘shinbone, Radspeiche ”, κνημί̄ς, -ῖδος f. (Eol. κνᾶμῐν acc. κνά̄μιδες
nom. pl. ) “Beinschiene ”;
O.Ir. cnüim “leg, bone ” (whether Gk. Celt. -nü- = IE n̥̄, i.e. -enǝ-, or = IE -nü-, i.e. full grade
the 2. syllable sei, is unentschieden);
with full grade the 1. syllable ( kon[ǝ]mü ) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- (out of it partly -
m-):
O.H.G. hamma “Hinterschenkel, popliteus “, O.E. hamm “ popliteus “, O.Ice. hǫm f.
‘schenkel (an animals) ”.
Doubtful is, whether the meaning from Hom. κνημός “Bergwald, bewachsener Berghang ”
(“*calf of Berges ”?) through N.Ger. hamm “Bergwald ” as old erwiesen wird, da latter
perhaps as umzäuntesWaldstũck with M.L.G. ham “eingefriedetes Stũck Land” , N.Ger.
hamme “umzäuntes field” (see kem- “ to press together “) to connect is.
References: WP. I 460 f.
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kopso -
English meaning: blackbird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Amsel”
Note: (: k̂op- “ onomatopoeic words ”?)
Material: Gk. κόψ-ιχος “ blackbird ”, κόσσυ-φος (diss. from *κοψ -υφος) ds.;
R.C.S. (etc.) kosъ “blackbird ”. - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under assumption from IE k̂-
(das in kosъ because of consecutive s as k festgehalten sei) eine onomatopoeic words k̂op-
the basic: Church Slavic sopǫ ‘spiele die flute ”, O.Bulg. sopьcь “αὐλητής” , Russ. sopětь
“pant, gasp ” etc. and O.Ind. śáb-d-a- m. ‘sound, clangor, discourse, word ” (to - d-suffix in
words for din, fuss, noise s. Brugmann II2 1, 467), śápati “verflucht ”, -tē “beteuert, gelobt ”.
References: WP. I 457, Trautmann 299.
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koro-s, kori̯o -s
English meaning: war, warrior
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Krieg, Kriegsheer ”
Material: 1. without formant -i̯o-, -i̯a-: Lith. kãras “war, fight ” and lengthened grade O.Pers.
küra- m. “Kriegsvolk, Heer; people ”, Pers. kür-zür ‘schlachtfeld ”.
2. Gk. κοίρανος (from *Κοίρονος) “ military leader, king, master, mister ” (derivative from
*κοῖρος from *κόρι̯ος with formants -no-; also O.Ice. herjann “Heervater ” as epithet Odins
from harja- “Heer” from; κοιρανέ ω “befehlige; herrsche ”, κοιρανί α “Herrschaft ”, compare of
unerweiterten *κοῖ ρο- EN as Κοιρόμαχος (Boisacq s. v.);
M.Ir. cuire m. “troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass ”, Gaul. Tri-, Petru-corii Völkernamen
(“die drei-, vierstämmigen” );
Goth. harjis , O.Ice. herr, O.E. here “Heer”, O.H.G. O.S. heri “Heer, bulk, mass ”, PN
altGmc. Hari-gasti (dat.), perhaps Göttername (Neckel KZ. 60, 284);
Lith. kãrias “Heer”, kãrė “war, fight ”, karỹs “warrior”, Ltv. kar”š “war, fight, Heer ”, O.Pruss.
kargis (consigns kragis ) “Heer”, caryawoytis acc. sg. “Heerschau ”;
compare also above kar-1 S. 530, where die Bal.-Slav. examples also here belong cO.N.
References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.
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krā[u]- : krǝu- : krū ̆-
English meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufeinander, auf einen Haufen legen, zudecken, verbergen ”
Material: O.Ir. cráu, cró m. ‘stall, cottage, shack, shed ” (*krǝu ̯ o -), Welsh craw m. ‘stall”,
Corn. crow , Bret. kraou ds.;
Lith. kráuju , króviau , kráuti “aufeinanderlegen, häufen, packen, laden” ; Ltv. kŕaũnu
(kŕauju ), kŕãvu , kŕaũt “häufen” ; Iter. Lith. kráustyti , Ltv. kŕaũstît “häufen” , kravât “ snatch “,
krauja , kŕava , kŕuva “ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind “; Lith.
krūva ̀ (acc. krũva ) “heap”, kriáutė , kráutė “Bodenraum ”;
O.Bulg. krovъ “roof” (*krǝu ̯ o -), ablaut. kryjǫ , kryti “cover, hũllen, conceal” etc.;
with s-extension:
Russ. krūša “roof”, Serb. krîšom adv. “ clandestine “ (etc., also:)
O.Ice. hreysar pl. f., hreysi n., besides Nor. rūsa, N.Ger. rūse “heap”; O.Ice. hraun n. “
cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, steinerner ground ”.
Auf krü[u]- based on perhaps Ltv. krãju , krât “gather, collect, häufen” , O.Bulg. (with
präsensbildendem d) kradǫ , krasti ‘steal”.
Labial extension ( -bh-): Gk. κρύπτω “ verberge ”, κρυφ῅ “ clandestine “ under likewise,
κρύβδην ds.;
with p-extension (compare above κρύπτω) Ltv. krâpju , krâpu , krâpt ‘steal, cheat,
deceive”, Lith. krópti ‘steal”; about Goth. hrōt and O.E. hrōf “roof” see under kred- and
k̂rapo -, also Mũhlenbach -Endzelin Ltv.-D. Wb. II 269; Toch. В kraup-, В krop- “gather,
collect”; compare also k̂lep-;
for O.Ice. hraukr , Ir. cruach “heap” under likewise, die an sich a k-extension our root
deriving could, s. eine other interpretation under sker- , skereu- “turn”. In same sense

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dubious is O.N. skrūf n. “aufgestapelter heap ”, skrūfr m. ‘schopf”, Nor. dial. skrauv
‘schaumgipfel ”, etc. (hätten bewegliches s-).
Dental extensions shine, appear, seem: O.Ice. hrauð f. poet. “Brũnne” , O.E. hréad f.
“jewellery ”; O.Ice. hrjōða “cover, adorn ”, O.E. hréodan ds. (compare Lith. kráudinu “lasse
laden?”) besides hyrst m. “jewellery, armament, armor ”, O.H.G. hrust m. ds., O.H.G.
(h)rusten “rũsten” .
References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.
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kred-
English meaning: beams
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gebälk”
Note: (k̂red-? see under)
Material: Goth. hrōt n. “roof”, O.N. hrōt “roof, Dachraum ”, O.S. O.E. hrōst ‘sparrenwerk of
Daches” (*krōd-s-to-) = Dutch roest “Huhnerstange, Hũhnerleiter” , M.H.G. rüz, rüze
‘scheiterhaufen ”(*krēdü ; fem. collective as O.C.S. krada ); with M.H.G. rüz(e)
‘scheiterhaufen ” deckt sich M.H.G. rüz, rüze “honeycomb ”, afr. rüta, mnl. rüte “honeycomb ”,
next to which with ablaut mnl. rēte (*hretōn -) and rōte, dial. still röte (*hruti-) “honeycomb ”;
O.Bulg. krada ‘scheiterhaufen, Holzstoß” (*krōdü ).
As ‘sparrenwerk, from Latten etc. Gezimmertes ” kann here belong: Lith. kre ́slas
‘stattlicher Stuhl ”, Ltv. krę̂sls , O.Pruss. creslan “Lehnstuhl ”, Lith. krãsė ‘stuhl”, Russ. kréslo ,
Cz. křeslo “Armstuhl ”, as well as Lith. krósnis , Ltv. krüsns “oven”, Church Slavic krosno
“liciatorium ”, Russ. krósno “loom; Stũck canvas, fabric” , Bulg. krosnó “Aufzug beim loom;
Torriegel ”, krósna f. “ cradle “, Ser.-Cr. krȍsna “loom”, Cz. krosna , kru sna (old krósna )
“Traggestell ”.
References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.
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krei-1
English meaning: to touch, brush
Deutsche Übersetzung: “about etwas drũberhinstreifen, berũhren”
Material: O.Ice. hrīna “wirken”, O.E. asächs. O.H.G. hrīnan “touch, stripe ” (no-present); after
Wissmann nom.postverb. 152 ff. here O.E. hrenian “einen Geruch ausströmen” , O.Fris.
strong. V. hrena “einen Geruch feel ”; O.E. O.Ice. hrīm, M.H.G. rīm “ hoarfrost “;
Lith. krėnà f. “ skimmings, cream ” (“was man abstreift, abschöpft” ), Ltv. kreju , krèju , krìet
“die cream from the milk abschöpfen” , krèims m. “ skimmings ” (from deverbalem krèjums
“was man abstreifen kann ”);
besides with Gmc. p: asächs. hrīpo , O.H.G. hrīfo “ hoarfrost “.
References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.
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krek-1 (-k̂-?)
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”, also vom Festschlagen of Gewebes, of Einschlages in
the Weberei, daher also “weben, Gewebe ”
Material: Gk. κρέκω “hit, klopfe; schlage das Gewebe fest ”, κρόκη “Einschlagfaden,
Gewebe”, κρόξ ds., κροκοῦν “to weave ”, κροκύς , -ύδος f. “Wollflocke ”;
O.Ice. hræll (*hraŋhilaz ) ‘staff zum Festmachen of Gewebes ”, O.E. hrēol (*hrehulaz )
“Haspel”; O.E. hrægl n. “dress, garment “, Eng. rail, O.Fris. hreil; O.H.G. hregil n.
“indumentum, spolium ”;
Ltv. krękls “Hemd”;
if das Ltv. word sein zweites k through West IE influence receive hat, kann also following
Slav. family angereiht become: Russ. krešu ́ , kresátь “with dem Feuerstahl fire hit ”, Clr.
kresáty , kresnúty “fire hit”, dial. “hew, hit, strike generally “, Ser.-Cr. krȅšēm , krèsati “fire hit;
Steine behauen; Aste abschlagen ” (etc., s. Berneker 611).
References: WP. I 483 f.
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krek-2, kr̥k-
English meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Froschlaich, Fischlaich, schleimiges Zeug in Wasser ”
Material: O.Ice. hrogn n., O.H.G. (h)rogan , rogen “Rogen, Laich ”;
Lith. kurkulaĩ pl. “ spawn of frogs “, Ltv. kur̂kulis ds., Lith. apkurkóti ‘sich with
Wassermoos beziehen ”;
Maybe Alb. karkalec “grasshopper (jumping like a frog) ” : Bulg. скакалец (skakalec )
“grasshopper ” [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from Bulg. скачам (skakam )”I jump” a
misinterpretation of Lith. kurkulaĩ pl. “ spawn of frogs “, Ltv. kur̂kulis .
in spite of phonetic Schwierigkeiten here die Slav. family of Serb. ȍkrijek “Wassermoos,
Algen”, Slov. kre ́k, žabo -kre ́čina “ spawn of frogs “ etc., ablaut. Slov. krâk “ spawn of frogs;
grũner Überzug an Pfũtzen, Wassermoos”, with auffälligem ja: Russ. krjak “ spawn of frogs
“, Cz. dial. okřaky ‘sammelname for Wasserpflanzen ”?
References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.
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krep-1, kr̥p-
English meaning: body
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Leib, Gestalt ”
Note: (or kʷerp -? see under)
Material: O.Ind. kr̥pǘ instr. sg. ‘shape, beauty ”, Av. kǝrǝfš , kǝhrpǝm ‘shape, body ”, M.Pers.
karp “Кörper” (Av. xrafstra- n. “Raubtier ” from * krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed- “eat”?);
perhaps (?) Alb. sh-krep, sh-kep “gleiche ein wenig ” (sh = IE sem, som, sm̥-, compare to
meaning O.H.G. gi-līh “gleich”: līh “body”);
Lat. corpus, -oris n. “body, body ”;
M.Ir. crī f. “body” (*kr̥pes );
O.H.G. ( h)rëf m. “body, lower abdomen, womb ”, O.Fris. href, hrif “belly”, O.E. hrif n.
“womb, belly ” (*hrefiz- = *krepes -), O.E. mid(h)rif , O.Fris. midref “Zwerchfell ” (“*in the Withte
the Leibeshöhle” ).
Gk. πραπίς, mostly pl. - ίδες “ Zwerchfell” , das den anlaut as kʷ erwiese, is in
seinerZugehörigkeit doubtful, da die corresponding meaning from O.E. mid(h)rif probably
auf dem 1. part of Kompositums based on; es mũßte because πραπίς eine short form to a
similar composition sein; after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. wäre IE
*kʷerp - taboo metathesis to *perkʷ - “life, world, oak ” (Goth. faírƕus “world”).
References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.
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kret-1
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtteln”
Note: (whether as “bump, poke ” with kret- “hit” identical? or extension from sker- “turn,
kreisend schwingen ”?)
Material: Lith. krečiu ̀ , krěsti ‘shake, schũttelnd streuen” , Iter. krataũ , -ūti ds., kretù krete ́ti
‘sich hin and her bewegen, shake oneself, shiver ”, Ltv. krèst ‘shake”, Iterat. kratît , krętulis
“kind of Sieb ” (Ltv. kraitât “lurch” Entgleisung from a *krit- from);
M.Ir. crothaim ‘shake”, Gaul.-rom. *crottiüre ‘shake”;
O.H.G. redan ‘sieben”, Ger. dial. räder , rädel ‘sieb”; O.Ice. hraðr “quick, fast ”, O.E. hræÞ ,
hräed “quick, fast, behend ”, Eng. rather “lieber”, O.H.G. hrad, hrat “velox, strenuus ”;
O.Ice.hræ ̄ ða “frighten (trans.) ”, hræ ̄ ddr “entsetzt”;
also O.E. ü-hreddan “befreien, retten ”, O.H.G. retten “move, drive, push; befreien, retten ”
as “from the Gefahr wegs toßen” ?
References: WP. I 484, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.
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kret-2
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Note: probably originally with kret-1 identical
Material: Gk. κρότος “ jedes through Schlagen, Stampfen, Klatschen entstehende noise ”;
κροτεῖν “ klatschen, knock, hit ”, κρόταλον “ Klapper”, κρόταφος ‘schläfe” (actually “*das
Klopfen”); “Berghang; Seite ”, κροταφί ς ‘spitzhammer ”;
in addition with originally probably bare present nasalization O.Ice. hrinda , hratt,
O.E.hrindan, hrand “bump, poke ”;
perhaps die Slav. family of O.Bulg. krošto ̨ , krotiti “tame”, krotъkъ “gentle, mild, mäßig” , if
originally “ through Prũgeln mũrbe machen” ?
References: WP. I 484 f., Berneker 624.
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kreu-1, kreuǝ - : krū - ; kreus -, krus -
English meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “thick, stockendes Blut, blutiges, rohes Fleisch ”, presumably
“geronnen (vom Blut) ”, in addition eine 2. group kreus- , krus- for “Eis (as erstarrendes),
Kruste (originally von Eis or Wundschorf), Eisscholle, Erdscholle ” (see under) and verbal
“frieren, schaudern (Gänsehaut)”
Material: A. O.Ind. kravís - n. “rohes Fleisch ” (= Gk. κρέFας), kravyam n. “blood” (*krou̯i̯o - =
O.Pruss. krawian n.), krū-rá- “blutig, cruel, savage ” = Av. xrūra - “blutig, grausig, cruel,
savage” (: Lat. crūdus ?) in compound with i- for ro-stem, Av. xrvi-dru- “the eine blutige
Holzwaffe fũhrt” , i.e. xruvi-dru- , Av. xrū- f., xrūm (= xruvǝm ) acc. ‘stũck blutiges Flei sch”,
xrvant- (i.e. xrūvant -) “grauenhaft, grausig ” (: Lat. cruentus ), xrvī̆šyant - “blutdũrstig, Grausen
erregend ”, xrūta - “grausig, cruel, savage ”, xrūnya - n. “Bluttat, blutige maltreatment “, xrūma -
“grauenhaft, grausig ”; with a meaning “*geronnen* = “thick, hard ”, O.Ind. krūd ̣ a ́ yati “makes
dick, tight, firm ”, Av. xrū ̆ ždra - “hard” (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound
xruždi -vačah - “with derber, lauter voice sprechend ”), xraoždva - “hard”;
Gk. κρέας n. “Fleisch” (*kreu̯ǝs );
Lat. cruentus “blutig” (see above), cruor m. “das rohe, thick blood ” (*kreu̯ōs ), Osc.
krustatar “crusta tegitor ” (Denom. from *krus-tü), Lat. crusta “crust, bark, scurf ”, originally
“das fest gewordene blood auf an wound ” (*krŭs-tü), crūdus “raw, rough, hard ” (*krū-do-),
crūdēlis “cruel, savage, herzlos ”;
Gaul.-rom. crōdios “hard” (*kroudios );
maybe Alb. ( *kroudios ) krodhe “bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot ”, krodhë
“beehive, hole (wound?) ”

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M.Ir. crú (*krūs ), gen. cráu, cró (*kruu̯os ), Welsh crau, Corn. crow (*kruu̯ü ) “blood” (see
Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), O.Ir. crūaid (*kroudis ) “hard,
tight, firm ”, Bret. kriz (*krūdis ) “cru, cruel ” (Pedersen KG. I 207; not Lw. from Lat. crūdus );
das d in Celt. and Lat. through dissimilation from r?
Lith. kraũjas “blood” (: O.Ind. kravya-m ), O.Pruss. crauyo, krawian ds., Lith. krùvinas
“blutig”, krùvinu “make blutig ”, participle krùvintas “blutig gemacht ”, Ltv. kreve “geronnenes
blood, scurf, crust ”;
maybe Alb. kruaj ‘scratch, damage, injure ”, krua, kroje pl. “liquid, rapid ”, (*krev- ) kredh
“plunge in water ” [common Alb. f > th , v > dh shift]; Kruja Alb. city.
Slav. *kry (*krūs), gen. *krъve “blood” in Slov. krî, O.Pol. kry, O.C.S. krъvь ; O.C.S.
krъvьnъ “blutig” (= Lith. krùvinaš );
O.H.G. (h)rō , (h)rawēr , O.S. hrü, O.E. hrēaw , O.Ice. hrür “raw” (*hrawa- ).
B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi- , Gk. Καύκασις “Kaukasus ” (as “eis-gleaming ”);
Gk. τὸ κρύος “ frost” (= *κρύσος?), κρυσταίνω “ make congeal, freeze “, κρύσταλλος “ ice;
crystal”, κρῡμός “frost” (*κρυσμός), from κρύος derived (?) κρυόεις “ eerie “, κρυερός “ eerie,
cruel, savage ”;
O.Ice. hriōsa, hraus ‘shudder”, hrjōstr n. “rauher bottom ” (: Lat. crusta ), O.H.G. (h)roso ,
(h)rosa “ice, crust ” (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa ), O.E. hrūse “earth, ground ”
(diese s-forms in relationship to τὸ κρύος and:)
Ltv. kruvesis, kruesis “frozen ordure ”, Lith. atkrũsti , preterit -krūsau ̃ “wiederaufleben, from
Erfrorenem ” (“*auffrieren ”); Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 291.
without - s- presumably Nor. dial. ryggja ‘shudder” (compare κρυερός), viel fraglicher O.E.
hrēoh “rough (of weather), grieving, wild ”.
References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1
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kreu-2
English meaning: to fall down, collapse
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammenstũrzen, stũrzen, fallen”
Note: only Gmc. and Balt
Material: O.Ice. hrun n. “Zusammenbruch ”, hrynia “fall”;
O.Pruss. krūt “fall”, kruwis “fall” (but Ltv. kruts ‘steil abfallend, steil abhängend” as Lw. to
Clr. krutoj “winded, steil, schroff ”, see under kert- “turn”); perhaps Ltv. kràulis “Absturz”,
kràuja ‘steiles bank, border, shore ”, krauta “bank, border, shore ”;
with -s- O.E. hrēosan “fall”;
with -d- O.Ice. hrjōta “fall, spring ”, M.H.G. rūzen ‘sich eilig bewegen ”;
with -t- O.E. hrīðig ‘schneebedeckt ”, O.Ice. hroði “offal”, hrȳðr “es bricht hervor ” (from
vapor, fire under dgl), hryðja “naßkaltes weather, rain and snow” .
References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann nom. postverb. 127.
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kreu-3, krou -s-
English meaning: to push, hit, break
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, schlagen, zerschlagen, brechen ”
Material: The unadjusted root perhaps in O.H.G. (h)riuwan “afflict, sadden, verdrießen” ,
Ger. reuen , O.E. hrēowan “afflict, sadden ”, O.Ice. hryggr “ grieving “, O.E. hrēow ds., f. “
repentance “, O.H.G. (h)riuwa “ repentance “ (different Persson Beitr. 178); about O.Bulg.
krupa “ gobbet, lump, Krũmchen” (wäre eine p-extension) see under kreup - ‘scurf”.
krous -: Gk. κρούω “poke, push, hit ” (*κρούσω, compare ἐκρούσθην , κρουστέος;
κρουστικός ‘stoßend, widerhallend” ); Hom. κροαίνω “hit, stamp, of Pferde ” (*κρουσανι̯ω ),
κροιός “abgebrochen, damages “ (*κρουσιός );
O.Ice. hrosti m. “gemaischtes malt “;
Lith. krušu ̀ , krùšti (kriùšti ) ‘stomp, zerstoßen” , kruša ̀ f. “hail”, Ltv. krusa “hail”, Lith. Iter.
kriaušau ̃ , -ūti, Ltv. kràusêt ‘stomp”, Lith. kr(i)aũšius , pakraũšius ‘slope”;
O.Bulg. u-kruchъ (Church Slavic also kruchъ) “piece, fragment, gobbet “, O.Bulg. sъ-
krušiti “break, rupture, grind (trans.) ”, sъ-krušenь je “Zerknirschung ” (Pol. s-krucha “
repentance “), ablaut. *krъchá “ gobbet, Krũmchen” (Russ.krochá ‘shred”), *krъchъkъ “frail,
breakable, brittle “ (Pol. krechki ), *krъšiti (Slov. kŕšiti) “ dismember, break, rupture, grind ”
(etc., s. Berneker 628-630).
References: WP. I 480 f., Trautmann 143.
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kreup -
English meaning: scab
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schorf, sich verkrusten ”
Material: Gaul. cruppellarii “ armoured gladiators of the Aedui [Celtic tribe] “, Brit. Mons
Graupius (leg. *Croupios ), because of IE p veneto-Illyr. origin (Pokorny UrIllyr. 131);
O.Ice. hrjūfr “rough, scabbed “, hrȳfe ‘scurf, scab ”, hrūfa “ sore bark “, O.E. hrēof “rough,
schorfig, aussätzig” , O.H.G. riob “aussätzig” , hriupī ‘scabies”, (h)ruf, pl. hruvi , M.H.G. ruf
“blister, bubble, scurf, scab, crust, eschar, leprosy “, Ger. bO.Ir. ruff f. “crust auf rasch
getrocknetem Erdreich ”, rũfe, riefe “ leprosy, scurf, scab ”, O.H.G. ge-rob, Ger. grob;
maybe Alb. rrufe “(burning) lightning ”
Lith. su-si-kraũpti “ shudder together “, nu-krùpęs “ scaly, scabby “, kraupùs “rough”, Ltv.
kŕaũpa “ crust, scab, eschar, wart “, kŕaũpis “ crust, scab, eschar; toad “ (from the warty
skin; O.Pruss. crupeyle “frog”), kŕū̀pu , kŕupu , kŕupt ‘shrunk”, krupis “ toad, dwarf “; of the
ruptured skin (becoming rough) ( “ goose bumps “) also Lith. pakraũpti , kruptis ‘shudder,
frighten”.
Against it Russ. krúpnyj “ coarsely granulated; big, large ”, Cz. krupū “ clumsy, rough “ at
first to O.Bulg. krupa “ gobbet, tiny bits “, etc. [in addition changing through ablaut Alb.
krip(ë), krũp f. ‘salt” (*krūpü )]; this family probably lit. “the ruptured “ or likewise to kreu-3 ,
krou-s- “break, rupture, bump, poke ”, see there.
References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.
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kreu-t- (kreu -dh-?)
English meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtteln, schwingen, lebhaft bewegen”
Material: M.H.G. rũtten (*hrudjan ) “rũtteln , shake”, Ger. “zer-rũttet”, Eng. rudder, ruddle
‘sieb”; O.E. hrēaðe -mūs “Fledermaus ”; probably O.Ice. hraustr “rash, hasty, gamy ”; perhaps
as ‘sich schũttelnd, fluctuating “: O.H.G. hriot, Ger. Riet, O.S. hriod , O.E. hrēod “ reed “
(*kreu- dho-);
compare Toch. A kru “reed”?
Lith. krutù , -e ́ti ‘sich regen, sich rũhren” , krutùs “rũhrig, active “ ;
References: WP. I 481, Trautmann 143 f.
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krē ̆ k-4 : krok -
English meaning: to tower; beams
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ragen, hervorragen ”? and “vorspringender Balken or Pflock under
likewise”
Note: with -u- extended
Material: Gk. κρόσσαι “Mauerzinnen, Absätze, stufenartig an the wall hinaufgefũhrte Steine”
(*kroki̯ü ); in addition probably also as “vorspringender filament “ κροσσοί “hervorragende
Einschlagfäden, Verbrämung” ;
O.Ir. crích f. (*krēku ̯ ü ) “end, limit, boundary, furrow ” = Welsh crib “comb, cusp, peak,
acme, apex “;
O.H.G. *hragēn , M.H.G. Ger. ragen , M.H.G. rac “ stiff “, to ræhe , O.H.G. * hrühi ‘starr, stiff
“, further M.H.G. Ger. regen “ragen make, uplift, set up ”; O.E. ofer-hræ ̄ gan “ũberragen” ;
Lith. žem. krãkė f. ‘stick”;
Slav. *kroky , gen. -ъve in Russ. krókva “ shaft, pole; toggle; Dachsparren ”, Cz. krokva ,
old krokev , gen. krokve ‘sparren, Dachsparren ” (Berneker 621).
References: WP. I 482, Trautmann 139.
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kr(o)k -sko-, -u-
English meaning: arm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Arm under likewise ”?
Material: O.Ind. kiṣku - m. “ forearm; Stiel an axe; ein measurement of length ” (mind. for
*kr̥sku -);
Alb. krakë “ upper arm, shoulder, Flũgel” (*krok-sko- ?);
maybe Alb. krah “arm” [common Alb. -k- > -h- phonetic mutation]
probably to Lith. kárka ‘schweinefuß, Vorderbein of Schweines” , ablaut. E.Lith. kirkãlis m.
‘stelze”;
Slav. *korka f. in Sloven. kráka , kráča ‘schweinefuß” ;
besides Slav. *korkъ in Bulg. krak “leg, foot”, Russ. ókorok “ham”; in addition ablaut.
Slav. *krokъ m. in Ser.-Cr. krôk (gen. krȍka ), Cz. krok “ footstep “ and Slav. *korakъ m. in
Ser.-Cr. kȍrâk , Sloven. korák ds.
Quite unklare the ablaut relatIon.
References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.
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krom-
English meaning: wooden fence, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gestell from Latten, hölzerne Umzäunung”
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. hremma “catch, clamp “, O.E. hremman “einengen, behindern ” (probably
from “*einzäunen” ), O.Fris. hrembend “manacle ”, Dutch remmen “(ein wheel) hemmen,
sperren” (“*with a balk, beam ”), presumably also O.Ice. hrefni “unterste Planke ũberm
Schiffsboden ” and Goth. hramjan “kreuzigen ” (as “an ein Gestell heften ”);
Russ. krómy pl. “loom” , zakromítь “with Brettern umstellen ”, Clr. prykromūty “bändigen” ,
Russ. s-krómnyj “bescheiden ” etc.
References: WP. I 487 f.
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krū ̆ t-
English meaning: protuberance; brost; belly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wölbung, Brust, Bauch”
Material: M.Ir. crott f. “ hunch, Harfe ”, Ir. cruit ds., altBrit.-Gaul. crotta “Harfe”, Welsh crwth
m. “ hunch, Geige ”, croth f. “belly, uterus, vulva ”;
Lith. krūtìs “ female brost ”, krūtine “brost”, Ltv. krùts “hill, brost ”.
Probably to kreu- “ curve “, see under (s)ker- , (s)kereu- “turn”.
References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht IE Decl. 772.
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kseip -, kseib -
English meaning: to throw, be thrown
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, schwingend schleudern, in schwingender heftiger
Bewegung sein ”
Material: O.Ind. kṣipáti “wirft, schleudert ”, Kaus. kṣēpáyati , kṣiprá -ḥ “quick, fast ”; with
voiced-nonaspirated O.C.S. ošiba -jǫ, -ti ‘sich abwenden ”, Russ. šiba ́ tь “throw”, šíbkij “quick,
fast”, ošiba ́ tь “chop, cut, reject ”, ošiba ́ tь sja ‘sich irren”.
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation
Hence Slavic xš- > š- phonetic mutation is of Pers. origin.
References: WP. I 501.
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kseubh - (*ĝhseubh -)
English meaning: to sway, swing
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwanken, in schwingender Bewegung sein ”
Material: O.Ind. kṣúbhyati , kṣṓbhatē (kṣubhnṓti , -nü ́ ti) “ sways, zittert ”, kṣōbhayati “ places
in Bewegung ”, kṣōbha - m. ‘schwanken, Erschũtterung” ; Av. xšaob - “in Aufregung geraten ”
(xšufsa ̨ n ), Pers. ü-šuftan, ü -šoftan “in Bewegung versetzen ”, ü-šōb “perplexity, Tumult ”;
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation
Pol. chybać ‘swing, hin and her bewegen ”; chybki “behend, rash, hasty ”; Clr. chybáty
“doubt, unschlũssig sein” , chūba (*kṣūbü ) “lack, fault, error ” etc.
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.
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kseud - (*ĝheud -)
English meaning: to grind in little pieces
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klein stampfen ”
Material: O.Ind. kṣṓdati ‘stampft, zermalmt ”, kṣōda - m. “ shove, Stampfen, Zermalmen;
meal, flour, Pulver, Puder ”, kṣudrá - ‘small; low, gemein ”, compounds kṣṓdīyas -; kṣudrá - n.
“mote, speck ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch- phonetic mutation
O.Bulg. chudъ ‘small; small, evil, bad ”, compounds chuždьjь (: O.Ind. kṣṓdīyas -).
Machek (Slavia 16, 174) nimmt as originally meaning “ skinny “ an ( Cz. chudū “ poor,
bad, lean “), das er somit to O.Ind. kṣudhyati “hungert”, kṣōdh -uka- “ hungry” stellen
möchte.
O.C.S.: xudъ ‘small, insignificant, scanty ” [adj o]; xuždii “worse”; Russian: xudój “thin, lean,
bad, full of holes ” [adj o]; xúže “worse”
Maybe Alb. (*kṣōda -) hollë “ poor, bad, lean “ common Slav.- Alb. ch/h reading; common
Alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutatIon.
connection from O.Ind. kṣudrá - with Av. xšudra - “fluid” (see kseud -2) versucht
Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21) to begrũnden.
References: WP. I 502.
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kuku
English meaning: cuckoo cooing
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nachahmung of Kuckucksrufes ”
Material: O.Ind. kōkila ́ - m. “the indische cuckoo ”, kō ́ ka - m. “cuckoo” (also “goose; wolf ” see
under kün).
Gk. κόκκυξ , -ῡγος m. “cuckoo” (dissim. from *κυκκυ -), κόκκυ: ‘shout, call of Kuckucks ”,
κοκκύζω “ rufe cuckoo ”;
Lat. cucūlus “cuckoo” (unmittelbar from *cucū shaped);
M.Ir. cūach (or neologism to O.Ir. cōi < *kovik-s , gen. cūäch ?), Welsh cog “cuckoo”; Ger.
(without consonant shift infolge stets nebenhergehender neologism) Kuckuck ;
Lith. kukúoti , Ltv. kū ̆ kuo ̂ t “cuckoo call, shout, cry ”; Serb. kȕkavica “cuckoo” Russ. kukúša
etc. ds., r. kukuvátь etc. “as ein cuckoo call, shout, cry ”.
maybe Alb. kukuvajkë “cuckoo” : Russ. kukúša etc. ds., r. kukuvátь etc. “as ein Kuckuck
rufen” not from Serb. kȕkavica “cuckoo”
References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.
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ku-, kus - (*kʷukʷh -)
English meaning: to kiss
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “Kuß”
Note: (compare bu- S. 103)
Material: Gk. κυνέω, ἔκυσσα “ kiss” (ne-Infixpräsens *κυ -νε-σ-[μι]). With Hemmung the
consonant shift in onomatopoeic words O.Ice. koss, O.E. coss, O.H.G. kus “kiss”, O.Ice.
kyssa , O.E. cyssan , O.H.G. kussen “kiss”; Goth. kukjan , oFris. kũkken seems out of it in the
Kindersprache reshaped to sein;
Hitt. 3. pl. kuwassanzi ‘sie kũssen” .
similar O.Ind. cū ́ s ̣ ati ‘sucks”, cuścuṣü ‘schmatzen beim food, eating ”.
References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 151.
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ku̯ak-
English meaning: croaking, quacking
Deutsche Übersetzung: Einzelsprachliche Nachahmungen of Froschlautes and
Entengeschnatters
Material: Gk. κοάξ “of Quaken of frog ”, Lat. coaxare “quaken” (probably Nachbildung from
κοάξ), dt. quack, quacken “from Fröschen; chatter (duck) etc.” , Swe. dial. kvaka “ chatter
wieeine duck “, O.Ice. kvaka “chirp, twitter ”, Russ. kvákatь “quaken”, under likewise
Maybe Alb. (*ku̯ak ) kuak “croak”
References: WP. I 468.
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ku̯at(h)-
English meaning: to ferment, become sour
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gären, sauer werden, faulen”
Material: O.Ind. kváthati ‘siedet, kocht ”, kvütha ́ - m. “Decoct”;
Goth. ƕaÞō f. ‘scum, froth, foam ”, ƕaÞjan ‘schäumen” , Swe. dial. hvü (*hvaÞa ) ‘scum,
froth, foam ”, O.E. hwaÞerian, hwoÞerian ‘schäumen, branden” ;
Lat. cüseus “cheese” (from *cüso - from *ku̯üt-so- “Geronnenes ”, ablaut equally with
O.Bulg. kvasъ ; das Fehlen of u̯ harrt still the explanation);
maybe Alb. (*ku̯üt-so) kos “(sour) yogurt, clotted curds ” also (Du. kaas ), OHG chüsi , küsi (G
Käse ), f. WGmc f. L caseus .] “cheese”
O.Bulg. kvasъ ‘sourdough, säuerliches Getränk” (ku̯üt-so-) etc., zero grade O.Bulg.
vъ(s)-kysnǫti , -kysěti “ sour become ”, kysělъ ‘sour” (-s- from t + s);
Ltv. kûsât “boil, simmer, seethe, boil ”, kūsuls ‘sprudel”, also probably kùstu , kust “melt”;
the from “ferment, seethe, sour become ” entwickelte concept “faulen” schlägt die bridge to
Church Slavic kъsьnъ ‘slow”;compare Ltv. kust “melt, tauen - exhaust ”, kusinüt “ tired
make”; Ltv. kusls “ stiff, weak ”, Lith. dial. kùšlas , kušlu ̀ s “weak”, O.Pruss. ucka kuslaisin
‘schwächst” .
References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.
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ku̯elp -1, ku̯elb - : ku̯l̥p/b- : klup/b -
English meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with den Knien einknicken, stolpern; traben ”
Material: Gk. κάλπη “trot” (*κFάλπα , *ku̯l̥pü );
Ger. holpern , dial. holpeln, hũlpen, holpel “ clumsy person ”; under assumption secondary
lengthened grade *kleup/b- hat man Goth. hlaupan “run”, us-hlaupan “aufspringen ”, O.N.
hlaupa ‘spring, run ”, O.E. hlēapan ds., O.H.G. ( h)loufan “run” (M.H.G. participle geloffen )
angereiht;
O.Pruss. po-quelbton nom. sg. “kniend” (b = p), Lith. klumpù , klùpti ‘stumble”, klúpau ,
klúpoti “knien”, Ltv. klūpu adv. ‘strauchelnd” , Lith. klaupiúos , klaũptis “niederknien ”; Ltv.
kluburât “hinken”, kluburs “lahmer person ” (Lith. klumbas “lame” here or to Ltv. klam̃bât
“plump go”).
References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.
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ku̯elp -2
English meaning: to be curved
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wölben”
Material: Gk. κόλπος ‘sinus” (from ku̯olpos through diss. reduction of u̯ against das
following p);
O.Ice. participle holfinn “arched”, M.H.G. preterit walb “wölbte sich” , Kaus. O.Ice. huelfa “
curve “, O.H.G. (h)welben ds., O.S. bihwelbian “ũberwölben” , O.Ice. hualf n. “ dome “, O.E.
hwealf f. “ bulge “ (heofon-hwealf ) “Himmelsgewölbe” : Gk. αἰθέρος κόλπος), adj. “arched”,
M.H.G. walbe “arched Oberblatt the Schuhe, incurvation of Daches an the Giebelseite ”,
Ger. Walm under likewise; Goth. ƕilftrjōm dat. pl. “coffin” (zwei ũbereinandergelegte
ausgehöhlte Einbäume).
Daß O.Ind. kūrca ́ - m. “bundle, Ballen, tussock “, Lat. culcita “pillow, cushion, Polster ” in
relationship the Wurzelvariation ( *ku̯elǝ -k- : -p-) to obigen words stand, is quite doubtful.
References: WP. I 474, WH. I 302.
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ku̯erp -, also kuerb -
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich drehen ”
Material: Gk. καρπός “Handwurzel ” (Drehpunkt the hand), καρπάλιμος “ behende, quick,
fast” (formation as εἰδάλιμος; reduction of u̯ through Diss. against den auslaut labial);
besides with auslaut voiced- nonaspirated κύρβις “ drehbarer Pfeiler with Gesetztafeln ”;
zero grade probably M.Ir. carr f., Welsh par m. ‘spear, javelin ” (Stokes ZceltPh. 1, 172;
compare perhaps tela vibrüre , fulmina torquēre );
Goth. ƕaírban “περιπατεῖν ” (ƕeilaƕaírbs “wetterwendisch ”, gaƕaírbs “gehorsam ”), O.N.
hverfa ‘sich drehen, kehren, disappear ”, O.E. hweorfan ‘sich wenden, reisen, sich ändern” ,
O.S. hwerƀan ‘sich drehen, zurũckkehren wandeln” , O.H.G. hwerban , hwerfan ‘sich
wenden, zurũckkehren, (um etwas herum) tätig sein” ; trans. “in Bewegung place,
betreiben ”, Ger. werben (compare z. meaning Lat. ambīre ), Goth. etc. ƕarbōn “wandeln”,
next to which zero grade O.N. horfa ‘sich wenden, think, belong ” (*hwurƀōn ), Kaus. O.N.
hverfa , O.S. hwerƀian , O.E. hwierfan , O.H.G. werban “wandeln”, O.N. hverfr “quick, fast ”,
hvirfill , O.H.G. wirvil, wirbil “whirl” (and O.H.G. werbil from * hwarbila- ds.), O.S. hwarf “
circle, Menschenmenge ”, O.H.G. warb “ turn, Umdrehung kreisförmiger battlefield ”, O.E.
hwearf m. “Austausch, variation ”, O.N. hwarf “das Verschwinden ”;
Toch. A kürp- “climb down, go down ”, В kü ̆ rp- ‘sich wenden after, go ”.
References: WP. I 472 f.
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ku̯ēt- : ku̯ǝt- : kū ̆ t-
English meaning: to shake, winnow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtteln, beuteln”
Material: Lat. quatiō, -ere, quassum ‘schũttele; erschũttere, poke, push, swing, brandish” ;
M.Ir. cüith “acus, furfur ” (“*Abgebeuteltes ”; *kvōti -);
very doubtful Gk. πήτεα πίτυρα (bran), πητῖται πιτυρίνοι ἄρτιοι . Λάκωνες Hes., whereof
πίτῡρον “ bran “ in spite of still unclear ι not to separate is;
da from ‘shake” also “ausschũtteln, strew, distribute” could have evolved, is with quatiō
possibly identical Gk. πάσσω, Att. πάττω (πάσω, ἔπασα, ἐπάσθην) ‘streue, besprenge ” (in
the Webersprache “ weave bunte Figuren ein ”, hence χρῡσόπαστος “ goldgestickt ”, παστός
m. “Brautkammer, Brautbett ”); certainly is πάσσω at first with Dor. π῅ν π῅ καὶ π῅ν ἐπὶ τοῦ
κατάπασσε καὶ καταπάσσειν Hes., epidaur. ἐπιπ῅ν φάρμακον to connect;
O.E. hūdenian ‘shake”, M.H.G. hotzen “run, swing ”, Mod.Ice. hossa ‘shake, toss, fling ”;
about forms with s- see under (s)kū ̆ t- “jiggle”;
Lith. kutine ́tis ‘sich zurechtzupfen ” (from birds), kuntù , atkutàu , kùsti ‘sich erholen ”
(*aufrũtteln).
References: WP. I 511, II 601, WH. II 399 f.
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ku̯oi-, ku̯ī-
English meaning: to wish for; to invite
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wollen, einladen ”
Material: O.Ind. kēta- m. “volition, eagerness, intention, Aufforderung, Einladung ”, kētana -
n. “Aufforderung, Einladung ”;
Gk. κοῖται γυναικ῵ν ἐπιθυμίαι (?) Hes., dubious also κίσσα, Att. κίττα (*κιτι̯α) “krankhaftes
Gelũst schwangerer Frauen” ;
O.Pruss. quüits “volition”, quoi “er will”, quoitīt “wollen”, Lith. kviečiu ̀ , kviẽsti “einladen ”.
References: WP. I 475 f., WH. I 714, Trautmann 146 f.
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ku̯res -, ku̯ers -, ku̯r̥s-
English meaning: wood, trees
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gehölz, Baum” ??
Material: Gk. πρῖνος ‘steineiche ”, whether from * ku̯r̥s-no-s (?); Gaul. prenne “arborem
grandem ”, Welsh Corn. Bret. prenn “tree” (*ku̯res -no-); ablaut. O.Ir. crann (*ku̯r̥s-no-), gen.
cruinn ds., Welsh prys (prysg ) “ spinney ” (*ku̯r̥s-to-); O.E. hyrst ‘shrubbery, bush, spinney ”,
O.S. O.H.G. mud. horst , hurst ds., Ger. Horst “Raubvogelnest ” (*ku̯r̥s-to-; less probably
above S. 548); Slav. *chvorstъ , Church Slavic chvrastije , Russ. chvó rost “deadwood, shrub,
bush”, Slov. hrást “oak” (*ku̯ors -to-?), with unexplained anlaut.
References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gk. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f.,
Mikkola UrSlav. Gk. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gk. 284) contemplates Gk. because
of kar. PN as pre Greek -kleinasiatisch.
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kelǝu ̯ o-, k eleu̯o-
English meaning: bald
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kahl”
Material: O.Ind. áti-kūrva -, -kū ̆ lva - “whole naked, bald, bleak ”, Av. kaurva- , Pers. kal
“haarlos, naked, bald, bleak ”, O.Ind. külvülīkr̥ta - “naked, bald, bleak gemacht ”;
Lat. calvus “naked, bald, bleak, haarlos ” (basic form Ital. kalou̯os from IE *keleu̯os
because of:) Osc. Kalúvieís (besides Osc. Kalaviis “Calvius”, päl. Calauan[s] ), wherefore
Lat. calva “cranium, cranium ”, calvüria ds., in Glossen also “goblet”.
About die versuchte Vermittlung with Ger. kahl under assumption IE Anlautschwankung
see under kal- “naked, bald, bleak ”; other anklingende words are (with expressive kh-)
O.Ind. khalatí - “ baldheaded “, khalvüta - ds. (: Arm. xalam “cranium”?).
References: WP. I 447, WH. I 143 f.
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kenǝko ́ -
English meaning: gold; honey
Deutsche Übersetzung: “honiggelb, goldgelb ”
Note: (with unclear Ablautverhältnissen)
Material: O.Ind. kün ̃ cana - “golden”, m. “name of a plant ”, kün ̃ cana - n. “gold”;
Gk. κνηκός, Dor. κνᾱκός “yellowish, saflorfarben ”, κν῅κος ‘saflor”;
Lat. canicae “ bran “;
O.Ice. hunang , O.S. hunagh n., O.E. hunig , O.S. honig , O.H.G. honag, honang “honey”
(after the Farbe benannt; basic form probably Gmc. *hunaga- , from which finn. hunaja ; das
partially before g auftretende n based on auf nasalization of Vokals through das
vorhergehende n and unterstũtzendem Einflusse of Gmc. suffixes -ung- , -ing-);
O.Pruss. cucan “brown” (l. cũcan , i.e. cuncan ; u is Balt development from reduz. vowel in
zweisilbigen Basen);
about O.Ind. kánaka - n. “gold” s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.;
Gaul. caneco-sedlon barely as “goldener seat ” here, also not to M.Ir. canach ‘sumpfgras ”
(: Welsh pân ds.);
References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis E ́ t . Celt. 1, 320 f.
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k̂ad-1
English meaning: to fall
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fallen”
Material: O.Ind. śad-, perf. śaśüda , Fut. śatsyati “abfallen, fall out ” (: Lat. cadō );
Arm. c̣acnum (*k̂adi̯o -) “fall, low become ”;
Lat. cadō , -ere “fall” (Osc. anṭkaḍum ? s. WH. I 128); cadüver n. “ corpse “ as “Gefallenes ”
(*kadü -u̯es); cadūcus “hinfällig” ;
O.Ir. casar f. “hail; lightning ” (*k̂ad-t-arü), pl. Welsh cesair ‘schloßen” , Corn. keser , Bret.
kazerc”h “hail”.
References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.
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k̂ad-2
English meaning: to shine, to flaunt
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, prangen, sich auszeichnen”
Material: O.Ind. perf. śüśadúḥ , participle śüśadüna - ‘sich auszeichnen, hervorragen ”;
Gk. perf. κέκασμαι , Plusqpf. ἐκεκάσμην , participle κεκασμένος (Hom. Aisch.) ‘sich
auszeichnen ”, κεκαδμένος (Pind.) “prangend ”, Κάστωρ actually “the Glänzende” (?), Καστι -
άνειρα “under Männern distinguished “ , etc.; in addition κάστωρ m. “beaver” with
transference of GN because of the Heilwirkung of Bibergeils: καστόριον (> O.Ind. kastūrī f.
“Moschus ”); present καίνυμαι seems neologism after δαίνυμαι ;
perhaps M.Ir. cü(i)d “holy”, wherefore Gaul. caddos ‘sanctus” C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;
O.Brit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of “ god of war “?? reshuffling a *katros “valiant” (compare
kat- “fight”) to kadros wäre certainly not ganz ausgeschlossen.
References: WP. I 340.
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k̂ak- (k̂ek-?) (*k̂eĝh -)
English meaning: to help; to be able
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vermögen, helfen”
Material: O.Ind. śaknṓti “kann, is imstande, hilft ”, Desid. śíkṣati “hilft, huldigt, dient, lernt ”,
śaktí - f. “help”, śakrá - “vermögend” , śagmá - “vermögend, hilfreich” , śácī f. “fortune, help ”,
śǘka - m. “ power, help ”, śüká - ‘strong, helfend; m. helper “, śǘkman - n. “help”; compare
śákvan - ‘skilful”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš-, č- phonetic mutation
Av. sačaiti “understands sich whereupon ”, Desid. sixšaiti “lernt”, Pers. saxt “hard, tight,
firm, very ” = O.Ind. śakta - “vermögend” ;
O.Ir. cécht “power” (*k̂ankt - or *k̂enkt -);
Perhaps Lith. kankù , kàkti “wohin gelangen, genũgen, hinreichen” (Reihenwechsel?);
doubtful also O.E. hagan “genitalia”, M.H.G. hagen “Zuchtstier ”, Ger. dial. hegel ds., haksch
“ breeding pig “, Ger. hecken ‘sich paaren (from birds) ”, Eng. hatch “brood”, O.H.G. hegi-
druosa “testicle”. Ebenso, weil nie - h-, but only - g- in Wurzelauslaut, die Gmc. family O.Ice.
hagr “ fitting, skilful ”, hagr m. “Lage, benefit, advantage, Wohlstand ”, haga “dispose”, hōgr,
hø ̄ gr “ fitting, bequem ”, hüttr (*hahtu -) “kind of and Weise ” (wäre tu-stem besides dem ti-
stem O.Ind. śakti-), O.H.G. st. participle ki-hagan, bihagan “cheerful”, M.H.G. behagen
“passen, right sein ”, Ger. behagen , M.H.G. hage m. “Behagen, satisfaction “, O.S. bihagōn
“behagen, gefallen ”, O.E. onhagian “passen, behagen ”, gehagian uPers. “Gelegenheit
sein”; under assumption from auslaut - gh- compares Zupitza Gutt. 104 sie with prakr.
ca(y)ati “is fähig” , Ac̨oka -Inschr. caghati “is to etwas willing, ready, willing ”, Av. čagǝd - (with
rafǝδrǝm ) “help gewährend” , čagǝman - n. “gift”, čagvah - “bietend, gewährend” , die certainly
wiederum in ihrem e-vocalism not so unmittelbar to Gmc. a : ō stimmen;
Toch. A kükmart , В kamart “Herrschaft ”.

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k̂as-, k̂as-no-
English meaning: gray
Deutsche Übersetzung: “grau”
Material: Lat. cünus (*cas- no-s) “gray, aschgrau ”, pälign. casnar ‘senex”, O.H.G. hasan
“gray gleaming, poliert fein ”; sabin.-Lat. cas-cus “old” (originally “altersgrau ”);
O.N. hǫss (*kas-u̯o-), O.E. hasu “graubraun ”, M.H.G. heswe “pallid, faint, languid ”.
In addition die Benennung of Hasen (compare Russ. sěrják “grauer hare ” : sěryj “gray”):
O.Ind. śaśá - m. (from * śasá -), afghO.N. soe, Pümird. sũi; Welsh ceinach (-ach-extension
a *cein = *k̂asnī “Häsin” , Pedersen KG. I 86); O.H.G. haso , with gramm. variation O.E. hara,
O.N. heri (eine Ablautsneubildung with Gmc. e seems Nor. Swe. dial. jase = O.N. *hjasi ),
O.Pruss. sasins m. “hare”, sasin-tinklo “Hasengarn ”, PN Sassenpile “Hasenberg ”.
A extension the stem *k̂asen - (: k̂as-n-o- ) and *k̂aseu̯ -, k̂asou̯ - (: k̂as-u̯-o-) with formants-
dho- and zero grade the root syllable wird in Gk. ξανθός “blond, brown ” from *k̂s-en-dho-
(whether ξαν - amalgamation from *ξεν - and *ξα - =*ξn̥-)? and ξουθό ς ostensibly “ golden “,
whether from * k̂s-ou-dho-, angenommen, but very dubious.
References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gk. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gk. I 329.
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k̂at-
English meaning: to fight; battle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kämpfen”
Material: O.Ind. śütáyati “haut together, wirft low, base ”; śátru - m. “Besieger, fiend ”;
Gaul. catu- “fight, struggle ” in GN Catu-rīx ‘schlachtenkönig” , O.Ir. cath “fight, struggle;
Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd ”, Welsh cad ds., Corn. cas m. “fight, struggle ”; Welsh cadr
(*kat-ro-) ‘strong”, O.Bret. cadr, M.Bret. kazr, Bret. kaer “beautiful ”; Welsh cadarn ‘strong”,
Bret. kadarn “valiant”; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. Welsh cadw m. “Truppe, troop,
multitude, crowd ” (*k̂atu̯o -), as Verb “preserve, protect, shield “; O.Brit. Mars Belatu-cadros
contains whereas die root k̂ad- “gleam”;
O.Ice. hoð f. “fight” (= Gaul. catu-), GN Hǫðr , Goth. MN Theuda-hatha-s , O.E. heaðu -,
O.H.G. hadu - “fight, struggle ” in names as Hadu-mür, Hedwig ; M.H.G. hader “quarrel, fight ”;
whether man here Slav. k- for k̂- annehmen possibly (compare above S. 181), O.Bulg.
kotora , R.C.S. kotera “fight, fight, struggle ”;
possible wäre citation of Thrac. VN the ΢άτραι, ΢ατρο -κένται;
daß in Gk. σατίνη “ Luxuswagen ”, σάτιλλα πλειὰς τὸ ἄστρον, die as Phryg. words with
Arm. sayl “ cart “ (Arm.-Phryg. * satili̯a ) interrelate, die meaning of “ chariot “ die original sei,
is unerweisbar.
References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.
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k̂ād- : k̂ǝdes - : k̂ǝd-s-
English meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘seelische Verstimmung; Kummer, Haß”
Note:
It derived from Root od-2 (*had-): “disgust, hate ” earlier Root od-1 (*had-): “to smell, *have
repulsive smell ”, old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: O.Ind. ri-śüdas - “for den Fremden sorgend ”;
Av. südra - n. “affliction, Wehe, mischief “ (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);
Gk. κ῅δος n., Dor. κᾶδος ‘sorrow, mourning, grief; Leichenbestattung; Familiengefũhl” ,
κήδιστος “the liebste ”, κήδειος “the sorrow wert, lieb; zur Bestattung gehörig;
blutsverwandt ”, κηδεστής, Cret. κᾱδεστᾱς “Heiratsverwandter ”, κηδεύω “besorge, tend, look
after; bury; verschwägere” , κηδεμών “Beschũtzer; Leichenbestatter; Heiratsverwandter” ,
κήδω “make besorgt, b etrũbe” , also “verletze, schädige” ; ἀκηδής “unbesorgt, unbestattet ”,
whereof ἀκηδέω “vernachlässige” ;
Osc. cadeis amnud “inimīcitiae causü” (: Ger. Haß, Kern KZ. 21, 242);
M.Ir. caiss , Welsh cas, Bret. cas “hate” (*k̂ǝds -i- as further formations of - es-stem from
Goth. hatis ); Welsh cawdd “offensa, ira, indignatio ” Corn. cueth , M.Bret. cuez , Bret. keuz
(*k̂üdo -s) “affliction, mourning, grief ”;
Goth. hatis n. “hate, rage, fury ”, O.N. hatr n., O.E. hete m., O.S. heti m., O.H.G. haz m.
“hate” partly also in Verfolgung ausartend, hence die meaning “ pursue “ from O.N. hata,
O.S. hüton partly also O.H.G. hazzōn , compare also O.H.G. hetzen from * hatjan ; for eine
basic meaning “ pursue “ the root say die Gmc. Verhältnisse nichts from; ablaut. O.S. hoti “
hostile “;
Toch. A kat “ destruction “.

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k̂āk-1 : k̂ǝk-, probably k̂ā[i]k- : k̂īk-
English meaning: to jump, spring out
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, hervorsprudeln, kräftig sich tummeln”
Note: (with k̂ǝk- as ablaut neologism from k̂ük-)
Material: Gk. κηκίω “entspringe, sprudle hervor ”, κᾱκίω ἱδροῦν ἄρχομαι. Λάκωνες Hes.,
κηκί̄ς, -ὶδος, Dor. κᾱκί̄ς f. “ all Hervorsprudelnde (blood; Purpursaft; ausbratendes fat;
vapor)”; Lesb.καγκύλη ds. Hes.;
Lith. šo ́ kti ‘spring, tanzen ”; nasalized šanku ̀ s “agile”, šankìnti “(ein horse) spring make ”
(compare καγκύλη) and O.H.G. hengist , O.E. hengest “Hengst”, eig. superl. “ at best
springend, bespringend ”, Gmc. *hangista besides *hanhista (gramm. variation) in O.N.
hestr “horse”, to Positiv *hanha- , in addition dat. Run. hahai “dem rusher, racer ” and O.H.G.
Hüh-, Hang- , O.Ice. Hü- in PN; in addition Celt. *kankstikü “mare” in Welsh caseg ds., Bret.
pl. kezeg “Pferde”, dial. ‘stuten”, O.Corn. cassec “mare”, Gaul. PN Cassiciate (loc. )
“Pferdepark ”.
Fũr k̂üik-: k̂īk- one introduces probably Thrac.-Phryg. σίκιν(ν)ις “ Tanz the Satyrn to Ehren
desDionysos ” (zwar ĭ by den Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also with ī meßbar) an, probably also
κῖκυς f. “ power “, genauer “Beweglichkeit, Frische ”, κῑκύω ταχύνω, ἰ σχύω Zonar, ep. Ion.
ἄκῑκυς , -υος “ weak, flabby ”;
Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (κῖκυς:) Ir. cīch f. “ female brost ”, Welsh cig, Bret. kik,
O.Corn. chic “Fleisch”.
References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gk. Wb. 142, Kluge11 s. v. Hengst.
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k̂ā̆k-2, nasalized k̂ank -
English meaning: branch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ast, Zweig, Pflock ”
Material: O.Ind. śükhü f. “bough” (: Goth. hōha , Arm. c̣ax); śákala - m. n. “chip, splinter,
splinter, wooden log, Schnitzel, shred ” (: Lith. šakaly ̃ s ); śaŋkú - m. “Holznagel, peg, plug,
picket, pole, Stecken ” (: O.C.S. sǫkъ, Welsh cainc , O.N. hür); śakti- f. ‘spear, javelin ” (: O.Ir.
cēcht );
Arm. c̣ax “twig, branch ”, perhaps Lw. from pers. šüx ds., and these from O.Ind. śükhü ;
after Meillet Esquisse2 36, Slave commun8 23 f. rather from IE *k̂sükh -;
because of the meaning doubtful Alb. thekë “fringe, Zipfel ”, compare after all the same
meaning from Nor. hekel “Zipfel” under *keg- ;
Welsh cainc (*kankū , compare den u-stem O.Ind. śaŋku -), pl. cangau , M.Welsh canghau
“bough”, M.Ir. gēc, Ir. géag “bough” (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut), with -
sk-suffix Gallo-Rom. *gascaria (Fr. jachère ) “Brachland ”, lit. “Pflugland ”, Hubschmied Vox
Rom. III 1233; O.Ir. gēscae “twig, branch, bough ”; with t-suffix O.Ir. cēcht “plough” (probably
as *kank- to- next-related with O.Ind. śakti-);
Goth. hōha “plough” (= O.Ind. śükhü ), O.H.G. huohili “aratiuncula ”; nasal. O.N. hür
“Ruderdolle ” (*hanha , finn. Lw.), hæ ̄ ll “peg, plug, stick ” (*hanhila -);
Maybe Alb. thua, thoi “nail, claw ”, kthetër “claw”
Lith. šaka ̀ “bough” (ablaut. with O.Ind. śǘkhü ), ša ̃ ke “ fork “, šakaly ̃ s ‘splinter” (: O.Ind.
śákala -), šaknìs , O.Pruss. sagnis f., Ltv. sakne “root”; Lith. šakarnis “ästig” , Ltv. sakürnis
“Wurzelende ”; O.C.S. *sǫkъ ‘surculus”;
Slav. socha “club, cudgel (O.C.S. etc.), hook, plough (Russ.), Gabelstange ” (Pol.), Pol.
rozsocha “gabelförmiger bough” , O.C.S. posochъ m. “cudgel, club ”.

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k̂ās-, k̂ǝs-
English meaning: to teach, indicate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zurechtweisen, anweisen ”
Note: only Aryan and armenisch
Material: O.Ind. śǘsti, 1. pl. śiṣmáḥ “weist zurecht, zũchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt” ,
participle Aor. śiṣánt - “unterweisend ”, śiṣṭá- “zurechtgewiesen, angewiesen, unterwiesen ”
(newer śüsta -, as Av. süsta -); Av. süsti “is named, lehrt ”, Opt. sīšōit̃ , a-sīšta- “verheißen” ;
O.Ind. śüstár - “Bestrafer, lord, master ” = Av. süstar - “lord, master, prince, lord ”, M.Pers.
süstür “ruler” , O.Ind. śüstrá - n. “directive, Belehrung, Lehrbuch ”, Av. süxvan- n. “doctrine”,
süsnü “doctrine, command “, O.Ind. śiṣṭi- f. “Bestrafung, command, order ” (newer śüsti- ),
śiṣya- “to instruct ”, m. ‘schũler” ;
Arm. sast “Vorwurf, threat, austereness, severeness , Autorität” , sastem “drohe, schärfe
ein, gebiete ”, sastik “violent” (all Iran. Lw.?).
References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.
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k̂ei-1
English meaning: to lie down
Deutsche Übersetzung: “liegen; Lager, Heimstätte, traut, lieb (von derselben Siedlung)”
Material: O.Ind. śḗtē (older śáyē ), 3. pl. śērē, Av. saēte (: Gk. κεῖται) “lies”, 3. pl. sōire ,
O.Ind. śayate , -ti “lies, ruht ”, śayǘ , śayyü “ lair “, madhyama- śī́- “in the Withte sich lagernd,
lying”, ni-śī-tha- m. “Withternacht ”, etc.;
Gk. κεῖται “lies”, 3. pl. κέαται from *κεjn̥t-, reshaped after κει-, Hom. κείαται; new is Hom.
κέονται (: O.Ind. śayantē ); κοῖτος m., κοίτη f. “ lair “, ἄκοιτις “Gemahlin ” (with Ion. Psilose
from *ἅ-κοιτις ); compare Bret. (d)argud “ light sleep ( *-are-koito- ); κοιμάω “bring to bed,
schläfere ein” (compare Goth. haims , O.Ir. cōim , Ltv. sàime , also Lith. šeimy ́ na , O.E.
hæ ̄ man ). Zweites composition part - κι̯-ο- in περισσός , νεοσσός , under likewise Sehr
probably Lat. cūnae , cūnübula pl. “ cradle, nest ” (*k̂oi-nü) and O.N. hīð, hīði n. “ lair of
Bären” (*k̂ei-to-);
Hitt. Mediopassiv ki-it-ta (kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri (kittari ) “lies”; perhaps also Lyc. sijęni “lies”
(Pedersen, Lykisch under Hitt. 17).
With dem Begriffe “home, traut, lieb ”:
with l-suffix O.Ind. śīla- n. “ consuetude, character ”, O.Ir. cé(i)le “comrade, husband “
(*k̂ei-lii̯o-s), with secondary i Welsh cilydd “comrade ”, etc.;
with m-suffix:
Gk. κοιμάω (see above), κειμήλιον “ aufbewahrtes blessing ” (from *κεῖμα n. “ lair “);
lengthened grade κώμη f. “ village” (*k̂ō[i]mü);
O.Ir. cōim , cōem “lieb”, O.Welsh cum, Welsh cu etc. “lieb” (koimo- );
Goth. haims f. (i-stem) “village, Flecken; pl. ἀγροί” , O.N. heimr m. “homeland, world ”,
Þing-heimr “die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting ”, O.E. hüm, O.S. hēm,

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O.H.G. heim “homeland, house, dwelling ” (O.E. hæ ̄ man “beschlafen, marry ”, originally
“κοιμᾶν”);
Ltv. sàime f. “Hausgesinde, family “, ablaut. Lith. šeimy ́ na f., O.Pruss. seimīns m.
“Gesinde”;
O.C.S. sěmь ja “Gesinde, Sklaven ”, sěminъ “zum Gesinde Gehöriger, slave” ;
Lith. kiẽmas “ farmstead , káimas “village”, Ltv. cìems “village, Versammlungshaus ”,
O.Pruss. caymis “village”, Lith. kaimūnas “Nachbar ”, kaĩmenė “herd” are the borrowing from
Gmc. *haimaz verdächtig;
Trautmann (112 f.) nimmt ablaut. urBalt *kaima- m. and * kōimü f. an ( IE ōi : ai);
with ro-suffix: Arm. sēr “Neigung, love ”, sirem “I love” (*k̂eiro -);
with u̯o-suffix: O.Ind. śḗva - (= Gmc. hīwa-) “traut, friendly, lieb, wert ”, śivá- (= Gmc.
*hĭwa-) “vertraut, lieb, heilsam ”;
Lat. cīvis “Bũrger” = Osc. ceus ds.; die i-inflection after hostis (M. Leumann Gnomon 9,
237);
Goth. heiwa-frauja “ householder “, O.E. hīw-cund “heimisch ”, hīw-ræ ̄ den f.
“Haushaltung ”, O.H.G. hī-rüt “Heirat”, O.E. hī-rēd ds., agutn. hī-skepr “ family “, O.N. hȳ-bȳli
Neutr. pl. “Hauswesen ” (besides ablaut. * hĭwa- = O.Ind. śivá- in O.N. herað , O.S. hæ-raÞ “
district, region, area “, hæ-skaper “ family “ from *hĕwa -); the Gmc. stem * hīwa- is
Kompositionsform to *hīwan - “Hausgenossen(schaft) ” in O.N. hjū(n), hjōn “Ehepaar,
Dienerschaft, Gesinde ”, O.E. hīwan , hīgan “Hausgenossen, family “, hīwen n. “ household “,
asächs. sinhīwun “Ehegatten ”, O.H.G. hī(w)un “Ehepaar, Dienstboten ”, hī(w)o “ husband;
housemate, Knecht ”, hīwa “wife”, asächs. hīwa ds.; with - ro- extended O.N. hȳrr “friendly,
kind, gracious ”, O.E. hēore , hīere “friendly, sanftmũtig” , M.H.G. gihiure “mild, behaglich ”,
Ger. geheuer , O.H.G. O.S. unhiuri “unheimlich, grauenhaft ”;
Ltv. siẽva “woman” (*šeiu ̯ ü with dem intonation change of Femin.).

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k̂ei-2
English meaning: a kind of dark colour
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Farbbezeichnungen, meist for dunkle Farben
Note: (see also k̂ē-ro-)
Material: O.Ind. śi-ti- “white”, śitiŋ-g-a- “whitish”;
Gk. κίραφος, κίρα “ fox” Hes., κιρρ ός “orangegelb ” (das -rr- probably expressive);
M.Ir. cíar “dark brown ” (*k̂ei-ro-), cíarann m. “beetle, chafer ”; cir (*k̂iru-), gen. cera
“Pechkohle ”; céo (*k̂i-u̯o-k-s) “fog”, gen. cīach (: Goth. hiwi);
O.Ice. hürr “gray, old ”, O.E. hür, Eng. hoar, asächs. O.H.G. hēr (*haira -) “wũrdig, convex,
elevated ”; comparative *hēriro , hēr(r)o “Heer”; O.E. hæ ̄ wen “blue” (*haiwina -); Goth. hiwi n.
‘shine, Aussehen ”, O.Ice. hȳ n. “feines hair, Flaum ”, Swe. hy ‘skin, complexion ”, O.E. hiew,
hi(o)w n. “apparition, paint, color, beauty ”, Eng. hue “paint, color ” (IE *k̂i-u̯o-);
O.C.S. sěrъ, Russ. sěryj , Sloven. sę̂r “gray” (*k̂oi-ro-), with - d-suffix (?) O.C.S. sědъ ,
Ser.-Cr. sȉjed , Russ. sědój “gray” (whether not after smědъ “pale, wan ”, blědъ “χλωρός”
reshaped); O.Cz. še ̌ ry ́, Pol. szary “gray”, O.Cz. še ̌ divy ́ ds. weisen though auf ein Proto-
Slav.. anlaut. ch-, das from Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) from IE k̂h- expounded wird (probably
expressive); whereas nimmt Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 for Proto-Slav. . *chěrъ borrowing
from Gmc. *haira- an, das sich with genuine Slav. sěrъ gemischt habe.
Besides eine extended root form same English meaning:
k̂i̯ē-, k̂ī-; k̂i̯ē-mo- “ dark grey “.
O.Ind. śyü-vá- ‘schwarzbraun, dark ”, Av. syüva - “black”, Pers. siyüh “black”;
Arm. (probably Iran. Lw.) seav “dark, black ”;
reduced grade Lith. šy ́ vas “whitish, schimmelig (from horses) ”, O.Pruss. sijwan “gray”,
O.C.S. sivъ “ dark grey “, Russ. sívyj, Serb. sȉv ds.;

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O.Ind. śyü-má- ‘schwarzgrau, schwarzgrũn, black” , śyümaka - “ swart “ = Av. syümaka -
m. “name eines Berges ” (also süma - “black” with s- from sy-, Bartholomae AIran. Wb.
1571);
Lith. še ́mas, še ̃mas “greyish-blue, blue ”;
reduced grade *k̂ī-mo- probably in Lat. cīmex “bedbug” (‘swart “; forms -ko-, as Subst.
after the conservative Decl. as sene -x to IE *seno -s); perhaps in Gk. EN Κίμων;
with other suffix: O.C.S. sinь, Russ. sínij “dunkelblau ”;
maybe Alb. (*sin) thinjë “grizzle, gray hair ” [common Alb. s > th shift]
maybe also turk. siyah “black”.
auf a root form k̂i̯ei- shine, appear, seem O.Ind. śyḗnī f. (wherefore m. śyētá - probably
previously after ḗnī́ : ḗta-, háriṇī : hárita - etc. and śvētá - neugeschaffen) Farbbezeichnung
“bright, white, reddish ”, unddie after the Farbe benannten O.Ind. śyená - m. “eagle, falcon ”,
Av. saēna - “ein großer bird of prey, probably eagle” to based on
References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht IE Decl. 121, 179.
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k̂eipo -, k̂oipo -
English meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfahl, spitzes Holz or Stein ”
Note: also sk̂eipo -
Material: O.Ind. śḗpa -, śēpha - m. “ tail, penis “ (with sk̂- prakr. cheppa- ds.);
Lat. cippus “ a pale, stake, post, pillar “ (*keipos );
Alb. thep m. “ sharp cliff “ (*k̂oipos ), tsep “prick, sting, point, edge, angle “, metath. step
“edge, cusp, peak ”.
Additional connection with Lat. scīpio , Gk. σκῑπων and root skē ̆ ip - “cut, clip” is probably.
References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.
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k̂eip-
English meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schweifen, wedeln, das Gesicht verziehen ”?
Material: O.Ind. śiprü f. “whisker, moustache, flowing plume, feather ”, Av. (with metathesis)
srifa- m. “ nostril “; Av. saēf “ whisk, small broom for dusting “; the meaning of Av. saēpa - is
unclear;
Lith. šiepiu ́ os, šie ̃ ptis and šaipau ̃ s , šaipy ́ tis “ making faces, making facial expressions “,
šypla ̀ “ mocker, person who mocks, scoffer “, šypsau ̃ , -óti “ grin, smile broadly, bare the
teeth, grimace “.
References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.
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k̂ekʷ-
English meaning: to defecate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “cacare”
Material: O.Ind. śákr̥t n. gen. śaknáḥ n. “crap, muck ” ; compare chagaṇa - n. ds.;
Gk. κόπρος “ crap, muck, manure, smut ”;
Lith. šiku ̀, šìkti “defecate ”. Perhaps here also O.Ir. cechor f. Gl. “palus” (*k̂ekurü ), M.Ir.
cechair ‘slime, mud, ordure ” (if “leibliche Ausscheidung ” die original meaning is).
References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.
See also: See still *kakka - “defecate ”.
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k̂el-1
English meaning: cold; warm
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “frieren, kalt ”, 2. “warm” (Bedeutungsvermittlungs probably
“brennend ”)
Material: 1. O.Ind. śiśira - “kũhl, cold” , m. “kũhle time, coldness” , Av. sarǝta - “cold”, Pers.
sard ds., Osset. sald “coldness ”, Av. sarǝ-δü- “coldness bringing ”;
O.Ice. hēla “ hoarfrost ( hi-hlōn-, compare O.Ind. śi-śira-); Dutch hal n. “frozen bottom ”,
with lengthened grade ē O.H.G. hüli ‘schlũpfrig, smooth “ , Ger. bO.Ir. hül, Swiss hǟl ds.,
O.E. hæ ̄ lig “unzuverlässig” , O.Ice. hüll “ smooth, cunning ”;
Lith. ša ̨ lu ̀, ša ́ lti “ freeze “ (Ltv. sal̂t), ša ́ ltas “cold” (Ltv. sal̂ts), šalna ̀ “ hoarfrost (Ltv. sal̂na ),
pãšalas “frozen earth ” = O.Pruss. passalis “frost”, Lith. pašoly ̃ s “Nachtfrost, frost in the
earth”;
O.Bulg. slana “ hoarfrost “.
2. O.Ind. śarád - f. “autumn”, with Zahlwörtern “ year”, Av. sarǝδ - f. “year” (see also
Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to lyd. σαρδις “ year”), Osset. särd ‘summer”, Pers. sül “year” (“autumn”
as “warmeZeit ”, also Lith. šilus “August”, more properly šilius );
Lat. caleō , -ēre “warm, hot sein, glow ”, calidus “warm, hot ”, calor “Wärme, heat” ;
Welsh clyd (*k̂l̥-to-) “warm, wärmend” (: Lith. šil̃tas ); in addition perhaps from an ei̯-
extension Welsh claear “ lukewarm “, Bret. klouar ds.?
As. halōian “burn”; in Gmc. wurde eine extension * k̂leu- frachtbar: O.H.G. lüo, flect. lüwēr
“lukewarm, warm” , O.Ice. hlæ ̄ r ds., of weather ( *hlēwia -), hlüna “mild become ”, bO.Ir.
läunen “tauen”, O.Ice. hlüka “Tauwetter ”: O.Ice. hlȳr “lukewarm ”, hlȳ n. “Wärme” , O.E.
hlēowe “lukewarm ”, O.Ice. hlē (*hlēwa -) n. “ protection, Leeseite ”, O.S. hleo m. “ protection
vor dem weather “, O.Fris. hlī, O.E. hlēo, hlēow n. “Obdach, cover, protection ” (compare

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also M.H.G. liewe , lie f. “Laube”, Swiss lē “geschũtzte Lage, Sonnenseite” , Swe. lya “cave
from animals ”); Nor. Dan. lum, lummer “mild, lukewarm ”, Swe. ljum ds., Swiss lūm “mild, of
weather” under likewise, N.Ger. luk, Du. leuk “lukewarm ”.
Lith. šylu ̀, šilau ̃, šìlti “warm become ”; šil̃tas “warm” (: Welsh clyd).
References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.
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k̂el-2
English meaning: to incline
Deutsche Übersetzung: “neigen”
Material: basis the viel reicher entwickelten root form k̂lei- “lean” (see under) and very
probably in consecutive words anzuerkennen:
Lat. auscultō “horche, lausche ”, originally “neige das ear ” from *auscl̥tür e, derivative from
*from-kl̥tos (Specht IE Decl. 285, 333); different WH. I 86 f.;
Lith. šalìs ‘seite, region ”;
O.Ice. hallr, O.E. heald , O.H.G. hald “geneigt”, O.H.G. halda , Ger. Halde “Bergabhang ”
(O.Ice. halla “ incline “, O.H.G. haldōn ‘sich neigen ”, O.Ice. hella “diffuse, ein vessel
neigen”, as Swiss helde ), Goth. wilja-halÞei “Neigung, Gunst ”; Goth. hulÞs “geneigten
Sinnes, gracious ”, O.Ice. hollr, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. Ger. hold ds. (O.H.G. huldī “Huld,
Geneigtheit ” etc.); in addition also M.L.G. helde f. ‘slope”, nd. hille “room about den
Viehställen zum Schlafen” (from hilde “geneigte, schräge cover”) and die N.. family of Nor.
hjell ‘scaffold, trestle, bottom ”, older Dan. hjæld “Heuboden, Hũhnersteige, Seller” , O.Ice.
hjallr ‘scaffold, trestle, elevation ”, hjalli “Absatz, Terrasse ”, hilla “ cornice, board, Regal ” (=
M.L.G. hilde ); changing through ablaut Dan. hylde “Regal”, Swe. hylla.
References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;
See also: about kel- “ incline “ (with Velar) s. (s)kel- “bend” .
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k̂el-3
English meaning: a thin shaft, stalk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dũnner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm”
Material: O.Ind. śalá- m. ‘stick, sting, prick of Stachelschweins ”, śalala - n., śalalī ‘sting, prick
of Stachelschweins ”, śalyá - m. n. “ arrowhead, Speerspitze, thorn, sting, prick ”, śályaká - m.
‘stachelschwein ”; dial. additional form ablaut. śila- m. “Ähre” = Lith. šìlas “Heide”; in addition
śará- “reed, Pfeil” , śáru- “Pfeil, spear, javelin ”;
doubtful Arm. saɫart” “belaubter twig, branch, langes hair ”;
Gk. κ῅λον “Pfeil, Geschoß” ;
M.Ir. cail ‘spear, javelin ”, celtair f. ‘spear, javelin(spitze) ”;
O.N. hali m. “cusp, peak a Schaftes, tail ”;
O.Pruss. kelian ‘spear, javelin ” with West IE k for k̂; Lith. šìlas “Heide” (after den starren
Stengeln).
References: WP. I 431 f., WH. I 304.
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k̂el-4
English meaning: to conceal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bergen, verhũllen”
Material: O.Ind. śaraṇá - ‘schirmend ”, n. ‘schirm, Schutzdach, cottage ”, śárman - n. ‘schirm,
Schutzdach, cover, Obhut ” (: Ger. Helm ), lengthened grade (as Lat. cēlō, cella, O.H.G. hüli)
śǘla f. “cottage, house, Gemach ”, śülá- m. “Einfriedung, hedge “, śülīna - “verlegen ”
(*versteckt); very doubtful O.Ind. śüṭa-m., śüṭī f. “kerchief, cloth, Binde ”;
Gk. καλῑά : “cottage, barn, nest ”; κόλυθρος m. ‘sack, bag, pouch “; Hom. κολεόν , metrisch
gedehnt κουλεόν , Att. κολεός “vagina” (*κολεFός; unclear Lat. culleus “leather sack ”, from
which Russ. kulь, Pol. kul ‘sack, bag ”, out of it again Lith. kulìs ds., kulìkas , O.Pruss. kuliks
“Beutel”); with labial extension καλύπτω “ wrap, verberge ”, καλύβη “Obdach, cottage ”,
κέλῡφος n. “bowl, husk ”; labial shows also das probably cognate M.H.G. hulft “ quiver “ (see
under);
maybe Alb. kulë “hernia”
Lat. *cĕlō (= O.Ir. celim , O.H.G. helan ) in occulō, -ere “conceal”; color , -ōris “paint, color ”
(arch. colōs , actually “Hũlle, Außenseite” ); lengthened grade cēlō, -üre “verhehlen,
conceal”, nominal cella “Vorratskammer, chamber, cell “ (probably with consonant increase
for *cēlü = O.Ind. śülü); zero grade clam “ clandestine “ (acc. a * clü), clandestīnus “geheim”
from * clam- de; also Osc. kaíla “cellam” (*kaljü );
maybe Alb. kaltër “blue color ”, possibly *ambi - hela, mbuloj “cover, hide, conceal ”
cilium (seit Plinius) “eyelid, esp. das untere ” and das older supercilium “oberes eyelid ”
probably from * super-keliom “die obere cover ”;
O.Ir. celim “verberge ”, Welsh celu “conceal”, O.Ir. cuile “Keller, Magazin ” and “Kũche”
(not from Lat. culīna , but in the meaning therefrom influenced), M.Ir. luid ar cel “obiit”,

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actually “fuhr zur hell ”; M.Ir. cul “ protection ”, culaid “Hũlle” (*colu- ), probably also colum ,
dat. pl. colomnaib ‘skin, hide ” and cuilche “mantle” (*kolikiü ); M.Ir. clithar m. “ protection ”
(*k̂l̥-tu-ro-);
O.H.G. O.S. O.E. helan “conceal”, next to which from an Aoristpräsens -hulan , Goth.
hulundi f. “cave” (*k̂el̥ntī “die Bergende ”), Goth. huljan , O.N. hylja, O.H.G. hullen “verhũllen” ,
whereof with Gmc. Suff. - stra-, Goth. hulistr n. “Hũlle, cover” , O.N. hulstr “ sheath “; auf an
old-es-stem (see Lat. color ) based on whereas probably M.H.G. hulst f. “cover, Hũlle” and
M.L.G. hulse , O.H.G. hulsa , hulis “husk” (O.E. helustr , heolstor “Hũlle, hiding place, nook,
bolt-hole, darkness ” with Gmc. Suffixablaut or at most with IE *k̂elu-); compare in similar
meaning O.E. hulu f. “bowl, husk ”, O.H.G. helawa, helwa “Haferspreu ”, Swe. dial. hjelm m.
ds., O.H.G. hala “Hũlle, bowl” ; Goth. hilms , O.H.G. O.S. O.E. helm “helmet”, O.N. hjalmr
ds., O.E. helm also “Beschũtzer” (: O.Ind. śarman -; das word is ũbers Slav. ins Balt
gewandert: Lith. ša ́ lmas “helmet” etc.); Goth. halja , O.H.G. hella , O.S. hellia , O.E. hell f. “
underworld, hell”, O.N. hel “Todesgöttin” from * halja -, IE *k̂oli̯o-, compare finn.-uGk. Koljo
“Unterweltsdämon” ; after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll Gmc. *haljō “die Hehlende,
das Totenreich ” already early with *halljō(n) ‘steinplatte ” (to Goth. hallus “Fels”)
zusammengeflossen sein; s. also under (s)kel - ‘split”; O.H.G. O.S. halla , O.E. heall “Наllе” ,
O.N. hǫll f. “big house ” (*kolnü ); Nor. hulder (participle pass. f. *hulÞī ), hulda “Waldelfe ”,
Ger. wife, woman Holle ;
lengthened grade O.H.G. hüla “das Verbergen ”, M.H.G. hæ ̄ le “Verheimlichung ”, O.N.
hæ ̄ li n. “ hideout “, O.H.G. hüli “verhehlend, verhohlen ”.
With labial extension: M.H.G. hulft, holfte , hulfe , hulftr “ quiver “, M.L.G. hulfte ds. (:
καλύπτω); compare also k̂lep-.
Maybe Alb. holë “thin, sharp, narrow (hole?) ”.
References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.

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k̂em/ǝ/-4
English meaning: to be tired
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich abmũhen, mũde werden”
Material: O.Ind. śamnītē , śámati , śamyati , Imp. śamī̆ -ṣva ‘sich mũhen, work, prepare,
prepare, concoct ”, śamitá - “zubereitet ”, śamitár - “Zurichter, Zubereiter ”, śámī f., śámi n.
“Bemũ Hung. work, Fleiß” (śimyati = “śamyati”, śima - m. “Zubereiter ” are through das
bedeutungsgleiche śímī “Fleiß” hervorgerufen); śümyati “hört auf, läßt after” from
“*ermũdet” , Aor. aśamat , aśamīt ; śüntá - “beruhigt, peaceful, gentle, mild ” (*k̂emǝto ́ s , wird
seines ü halber in the meaning näher with śümyati assoziiert);
Gk. κάμνω “mũhe mich, ermũde; tr. verfertige (with toil)” (probably *km̥-n-ü-, as O.Ind.
śamnītē ), Fut. καμοῦμαι , Aor. ἔκαμον , perf. κέκμηκα , Dor. κέκμᾱκα, participle κεκμη (F)ώς,
κμητός , Dor. κμᾱτός , πολύκμητος “with vieler Mũhe or Sorgfalt zubereitet ”, κάματος
“Ermũdung, Anstrengung, hardship, affliction “ , ἀ-κμής, -῅τος, ἀκάμας , -αντος “unermũdet,
fresh”, καμόντες “die Toten ”, as Att. κεκμηκότες; o-grade εἰρο-κόμος “wool bereitend ”, ἱππο -
κόμος “ groom, stableman “, κομέω “tend, look after ” etc., κομιδή “nourishment, care,
cultivation, das bringing etc. ”; lengthened grade κ῵μα “tiefer, ruhiger sleep ”;
M.Ir. cuma , M.Bret. caffou “ distress “ (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); M.Ir. cumal ‘sklavin”
(“*sich mũhend, anstrengend” , as:) Gaul. Camulos “Kriegsgott ”?
References: WP. I 387 f.
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k̂em-1 or k̂am -
English meaning: stick, pole, horn
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Stock, Horn ”
Material: O.Ind. śámyü ‘stick, spigot, Holznagel, Stũtznagel” , Av. simü (-i- seems IE ǝ; or =
O.Ind.śámyü ?) “ein Teil of Geschirr of with horses bespannten Wagens ”, Pers. sīm ds.;
Arm. sami-k” pl. ‘stirnholz of Ochsenjochs ” (Iran. Lw.?);
Gk. κάμαξ f. m. “ shaft, pole, picket, pole, Schaft of Speeres ”;
Dan. Swe. hammel , Nor. dial. humul (-hǫmull ) “das Querstũck vorn am cart “ , M.H.G.
hamel “ shaft, pole, clot, chunk ”;
about das difficult Lat. camox “Gemse”, vorrom. *kamōsso -, s. now, yet J. Hubschmid
ZrPh. 66, 9ff.
References: WP. I 385, WH. I 148, 633.
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k̂em-2
English meaning: hornless
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hornlos”, bei sonst gehörnten Tierarten
Material: O.Ind. śáma -ḥ “hornless ”;
Gk. κεμάς, -άδος f., later also κεμμά ς “young deer ”; κεμφάς ἔλαφος Hes.;
O.N. hind f., O.E. hind, O.H.G. hinta “Hirschkub, Hindin ” (*k̂em-t-ō);
Lith. žem. šmu ̀ las “hornless ”, šmūlis m., šmu ̀ le f. “ox, cow without Hörner” (*k̂m-ū̆- +
forms - lo-), liv. Lw. smoul”;
perhaps here Russ. komolyj “hornless ”; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619.
References: WP. I 385 f., Specht IE Decl. 132.
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k̂em-3
English meaning: to cover, wrap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedecken, verhũllen”
Material: O.Ind. śümulyà - n., śümūla - n. “wollenes Hemd ”, śamī́ “Prosopis spicigera;
Hũlsenfrucht” ;
Lat. camisia (late) “Hemd” (Gaul. word; borrowed from Gmc. *χamiÞja - “Hemd”;
previously from Lat. stamen again O.Ir. caimmse “Hemd”, O.Corn. cams “ white “, Bret.
kamps “Meßhemd” );
unclear is the anlaut in M.Welsh hefys “Frauenhemd ”, akorn. hevis , Bret. hiviz ds.;
O.E.cemes ds. is Lw. from camisia ;
O.H.G. hemidi n. “Hemd”, O.E. hemeðe (*hamiÞia -) “Hemd”; O.N. hamr m. “Hũlle, skin,
shape”, O.E. homa “Hũlle, cover, Anzug” ; līc-hama , O.S. līk-hamo “body”, O.H.G. līhhin -
[*h]amo “body, body, corpse”, Goth. ana-, ga-hamōn ‘sich bekleiden ”, O.N. hama-sk “(*sich
in Tiergestalt verkleiden, hence:) dash ”; O.N. hams “bowl, husk, Schlangenbalg ” (*hamisa -),
compare Nor. hamar “Kernhaus ”; here also Goth. himins , O.N. himinn (dat. hifne with -ƀn-
from - mn-, compare:) O.E. heofon , O.S. heƀan ‘sky, heaven ”, next to which O.H.G. O.S.
himil, md. humil ‘sky, heaven ”; O.H.G. himil also “ ceiling “, Dutch hemel “ palate, roof ”, Ger.
Himmelbett , O.H.G. himiliz (z)i, M.L.G. hemelte “ ceiling “; barely right above S. 22 to ak̂-
‘stone”.
A s-form sk̂em - seeks man incredible in Goth. skaman ‘sich schämen” , O.E. skamian ds.,
O.Ice. skǫmm , O.H.G. scama “the genitals , Schande ” etc. (“*be covered ”?).
References: WP. I 386, Specht IE Decl. 346.
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k̂enk-, k̂onk -
English meaning: to sway, hang
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwanken ”; originally “hangen, geistig in Schwebe sein ”
Material: O.Ind. śáŋkatē “ sways, zweifelt, fũrchtet” , śaŋkǘ “Besorgnis, fear, doubt ”, śaŋkita -
“besorgt”;
Lat. cunctor “zögere, bin unschlũssig” from * concitor frequentative to *concō , respectively
Ableit. of participle *concitos = O.Ind. śaŋkita -;
O.Ice. hæ ̄ tta “venture, risk ” (*hanhatjan- ), hæ ̄ tta f. “danger, Wagnis ”, hüski m. ds.
(*hanhaskan -); Goth. st. V. hühan (preterit haíhüh ) “hängen, in the Schwebe lassen” , O.Ice.
hanga (preterit hekk ), O.E. hōn (preterit heng ), O.H.G. hühan (preterit hiang ) “hängen”
(trans.); Goth. schw. V. hühan (preterit hühaida ) “hangen”, O.Ice. hanga , O.E. hongian ,
O.H.G. hangēn “hangen” (intrans.); causative O.Ice. hengja , O.H.G. hengēn “hängen” ;
O.H.G. M.H.G. henken “aufhängen” from * hengjan , therefrom Ger. Henkel , Swiss henkel
“Tragriemen ”, compare M.H.G. hengel “Eisenhaken, Henkel ”; in addition probably O.H.G.
hühila, -ala f., M.L.G. hale n. “Kesselhaken ” (*hanhilō );
Hitt. ga-an-ki (kanki ) “hängt” .
References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above k̂ü̆k- and keg-.
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k̂ens-
English meaning: to proclaim, announce
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feierlich sprechen, verkũndigen”
Material: O.Ind. śaṁsáyati “läßt aufsagen, kũndet an” (= Lat. cēnseō ), śaṁsati “rezitiert,
lobt”, śáṁsa - m. “Lob, Preisgebet ”, śastí - f. “Lob” (*k̂n̥s-), śásü f. “Loblied”;
Av. sah- “pronuntiare ”, Optat. sahyüt̃ , sasti- “word, Vorschrift ”; sǝ ̄ nghaitē , O.Pers. ϑütiy
‘speaks, verkũndet” (*ϑa(n)hati );
Alb. thom “I say” (*k̂ēnsmi ), 2. sg. thua, thue , ablaut. participle than “gesagt” (*thonsno -);
Lat. cēnseō , -ēre “begutachten, schätzen” , Osc. censamur “censetor ”, censaum
“censere”, keenzstur, kenzsur (= cēnsor : O.Ind. śaṁstar - “the da rezitiert ”), an-censto f. =
in-cēnsa “non censa ”, Lat. cēnsus (: O.Ind. śastá -ḥ “gesprochen, gepriesen ”), censtom- en
“in censum ”, Kenssurineís gen. (= Cēnsōrīnus );
O.Bulg. sętъ “inquit” (older Wurzelaorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun2 209).
References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM3 201.
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k̂ent-
English meaning: to stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen”
Material: Gk. κεντέω (seit dem 5. Jhd.; older:) * κέντω , Aor. κένσαι “prick”, κέντρον ‘sting,
prick” (forms- ro-) “ pricking “, κέντωρ “Anstachler ” (to κέντρον shaped after sonstigen - τωρ
besides - τρο-), κεστός “gestickt” (*κεντ-τός), κέστρον ‘spitzes iron ”, κέστρος “Pfeil”, κέστρᾱ f.
‘spitzhammer ”, κοντός “ shaft, pole, Schifferstange ” (out of it Lat. contus ds., whereof
percontürī actually “with the Schifferstange sondieren ”, hence “untersuchen, forschen ”);
O.Ir. cinteir (Lat. Lw.) “calcar”, Welsh cethr “nail”, Corn. kenter ds., Bret. kentr ‘sporn”
(borrowing aller from Lat. centrum “κέντρον” , Pedersen KG . I 198, is barely erweislich , but
probably ; Vendryes Me ́ l. Saussure 319 läßt only das Ir. word from dem Brit. derive);
O.H.G. hantag ‘sharp”; Goth. handugs “wise”, O.N. hannarr “kunstfertig, smart ” from
*hanÞara -, actually ‘sharp witted, shrewd ”?;
Ltv. sīts (= Lith. *šin ̃ tas ) “Jagdspieß” .
References: WP. I 402.
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k̂erbero - and kerbero -
English meaning: variegated
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scheckig”
Note: (compare S. 573 k̂er- besides ker-6 in color names)
Material: O.Ind. śárvara - “varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted “, śárvarī f. “animal the
Maruts, night ” (v steht for b, compare Wackernagel O.Ind. Gk. I 184 and:) śabála -, śabára -
(diss. reduction of ersten r) “varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted “ (besides karbará -,
karvará -, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.);
Gk. Κέρβερος originally “ the Scheckige ”; compare die mythologische turn from O.Ind.
śarvarī ;
Slav. sobolь “Zobel” seems from dem Aryan to derive.
The root kerb- seeks Lide ́ n Stud . 50 f. in O.Ir. corbaim “besmirch, sully ” and Lith. kìrba (>
Ltv. ḱirba ) ‘swamp, marsh, morass ” and contemplates *kerb- as extension the Farbwz. ker-
(see S. 583 kers-); Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 383.
References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht IE Decl. 119, 262.
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k̂erdho -, k̂erdhā
English meaning: troop, line
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Reihe, Herde ”
Material: O.Ind. śárdha - m., śardhas - n. “herd, troop, multitude, crowd ”, Av. sarǝδa -,
O.Pers. ϑard- “kind of, Gattung ”;
Gk. κόρθυς “ heap”, κορθύομαι “ erhebe mich ”, κορθύ̄νω “häufe auf” ;
M.Welsh cordd f. “Truppe, troop, multitude, crowd, family “ (*k̂ordhü ; irrig Loth RC 42,
276 f.);
maybe Alb. kordhë ‘sword (of soldiers) ”.
Goth. haírda , O.Ice. hjǫrð , O.E. heord , O.H.G. herta “herd” (therefrom Goth. haírdeis ,
O.H.G. hirti etc. “herdsman, shepherd ”) and O.H.G. herta “variation ” (actually
“Reihenfolge ”);
in Bal.-Slav. with West IE guttural: Lith. ker̃džius (and sker̃džius ) “herdsman, shepherd”
(places ein *kerdà “herd” ahead), O.Pruss. kērdan acc. “time” (actually “*row, Reihenfolge ”);
O.Bulg. čre ̌ da “ἐφημερία, row after the Tagesordnung” and “ herd”, čre ̌ diti “(*anreihen,
dispose =) host “, Clr. čereda ́ “row; herd, Rudel ” (etc.).
References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.
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(k̂ered -:) k̂erd-, k̂ērd-, k̂r̥d-, k̂red-
English meaning: heart
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Herz”
Material: Arm. sirt, instr. srti-v “heart” (*k̂ērdi -);
Gk. καρδίᾱ (Att.), κραδίη ( Hom.), κάρζα ( Lesb.), κορίζᾱ (Cypr. ) “heart; stomach; Mark bei
Pflanzen ” (*k̂r̥d(i̯)a), poet. κ῅ρ, -ος n. “ heart” (*k̂ērd); κέαρ neologism after ἔαρ : ἦρος;
Maybe Alb. (*kardia ) kërthizë “navel, center of the body ”, kërthi “baby”
Lat. cor (from * cord), cordis “heart”, con-cors, -dis “einträchtig” , dis-cors “zwieträchtig” ;
O.Ir. cride n., Ir. croidhe “heart, With te”, Welsh craidd “Withtelpunkt ”, Corn. cre(y)s , Bret.
kreiz “Withte” (das Ir. läßt sich from * k̂redi̯om or *k̂r̥di̯om define, assumed, daß die dunkle
coloring the anlaut. Konsonanz explanation findet (after crú “blood”?); die Brit. forms
verlangen against it eine basic form *k̂redi̯om );
Goth. haírto , O.H.G. herza , O.E. heorte , O.N. hjarta n. “heart” (*k̂ē̆rd-on-);
Lith. širdìs f. (older m.), acc. šìrdį “heart, Kern, Mark from Bäumen” ; Ltv. sir̂ds f. (older m.)
“heart” and ser̂de f. “Mark, Kern in wood ” (basic forms *še ́ rd- and šir̃d-, compare den
alten gen. sg. širde ́ s and gen. pl. širdu ̨́ , die auf IE *k̂erdés and *k̂erdō ́ m based on; see
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 302); O.Pruss. seyr n. (*kērd ), to m. o-stem extended sīras , acc.
sīran “heart”;
akl. srъdьce , Serb. sȑce “heart”; zero grade O.C.S. srěda “Withte” (*serda ), Russ. seredá
ds.;
Hitt. ka-ra-az (karts ) “heart”, gen. kar-di-aš (Pedersen Hitt. 41).
Maybe Alb. kredh “immerse, dive ”
Not here (but to M.Ir. cretair “ relic “) IE k̂red-dhē- “ witchcraft whereupon place, believe,
trust” in O.Ind. śrád-dadhüti “vertraut, glaubt ” (apart, separated still e.g. śrád asmüi dhatta

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“glaubet an ihn! ”), śrad-dhü “reliance”, Av. zrazdü - “believe” (from *srazdü - through folk
etymology support in zǝrǝd - “heart”);
Maybe
Luvian: UZUzƒrt-
English meaning: “heart”
Attestations: [N-ASg] UZUza-a- ar-za: 16 i 7*(?); XXXII 7,12.
[D-LSg] za- ar-ti-: 133 ii 4.
Alb. (*za-a- ar-ma) zemra “heart” : Hieroglyphic Luvian zar-za “heart”, zart- “heart” (with loss
of nasal before dental stop) : Av. zrazdü - “believe” (Melchert, 1987:197-198; MA:262-263)]
(Sapir, 1936:263, VW:235; H:100).
Lat. crēdō “glaube” (*krezdō -, IE *k̂red-dhē-);
O.Ir. cretim “glaube”, Welsh credaf ds. (not *crethaf , hence previously late zur festen
composition geworden), Corn. crežy , M.Bret. cridiff , Bret. credi “believe”; in addition
O.Ir.cretar , M.Welsh creir, Welsh crair (*kredrü ) “ relic “.
rhyme word to k̂er(e)d- is ĝhērd -, ĝhr̥d-, only Aryan, in O.Ind. hr̥d “heart”, etc.
References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436.
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k̂erǝ-, k̂rā-
English meaning: to mix; to cook
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mischen, durcheinanderrũhren” , partly also “kochen” (vom
Umrũhren)
Material: O.Ind. śrǘyati “kocht, brät” , śrīṇǘti “mischt, kocht, brät” , śrītá- “gemischt ”, śīrtá- ds.
(: Gk. ἄ-κρᾱτος ), śrütá -, śr̥tá- “cooked, boiled, roasted ” (śráyaṇa - n. “das Mischen ”, ablaut
neologism as Kaus. śrapáyati “kocht, brät, brennt Töpfe etc.” ), ü-śir- f. “Zumischung warmer
milk zum Soma ”;
Av. sar- med. ‘sich vereinigen with, sich anschließen an, es halten with” , sar- f. “
association, connection ”;
Gk. κίρνημι “mix, mingle, verbinde, gleiche from ”, newer κιρνάω , κεράω , κεραίω , Att.
κεράνν vμι, Fut. κεράσω, Att. κερ῵ , Aor. ἐκέρασ (σ)α, Ion. ἐπικρ῅σαι perf. κέκραμαι . ἄ-κρᾱτος
( : O.Ind. śīrtá-) “ unmixed, pure : sich in ungehemmter Kraft äußernd, unbändig” (*k̂erǝ-tós);
κρᾶσις f. “Mischung ”, κρᾱτήρ “Mischkrug ”; Hom. ἀκήpατος in the meaning “pure (water) ”,
metr. lengthening for * ἀκέρατος (?);
O.N. hrø ̄ ra , O.E. hrēran , O.H.G. ( h)ruoren “in Bewegung place, rũcken, rũhren = bestir “,
O.S. hrōra “movement, agitation ”, O.H.G. ruora “movement (also in Leibe: Ger. Ruhr )”, O.E.
O.S. hrōr “rũhrig, strong” , O.E. hrēr (Eng. rear) “half cooked, boiled ”.
References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227.
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k̂er-2, k̂erǝ-, k̂rē-
English meaning: to grow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen; wachsen machen, nähren”
Material: Arm. ser “ lineage, progeny, gender, sex ”, seṙ, gen. seṙi ds. (k̂eṙ-si-), serem
“bringe hervor ”, serim “werde geboren, grow ”, seṙn “gender, sex, progeny “, serm , sermn “
seed, sperm “;
Gk. ἐκόρεσα , κορέ-σω (Lateeres present κορέσκω and κορέννῡμι; perf. κεκόρεσμαι )
‘sättigen” , κόρος ‘sättigung” ; *κορFος in Att. κόρος = Hom. Ion. κοῦρος , Dor. κ῵ρος
“adulescens ” (later also “lap, sprout, young twig, branch ”), fem. ark. dat. sg. κόρFαι, Att.
κόρη, Hom. Ion. κούρη, Dor. κώρα “girl, virgin; the pupil of the eye, eyeball “, Hom.
κούρητες “waffenfähige Jungmannschaft” ; probably κέλωρ , -ωρος ‘son, offspring,
descendant “ (diss. from * κερωρ , originally n. “ progeny “);
Alb. thjer m. “ acorn “ (*k̂er-), thjerrë “lentil” (*k̂er-n-), lit. “Nährung” ;
Lat. Cerēs , -eris “goddess the fruchttragenden Erde ”, Osc. kerrí “Cereri” (etc.), “a
creando”, Lat. masc. Cerus manus “creator bonus ” with r as aLat. spelling for rr (*cerso- )
because of Umbr. S̀erfe voc. etc., Osc. caria “bread”; lengthened grade Lat. pro-cērus “from
hohem, schlankem growth ”; from the heavy basis creō, -üre “make, erschaffen ” (Denom. a
*crēi̯ü “ growth “), crē-sco, -vī “grow”, crēber “dense wachsend = dense aneinanderstehend,
gedrängt, full; frequent, often ” (*k̂rē-dhros );
O.Ice. hirsi (M.H.G. Lw.) m., O.H.G. hirso (*k̂ers-ion-), hirsi “millet, sorghum ”;
Lith. šeriu ̀ , še ́ rti “feed” (heavy basis), pãšaras m. “food”, šer̃mens and šer̃menys pl.
“Begräbnismahl” , O.Pruss. sermen ds.
References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.
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k̂er-3
English meaning: rope; to weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnur, Gewebefaden; flechten, knũpfen”
Note: only Arm. and Gk.
Material: Arm. sari-k” pl. (gen. sareac̣ , instr. sareōc ̣ ) “band, strap, cord ” (*k̂erei̯ü), sard (i-
stem) “ spider”(*k̂r̥-ti-);
Gk. καῖρος ( *k̂eri̯-os) σειρά τις ἐν ἱστῶ, δι” ἧς οἱ στήμονες διεγείρονται Phot., perhaps
‘schnũre beim Anbinden of Gewebes”, καίρωμα “ ds., also Gewebe ”, καιρόω “binde das
Gewebe together ”, zero grade κειρί α “the Gurt of Bettgestelles ”, pl. (NT.) “Grabtũcher” (die
forms κηρία, καιρ ία s. Liddell -Scott; die meaning “Grabtũcher” through connection in κή ρ
“Todesgöttin” ?).
References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.
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k̂er-4 and k̂erǝ - : k̂rē-
English meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled
Deutsche Übersetzung: “versehren ”; intr. “zerfallen, vermorschen ”
Material: O.Ind. śr̥ṇǘti “zerbricht, zermalmt ”, śī́ryate , śīryáte “wird zerbrochen, zerfällt” ,
participle śīrṇá -, -śīrtá-, śūrtá - “broke, decayed “, Inf. śaritoḥ ;
Av. asarǝta - “not broken, not mutlos gemacht ” (= O.Ind. áśīrta -), sari- m. “piece,
fragment, shard ”, süri- f. “break, Untergang ”; ein d(h)-present in addition is perhaps Pers.
gusilem “rupture, slit, separate ” from O.Pers. *vi-sr̥dümiy ;
Gk. κεραΐζω “devastate, plũndere” (*κεραF -ίζω, due to a * κεραFο-ς; κερᾰ- = O.Ind. śari-),
ἀκέραιος “unzerstört, unversehrt”, κεραυνό ς “thunderbolt, lightning ” (*κερα -F[ε]ν -ος, actually
“Zerschmetterer ”); lengthened grade Gk. κήρ, κηρός, f. “death, ruin; Todesgöttin” , (Proto-
Gk.ē; den Att. Spruch θύραζε κᾶρες (κ῅ρες) ... erklärt man from a sekundären nom. *καρ
from *κᾰρς with ᾰ from dem einstigen paradigm κ῅ρ : *καρός ); καρι῵σαι ἀποκτεῖναι Hes.
contains reduced grade, as Alb. ther; ἀκήριος “unbeschädigt, nicht dem Tode verfallen” ,
κηραίνω ‘spoil, schädige” , whereof ἀκήρατος “unverletzt ”, also “pure, lauter ” (also with
ἀκήρατος “unvermischt ” zusammengefallen);
Lat. cariēs (*k̂r̥-i̯ē- to present *cariō ) “das Morschsein, Faulsein ”, cariōsus “mũrbe,
morsch”, carius “tinea”;
Alb. ther ‘schlachte, cut, bite ” (*k̂r̥-), tsirrís “ prick “ (*k̂er-n-);
O.Ir. ar-a-chrin (*-k̂r̥-nu-t) “zerfällt” , do-cer “er fiel” (*-k̂erǝ-t), crín “ wilted; faded, flaccid,
withered “ (*k̂rē-no-s), irchre n. “Untergang ” (*peri-k̂r-i̯o-m);
Toch. A küryap, В karep “damage”.
References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gk. 437, 462.
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k̂er(s)-1
English meaning: bristle, stiff hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Borste, steifes Haar; starren, rauh and kratzig sein ”
Material: O.Ind. *śala in kapucchala- n. “Haar am Hinterhaupt ”;
M.Ir. carrach “ scabbed, scabby, steinig ”; different above S. 532;
O.H.G. hursti “cristas”, Nor. herren “ stiff, hard ”, O.Ice. herstr “rough, harsh ”, M.H.G.
hersten “erstarren ”; perhaps O.H.G. O.S. O.Ice. hür, O.E. hæ ̄ r “hair” from a s-losen the
abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);
Lith. šery ̃ s “bristle”, šeriu ́ os , še ́ rtis “haaren, hair lassen ”, šiurkštu ̀ s , šiurgždu ̀ s “rough”;
ablaut. E.Lith. šer̃šas ‘schauer”; Ltv. sari “Borsten”;
Slav. *sьrstь (= O.H.G. hurst ) in R.C.S. sьrstь f. “wool”, Sloven. sr̂st “Tierhaar”, Russ.
šerstь “wool”, ablaut. Russ. šo ́ roš m. “rough Oberfläche” , O.Bulg. vъsorъ “rough”; Slav.
*sьrchъ in Sloven. sr̂h m. ‘schauer”, R.C.S. srьchъkъ “τραχύς” , Sloven. sŕhɛk ‘struppig”.
References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.
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k̂ers-2
English meaning: to run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen”
Material: Fũr palatales k̂ speaks σάρσαι ἅμαξαι Hes., das as Lat. sarrücum , serrücum (Ital. -
rr- from -rs-) “ein ausländischer cart “ ein Illyr. *sarsa = IE *k̂r̥sü zur wellspring have could;
Gk. ἐπίκουρος “ to help hurrying ” (*k̂orsos );
Lat. currō, -ere “run” (*k̂r̥sō), cursus “run, flow ”, currus “ cart “, equirria “Wagenrennen ”
(*equi-curria , from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and haplologisch equirria );
Gaul. carros , latinisiert carrus “Karren, cart “, O.Ir. M.Welsh carr; Bret. karr “biga,
vihiculum ” (*kr̥sos ); compare M.Welsh carrawc f., Welsh carrog ‘sturzbach ” (*karsükü “die
Laufende ”?), different above S. 532.
M.H.G. hurren ‘sich rasch bewegen ”; doubtful O.H.G. hros, -ses, O.Ice. O.S. hross , O.E.
horg “horse, steed ” (*hrussa- ), and. hers ds. ( *herssa- ), da das -ss- from one in -s auslaut
root höchstens as consonant increase in a Kurznamen verständlich wäre; hence rather to a
dental extension (: O.Ind. kū ́ rdati “hũpft, springt” ) the not palatalen root (s)ker- ‘spring”;
Arm. kar̄k” “ cart “ is probably Lw. from dem Galatischen.
References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.
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k̂er-, k̂erǝ- : k̂rā-, k̂erei -, k̂ereu -
English meaning: head; horn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “das Oberste am Кörper: Kopf; Horn (and gehörnte Tiere); Gipfel”
Material: O.Ind. śíras - n. (ved. only nom. acc. ) “head, cusp, peak ”, Av. sarah- n. “head” (in
the 2. syllable not genau = Gk. κέρας from k̂erǝ-s from the heavy basis; die reduplication-
grade the ersten syllable, instead of *śaras -, is previously ind. or urarisch from dem
Vorläufer from O.Ind. gen. śīrṣṇáḥ etc. verschleppt), gen. O.Ind. śīrṣṇáḥ , abl. śīrṣatáḥ
(*k̂r̥̄sn̥-tos : Gk. κρά̄ατος);
śŕ̥ṅga - (*k̂r̥-n-go-) n. “horn”, of n-stem *k̂er-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare
nominativischem g, compare Gk. κραγγών “crab” and from the u-basis Gk. κορυ -γγ-εῖν
κερατίζειν (see also under about Ir. congan );
from the u-basis Av. srū-, srvü- “horn; nail an Fingern and Zehen ”, srvara “gehörnt” (*srū
+ bhara- ), srvī-stüy- “with hörnernen Widerhaken” ;
Arm. sar “height, acme, apex, slope ” (k̂ero-);
Gk. κάρ in Hom. ἐπὶ κάρ “auf den Kopf ”, Hippocr. ἀνάκαρ “ after above ”, originally
probably *k̂er gen. *k̂er-ós (καρός), from which analogical κάρ, καρός; besides κάρᾱ , Ion.
κάρη “ head”; ein s-loser stem κᾰρ- is unabweislich for ἔγ-καρος (and ἄ -καpος with α - as
Tiefst. to ἐν), ἴγ -κρ-ος “Gehirn”;
perhaps here Ion. κᾱρῖς, -ῖδος, Att. κᾱρίς, -ίδος f. “ kind of Krebs ”, Dor. κωρίς κουρίς ds.;
kerǝs - in Gk. κέρας “ horn” (gen. ep. κέραος, Att. -ως, newer -ατος, later episch -ά̄ατος)
see under Lat. cerebrum ;
maybe Alb.Gheg krëja “head” , Tosc krye- “head” : Rom. creier “brain”
*καρασ - (*k̂erǝs-) in: Att. κάρᾱ “ head” (n. *kerǝs-n̥ > *καραα), Ion. κάρη ds., obliquer stem
*krüsn - (with -ατ- for - n-) aeol. gen. κρά̄ατος, out of it κρᾱτός; Mischbildungen are καρήατος

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and κάρητος (*κρᾱσν - = O.Ind. śīr̥ṣṇ -); κάρηαρ; in addition καροῦσθαι ‘sich schwer in Kopfe
feel “; Hom. κάρηνα nom. pl. “Köpfe, Bergesgipfel” (secondary sg. κάρηνον, Att. Dor.
κάρᾱνον , Eol. καραννο -), basic form *κάρασνᾰ pl.; compare M. Leumann Homer. Wörter
159.
καρά̄ρα κεφαλή Hes. (*καρασ -ρα; therefrom Καρά̄ρων, father of Κάρᾱνος );
about κρήδεμνον, Dor. κρά̄δεμνον “ head fascia ” s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about Hom.
κατὰκρ῅θεν (= κατ” ἄκρηθεν) s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56 ff.;
perhaps κρᾱαίνω “vollfũhre”. Wenn κραιπάλη “ Katzenjammer after a intoxication “
because of Lat. crüpula as κρᾱιπαλη aufzufassen is (in 2. part then πάλλω ), could κρᾱ[σ]ι-
besides * καρασ -ρᾱ stand , as by Adjektiven e.g . κῡδι-άνειρα besides κῡδρός;
*κρᾰσ - (*k̂rǝs- or *κρᾱσ -, *kr̥̄s-) in Att. κράσπεδον “hem, edge; Heeresflũgel” ; ἀμφί-
κρᾱνος (*κρᾰ̄σ -νο-) “rings with Köpfen versehen (Hydra)” , ἐκατόγ -κρᾱνος “100köpfig” , Ion.
ἐπίκρηνον κεφαλόδεσμον Hes., Att. κρᾱνίον “ cranium”, ὀλε[νο]κρᾱνον, ωλέκρᾱνον “ elbow”;
κρανίξαι ἐπὶ κεφαλήν ἀπορρῖψαι Hes. next to which with lengthened grade (: κέρας)
κερανίξαι κολυμβ῅σαι κυβιστ῅σαι Hes., ναυ-κρᾱρος ‘schiffshaupt, Schiffsherr ” (diss . ναυ-
κλᾱρος , -κληρος ), böot. Λᾱκρᾱρίδᾱς from *Λᾱ-κρᾱρος “ head of Volkes ”; in addition κραῖρα
f. “head”, ἡμίκραιρα etc. (from *κρασ -ρια);
o-grade *κορσ - in Ion. κόρση, Att. κόρρη, Dor. κόρρα ‘schläfe, head” (IE *k̂ors-);
of -( e)n-stem k̂er(e)n- : κράνος “ helmet” (*k̂r̥no-s); κάρνος ... β όσκημα, πρόβατον Hes.;
κέρναι, κέρνα pl. “die beiden Hervorragungen an den Knochenfortsätzen the dorsal
vertebrae ” (*k̂ern- or *k̂ers-n); κραγγών “ crab” (compare above O.Ind. śŕ̥ṅga -); unclear is die
formation from κεράμβυξ, -υκος “Hirschkäfer”; κά̄ ραβος m. “Meerkrebs; Käferart; kind of
ship” (> Lat. carübus ds.), perhaps with Maced. (?) derivative (Gk. *- φος) to κᾱρίς
‘seekrebs”, see above; but all doubtful.

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Von k̂ereu - : κόρυδός m., f. “ Haubenlerche ” (: Gmc. herut - “deer”); κόρυς, -υθος “ helmet”,
Hom. κῦμα κορύσσεται “bäumt sich” κόρυμβος, κορυφή “ acme, apex “, κορύπτω ‘stoße
with dem Kopf, denHörnern”, κορυγγεῖν κερατίζειv Hes. (to -γγ- see above to śŕ̥ṅga -).
Von k̂erei - : κρῑός “aries, ram ” (compare in ders. meaning κεραστής), ablaut. with O.N.
hreinn , O.E. hrün “ reindeer “.
Vereinzeltes: κάρτην την βοῦν. Κρ῅τες Hes. (if *k̂r̥-tü “die Gehörnte”); κυρίττω, κυρηβ άζω
‘stoße with den Hörnern” (as κορύπτω; *k̂or-);
Lat. cerebrum “Hirn” (*k̂erǝs -ro-m, compare Gk. καρά̄ρα); cervīx “ nape “ (*cers-vīc-);
cernuus , cernulus “Gaukler, the Purzelbäume makes, sich kopfũber ũberschlägt” (*k̂ers-
nou̯os ; if not rather Lw. from the language the Gk. Jongleure, compare κερανίξαι), crübrō
“hornet” (see under). Vom (e)n-stem: cornū “horn” (the u-stem perhaps as Gaul. κάρνυξ;
“Trompete ” through amalgamation of n- and u-stem); compare also Illyr. PN Σρικόρνιον
(Moesia), PN Cornuīnus etc. (Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from * k̂r̥n-;
to crübrō “Hornisse ” (*crüsrō , k̂erǝsron -) stellt sich ( IE k̂r̥̄s-еn-):
O.H.G. hurnū ̆ z , hornaz , m., O.E. hyrnet(u) “Hornisse ” (*hurznuta ); Dutch horzel (*hurzla-
), Ger. Horlitze ;
Lith. šìrše f., širšly ̃ s m., šìršuolis , old širšuo “wasp”, šìršuonas , šìršūnas “Hornisse ”, Ltv.
sirsis , O.Pruss. sirsilis “Hornisse ”;
R.C.S. (etc.) sъrъšenь “Hornisse, gadfly, brake ”, Serb. sȑśljén “Hornisse ”; compare Būga
Kalba ir senove I 191, 224;
Bret. kern ‘scheitel, whirl of Kopfes ”, M.Ir. cern f. “point, edge ”; Gaul. κάρνυξ “ Trompete ”,
κάρνον την σάλπιγγα. Γαλάται; Welsh Corn. Bret. karn “hoof the Einhufer ” (from “*horn”; but
M.Ir. Corn. Bret. corn “Trinkhorn ”, Welsh corn “horn”; because of Brit. VN Cornoviī etc.
barely from dem Lat.);

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O.H.G. hirni, O.N. hiarni “Hirn” (*k̂ersniom ), Dutch hersen “Hirn”, O.N. hiarsi ‘scheitel,
whirl of Kopfes ” (*k̂erson -); of (e)n-stem: Goth. haúrn , O.H.G. O.N. horn “horn, Trinkhorn,
Trompete ” (see above to Lat. cornu ), with t-suffix (compare above Gk. κάρτην) in addition
O.H.G. (h)rind , O.E. hrīðer n. “Horntier”, zero grade O.E. hrȳðer ds., nd. Dutch rund “rother,
cattle”. Von the u-basis: O.H.G. hiruz , O.S. hirot, O.E. heorot , O.N. hjǫrtr , Ger. Hirsch (-d-
forms as in Gk. κόρυδος; also in:) O.N. hrūtr “aries, ram ”;
Maybe zero grade in Alb.Gheg (*kruni ) truni “brain, head ” : O.C.S. srъna “roe deer ”
common Alb. k- > t- : g- > d- phonetic mutatIon.
Ltv. sirnas pl. “Rehe”. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = O.C.S. srъna “roe deer” (: κάρνος); ablaut
equally with Welsh carw ;
in addition belongs die derivative:
k̂erǝu̯o -s : k̂ṝu̯o-s “gehörnt, hirschköpfig, as Subst. deer” or “cow”.
Gk. κεραός “gehörnt” ;
Lat. cervus , -ī m. “deer”, cerva f. “ hind “, therefrom cervīnus “isabellfarben ”, Gaul.-Lat.
cervēsia , cervīsia “hirschfarbenes, braunes Getränk, beer” (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259);
Welsh carw , Corn. carow , Bret. karo m. “deer” (*kr̥̄u̯o-s); in addition the Gebirgsname
Karawanken ;
O.Pruss. sirwis m. “roe deer ” (out of it borrowed finn. hirvi “ elk, deer ” compare also
sarve , lapp. čuarvi “ elk “);
probably from a Kentumsprache derive:
Alb. ka “ox” (*k̂r̥̄u̯-);
Note:
Wrong etymology – Alb. kau “ox” : Rom. bou “ox” derived from Root gʷou- : “cattle”.
Lith. kárvė “cow”; in addition kárviena f. “Kuhfleisch ” (: Cz. kravina “Kuhhaut”);

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k̂es-
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Material: O.Ind. śǘsti, śáśati “cuts, slices, metzelt ”, śasta -ḥ “niedergemetzelt ”, śástrá - n.
“knife, Dolch ”, śüsá - m. ‘schlachtmesser ”;
Gk. κεάζω ‘split”, εὐ-κέατος “ light to split ”, κέαρνον “ axe, Schusterahle ”;
Alb. thadrë (*k̂as-dhrü) “zweischneidige axe ”;
Note:
Common Alb. phonetic mutation s > th suggests Alb. being a direct descendant of Sanskrit:
Alb. thadrë < O.Ind. śástrá -
Lat. careō , -ēre “entbehren, sich enthalten, vermissen ”, Osc. kasit “oportet”; to-participle,
Lat. castus “free (from Fehlern), pure, enthaltsam ”, originally “ cropped, truncated, cut off ,
apart, separated ”; thereof castīgō “rũge, strafe” ; neologism is cassus “ empty, bare, lacking ,
eitel. nichtig ”; *kastrom ‘schneidewerkzeug ” ( : O.Ind. śastrám ) wird assumed from Lat.
castrō, -üre “abschneiden, verschneiden, kastrieren ”, castrum “ encampment “ as
“abgeschnittenes Stũck Land” , Osc. gen. sg. castrous “fundi”, Umbr. castruo , kastruvuf
“fundos” (u-stem after peku- “cattle”);
also Alb. (*castellum ) kështjellë “castle”
M.Ir. cess f. ‘spear, javelin ” (*kestü );
O.N. hes f. “Zapfen in Kuhstrick ”;
O.C.S. kosa f. ‘sickle, scythe ” (k- instead of s- through dissimilation against das following
s?).
References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.
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k̂euk-
English meaning: to shine, glow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, hell, weiß sein, glũhen”
Material: O.Ind. śṓcati , śúcyati ‘shines, glares, gleams, gluht, burns, leidet heftigen
Schmerz, trauert ”, śocáyati “entzũndet, grieving; is sad, beklagt” , śṓka - m. “blaze, glow,
flame, pain, mourning, grief ”, śúci- “luminous, gleaming, pure ”, śukrá -, śuklá - “licht, white,
pure”, śukti- f. “Muschel, Perlenmuschel, Perlmutter ” (if “*gleaming ”), perhaps śuktá - ‘sour”
(if “ burning from taste ”) ;
Av. saočint - “ burning “, saočayeiti “inflammat = incitat ”, Pers. sōxtan “kindle, inflame,
verbrennen ”, Av. upa-suxta- “ kindled “, ütrǝ-saoka- m. “ firebrand “, Pers. sōg “mourning,
grief, distress “ (Arm. sug “mourning, grief ” is Iran. Lw.); Av. suxra- “luminous (of fire) ”, Pers.
surx “red”;
Gk. κύκνος ‘swan” as “the white ”.
Maybe Alb. (*k̂euk ) kuq “red”
References: WP. I 378. extension from k̂eu-2.
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k̂euk̂-, k̂uk̂-
English meaning: to mix, to whirl
Deutsche Übersetzung: “durcheinandermischen, wirbeln ”?
Note: Sehr doubtful.
Material: Gk. κυκεών “Mischtrank ”, κυκάω “rũhre ein, mix, mingle” , κύκηθρον “Rũhrkelle” ;
Lith. ša ́ ukštas ‘spoon”, šiu ̀ kšme s “ detritus, Auskehricht ”, šiukštu ̀ s “with chaff or
Kleiegemischt ”.
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 218 f.
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k̂eu-1, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā-
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen, Schwellung, Wölbung” and “Höhlung; hohl” ,
gemeinsame Anschauung, Wölbung after außen or innen”
Material: O.Ind. śv-áyati ‘schwillt an, wird stark, mighty ” (perf. śū-śuv-uḥ); śu-ná- n. “
growth, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation ”; śávas - n. “ strength, Heldenkraft ”, śávīra -
‘strong, mighty ” (ī probably secondary for ī, so that = Gaul. κάυαρος ), śáviṣṭha -
“ũbermächtigst” , śūná - ‘swollen, aufgedunsen ” (O.Ice. hūnn etc.; about O.Ind. śū́na -m “lack”
s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); śūnyá - “ empty, bare, lacking ” (and Arm. sun “very small, entbloßt
from”); śū́ra- ‘strong”, mostly “Held” (= Av. sūra-, Gk. ἄ-κυρος etc.); śṓ-tha- m. “
intumescence, Aufgedunsenheit ”, śṓ-pha- m. ‘swelling, lump, growth, ulcer ”; śüva - m. “das
Junge eines animals ”, O.Ind. śi-śu- m. “kid, child, Junges ”;
śvü-trá- “gedeihlich, strong ”, n. “ power, Stärkung” ; śá-śvant - “jeder” , see under; from an
s-extension probably śuṣi- m. “cavity” (= O.E. hyse “ youngling “), suṣirá - (from śuṣ-?)
“hollow”; n. “cavity, ein Blasinstrument ”;
Av. spü(y) , redupl. present participle sispimna- ‘swell up”, sūra- (= O.Ind. śū́ra-) ‘strong,
vast, grand ”, superl. sǝvišta - (= O.Ind. śáviṣṭha -); sūra- m. “hole, lacuna ”, Pers. sūrüx “hole”
(: κύαρ = ὕδρος : ὕδωρ ; s. also Arm. sor, at most Lat. caver- na);
Arm. sun (see above to O.Ind. śū́na - “ emptiness “); sor “hole” (*so[v]oro- from * sovaro- =
O.Ind. *śavīra -, Gk. κύαρ), soil “cave” (*k̂eu-lo-);
Alb. thelë “deep” (= κό(F)ιλος; о to a and through umlaut to e); thanë “Kornelkirsche ”
(*k̂ousnü ), Tosc i thante ̈ “kerngesund ” (Jokl by WH. I 277);
Gk. κόοι τὰ χάσματα τ῅ς γ῅ς, καὶ τὰ κοιλώματα Hes. (: Lat. cavus , M.Ir. cūa), κοῖλος
“hollow” (κόFιλος = Alb. thelë), lengthened grade κ῵ος “ cave, jail “; κύαρ ( *k̂uu̯r̥) “hole” (see

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above to Av. sūra- “hole”, Arm. sor); (perhaps Fremdwörter κύαθος “ goblet” and κώθων
“lakon. bauchiges Trinkgeschirr ” from *κοFαθων?); κύλα τ ὰ ὑποκάτω τ῵ν βλεφάρων
κοιλώματα Hes. (also κύλον “τὸκάτωθεν βλέφαρον” Poll., Suid.; also κυλάδες, κυλίδες; in
addition, as it seems, κοικύλλω “ gaffeumher ”, Κοικυλίων actually “ Gaffer”;
with the meaning “to swell” etc.: κυέω, (ἐγ)κύω, Aor. ἔκῡσα “ pregnant sein ”, κύος n.
“foetus” (: Welsh cyw), ἔγκυος “ pregnant ”, ἐγκύ̄μων (?) ds.: κῦμα “ surge “; Κυάρη ἡ Αθηνᾶ
Hes. (“*die strong ”, ablaut. with O.Ind. śavīra -, Gaul. Καυαρος) ; ἄ -κῡρος “ungũltig” (= O.Ind.
śū́ra-), κύ̄ριος “ power, Macht habend, herrschend, maßgebend; master, mister”, κῦρος n.
“power, force, influence, verdict “; in addition from the grade *k̂u̯ü- (as O.Ind. śvütrá -) Dor.
Aor. πά̄σασθαι, perf. πέπαμαι “Verfũgung, Gewalt about etwas bekommen”, πᾶμα
“Besitztum ”, PN Θιό -ππᾶστος (ππ < k̂u̯), Ion.ἔμπης, Dor. ἔμπας “ gleich, jedenfalls, generally
“; in addition ἐμπάζομαι “kũmmere mich um etwas”, κατεμπάζω “ergreife, ũberfalle” (“*take
in possession “), ἔμπαιος “ expert, skillful ” (“*in Besitz from etwas ”) ;
πᾶς “whole” (*πᾱ-ντ- from *k̂u̯ü-nt-); also = ἅ-πᾱς “ jeder”, O.Ind. śá-śvant - (*sa-śvant -)
“jeder the row after, vollständig” ;
Lat. cavus “hollow, arched (concave) ” from *cou̯os (compare port. covo etc.), caverna
“cave”; cumulus (*k̂u-me-los “ intumescence “) “heap” ; inciēns “pregnant ” (*en-cu̯iens ,
similarly O.Ind. śvayatē ); here also cavea f. “cage”, M.Lat. cavellum “basket”, romO.N.
*cavüneum (M.-L. 1786) “basket, cradle “;
Gaul. PN Καυαρος, Cavarillus (assimil. from * covaro- : O.Ind. śavīra -), Welsh cawr
(*cawar ), Corn. caur “ giant “; M.Ir. nom. Plur. cōraid “Helden”, kirchlich to “ sinner”
verschlimmert; M.Ir. cūa (*k̂ou̯i̯os ) “hollow” (: κόοι, Lat. cavus ); cūass “cave”; Bret. kéo
“Grotte” (*kou̯io -); Welsh cyw m. “Tierjunges ” (*k̂uu̯os : Gk. κύος);
O.Ice. hūnn m. “dice, cube, klotzartiges piece; Junges ”, O.E. hūn m. “Junges”, *hūni - “
power, strength “ in EN as O.H.G. Hūn-mür (= O.Ind. śūná -), elsäss. hũnsch “ tumefaction

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the Milchadern ”;probably also das verstärkende O.Ice. hund- , e.g. hund-diarfr “πάν -τολμος” ,
i.e. participle *hunda = *k̂u̯-n̥t- (: *k̂u̯-ent-, during Gk. παντ -, *k̂u̯ü-nt from the heavy basis
k̂u̯ü- has derived); O.E. hyse “ youngling “ (: O.Ind. śuṣi “Hohlstengel ”), hoss m. “twig,
branch”;
Ltv. ša ̂ va ‘scheidenartige col, gap or cavity am tree ” (lengthened grade, compare κ῵ος);
from “to swell” from: Lith. šau ̃ nas , šaunu ̀ s ‘strong, proficient ”, pašū ̆ ne “ power, strength “ (:
O.Ind. śuná -m; Persson Beitr. 192, the also šaulis (O.Lith. ) “hip, haun ch”, šuka “ haycock,
haystack auf dem Felde ”, šū ́ snis “heap” , šū ́ tis “Holzstoß ”, šū ́ tis “heap Steine or Holz ”
anreihen möchte??);
Maybe Alb. sukë “hill”
O.Bulg. sujь “nichtig, eitel ”; compare Būga Kalba Ir. sen. I 291.
A root form k̂u̯-el- perhaps in O.E. hwylca (leg. hwelca ) “Eiterbläschen, swelling, lump,
growth”, wherefore hwelian “ fester “ and (?) Ltv. kvel̂dêt , kvèlêt “glow” (Mũhlenbach -
Endzelin II 352).
References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gk. I 301.
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k̂eu-2
English meaning: to shine, bright
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, hell ”
Material: Av. savahī - “name of in osten gelegenen Erdteils ” (eig. nom. Du. from *savah- “
morning, ost en”), with zero grade root syllable O.Ind. śvaḥ adv. “cras”; r-stem Av. sūrǝm
“frũh morgens” (thematic acc. a conservative stem), a-sūiri “in Morgendunkel ” (sūirya -), acc.
sūirīm “ breakfast “;
perhaps Arm. šukh “ radiance, splendor, fame ” (as *k̂u̯ō-ko-; therefrom škheɫ “glanzvoll
etc.”), šol “ray, Lichtstrahl ” (as *k̂u̯o-lo-), nšoyl “light, radiance, Gefunkel ” (*ni-k̂u̯oli̯o ),
probably šand, šant ” ‘spark, lightning, glũhendes iron” (k̂u̯n̥ti -; probably from a participle-
stem k̂u̯-ent- : ku̯-n̥t- derive ).
no-stem: O.Ind. śóṇa - “red, hochrot ” (n̥ for n), Gaul. COVNOS (Mũnze), O.Ir. *cuan-dae ,
M.Ir. cuanna , Welsh cun “ mellifluous ” (Sommerfelt BAL.-SLAV. 24, 219 ff.); Russ. sunica,
sunika , Ser.-Cr. sunica “Himbeere ”; Russ. kuná “marten” etc., Lith. kiáunė , Ltv. caûna ,
caûne , O.Pruss. caune ds. could ein corresponding color adj. from a root form with Velar
the basic lie; about Lith. švìnas “lead”, das Persson Beitr. 745 between as k̂ueno- anreiht, s.
Boisacq s. v. κύανος “ cyanus, a dark-blue substance ”.
Maybe Alb. kunadhe f. “marten” : Gk. κουνάβι “marten” : Russ. kuná “marten”.
Root extensions:
k̂eu-bh-: O.Ind. śúmbhati ‘shines”, śṓbhatē “is stately, nimmt sich beautiful from ”,
śōbhaná - “beautiful, gleaming ”, śubha - “pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying ”, śubhrá -
“beautiful, gleaming, hellfarbig ” = Arm. surb “pure, holy ”, srbem “clean, heilige ”.

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k̂eu-dh-: O.Ind. śúndhati “purifies, cleans ”, śudhyatē “wird pure ”, śuddhá - “pure”, Kaus.
śundhayati “purifies, cleans ” (Av. sudu- “Reinigung of Getreides? Getreidemũhle?” s.
Bartholomae Wb. 1583).
k̂eu-k- see under esp. Schlagwort ( k̂euk -);
k̂u̯-en- “hold festivities, heiligen ”? see under esp. Schlagwort ( k̂u̯-en-);
k̂u̯-eid-, k̂u̯-eit- see under esp. Schlagwort ( k̂uei-3).
References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht IE Decl. 121; s. k̂u̯on - “dog”.
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k̂ēi-bh-
English meaning: quick, hasty
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnell, heftig ”
Material: O.Ind. śī́bham adv. “rash, hasty, quick, fast ”, śī́bhya - “quick, fast fahrend ”, śibhrá -
“horny, lustful (?) ”;
Goth. haifsts “fight, quarrel ”, O.N. heipt , heifst f. “enmity, rage, fury, hate ”, O.H.G. heiftīg
“violent”; O.E. hæ ̄ st “force, might, vehemency ”, O.Fris. haest “haste, hurry ”, M.L.G. heist
“vehemency ”; O.E.hæ ̄ ste , O.H.G. heisti “violent, forcible “.
References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to k̂ēi-gh-, see under.
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k̂ēi-gh-
English meaning: quick, hasty
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnell, heftig ”
Material: O.Ind. śīghrá - “rash, hasty, quick, fast ”;
O.E. hīgian “tendere, festinare, niti ”, Eng. hie “hurry”, geminated Nor. hikka ‘schluchzen ”,
O.S. hikka “pant, gasp, den Schluckauf have ” (onomatopoeic words?);
Russ. sigátь, signútь ‘spring”, wRuss. sigáć , signuć ‘schreiten, big, giant Schritte
make”;wherefore also Russ. sig “a kind of fish ”, as Salm to saliō, so that Lith. sūkis etc. and
O.N. sīkr maybe from dem Russ. borrowed are.
References: WP. I 363, Wissmann nom. postverb. 174, Specht IE Decl. 249;
See also: belongs to k̂ēi-bh-, see above.
Page(s): 542-543

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k̂ē(i)- : k̂ō(i)- : k̂ǝ(i)-
English meaning: to sharpen, whet
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schärfen, wetzen”
Note: probably further formations from ak̂- ‘sharp” (see 18 ff.)
Material: O.Ind. śi-śü-ti (śi-śī-tē), śy-áti ‘schärft, wetzt” , participle śitá- “gewetzt, sharp ” (=
Lat. catus , O.Ir. cath), śüta- ds., śün ̣ a- m. (with mind. n̥ for n) “Wetz-, Probierstein ” (= Pers.
san “whetstone ”); perhaps also O.Ind. śilǘ ‘stone, Fels ” (*k̂ǝ-lü);
Av. saēni- “cusp, peak, Wipfel, sharp ” (Pers. süyaδ “reibt”) = O.N. hein;
Arm. sur ‘sharp” (*k̂ō-ro-), srem ‘schärfe” , sur, gen. sroy, sword, knife ”, sair “cutting edge ”
(*k̂e-ri-), compound sairadir “cutting edge ”, therefrom * sardrem , sadrem “reize, treibe an ”;
perhaps also sal, gen. sali ‘steinplatte, Amboß” (*k̂ǝ-li-, compare above O.Ind. śilǘ);
Gk. κ῵νος m. “ Kegel, Pinienzapfen, Helmspitze, Kreisel ” (= O.Ind. śüṇa -), therefrom
κώνειον ‘schierlingskraut ” (after den Blättern);
Lat. catus (after Varro Sabine) “acutus, sharp witted, shrewd ” (= O.Ind. śi-ta-, O.Ir. cath);
cos, cotis “whetstone ”, also cotes , cautes f. pl. ‘spitzer Fels, Riff ” (das - au-
Hyperurbanismus); catanus “Zedernwacholder ” is perhaps Gaul. Lw.;
O.Ir. cath “wise” (= Lat. catus , O.Ind. śi-tá-);
O.Ice. hein f. “whetstone ”, O.E. hün “Grenzstein ”, Eng. hone “whetstone ” (*k̂ǝi-n- :
Av.saēni -); M.H.G. hür “tool zum Schärfen the scythe ” (*k̂ē-r-), M.L.G. haren “ sharpen,
sharp sein ”.
References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.
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k̂ēko-
English meaning: green grass, green fodder
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grũnfutter, frisches eßbares Grũn”
Material: O.Ind. śüka - m. n. “eßbares herb, vegetables “ ;
Lith. še ́kas “fresh gemähtes Gras, grass, green fodder “ , Ltv. sēks ds., O.Pruss. schokis
“grass” (these at first from * sjükas ; -jü- from -ē-?);
O.Ice. hü f. “Grummet ” (probably from Gmc. * hēhōn -).
References: WP. I 381.
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k̂ē-ro-
English meaning: a kind of colour
Deutsche Übersetzung: Farbbezeichnung?
Material: O.Ind. śürá- “varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted “, dessen - ra- as formantisch
erwiesen wird through die Av. Kompositionsform * śü-(i̯)i- in süi-mužay - EN “the
ungleichmäßig gefärbte Eselinnen hat” ;
Gk. κηρύλος “ the blaue kingfisher “ (diminutiveformans - ύλος).
*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in “ color names “?
References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.
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k̂ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-, k̂ū-)
English meaning: to light, to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anzũnden, verbrennen ”?
Note: Only Gk. and Lith.
Material: Gk. καίω (Ion.), κά̄ω (Att.) from * καF-ι̯ω “zũnde an, brenne an” , Aor. Hom. ἔκηFα,
altAtt. gen. sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), neuAtt. ἔκαυσα , Med. episch κηάμην , pass. ἐκά̆ην,
ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία” , κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., Hom. κηώδης “duftig,
wohlriechend ” (from a * κ῅Fος “blaze, incense “), καῦσις, καῦμα n. “blaze”, κᾶλον “trockenes
wood” (*καF-ελον), Eol. καυαλέος “ burning hot ”, Hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc.;
Lith. kūle ́ti “brandig become, of corn, grain “, kūle ̃ “Getreidebrand ”.
References: WP. I 376 f.
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k̂ēu̯ero -, k̂ōu̯ero - (also sk̂ūro -?)
English meaning: north, north wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nord, Nordwind ”
Material: Lat. caurus (cōrus ) “Nordwind ” (*k̂ǝu̯ero -);
Lith. šidure f. “Norden”, šiaury ̃ s m. “Nordwind ”;
O.Bulg. sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero -) “Norden”;
mabe zero grade in Alb. (*sveri ) veri “north” [the common Alb. sv- > v- shift]
moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with anlaut. s-:
Arm. c̣urt “cold; coldness, Schauer ” (*sk̂ūr-do-);
O.Ice. O.H.G. skūr “ thunderstorm “, Ger. Schauer , O.Fris. O.S. O.E. scūr, scéor “
shower “, Goth. skūra windis “whirlwind ”, Nor. dial. skøyra (*skauriōn -) “ Windschauer “,
skjøra (*skeurōn -) ds., Nor. skøyra, skūra “ drive off blindly on something “, O.Ice. skȳra “
run there fast “.
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ . 70, 65.
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k̂Þei-
English meaning: to settle
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘siedeln, sich ansiedeln, eine Niederlassung grũnden”
Material: O.Ind. kṣḗti, kṣiyáti “ stays, dwells “, Av. šaēiti ds., O.Ind. kṣití-, Av. šiti- “
residence, settlement ”, O.Ind. kṣḗtra -, Av. šōiϑra- n. “ estate, residence “, O.Ind. kṣēma - m.
“ quiet, peaceful staying “;
Maybe Alb. (*kṣati) fshati “village” : Rom. sat “village, countryside ” identical to Rom. coapsů
“thigh” : Alb. kofsha “thigh” common Rom.-Illyr. kʷhs- > phs-, fs- phonetic mutatIon. [see
Root kok̂sü : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].
Arm. šēn, gen. šini “ inhabited, farmed, village “ (: Gk. κτοίνᾱ );
Common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation; hence Arm.
šēn “ village “ is of Persian origin.
Gk. κτίζω “ of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into
being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed “, ἐυκτίμενος “ well-built,
furnished, well-made, of a garden, well- wrought “, ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται “
dwellers around, neighbours “, ἀμφικτίονες “ they that dwell round, next neighbours “ (to
form ἀμφικτύονες Lith. by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις “ a founding, foundation, a doing, an
act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation, an
authority created or ordained “, rhod. κτοίνᾱ “ a local division, township “, also κτίλος “
peaceful, tame; a ram “ (lit. “ tame, docile, gentle, domesticated “);
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : Gk. tk- > kt- phonetic mutation (see Root
ĝhðem -, ĝhðom -, gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : earth)
See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kÞē(i) -, kÞǝ(i) -
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k̂ik̂er -
English meaning: pea
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise “Erbse”
Note: barely indogermanisch
Material: Arm. siseṙn “ chickpea “ (seems k̂eik̂er - or k̂oik̂er - fortzusetzen);
Gk. (Maced. ) κίκερροι (so for ũberliefertes κίβερροι through die alph. Reihenfolge
gefordert) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; Gk. κριός “ chickpea “ (wird from *κικριός dissimil. sein);
Lat. cicer “ chickpea “;
[Lith. keke ̃ “grape”, Ltv. k”ekars ds. shine, appear, seem against it with Ltv. k”eḱis “
umbel, grape ”, Lituanismus to Ltv. cekulis “ pigtail, tassel, fringe, bunch, tussock “, cecers
“Krauskopf ” and Cz. čečeřiti ‘struppig make, kräuseln” eine various family to build.]
maybe Alb. ( *k”ekar) kokër “grain, bean ”
References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.
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k̂ī̆k-2
English meaning: to rain, drizzle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tröpfeln”
Material: O.Ind. śīkára - m. “fine rain”, śīküyati “ dribbles “; Nor. higla “drip, trickle ”, higl “fine
rain”.
Maybe abbreviated Alb. shi “ fine rain, rain ”.
Note:
The shift s- > h- suggests Germanic languages absorbed this root through Illyr.-Alb.
intermediary. Actually Root k̂ī̆k-2 : “to rain, drizzle ” derived from Root seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- :
“juice; liquid, *rain ”.
References: WP. I 451.
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k̂lei-
English meaning: to tip, incline, lean
Deutsche Übersetzung: “neigen, lehnen ”; vielfach von angelehnten Stangen (hence Zelte
with Stangengerippe; Sattelstangen), Leitern, leiter- or gitterartigen Holzkonstruktionen,
andrerseits von Berglehnen, Hũgeln under likewise
Material: O.Ind. śráyati “lehnt, legt an ”, śráyatē “lehnt sich an, befindet sich ”, śritá- = Av.
srita- (: sray- ) “gelehnt”;
Av. sray-, srinav-, srinu- “lean” (compare Gk. κλινι̯ω );
Arm. leaṙn , gen. leṙin “mountain ” (*k̂leitr̥no -??);
doubtful Arm. linim “become, entstehe, geschehe, bin ” (compare O.Ind. śráyate “befindet
sich”);
Gk. κλί̄νω, Lesb. κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω ) “neige, lehne an ” (Fut. κλῐν῵, perf. κέκλιμαι ), κλιτός
“gelegen”, κλίσις “Neigung”, κλισία f. “cottage, tent ”, δικλίδες “zweiflũgelige door” , κλί̄νη
“bed”, κλιντήρ , κλισμός “Ruhebett ”, κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodi O.N.) f. ‘slope, hill ” (hellen.
κλῖτος, κλίτος “hill”), κλίμα n. “Neigung, region, Weltgegend ”, κλῖμαξ f. “ladder”;
Lat. clīnō, -üre “bend, bow, incline “ (previously to compounds neologism and thematic
reshuffling a *klī̆-nü-mi), acclīnis “angelehnt ”, triclīnium ‘speisesofa ”, cliēns, -tis “the sich
Schutzes halber an jemanden Anlehnende, Höriger, Klient” , clēmens “milde, gentle ”
(*k̂léi̯omenos ?); clītellae ‘saumsattel, packsaddle for donkey and Maultiere ” (from den
gegeneinander gelehnten Sattelstangen), diminutive a *k̂leitrü = Umbr. kletram “feretrum,
lecticam” (and Goth. hleiÞra f. “tent”); clīvus “hill” (= Goth. hlaiw n. “grave”), clīvius ‘slant,
skew = unlucky, from omen, sign ”;

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M.Ir. clē, Welsh cledd , Bret. kleiz, Corn. cledh “link, unlucky “ = ‘slant, skew ” (*k̂lei̯os ),
M.Ir. fo-chla , Welsh go-gledd “Nord”; M.Ir. clen “Neigung”, wish” (: Welsh dichlyn “watchful,
wakeful” from *dī-eks-klin- , Loth RC 42, 87 f.);
O.Ir. clōin, clōen ‘slant, skew, krummrũckig” ; gallorom. *clēta “ hurdle “, M.Ir. clīath
“crates”, Welsh clwyd “ hurdle, Barriere ”, O.Corn. cluit gl. “clita”, Bret. kloued-enn “Hag”
(k̂leito -, -tü); in addition O.Welsh clutam “haufe auf ”, clut, Welsh clud “heap” (*k̂loi-tü); M.Ir.
clēthe n. “roof beam, roof ”, zero grade Welsh cledr- en ‘sparren, lath, fence ” (*k̂li-trü = M.Ir.
clethar “pad”), M.Bret. clezr- en, Bret. klerenn “pièce principale de la claie ” (ablaut. with
Umbr. kletram , Lat. clītellae , Goth. hleiÞra and O.H.G. leitara );
O.H.G. (h)linēn “lean (intr.) ”, asächs. hlinōn , O.E. hlinian , hleonian (*hlinēn ) ds.; O.H.G.
hlina “reclinatorium” , O.E. hlinbedd, hlinung “ lair “, O.H.G. hlinü “cancelli”; Kaus. O.H.G.
(h)leinen , O.E. hlæ ̄ nan “lean (tr.) ”; Goth. hlainē gen. pl. “the hill”, Mod.Ice. hleinn
“Felsvorsprung ”, Nor. dial. lein f. “Halde, slope ” (: Ltv. slains ); Goth. hlaiw “grave”, Run.
hlaiwa ds., O.H.G. O.S. hlēo “burial mound, grave ”, O.E. hlüw “burial mound, Grabstein ”(=
Lat. clīvus ); Goth. hlija m. “tent, cottage ”; O.H.G. (h)līta , Ger. Leite “Bergabhang ”, O.Ice. hlið
f. ‘slope, Berghalde ” (compare Gk. κλειτύς, Lith. šlaĩtas ); O.Ice. hlið f. ‘seite”, O.E. hlīð n.
“Halde, hill ” (: κλίτος, Lith. šlìte ); Goth. hleiÞra “cottage, tent ” (see above to Lat. clītellae
etc.); O.H.G. (h)leitara “ladder”, O.E. hlæd (d)er ds.; O.E. -hlīdan “cover”, hlid n. “cover,
door”, O.H.G. lit “cover” (Ger. Augenlid ), O.Ice. hlið “door, Gattertũr” , Goth. hleiduma
“linker”; d-present perhaps in O.Ice. *hlīta (*k̂lei-d- ) “trust auf, sichzufriedengeben with ”;
Lith. šlieju ̀ , šlie ̃ ti (older žem. šleju ̀ = O.Ind. śráyati =) Ltv. sleju, slìet “anlehnen ”, in
addition Lith. šly ́ ti “zur Seite sinken ”, su-šlìje ̨ s ‘sich neigend ”, causative nu-šlajìnti
“umkippen ”; nouns: Ltv. slejs m., sleja f. “line”; O.Pruss. slayan n. “ sledge skid “, nom. pl.
slayo “ sled “, Lith. šla ̃ jos f. pl. ds.; at-šlainis m. “Erker”, Ltv. slains “where man einsinkt ”,
Lith. šlaĩtas m. ‘slope”, šly ́ na f. “ loam, clay “, at-šlaĩmas m. “Vorhof”; Ltv. slita f. “fence”,

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Lith. žem. pã-šlitas ‘slant, skew ” (= O.Ind. śritá-, Gk. κλιτός); Lith. šlìte , šlitìs f.
“Garbenhocke ” (: Gk. κλίσις), O.Lith. šlite “ladder”; Lith. šleivas “ bowlegged ” (compare Lat.
clīvus ‘slope”), ablaut. šlivìs m. “krummbeinige person ”; to den Reimwörtern Lith. kleĩvas ,
klūvas “ bowlegged ” see under (s)kel- “bend”; different Specht IE Decl. 130, 3171;
Slav. *slojь “ layer “ (*k̂loi̯o-s) in Sloven. slòj “ layer, lair “, Russ. Cz. sloj ds.; compare
formal above O.Pruss. slayan n. “ Sledge skid “.
About die höchst zweifelhafte affiliation from O.Bulg. etc. klětь “Gemach, cell “ (Lith. kle ́tis
“Vorratshäuschen, Schlafgemach for girl” is Slav. Lw.) under assumption from West IE Gutt.
s. Berneker 517 f.
References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann nom. postverb. 144 f.,
Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.
See also: extension from k̂el-2 “ incline “; s. also under (s)kel - “bend”.
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k̂lep- (sk̂lep -?)
English meaning: to cover, conceal, steal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verheimlichen, verstecken, stehlen ”
Material: Gk. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) ‘stehle” (κέκλοφα , ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην ), κλέπος n.,
κλέμμα (out of it Lat. clepta ), κλώψ, κλοπός , κλοπεύς “thief”, κλοπή “ theft “;
Lat. clepō, -ere “ clandestine wegstehlen ”;
Goth. hlifan ‘steal” (hliftus “thief”);
M.Ir. cluain (*klopni- ) f. “deceit, Schmeichelei ”, cluainech “trũgerisch” ;
O.Pruss. auklipts (*-kl eptós) “hide, conceal ”; s. also under klēp-.
With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related Lith. slepiù , sle ̃pti “conceal”.
The meaning makes probably, daß k̂lep- extension from k̂el- “conceal” is; M.H.G. hulft “
quiver “ seems justly zero grade our root form to sein, as O.Pruss. auklipts ; O.Pruss.
auklipts zeigte then West IE guttural.
References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.
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k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ - : k̂lū-
English meaning: to hear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hören” (aoristisch), also “whereof man viel hört, berũhmt, Ruhm”
Note: (extension a root k̂el-);
Material: 1. O.Ind. śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) “hört” , śrudhí “hear” (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá - (=
κλυτός, Lat. inclutus , Ir. cloth n., O.H.G. Hlot- , Arm. lu) etc., śraváyati “läßt hear” , śrūyate
“wird belongs ”, śrúti- “das Hören” ;
Note:
Alb. shurdh “deaf” : Lat. surdus “deaf” : śrudhí “hear”.
Alb. and Lat. prove that from Root su̯er-2 : “to hiss” derived Root su̯er-1 (also ser-?) : “to
speak”. From the transposition of sounds then derived Root k̂leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ - : k̂lū- : “to hear”
Av. surunaoiti (*k̂lu-n-) “hört, steht in Rufe, is named” etc., participle srūta - “belongs,
illustrious ”, srū ̆ ti- “das to Gehörbringen, Vortrag” ;
O.Ind. śrōtra - n. “ear”, Av. sraoϑra- n. “das Singen ” (= O.E. hlēoðor , O.H.G. hliodar ), Av.
sraota- n. “das Hören” (compare Serb. slútiti ), Av. sraōman - n. “Gehör” (: Goth. hliuma ),
O.Ind. śrṓmata - n. “good shout, call ” (= O.H.G. hliumunt );
Arm. lu “kund” (= κλυτός etc.), lur “knowledge, rumor, tidings “, lsem , Aor. luaj “hear,
heard” (*k̂lu-k̂e-); das - s- of present is am wahrscheinlichsten -sk̂o-);
Gk. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κλεί ω “rũhme” are secondary; ἔκλυον “ heard” (= O.Ind. śruvam ),
κλῦθι, κέκλυθι “ hear!”, κλυτός “illustrious ”, κλειτός “illustrious ” (*κλεFετος, as γενετή , Lat.
genitus), κληίζω “rũhme; rufe, name” (*κλέFε[σ] -ίζω of es-stem), κλεηδών, κληδών, -όνος
(*κλεF -ηδών) ‘shout, call ”, etc.;
Lat. clueō , -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) “genannt become, heißen” (ē-verb with the zero
grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) “nobilior”, inclutus “illustrious ” (about Lat. from-cultō see under k̂el-

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2 “ incline “), Osc.-Umbr. only in names ( Kluvatiis “Clovatius ”, Umbr. Kluviier “Cluvii” under
likewise);
O.Ir. cloth n. “fame” (= O.Ind. śruta -), Welsh clod “laus”;
Welsh clywed “auditus, audire ”, M.Welsh clywaf , Corn. clewaf “I hear”; Bret. clevout
“hear”, O.Ir. ro-clui-nethar (reconverted from * cli-nu-, IE *k̂l̥-) “hört” , perf. 1. sg. ro-cuala ,
Welsh cigleu “audivi”, O.Ir. Konj. rocloor “daß I hear” , -cloth , newer -closs “wurde gehört” ;
Thurneysen Gk. 357, 439;
O.Ice. hljōð “Zuhören, Stille; sound” (= Av. sraota- ), O.E. hlēoðor ‘sound, tone, Melodie ”,
O.H.G. hliodar n. ‘sound, tone, clangor “ (= O.Ind. śrōtra -), Goth. hliuma m. “Gehör”, pl.
“ears” (= Av. sraoman ), O.H.G. hliumunt , Ger. Leumund (= O.Ind. śrōmata -), participle
*hluÞa -, *hluða - in O.H.G. Hluderīch, Hlothari , O.E. HloÞ -wīg, -here etc.; besides with ū
(heavy basis, see above), O.H.G. hlūt, O.E. O.S. hlūd, Ger. laut;
Ltv. sludinât “ announce, declare “; lengthened grade Lith. šlove ̃ and šlo ́ ve ̈ “glory,
magnificence, splendor “, ablaut. E.Lith. šla ̃ ve “fame”;
O.Bulg. slovǫ , sluti “heißen, be illustrious” , lengthened grade slava f. “fame”, therefrom
slaviti “illustrious make ”, Serb. slûtīm , slútiti “ahnen” (Denom. a *slutь ; Sloven. slût “
suspicion “ is probably postverbal), slytije ‘shout, call, names ”;
Toch. AB klü ̆ w- “ announce, declare “; A klots, В klautso “ear, gill”.
With West IE guttural: Alb. kjuhem “be called ”, gjuanj, kjuanj “name” (Pedersen IF. 5, 36).
Note:
Alb.Gheg kla, kja “cry, lament, call (the dead) ” : Illyr. EN Ves-cleves : O.Ind. vasu-śravas “
possessing good fame “, where Illyr. seems the intermediary between satem and centum.
2. es-stem: O.Ind. śravas - n. “fame”, Av. sravah- n. “word”, Gk. κλέFος “ fame”, Illyr. EN
Ves-cleves (= O.Ind. vasu-śravas “ possessing good fame “), Lat. cluor (Gl.) “δόξα”, O.Ir. clū
“fame” (but Welsh clyw “Gehör” is eine newer formation), dessen ū from dem gen. sg.

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derives; O.C.S. slovo “word”; Toch. A klyw, В kälywe (*kleu̯os ) “fame”; Pedersen Tochar.
225.
3. s-extensions: O.Ind. śrṓṣati “hört, horcht, gehorcht” , śrúṣti - “Willfährigkeit” , Av. sraoša -
“Gehör” etc.;
Arm. luṙ “ closemouthed “ (k̂lus-ri-);
O.Ir. cluas “ear” (*k̂loustü ) = Welsh clūst “Gehör” ;
O.Ice. hler “das Lauschen ” (from * hloza- , older *hluza- ), O.H.G. hlosēn “zuhören, listen “ ,
Ger. (bO.Ir.) Alem. losen ds.; O.Ice. hlust “ear” (= O.Ind. śruṣti -), O.E. hlyst “Gehör” , O.S.
hlust f. “Gehör, ear, Hören, Lauschen” , O.Ice. hlusta , O.E. hlystan (Eng. listen ) “aufhorchen,
zuhören” ; with ū (as O.H.G. hlūt, see above): O.H.G. lūstrēn , Ger. (schwäb. -bO.Ir. ) laustern
“zuhören, listen “ , Ger. lauschen (*hlūs -skōn ); O.E. hlēor , O.S. hlior, O.Ice. hlȳr “cheek” (=
O.Bulg. sluchъ);
O.Bulg. slyšati “hear”, sluchъ “Gehör” , slušati (Serb. slȕšati , also heavy basis as slyšati )
“hear”;
Toch. A klyoṣ -, В klyauṣ - “hear”; А klośäṃ, В klausane Dual “ears”.
With West IE Gutt.: Messap. klaohi “hear!” (: O.Ind. śrōṣi ); Lith. klausaũ , -ūti “hear”, Ltv.
klàusît “hear, obey “, O.Pruss. klausīton “erhören” , Lith. paklusnùs “gehorsam ” (against it
Lith. kláusiu “ask” = “*will hear ” from *kleu̯ǝ -s-iō hat futurisches s).
References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht IE Decl. 285, 333 ; Hj.
Frisk , Göteborgs Högsk . A rsSer.-Cr. LVI 1950: 3.
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k̂leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]- : k̂lū-
English meaning: to rinse, clean
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spũlen, rein machen”
Note: extension k̂leu-d-, Ltv. also k̂lō̆u-k-.
Material: Gk. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω ) ‘spũle”, κλύδων m. “ wash of the waves “, κλύσμα n.,
κλυσμός m. “Plätschern”, κλυστήρ m. “ Klistierspitze ”, root nouns acc. sg. κλύδα “ surge “;
altLat. cluō “purgo” (*k̂lou̯ō ), Lat. cloüca (cluüca , clovüca ) “Abzugskanal ”;
altgal. Cluad , O.Welsh Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα rive r name, Eng. Clyde (Celt. *kloutü ); Welsh clir
“bright, clear, bright, cheerful, pure ” (*k̂lū-ro-s);
Goth. hlūtrs , O.E. hlūt(t)or , O.S. O.H.G. hlūt(t)ar “bright, pure, clear, bright ”, Ger. lauter
(*klūd -ro-s); O.N. hlér ‘sea, sea” (*hlewa- , IE *k̂leu̯o -);
Lith. šlu ́ oju , šlaviau ̃ , šlu ́ oti , dial. šlavu ̀ (= Lat. cluō) “ fegen, whisk “, šlu ́ ota “ besom “, Ltv.
sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît “fegen, whisk ”, slaukšēt ‘splash, pladdern ”, slàukt
“milk”, Lith. šliaukti , šlauky ́ ti “fegen”.
Perhaps extension a * k̂el- “humid, wet, damp ”, das also consecutive roots the basic lies:
k̂lep-”humid, wet ” (see there), k̂lek- ds. (Lith. šlaku ̀ , -e ́ti “drip, trickle ”, šle ̃kti , šlikno ́ ti
‘spray”etc.), k̂leg(h)- ds. (Russ. slezá “tears”, O.C.S. slьza ds.). Wenn these zuträfe, wäre
for k̂leu- : k̂el- das relationship sreu- “flow” : ser- either example or Parallele.
Maybe Pol. (*slezá ) łza “tear”, Alb. (*šlu ́ oti ) loti “tear” [the common Alb. initial sl- > l- shift or
the drop of initial s-].
References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.
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k̂lou-ni-
English meaning: hip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hinterbacke, Hũfte”
Material: O.Ind. śrōṇi - m. f., Av. sraoni - f. “buttock, hip, haunch ”;
Lat. clūnis “buttock, Hinterkeule, rump by people and animals ” (clunüculum ‘small sword
or Dolch, das man hinten trug ”);
Welsh Corn. clun f. “hip, haunch ”, Bret. klun “buttock”;
O.Ice. hlaun n. “buttock”;
Lith. šlaunìs “hip, haunch, thigh, Deichselarm ”, Ltv. slauna “hip, haunch ”; O.Pruss.
slaunis “thigh”.
The Lautform from Gk. κλόνις, -ιος ‘steißbein” is still unexplained.
References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht IE Decl. 162.
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k̂olǝmo -s, k̂olǝmā
English meaning: stalk; reed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Halm, Rohr ”
Material: Gk. κάλαμος, καλάμη “ reed” (from κολ - assimilated?);
Lat. culmus “Halm”;
O.H.G. halm , halam , O.N. halmr , O.E. healm “Halm”;
O.Pruss. salme ‘straw” , Ltv. sal̃ms “ straw “;
O.C.S. slama (*solmü , IE *k̂olǝ-mü), Russ. soloma , Serb. slȁma ‘straw”;
Toch. A kulmäm ̣ ts - “reed” (?).
From Gk. κάλαμος borrowed are O.Ind. kaláma - m. “eine Reisart, Schreibrohr ” and Lat.
calamus “reed”, from which again Welsh etc. calaf “reed”.
Maybe Alb. kalam “reed”
relationship to k̂el- perhaps “dũnner Schaft, Pfeil, steifer Halm” is worth considering (see
552 f.).
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.
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k̂onkho -
English meaning: clamshell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Muschel”?
Material: O.Ind. śaŋkhá - m. “Muschel, Schläfe” ;
Gk. κόγχος , κόγχη “Muschel, measure of capacity “; κόχλος , κοχλίας “Muschel,
Schneckenhaus, snail ”, maybe from * κογχλ -;
Lat. congius “ measure of capacity for Flũssigkeiten” is höchstwahrscheinlich Gk. Lw.;
doubtful Ltv. sence “Muschel”, da zence die richtigere form seems.
References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gk. etym. Wb. 151.
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k̂onk -
English meaning: to doubt; to sway
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in Zweifel sein, schwanken, in Sorge, Angst sein ”
Material: O.Ind. śaŋkatē “ sways, zweifelt, is besorgt, fũrchtet” , śaŋkita - “besorgt, ängstlich
vor”, śaŋkǘ “Besorgnis, fear, suspicion, doubt ”;
Lat. cūnctor , -ürī “zaudernd, hesitate ” (*concitor frequentative, compare O.Ind. śaŋkita -);
O.N. hæ ̄ tta “riskieren ” (*hanhatjan ), hæ ̄ tta “danger”, hüski ds. ( *han-h(a)skan- ).
About O.H.G. hühan “hängen” etc. s. S. 566 under k̂enk - “waver”.
References: WP. I 461.
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k̂op(h)elo -s or k̂ap(h)elo -s
English meaning: a kind of carp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Karpfenart ”
Material: O.Ind. śaphara - m. “Cyprinus sophore ” = Lith. ša ̃ palas “Cyprinus dobula ”;
Gk. κυπρῖνος “Karpfen”, perhaps after κεστρῖνος , κοxρακῖνος , ἐρυθρῖνος etc. reshaped;
υ- possibly popular etymology after Κύπρος , da *κοπρῖνος an κόπρος think ließe.
References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.
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k̂ormno -, k̂r̥mno -
English meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ätzende, beißende Flũssigkeit, Lauge, Harn”
Material: M.H.G. hurmen “dũngen” (originally probably with Jauche), Ger. harn, harm
O.H.G. haran “urine”;
Lith. ša ́ rmas “Aschenlauge ”, Ltv. sãrms “lye”, O.Pruss. (with the ablaut grade from
M.H.G. hurmen ) sirmes (for * sirmis ) “lye”.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.
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k̂ormo -
English meaning: suffering, pain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Qual, Schmerz, Schmach ”
Material: Av. fšarǝma - m. “the genitals(gefũhl vor)” , M.Pers. šarm ds.;
O.Ice. harmr “ sorrow, distress, Harm, Kränkung” , O.E. hearm m. “ distress, pain,
damage, pity ”, O.S. harm “pain, Kränkung” , M.L.G. harm “pain”, O.H.G. har(a)m “affliction,
Harm, insult ”, Ger. Harm , O.E. hearm , O.S. harm “painful, verletzend ”;
O.Bulg. sramъ “the genitals ”.
References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.
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k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e “here”), k̂(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯o-
English meaning: this
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pronominalstamm “this”, ursprũnglich ich -deiktisch, Lateer also
“jener”
Material: Arm. - s “article” (e.g. mard-s “the person ”), sa “this”, ai-s ds., a-s-t “here”;
Phryg. σεμου(ν) “ this” (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.
Gk. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐ κεῖνος, Dor. Lesb. κ῅νος “ that” from *(ε)κε -ενος; out of it
back formation ( ἐ)κεῖ “there”, (ἐ)κεῖθι etc.; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, Att. τήμερον “ today” (*κι̯ᾱμερον ),
whereupon also * κι̯ᾱFετες “ this year ” in σ῅τες, Att. τ῅τες, Dor. σᾶτες;
Lat. -ce, ce-particle in ce-do “gib her” (also Osc. ce-bnust “er wird hergekommen sein ”),
cēterus “the other, the ũbrige” (*cĕ + *etero- , compare Umbr. etru “altero”); hi-c (*hi-ce ), hīs-
ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c, illū-c, tun-c , nun-c etc., Osc. ekak “hanc”, ekík “hoc” = pälign. eci-c ,
marr. iaf-c “eas”, esu-c “eo”; Osc. ídí-k, Umbr. ere-k “id”, Osc. ekas-k “hae”, Umbr. esmi-k
“huic”, Lat. ecce (probably from * ed-ke, s. * e Pron.-stem), Osc. um - um extended ekk-um
“also”, after puz “as” from *kʷuti-s reshaped ekss “ita”; Konglutinat e-ko- e.g. Osc. ekas
“hae”, pälign. acuf “hīc”, ecuc “huc”, ecic “hoc”, *e-k(e)-so- e.g. Osc. exac “hac”;
*k̂i- in Lat. cis “diesseits ”, citer “diesseitig ”, citrō “here”, citrü “dieseits”, citimus
“nächstbefindlich” , Umbr. c̨ive “citra” (stem *k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu , s̀imo “ad citima, retro ”;
O.Ir. cē “here, diesseits ” (*k̂ei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi “here”, Gaul.
κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix O.H.G. hina “weg” etc.) “diesseits ” (in cen-alpande
“cisalpinus ”) and “without”, centar “diesseits ”; Gaul. etic besides eti “also” could likewise -k̂e
contain;
O.N. hünn, hann “er” (*hünaR , IE *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s ), hōn ‘sie”; asächs. hē, he, hie ,
O.H.G. hē, her “er”, only nom. , O.E. hē ̆ ds.;

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Goth. himma “huic”, hina “hunc”, hita n. “now, yet ”, asächs. hiu-diga , O.H.G. hiu-tu “hoc
die, today ” (: asächs. ho-digo ds.), O.H.G. hiuru (*hiu-jüru) “this year ”, Ger. jetzt, Austrian
hietz(t) , M.H.G. (*h)ie-zuo (from * hiu + Postpos. tō “to”); O.H.G. hina “weg”, Ger. hin, hinweg
(compare O.Ir. cen); Goth. hiri “come here ” (basic form doubtful); O.H.G. hëra, O.S. her
“here”; Goth. hēr, O.H.G. hiar, O.E. hēr “here” (*k̂ēi-r); Goth. hidrē “here”, O.E. hider , Eng.
hither “here” (: Lat. citer, citrō), nl. heden “today”, O.H.G. hitumum, hitamun “ previous,
demum” (: Lat. citimus );
strittig, whether here: Goth. hindana “ behind, beyond ”, O.E. asächs. hindan , O.H.G.
hintana “behind”, O.N. handan “from that Seite her, beyond ”, komparativisch Goth. hindar ,
O.H.G. hintar “ behind “, superlativisch Goth. hindumists “hinterster, äußerster” , O.E.
hindema “last”, whereas das n from *k̂i-n-t-, *k̂o-n-t identical as in O.H.G. hina wäre; or with
Gaul. Cintugnütos “ firstborn “, O.Ir. cētne , Welsh kyntaf “erster” etc. to *ken- “fresh come,
soeben sich einstellen, begin ” (above S. 564) with the meaning “last” = “novissimus ”?
O.Pruss. schis (Adverb schai “here”), Lith. šìs (Ltv. šis = O.C.S. sь “this”), gen. Lith. šio ̃,
O.C.S. sego , acc. pl. O.C.S. sьję, fem. Lith. šì (Ltv. šĩ) = O.C.S. si, acc. sg. f. sьjǫ, Lith. šì-
tas “this” (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ ‘sieh here” (old šitai), O.Pruss. stas “the”; Lith. šian ̃ dien ,
Ltv. šu ̀ odien “today”, Lith. še ̀, Ltv. še “here”, O.C.S. si-cь “τοιοῦτος ” etc.;
maybe Alb. (*šion ̃ dien ) sonte “today”
Hitt. ki “dieses”, ki-nun “now, yet” contains *k̂i (Pedersen Hitt. 50).
Maybe Alb.Tosk m. ki, Gheg ky “this”
References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304,
Schwyzer Gk. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610

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k̂rebh -, k̂rō̆bh -, k̂rembh -
English meaning: to trust
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vertrauen ”?
Material: O.Ind. śrambhatē , participle śrabdha - (with vi- and other preposition) “trust, sich
whereupon abandon “, niśr̥mbhá - ‘sicher auftretend ”;
O.Ir. crübud “Frömmigkeit, Askese” (*k̂rōbhitu -s) m.; Welsh crefydd (newer creddyf )
“faith, belief ” hat sein e from credu “believe” bezogen.
References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 146.
Page(s): 617

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k̂rei-
English meaning: to appear, show oneself
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “hervorleuchten, sich hervortun ”
Material: O.Ind. śrī́- f. “beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence ”, Av. srī-
“beauty”, O.Ind. śrī-lá- “beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid ”, á-śrīra- “unschön” , Av.
srīra- “beautiful ”, compar. O.Ind. śréyas -, Av. srayah- , superl. O.Ind. śrḗṣṭha - (śráïṣṭha -),
Av. sraēšta -, O.Ind. śrēmán - m. “Auszeichnung, Vorrang ”, Av. srayan- n. “beauty”, adj.
“beautiful ”, O.Ind. śriyásē dat. n. “beautiful ”;
Hom. poet. κρείων “edel, fũrstlich, ruler” (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα ) κρέων Pind. Aisch.,
nachHom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle “hervorleuchtend ” (?), steht perhaps for
κρειον -comparative).
References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gk. I 526.
Page(s): 618

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k̂sā- (ĝhā-)
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen (versengt, dunkel??) ”?
Material: O.Ind. kṣǘyati “burns”, kṣütí - f. “blaze, glow ”, kṣümá - “versengt, ausgedörrt,
vertrocknet ”, kṣürá - “ burning, ätzend” ; Kaus. kṣüpáyati “makes brennen ”; common O.Ind.
ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
to latter p-form perhaps Arm. c̣av “pain”, c̣asnum “rage against ”, Aor. c̣aseay (“*stormy,
hot tempered sein ”; s = ps-); to kṣümá - probably Arm. c̣amak” “dry” (the Arm. words weisen
auf k̂s-).
References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;
See also: see under k̂sē̆-ro-.
Page(s): 624

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k̂sē̆-ro- (*ĝhē̆-ro-)
English meaning: dry; bright (of weather)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trocken”; vom Himmel and Wetter also “dry = hell, klar ”
Material: Gk. ξερόν (only acc.) “festes, trockenes Land ”, lengthened grade ξηρό ς “dry, arid”;
compare above S. 624 O.Ind. kṣará -; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lat. serescunt (Lucil. I 306) “(die dress) dry (in the sun) ”, serēnus “cheerful, bright, clear,
bright, dry ” (of sky, heaven and weather);
O.H.G. serawēn “dry become, tabescere, languere, marcere ”, M.H.G. Ger. serben “ wilt,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered become ”;
Toch. A ksär(k) “ morning “?
Daß k̂sē̆-ro- eine extension from k̂sü- “burn, versengen ” sei, is probably.
References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gk. I 329.
Page(s): 625

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k̂uei-3 extended kuei -d-, kuei -s-, kuei -t-
English meaning: shining; white
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten; hell, weiß”
Note: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.
Material: a. k̂uei-d-: O.Ind. śvindatē “glares, gleams ” (Dhütup.), perf. śiśvindē ; Gk. mountain
name Πίνδος “ the white ”, PN Πίνδαρος (?); Goth. hveits , O.Ice. hvítr, O.E. O.Fris. asächs.
hwit, O.H.G. (h)wiz “white”, zero grade nld. N.Ger. witt, O.Fris. hwit ds.; o-grade Goth.
hveiteis , O.Ice. hweiti n., O.E. hwæ ̄ te , O.Fris. asächs. hwēti , ahd weizzi , Ger. “wheat”;
changing through ablaut M.Eng. white , Swe. dial. hvite , Westfäl. wiǝt “wheat”.
b. k̂uei-s- Lith. šviesa ̀ f. “light”, švaisa ̀ f. “Lichtschein ”.
c. k̂uei-t- (k̂u̯ei-to-, k̂u̯ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)no-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)ro- “bright, white ”):
O.Ind. śvētá - “white” (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = Av. spaēta - ds. (= O.Bulg. světъ “light”);
O.Ind. śvētya - “white, licht ”, fem. -ü (= O.Bulg. svěšta “light”), O.Ind. śvētatē “is white”,
śvítna -, śvitnyá -, śvitrá - (= Lith. švitra ̀ s “Glaspapier ”) “white”, O.Pers. ΢πιθρα -δάτης, Pers.
sipihr ‘sky, heaven ”; Kompositionsform ar. śviti- in O.Ind. śvity-añc “gleaming ”, Av. spiti-
doiϑra- “helläugig” ;
doubtful Gk. τίτανος f., m. “ Kalk, Gips, Kreide ” (*k̂u̯it-ǝno-s), κίττανος ds., dissimil. from
*k̂u̯it-u̯-ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, Eol. lakon. Πιτ άνη; mountain name Σίταρος;
Lith. šviečiu ̀ , švie ̃ sti “gleam, shine ”: šveičiu ̀ , šveĩsti “clean”, švitu ̀, švite ́ti “ always to
gleam, flicker ”, švintu ̀ , švìsti “hell become ”, Kaus. švaitau ̃ , švaity ́ ti “bright make ”; švìtras m.
“Glaspapier ”, švytru ́ oti “flicker”;
O.C.S. svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę “gleam, shine ” and Slav. *svьnǫ (from *švitnō besides Lith.
švintu ̀ ) in R.C.S. svьnuti ; Kaus. O.C.S. světiti “jemandem shine ”; Slav. švaita - m. “light” in
O.C.S. šve ̌ tъ “light, world ”; in addition Slav. *švaitja in O.C.S. šve ̌ šta “light, candle ”;

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besides with West IE k-:
Ltv. kvitu, kvitêt “flicker, gleam ”, Kaus. kvitinât ;
Slav. *kvьtǫ, *kvisti “bloom, blossom ” in O.C.S. pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti “erblũhen, bloom,
blossom”, O.Cz. ktvu, kvísti ; ablaut. O.C.S. cvětъ , Cz. květ etc. “bloom, blossom ”; besides
Slav. *kvьtěti in R.C.S. cvьtěti “bloom, blossom ” and Ser.-Cr. càvtjeti “bloom, blossom ” (=
Ltv. kvitêt ).
References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.
Page(s): 628-629

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k̂up-
English meaning: shoulder
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schulter”
Note: (Gmc. with anlaut. s-)
Material: O.Ind. śupti -, Av. supti- ‘shoulder”; Alb. sup ‘shoulder, back ” (without formant -t-);
M.L.G. schuft m., E.Fris. , Dutch schoft “Vorderschulterblat a Kuh, a Pferdes ” (*skuftu- ).
Note:
Clearly Alb. Alb. sup ‘shoulder, back ” is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are
extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.

References: WP. I 467.
Page(s): 627

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k̂u̯ei-1, k̂u̯ei-no-
English meaning: dirt; to defile
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlamm, Kot, beschmutzen ”
Material: With formants -n(o)-: Lat. caenum ‘smut, ordure, Unflat ”, obscēnus, obscaenus
(back-formation from *obscēnare ) “dirty, filthy, disgusting, unsittlich ” (caenum urbanisiert for
plebejisches *cēnum from * coinom , *quoinom ), in-, con-quinüre ‘smudge, befoul “, cūnīre
‘stercus facere ”, ancunulentae “feminae menstruo tempore ”;
Swe. dial. hven “ marshy field ”, O.Ice. hvein (*k̂u̯oinü ) in place names, wherefore as
‘sumpfgras ” probably Dan. hvene “agrostis, Gattungsname for mehrere steife Grasarten ”,
Swe. hven , Nor. dial. hvein “agrostis, dũnner Grashalm” (M.Eng. whin “broom” from Dan.
hvine );
Ltv. svīnît refl. ‘sich schmutzig make ”, svīns ‘smudges”;
with other formant presumably Arm. šiv “ residuum gepreßter Trauben” (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-); much, a
lot of insecure O.E. hwæg , M.Du. wey “wheys” (*k̂u̯oio -?).
References: WP. I 469, WH. I 131 f.
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k̂u̯ei-2
English meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten for “zischen, pfeifen ” under likewise
Note: (see similar under k̂u̯es - “pant, gasp ”)
Material: NIce. hvīa “ neigh “, Swe. dial. hwija “loud or violent cry ”, M.H.G. wihe-n- -nen, -len,
-ren “ neigh “, O.H.G. hwaijōn, waijōn , M.H.G. weihen “ neigh “; in addition as causative
“weep, cry make ”: O.E. ü-hwæ ̄ nan “plague, torment, smite ”, O.S. hwin “Belästigung” ;
O.Ice. hvīna ‘sausen”, hvinr ‘schwirrender sound, tone ”, O.E. hwīnan ‘sausen”, hwinsian ,
O.H.G. winisōn “ lament”, Ger. winseln ; O.Ice. hvīskra “flũstern” , hvīsla “whistle, flũstern” ,
O.E. hwiscettan “whistle, from the mouse “, hwistlian “whistle”, hwisprian “mumble,
murmur”, O.H.G. (h)wispalōn “hiss, wispern ”, O.C.S. svistati “hiss”.
Maybe Alb. (*hvīskla ) fishkëllej “whistle”
k̂u̯ei-k- in Arm. ščem “ fizz “ (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō ) and Lith. švy ́ kšti “pfeifend breathe ”.
References: WP. I 469.
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k̂u̯ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk -) : k̂uk-
English meaning: to gape
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klaffen”
Material: O.Ind. śváñcatē “öffnet sich, tut sich auf, ucchvaŋka ́ - m. “das Aufklaffen, Lũcke,
shard, Sichauftun ”;
Lith. šu ̀ ke f. ‘scharte”, šu ̀ kos pl. “comb”, Ltv. suka f. “bristle brush, Striegel ” (probably
from “*comb”), suk”is m. ‘shard”, sukums m. “Lũcke, Scharte” ;
Slav. *sъčetь f. in polab. sace ́t “bristle, bristle brush ”, Sloven. šče ̨̂t “bristle brush ”, Russ.
ščetъ “bristle”.
References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 142.
Page(s): 629

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k̂u̯en -
English meaning: to celebrate; saint
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feiern; heilig(en) ”
Material: Av. spǝnta - “holy” (= Lith. šven ̃ tas , O.C.S. svętъ “holy”), compounds superl. Av.
span-yah , spǝ ̄ ništa - “ sacred, heiligst ”, es-stem Av. spü ̆ nah - n. “Heiligkeit ”;
probably Goth. hunsl n. ‘sacrifice, oblation ”, O.E. hūsl n. ‘sakrament ” (k̂u̯n̥-s-lo-);
Lith. šven ̃ tas “holy”, O.Pruss. swenta- in PN, O.C.S. svętъ , Russ. svjatój ds.; further to
Ltv.svinêt “hold festivities, heiligen ”.
References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.
Page(s): 630

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k̂u̯endh -ro-, -no-
English meaning: a kind of plant
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Pflanzenbezeichnungen
Material: Lat. combrētum “eine aromatische plant, probably eine wermutartige ”; Ir. cuinneog
“Angelica silvestris ” (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on auf k̂u̯ondhnü = O.Ice. huǫnn
“Angelicasilvestris ” from k̂u̯ondh -nü, Dan. färö. quander ds., Swiss Wannebobbell “arum
maculatum ”, Lith. šven ̃ drai pl. “a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia ”.
References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.
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k̂u̯es-, k̂us-
English meaning: to puff, sigh
Deutsche Übersetzung: “keuchen, schnaufen, seufzen ”
Material: O.Ind. śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti “atmet”), śvásati “atmet,
schnauft, seufzt ”, üśuṣüṇá - “pfeifend”, Av. suši “die beiden Lungen ”;
Lat. queror , -ī, questus sum “ wail, sich worũber bemoan, lament” (: O.Ind. śvásati );
lengthened grade O.Ice. hvæ ̄ sa , O.E. hwōsan “pant, gasp ”;
Lith. šušinti “with zischendem noise through die Luft drive ” (?? could as O.H.G. sūsōn
eine independent onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung sein).
Daß k̂u̯es- extension through -es- a k̂u-, k̂eu- (at most schallmalenden origin, source,
beginning; an ancestor ) sei, assumes man because of desselben Anlautes in O.Ind. śūt-
küra ́- m. “das Pfeifen, Zischen ” (perhaps rather as śīt-küra ́- new onomatopoeic word
formation?), Arm. sulem “ whistle, fizz “ (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-);
Maybe Alb. sulem “dash, rush (breath heavely?) ”
Lith. šv-añkšti “breathe, wheeze, pant, gasp ”: Arm. šunč ̣ “breath, breeze, breath, soul,
ghost” (k̂u̯onki̯o -); Lith. švir̃kšti “whistle, sausen ”, švil̃pti “with den Lippen whistle ” and in the
root k̂u̯ei-2 “hiss under likewise ” see there.
References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.
Page(s): 631-632

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k̂u̯on -, k̂un-
English meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hund”
Grammatical information: originally nom. sg. k̂úu̯ō (n), gen. k̂unós
Material: O.Ind. śvǘ and ś(u)vü ́ “dog”, gen. śúnas , acc. śvǘnam , acc. pl. śúnas ; Av. spü,
spünǝm , gen. pl. sū ̆ nam , med. (Herodot) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n̥-ko- “hundeartig ”: O.Ind. śvaka -
“wolf”), M.Pers. sak, Pers. sag, kurd. sah, wüχ i šač; from Iran. derive Alb. shak(ë) “bitch”,
Gk. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from * σπάκαδες ) and Russ. sobáka “dog”; compare Pers. sabah ;
Arm. šun, gen. šan “dog” (with unclear š); not gut compatible with skund “Hũndchen” ,
whether from * k̂u̯on -to-, -tü; or to den above S. 564 under *ken- “fresh hervorkommen ”
besprochenen Tierjungenbezeichnungen?;
with for the Thrak.- Phryg. auffälligem Gutt. lyd. Κανδάυλης “κυν -άγχης”, Thrac. GN Καν -
δάων (to 2. part s. dhüu - “ strangle, throttle, choke “);
maybe Alb. (*Καν-δάων) kunadhe “marten, musteline, sable ”
Gk. κύων, κυνός “dog” (κύντερος “hũndischer, i.e. unverschämter” , Sup. κύντατος ; to
κυνάμυια compare Lith. šun-muse ̃ “Hundsfliege ”);
quite unclear Lat. canis “dog”, cůnēs originally previously fem. “bitch”, canīcula (compare
O.Ind. śunī f.) hinsichtlich of a; perhaps interference a dem M.Ir. cano , cana “Wolfsjunges ”,
Welsh cenaw “young dog or wolf ” (see ken-3) corresponding words (so also lyd. Καν -
δαύ̄λης?);
Maybe Alb. (*k̂u̯en -) qen “dog”
O.Ir. cū (gen. con = κυνός), Welsh ci (pl. cwn - κύνες, Lith. šu ̀ nes ), Bret. Corn. ki “dog”
from *k̂u̯ō;
Goth. hunds , O.Ice. hundr , O.E. hund , O.H.G. hunt “dog” (k̂u̯n̥-tó-), see above;

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Lith. šuo ̃ (gen. šun ̃ s ) “dog” (to i-stem geworden in Lith. dial. šunis , Ltv. suns , O.Pruss.
sunis “dog”); t-form Ltv. suntana “großer dog” ; Ltv. kuńa “bitch” probably with West IE Gutt.,
Trautmann Bal.-Slav. Wb. 310? or k from kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I
196; quite doubtful but Russ. Pol. suka “bitch”;
Toch. A ku, Obl. kon, В nom. kunder
The meaning from Lat. canis as “unglũcklicher Wurf beim Wũrfelspiel” kehrt in Gk. κύων
again, as well as in O.Ind. śva-ghnín - actually “Hundetöter” , i.e. “the die schlechten Wũrfe
vermeidende, gewerbsmäßige, also unredliche Spieler” ; compare also Gk. κίνδῡνος
“danger (*Hundswurf) ” from *κυν-δῡνος , to O.Ind. dyūta ́ “game”? Schwyzer Gk. 1, 335
above.
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kury ɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht IE Decl.
32, 121 f.
See also: derivative from the color root k̂eu-2, S. 594.
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k̂ū-
English meaning: sharp; pike
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitz, Spieß”
Note:
Root k̂ū- : ‘sharp; pike ” derived from zero grade of Root ak̂-, ok̂- : ‘sharp; stone ”.
Material: O.Ind. śū-la- m. n. ‘spit, pike, spitzer picket, pole; stechender pain ”, Arm. slak”
(from * sulak”) ‘spit, pike, Dolch, Pfeil ”, O.Ir. cuil “culex”, Welsh cylion- en ds., Lat. culex “
mosquito “;
O.Ind. śū-ka- m. n. ‘sting, prick a Insekts, awn of Getreides ”, Av. sū-kü- f. “needle”, Pers.
sōzan “needle”, sōk “Ähre , awn”; dubious prükr. osukkai “wetzt, schärft” ;
Lat. cuneus “wedge” (due to from k̂u-no- “cusp, peak ”).
Maybe Alb. kunj “wedge” Lat. loanword.
References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.
Page(s): 626-627

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kʷas-i̯o-, -lo-
English meaning: basket-work
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Flechtwerk, geflochtener Korb ”
Material: Lat. quülum (quallus ) “geflochtener basket ” (*ku̯aslom , compare das diminutive:)
quůsillus , -um “Körbchen, Wollkörbchen” (with emphatischem -ss-);
O.Bulg. košь “basket” (*kʷas-i̯o-s), Russ. koš “basket, fish snaring net; hurdle “ etc., also
Church Slavic košar(j)a “ hurdle “ etc., Russ. koše ́ lь “basket, Brotsack ”.
Maybe Alb. (*koš) kosh “basket”
References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.
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kʷās- : kʷǝs-
English meaning: to cough
Deutsche Übersetzung: “husten”
Note: [addendum to S. 635]
Material: O.Ind. kü ́ s-, küsa ́ - “ cough “, therefrom küsate “hustet”; Alb. kollë “ cough “ (*kʷüs -
lü); M.Ir. cassacht(ach) m. “ cough “, Welsh pas ds. (*kʷǝs -t-), pesychu “cough” (*kʷǝs -t-isk-
), Bret. pas “ cough “, Corn. paz ds.; O.Ice. hosti m. “ cough “, O.E. hwosta, M.L.G. hoste ,
O.H.G. huosto, Alem. wuǝšte ds.; Lith. kósiu (old kosmi ), kósèti “cough”, Ltv. küse ̃ ju , kãsêt
ds., Lith. kosulỹs , Ltv. kãsulis “ cough “; Slav. *kašъlь in R.C.S. kašelь “ cough “, etc.
Note:
Maybe truncated Alb. (*kosul ) kollë “cough” derived from Lith. kosulỹs “cough”
References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.
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kʷei-1(t)
English meaning: to observe; to appreciate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “worauf achten ”; out of it einerseits “ehrerbietig beobachten,
scheuen, ehren ”, andrerseits “animadvertere, punish, curse, rächen, bũßen; Sũhne,
Geldstrafe, deren Wert, Preis, Schätzung” , from which “Hochschätzung, Ehre” likewise
gewinnbar is
Material: A. O.Ind. cü ́ yati “nimmt wahr, beobachtet, hat fear, shyness, hat Besorgnis ”, cüyu ́ -
“Ehrfurcht bezeugend ” = O.Bulg. čajo ̨, čajati “erwarten, wait, hold on, hoffen ” (lengthened
gradees *kʷēi̯-ō);
O.Ind. cinōti , cikē ́ ti “bemerkt”, cití- f. “Verständnis” , cí-t f. “ghost, Intellekt ”: Gk. ἀτίζω
“beachte nicht ” from *α-τι-τ- “not achtend ”;
kʷē[i] -ro- in Gk. τηρός ‘schũtzend, wahrend” , τηρέω “take wahr, behũte; observe, passe
ab, lauere auf, perhaps also O.Ind. cüra- m. “Kundschafter, Späher” ; possibly because of
O.Ind. cü ́ yati “hat Besorgnis ” with zero grade also Gk. τετίημαι “bin grieving “, τετιηώς
“timorous, grieving “ angereiht become? To *kēi- “move” (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so -,
kē[i]sü “time” in O.C.S. časъ m.: Alb. kohë , Jokl Mel. Pedersen 1591 f.
Note:
Phonetically Alb. (*kē[i]hü ) koha “time” : O.Pruss.: kīsman “time” [Accs], hence not of Slavic
origin.
B. O.Ind. cáyatē “racht, straft ”, cēta ́ r - “Rächer” , ápa-citi- f. “Vergeltung ” (= ἀπότισις,
τίσις);
Av. küy- “ repay, atone ”, e.g. čikayat̃ ‘soll atone, punish, curse, rächen” , pairi-ü-kayayanta
‘sie sollen as penance, atonement auf sich nehmen ”, kaēnü - f. “penance, atonement ” (=
ποινή , sl. cěna , compare also Lith. káina ), Pers. kīn- “enmity, hate, rage, fury ”, Av. küϑa- n.

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“Vergeltung ”, čiϑi- f. ‘sũhne through Geld ”, čiϑü “ds., punishment “, Osset. čithä “honour”
(as τιμή);
Gk. τίω and τί̄ω (ark. τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄ σω, Aor. ἔτισα, participle
pass. τετῑμένος ‘schätzen; hochschätzen, honour”, πολύ -τῑτος “ hochgeehrt ”, ἀτίετος
“ungeehrt; not ehrend ”;
Hom. τί̄νω, Att. τί̆νω (*τινF -ω) “bũße, bezahle” , Med. “lasse zahlen or atone, strafe ”
τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), Hom. τείνυται (as Cret. ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut. τείσω,
Aor. ἔτεισα ( Thess. πεῖσαι, Cypr. πείσει under likewise), τίσις “ Zahlung, penance,
atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance “, ποινή ‘sũhne, punishment, revenge,
vengeance “ (out of it Lat. poena ); τῑμή ‘schätzung; honour; penance, atonement,
punishment “, ἄτῑμος “ without Entgelt; ungeehrt ”;
probably M.Ir. cin, gen. cinad “blame” (*kʷinu -t-s, compare τίνυ -ται);
Lith. káina “Wert, Preis ”; O.Pruss. er-kīnint “(of devil) befreien ”;
O.Bulg. cěna “τιμή honour, Preis ”, cěniti “τιμᾶσθαι schätzen” , ō-grade O.Bulg. kajǫ, kajati
sę “ repentance feel “, pokajati sę “penance, atonement tun ”, okajati “bejammern ”, Russ.
kájatь “rebuke”, -sja “ repentance feel ”.
root extension kʷeis -, kʷeit- (compare above O.Ind. cít, cití-):
O.Ir. ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) “ sees “, cīall f. “Verstand ” = Welsh pwyll , Bret. poell ds. (*kʷeis -lü),
etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);
O.Ind. cē ́ tati , cíkētati “hat acht auf etwas, nimmt Wahr ”, perf. cikē ́ ta , participle cikitván
“verstehend, wissend ”, Av. čikiϑvü ̊ “ũberdenkend, ũberlegend” , O.Ind. cítti- f. “Denken,
discernment ”, Av. čisti- ds., O.Ind. cintü ́ “Gedanken, care “;
O.Bulg. čьtǫ, čisti “count, reckon, Geschriebenes lesen; honour ”, *kʷi-t-ti- > čьstь (=
O.Ind.cítti-ḥ) “worship, veneration, honour ”; with anl. s- Ltv. šk ́ ìetu , šk ́ itu, šk ́ ist “mean”,

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kʷei-2
English meaning: to pile, stow, gather
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufschichten ”; daher “aufhäufen, sammeln” , “der Ordnung after auf
or to einander legen ”, “aufbauen ”, “abgeschwächt machen”
Material: O.Ind. cinō ́ ti , cáyati ‘schichtet, reiht; sammelt, häuft an; fũgt together, baut auf” ,
cáya - m. “ accumulation, heap, Aufwurf ”; káya - m. “body, body ” (eig. “*Gliederbau ”; or
“*mass”?); citü ́ “ layer, Holzstoß, Scheiterhaufen” , cíti- f. “ accumulation, layer,
Scheiterhaufen ”, cītí-f. “das Sammeln ”;
Av. kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti “(*legere) aussuchen, wählen” with vī- “divide, distinguere ”, with
ham- “colligere, (Schrittlängen) aneinanderlegen” ; Pers. čīdan “gather, collect ”;
Gk. ποιέω “make” (arg.-böot. ἐποίFησε under likewise), then also “dichte”, denominative
a *ποι-Fό-ς “aufbauend, making “ (compare ἀρτο -ποιός “Bäcker”);
O.Bulg. činъ (probably u-stem: O.Ind. cinō ́-ti, Av. činvaiti , yet in Slav. with ī the ersten
syllable, as O.Ind. cītí-) “order, row, rank ”, činiti “ sort, order, arrange, reihen, build “,
probably also Clr. kojú, kojíty “anzetteln, bereiten (somewhat evil, harm) ”, as Gk. φόνον
ποιεῖν “murder anstiften ”), Pol. dial. koić się ‘succeed, proceed, go ahead ”.
A s- further formations in Av. kaēš - (with Präverbien) ‘struere”, frü- “prepare, bereiten ”, vī-
“to-, herrichten ” (Bartholomae Wb. 429).
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.
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kʷei̯ǝ -, kʷii̯ē-
English meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful
Deutsche Übersetzung: “behaglich ruhen ”
Material: O.Ind. cirá-m “Zögern, delay” , cirá- “langdauernd, long ”; O.Pers. šiyüti -š
“Wohlbehagen ” (= Lat. quiēs ), Av. šüiti-š “pleasure, joy ” (š- = šy-, compare gathAv.
šyeitibyō ), Av. šyüta -, šüta - “erfreut” (= Lat. quiētus ), a-šüta- “unfroh” (= Lat. inquiētus ),
Παρύ -σατις, Av. šüišta - “behaglichst, erfreulichst ”, Pers. šüd “blithe, glad ”, O.S.S. anc̣ayun
“rest”; sogd. š”t “freudig”;
Arm. han-gč ̣ im “I ruhe”, han-gist “ tranquility “ (-gi- from * -kʷi-);
Lat. quiēs, -ētis “ tranquility “, quiē-sco, -scere , -vī, -tum “rest”, with formants -lo- (as
Gmc.*hwīl -) tranquīlus , tranquillus “ peaceful ” (trans + kʷīlos );
maybe Alb. *kʷjēt, qetë “quiet”.
Goth. ƕeila, O.E. hwīl, O.H.G. (h)wīla “ while, time ”, O.Ice. hvīla “Ruhebett ”, hvīld “
tranquility “, Goth. ƕeilan “weilen, hesitate, cease ”, O.E. Hwüla MN, O.H.G. wīlōn, -ēn
“weilen, sich aufhalten ”;
O.C.S. pokojь “ tranquility “, pokojǫ , pokojiti “beruhigen ”, počijo ̨ , počiti “rest”;
Toch. В śüte “rich” (: Av. šyüta - “erfreut”);
Lyc. tezi ‘sarkophag ” from *kʷjētis (?), Pedersen Lyc. and Hitt. 50.
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.
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kʷek ̂-, kʷōk ̂-, kʷek ̂-s-
English meaning: to seem, see, show
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erscheinen; sehen; zeigen ”
Material: O.Ind. kü ́ s ́ ate “appears, glares, gleams, shines ”, caküs ́ iti , caküs ́ ya ́ tē ‘shines,
schaut”, kaśa - m. ‘sichtbarsein, shine ”;
Av. ükasat̃ “erblickte”; Pers. ügüh “expert, skillful ”, nigüh ‘sight”; s-extension kʷek ̂ s -:
O.Ind. cáṣṭē (3. pl. cakṣatē ) “appears; beholds “, in compounds also “ announce, show ”,
cakṣas - n. ‘shine, face ”, cakṣu - “ seeing “, n. “Helle, face, eye ”; Av. čaš(te, -üite) “instruct,
teach” (eig. “gewahr become lassen ”), M.Pers. čüšītan “instruct, teach ”, Av. O.Pers.
čašman - n. “eye”, Pers. čašm , ds.; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : M.Pers.
xš- > š- phonetic mutation
Gk. τέκμωρ , young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) “mark, token, sign, Merkmal ” (*kʷek ̂-m[ō]r -?);
different Schwyzer Gk. I 326;
with voiced final sound O.C.S. kažǫ, kazati ‘show, mahnen ”, u-kazъ “ἀπό -δειξις” (also
kaznь “δόγμα , alignment “), probably IE *kʷeg ̂- besides *kʷek ̂-? common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- :
Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation
References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 326, 519.
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kʷel-1, kʷelǝ -
English meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, sich drehen, sich herumbewegen, fũrsorglich um
jemandem herum sein, wohnen ” under likewise
Material:
This root is related to the name of Celts, Gaelic and Illyrian people who were the children of
Galatea. All those cognates are related to the coils of the sea serpent.

O.Ind. cárati , calati “bewegt sich, wandert, weidet, treibt ” etc. (heavy basis in cáritum ,
caritá -, cīrn ̣ a ́ -; carítra - n. “foot, leg ”, carcūrya ́ mün ̣ a -, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí -
“tatkräftig” ), lengthened grade cü ́ ra- m. “ gait “, etc.; Av. čaraiti “versatur, obliegt a Tätigkeit”
etc., čarüna - “field”, O.Pers. parikarü “tend, look after! cole! ”;
s-extension in O.Ind. karṣū́ - f. “furrow”, kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti “turn, wenden, pflũgen” , Av. karša -
m. n. “furrow” , karšaiti “Furchen pull ”;
Gk. πέλω , πέλομαι “bin in Bewegung ” (π Äolismus ), Aor. ἔπλετο , participle περιπλόμενος
“umzingelnd (eine town, city); sich herumdrehend, den Kreislauf vollendend ( ἐνιαυτός) ”,
with außer Eol. τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in ders. meaning ( τέλλω “vollende” Pind.), Hom.
τελέθω “bin, become ”, Cret. τέλομαι “ἔσομαι”, Cypr. τενται “er will be “, also τέλος n. “end”,
lit. “Wende” (τελέω “vollende”, τέλειος , τέλεος from *τελεσ -Fο-ς “fertig, vollendet, reif,
grown”, τελευτή “ consummation, termination, end ”), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare
above O.Ind. karṣū́ -) “Grenzfurche ”, i.e. “Wendestelle of Pfluges auf dem Acker ”; πόλος
“Achse (Drehpunkt); umgepflũgtes (umgewendetes) Land” , πολέω “bewege mich herum,
verweile”, ἀμφίπολος “Dienerin (Hom.), servant ” = Lat. anculus ‘servant, Knecht ”, αἰπόλος
“Ziegenhirt ”, θεοπολέω “bin priest ” (besides θεη-κόλος “priest”); with κ in βουκόλος

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“Rinderhirt ” = M.Ir. búachaill , Welsh bugail “herdsman, shepherd ” from *kʷol(i)os with
Entlabialisierung after u; πολεύω “bewege mich herum ” (γ῅ν “pflũge um” ), Ion. Att.
ἐπιπολ῅ς “auf the Oberfläche” , ἐμπολή “Handelsware ”; πωλέομαι “bewege mich an a Orte
herum, komme häufig hin” ; πάλιν “back” (acc. a * πάλις “ turn “); κύκλος see under; die Gk.
π-forms contain probably partly IE pel- see under;
Alb. sjel “drehe um, wende, bring ” (*kʷel-); besides kjel “bring, bear ” (*kʷolei̯ō ), a-sul
“Winterweide ”, lit. “Zutrift”, për-kul “bend, curve “ (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër “Waldrebe ”(*kʷel-bh-
);
Lat. colō, -ere “bebaue, bewohne; tend, look after; ehre ” (*kʷelō ); colōnus “Landwirt,
Bauer”, incolere “inhabit”, incola “Einwohner ”, inquilīnus “Insasse”, Esquiliae
“Außensiedlungen” ; about anculus see above;
colus , -ūs f. m. or - ī f. ‘spinnrocken ” (*kʷelos “ spindle”), collus , -ī m. (aLat.), collum, - ī n. “
neck, Bergjoch ” (*kʷol-so-, Goth. hals);
O.Ir. cul “ cart “ (Dual. *kʷolō ); M.Ir. coll “ head” =
Goth. O.Ice. asächs. hals m., O.E. heals , Ger. “Hals = neck “; O.Ice. hvel n. “wheel” =
O.Pruss. kelan “wheel”, Ltv. f. pl. du-celes “zweirädriger cart “ ;
O.C.S. kolo n., gen. kolese “wheel”, pl. kola “ cart “ (Mischung from kʷolo - m. and kʷeles -
n.);
Bal.-Slav. *keli̯a- “knee” in Lith. kelỹs , E.Lith. kẽlias “knee”, Ltv. celis ds.; Lith. kelē ́ nas m.
“knee”, ablaut. O.C.S. kolěno n. “knee, stem, gender, sex ”, perhaps further to Slav. *čelnъ
m., Sloven. čle ̣̂n “joint, limb, member ”, Clr. čeɫén “limb, member ”;
Toch. A källüš “bringt”, preterit śël, pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).
kʷekʷlo -, kʷokʷlo - (?) “wheel” in:
O.Ind. cakrá - m. n. (Akzent secondary) “Wagenrad, Scheibe, circle “, Av. čaxra - m.
“wheel”, Gk. κύκλος “ circle “, pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα “Räder” , O.Ice. hjōl, hvēl (*kʷe ́ kʷ elon-,

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Gmc. *hwéh (w)ula- ) n., O.E. hwēol (Eng. wheel ), besides hweowol, hweogol (Gmc.
*hweg (w)ulá-), M.L.G. wēl “wheel”; also Fris. fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for
*hwewla- ; compare also Phryg. κίκλην “ the big, giant bear ” (“cart “), Lith. kãklas , Ltv. kokls “
neck “ as “Dreher”; Toch. A kukäl, В kokale “ cart “.
Lengthened grade perhaps (as “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round “)
O.Ice. hvüll and hōll m. (latter from dem dat. pl. hōlum from hvülum ) “roundish hill ”.
References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
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kʷel-2
English meaning: far (with regard to place and time)
Material: O.Ind. caramá - “the letzte, äußerste” , cirás “long (temporal) ”, Gk. τ῅λε, Eol. πήλυι
“afar, wide ” (τηλό -θεν, -θι, -σε), πάλαι “längst” (παλαιός “old”, παλαίτερος, -τατος), Welsh
Corn. Bret. pell “afar” (*kʷel-s-o-?), Welsh pellaf “the äußerste” .
References: WP. I 517.
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kʷem -
English meaning: to swallow, sip
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlũrfen, schlucken”
Material: O.Ind. cü ́ mati and camati *schlũrft” , participle ücünta -, camasá - m. “drinking bowl,
goblet”, camū ́ - m. “ platter “; Pers. čam “ the eating “, čamīδan “drink”, Osset. cumun “ slurp
“;
Arm. k”im-k” pl. “faux, guttur ” (*kʷēmü -); with ablaut grade ō: Pers. küm “ palate”,
afghO.N. kūmai ds.; dubious is Gk. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα [probably τέμοντα]
ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the Lateern meaning “Flũssiges aussaugen,
auspressen ” to fassen wäre;
Mod.Ice. hvōma (from *hvüma , IE *kʷēmō = O.Ind. cü ́ mati ) “verschlucken, verschlingen ”,
hvōma f. ‘speiseröhre, gullet” .
References: WP. I 514.
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kʷene
English meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty
Deutsche Übersetzung: Partikel der Verallgemeinerung and Unbestimmheit
Material: O.Ind. cana , Av. činü ̆ “irgend”; often negativ, e.g. O.Ind. ná ḗkaś cana “keiner”;
Gmc. -ʒin in O.Ice. hver-gin “keineswegs ”, O.E. asächs. O.H.G. hwer -gin “irgendwo ”
(from hwar “where” + -gin) from O.H.G. io-wergin , M.H.G. iergen , Ger. irgend.
References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.
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kʷenth -
English meaning: to suffer, endure
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leiden, dulden ”
Material: Gk. πένθος n. “ affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune ”; nachHom. πάθος n.
“affliction, misfortune, ferventness, passion ”, πάσχω ( *kʷn ̥ th -skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor.
ἔπαθον, perf. πέπονθα ‘suffer, erdulde ” (πε- for τε - after den forms with πα -, πο-);
Lith. kenčiu ̀ , kę̃sti “ withstand, leiden ”, pakantà f. “Geduld”, kančia ̀ “heftiger körperlicher
pain”, žiem -kiñtis “den Winter about withstanding “, Ltv. cìešu cìest “leiden, dulden ”, ziem-
ciesis (*kentsia- ) “Wintergrũn” ;
O.Ir. cēss(a)im “I suffer” (*kʷenth -tō or *kʷenth -s-ō), cēssad “passiō” .
Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes einen nasallosen Verwandten in O.Ir. ar-cessi (*kʷet -sī-)
‘schont, erbarmt sich ” (meaning wäre as in Lith. pakente ́ti “with jemandem Geduld have ”),
Welsh arbedu (*kʷet -) ‘spare, look after ”, Bret. erbedi “empfehlen ” (older also ‘spare, look
after”), O.Corn. henbidiat “parcus”.
References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 708.
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kʷer-1
English meaning: to do
Deutsche Übersetzung: “machen, gestalten ”
Note: perhaps originally from irgendeiner not more bestimmbaren Handwerkstätigkeit
Material: O.Ind. karō ́ ti (Imper. kuru), kr̥ṇṓti “makes, vollbringt ”, participle kr̥tá-; kará- “tuend,
making “, m. “hand, Elefantenrũssel” , küra- “ making “, m. “feat, dead, act ”, kárman - n.
“action, work ”, karmüra -ḥ “ smith “; kr̥ti- “feat, dead, act ”; saṃ-kr̥t “once”; besides with s-
pari-ṣkar- and saṃ-skar- ;
Av. kǝrǝnaoiti “makes, vollfũhrt, tut” , kǝrǝtay - “feat, dead, act ”, Infin. kǝrǝtǝ ̄ e , O.Pers.
akunavam , karta- ; Av. čürü “Withtel, Hilfsmittel ”, Pers. čür “Withtel”, cüra “Withtel, help,
artifice”(= sl. čara “charm, spell ”, see under);
Osc. petiro-pert “viermal” (: O.Ind. saṃ-kr̥t);
Welsh paraf “bewirke, verschaffe ”, Verbaln. peri, wherefore redupl. (from a redupl.
present?) probably Welsh pybyr “tatkräftig” ;
O.Ir. cruth ‘shape”, Welsh pryd (*kʷr̥tu-) ‘shape, time ”; in addition perhaps O.Ir. Cru(i)thin ,
M.Welsh Prydyn “Pikten”; Welsh Prydain “Britannien ” hat die ending from Rhufain (Rōmanī )
bezogen; O.Corn. prit, M.Corn. prys, Bret. pred “time”; M.Ir. creth “Dichtung ” (*kʷr̥to-),
Welsh prydu “dichten”, prydydd “Dichter”;
Lith. kuriù , kùrti “erect, to build, make ”, out of it perhaps “fire anmachen, heizen ”; Ltv. kur̃t
“anfeuern, heizen ”, O.Pruss. kūra “erbaute”; different above S. 572.
Here with the meaning “es jemandem antun, verhexen ”, also O.Ind. kr̥tyǘ (“action, feat,
dead, act ” and:) “Behexung, charm, spell ” under likewise, Gk. τέρας n. “ Wunderzeichen ”,
πέλωρ n. “Ungetũm, Ungeheuer”, τελώριος μέγας, πελ ώριος Hes.; das π- is A ̈ olismus ;
πέλωρ, τέλωρ from *πέρωρ, *τέρωρ dissimilated; Lith.keriù , kere ́ti “jemanden enchant, in

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the Gesundheit injure, hurt ”, kẽras “charm, spell ”, Slav. čara f. “charm, spell ” in O.Bulg.
čarode ̌ jь “ magician “, čari f. pl. “charm, spell, Reiz ” etc.;
perhaps with anlaut. s- (compare O.Ind. saṃ-skar- ) O.Ind. ü-ścarya - ‘seltsam, wonderful
“, n. “wonder, miracle ”, O.Ice. skars n. “ein Ungeheuer; giantess “, skersa f. “ giantess “,
skyrse m. “(ũbles) omen, sign, Phantom” (welche die suffixale zero grade of es-stem τέρας
enthielten).
References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.
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kʷer-2
English meaning: a kind of dish or pot
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten, die etwas Schũssel -, Schalenartiges bedeuten
Material: O.Ind. carú- “Kessel, pot, pan ”, wherefore probably karkarī “water jug ”, karaŋka -
“cranium”;
O.Ir. co(i)re (though not from * kʷerijo -, but from * kʷerijo-), Welsh pair, Corn. pêr “Kessel”;
O.N. hverr m. “Kessel”, O.E. hwer , O.H.G. (h)wer ds.
n-extension lies before in: M.Ir. cern f. “ platter “, Mod.Ice. hvörn “bone in Fischkopf ”, Nor.
dial. hvann ds.; Goth. ƕaírnei f. “cranium”, O.Ice. hverna f. “Kochgeschirr ”.
References: WP. I 518.
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kʷeru -
English meaning: to chew; to grind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kauen; zermalmen, mahlen (meal, flour and out of it Bereitetes) ”?
Material: O.Ind. cárvati “chews up, zermalmt ”, participle cūrn ̣ a -s, m. “fine dust, powder,
meal, flour ” (in -ū- wirkt the zweite vowel the basis kʷeru - after?); different about cárvati
above S. 576, 582;
Gk. τορύνη σιτ῵δές τε Hes. (assimil. from *τερύνᾱ), πορύναν μαγίδα Hes. (development
from ablautendem *kʷorunü or Eol . form from τορύνη), πύρνον n., pl. πύρνα ( Hom. )
“Weizenbrot ” (-υ- in still to untersuchendem connection with dem second vowel from *kʷeru -
).
References: WP. I 519.
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kʷetu ̯ er -, kʷetuō ̆ r -, kʷ etur- m., kʷetes(o)r - f.
English meaning: four
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vier”
Note: (contains?? *sor “wife, woman ”)
Material: O.Ind. catvü ́ rah ̣ m. (acc. catúraḥ ), catvü ́ ri n., cátasraḥ f.; Av. čaϑwürō m. (gen.
čatura ̨ m ), čataŋrō f., Pers. čahür ;
Arm. čork” from *č̣orek” < *kʷetu ̯ ores (acc. č̣ors);
Gk. Hom. τέσσαρες, Att. τέτταρες, böot. πέτταρες (with secondary Schwachstufe); Ion.
ark. hellen. τέσσερες ( *kʷetu ̯ eres ); reduced grade Hom. πίσυρες (acc. πίσυρας = O.Ind.
catúraḥ , Lesb. πισύρων = Av. čatura ̨ m ), Lesb. also πέσσυρες; Dor. wGk. τέτορες
(*kʷetu ̯ ores );
Lat. quattuor (a seems, as Hom. πίσυρες, e fortzusetzen); Osc. pettiur ; petora n.
(compare petiro-pert “viermal” from *petri̯ü -, das after * triü in Umbr. triiuper “dreimal”);
O.Ir. ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir after tēoir “3”), O.Welsh petguar , Welsh pedwar (fem.
pedair ), Corn. peswar (O.Brit. Stadtname Πετουαρία);
Goth. fidwōr , N.. and WestGmc. due to an assimilation form *ku̯eku̯or (bis auf die
Kompositionsformen salfr. fitter- , O.E. fyðer -, O.S. fiæÞer -: Goth. fidur- ): O.Ice. fiōrer m.,
fiōrar f., fiogor n., O.H.G. feor, fior, O.S. fiuwar, fior , O.E. fēower ;
Lith. keturì (acc. kêturis = O.Ind. catúraḥ ), fem. kêturios ; Ltv. četri; aksl -četyre m., - i f. n.
Toch. A śtwar (*kʷetu ̯ er-), В ś(t)wür , ś(t)wer (*kʷetu ̯ ores ) “4”, A śtwarük “40”.
In compounds (and derivatives ) kʷetur -, kʷetu ̯ r̥ -, kʷetru -: O.Ind. cátur - [aŋga -ḥ
“viergliedrig ”], with Schwundst. the 1. syllable Av. ü-xtūirīm “viermal” O.Ind. turīya -, túrya -ḥ,
Av. tūirya - “vierter”; Av. čaϑwarǝ -aspa- Av. čaϑru-[gaoša -]; from *τετFρα ( IE *kʷetu ̯ r̥ -): Gk.
τετρα -[κόσιοι], -πους; contaminated from τρυ - and τετρα -: Gk. τράπεζα; τρυ -φάλεια “ helmet”

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(compare τετρά -φαλος “ with vier Schirmen versehen ”) probably zero grade *[kʷ]tru -, as Osc.
trutom (if es “quartum” stands for); Lat. quadru-[pēs] ; Umbr. petur [-pursus “quadrupedibus ”];
Gaul. Petru-corii “die Vierstämmigen” , petru-deca-metos “vierzehnter ”, Welsh pedry-
“vierfach” (Gaul. petor -ritum “vierräderiger cart “ probably with dem vowel from *kʷetu ̯ ores ),
“viereckig, strong ”; Goth. fidur-dōgs (Westgermanisches see above); Lith. ketur- [kõjis
“vierfũßig” ]; Arm. k”taṙ-a-sun “40” (from *twr̥-, compare O.Ind. turīya - “vierter”).
ordinals:
O.Ind. caturthá -, turī́ya -, túrya -, Av. tūirya -; Arm. č̣orir, č̣orr-ord, kaṙ-ord; Gk. Att. τέταρτος,
Hom. τέτρατος (for *τυρτος “ vierter” in Συρταῖος), böot. πέτρατος; Lat. quürtus, prän. Quorta ,
Osc. perhaps truto- (see above); O.Ir. cethramad (*kʷetru -metos ); Gaul. petuarios =
O.Welsh petuerid ; O.H.G. fiordo , O.E. féorða , O.Ice. fiōrði ; Lith. ketvir̃tas (Ltv. cetur̃taĩs as
O.Ind. caturthá -ḥ), O.C.S. četvrьtъ ; Toch. A śtärt (*kʷetu ̯ r̥tos ), В śtwerne .
Von other Zubehör sei berausgehoben Lat. quattuordecim , Goth. fidwōrtaíhun , O.H.G.
viorzëhan “14”; Dor. Ion. delph. τετpώκοντα ( *kʷetu ̯ orǝ-k̂omte ) = Lat. quadrügintü “40”; Av.
čaϑruš “viermal”, O.Ind. catúḥ = Lat. quater (*kʷetrus ); O.Ind. catvará - m. “viereckiger
place”, Lith. ketverì “je vier”, O.C.S. četverъ , četvorъ ds., O.Ir. cethorcho “40” (*kʷetru -k̂omt -
s).
References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394, 400 f.,
F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.
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kʷe 1
English meaning: and (encl.)
Deutsche Übersetzung: enkLith. “and”
Note: from *”irgendwie ”, as also to Pron.-stem kʷo-, kʷe- of Interrogativums and Indefinitums
in same relationship stehend, as *k̂e “here” to k̂o-, k̂e- “this”. Damit identical kʷe behind
forms of Interrogativ-Indefinit- stem zur Verstärkung of indefiniten Sinnes.
Material: O.Ind. ca, Av. ča, ар. čü enkLith. “and”; lyd. - k “and”; Gk. τε “and”; Ven. -ke,
lepont. -pe, piken. - p; Lat. -que; ne-que = Osc.-Umbr. nep, neip “ not; and not, nor; rarely
not even “ = O.Ir. na-ch, M.Welsh etc. nac “not” (to a from e see under ne “not”), compare
Lat. atque “and in addition ” (ad + que) = Umbr. ap(e) “ubi, cum ”; Goth. ni-h (etc., see under
ne) “not”; (see also O.H.G. etc. noh under *nu “nun”); Bulg. če “but, and, daß, weil” , Cz. old
a-če, ač “if”, Pol. acz “obgleich, although “;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ne-que) nuk, Tosc nuku “ not “
den indefiniten sense, mind intensifying e.g. O.Ind. káś-ca, Av. čiš-ca “wer irgend,
welcher irgend ”, in relative clause with dem Rel.-Pron. ya-; Av. čiš-ca also “jeder beliebige ”;
Arm. -k” e.g. o-k” “whoever ” (if drop of e from *kʷe before the Palatalisierung; from Junker
with dem k” of Plurals gleichgesetzt);
Gk. ὅσ-τε (here behind dem Relativum; s. Schwyzer Gk. II 575 f.);
Lat. quom-que, cunque , Umbr. pumpe originally “*when also always ”, then with coloring
of Zeitsinnes (as in Ger. wer immer “whoever ”) bare verallgemeinernd, e.g. quīcumque ,
Umbr. pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *quī quisque: O.Ind. yáḥ káś-ca) in Sätzen relativen
Sinnes, quisque (mostly angelehnt) “jeder beliebige ”;
Goth. - h, -u-h in ƕaz-u-h, ƕō-h, ƕa-h “jeder, -e, -es beliebige ”;
Hitt. ku-iš-ki (= Lat. quis- que) = Lyc. ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: Lat. ne-que) = lyd. ni-k.

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In similar meaning also other forms from den stems kʷo-, kʷü, kʷi-: Lat. quis-quam ; O.Ind.
cit (cid), Av. čit̃, ар. čiy Verallgemeinerungspartikel (z. В. O.Ind. kaś-cid “wer nur immer ”) =
IE *kʷid in Osc. -píd, -pid, Umbr. -pe, -pei (e.g. Osc. pútúrús -píd “utrisque”, Umbr. putres- pe
“utrius- que”) = Arm. -č (in-č “irgend etwas ”); s. also *kʷene .
References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gk. II 573 ff., 6482 f.
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kʷē ̆ d-, kʷō ̆ d-
English meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa ‘stacheln (Stachel, Spitz), bohren, wetzen, schärfen;
antreiben, anreizen ”
Note: (older keu̯ed -?)
Material: O.Ice. hvatr “quick, fast, gamy, sharp ”, hvǫt f. “Anreizung ”, hvata, -aða “antreiben,
beschleunigen ”, O.E. hwæt “quick, fast, gamy ”, O.S. hwat ds., O.H.G. (h)waz ‘sharp,
violent”, Goth. gaƕatjan “antreiben, whet ”, O.Ice. hvetja “ sharpen, anreizen ”, O.E. hwettan
ds., M.L.G. wetten “whet”, O.H.G. (h)wezzen , M.H.G. wetzen ‘stir, tease, irritate, anfeuern,
whet”; to-participle Goth. ƕassaba adv. ‘sharp, stern ” (ƕassei “vehemency, austereness,
severeness “), O.Ice. hvass ‘sharp, rash, hasty ”, O.E. hwæss ‘sharp”, O.H.G. ( h)was,
M.H.G. was(ser) ‘sharp, spiky, violent, stern ”; ablaut. O.Ice. hvüta “durchstoßen” ; O.S. hø ̄ ta
“Löcher bohren”; with a ũbertragenen meaning O.S. for-hwütan , O.H.G. far-hwüzan
“verfluchen ” and Goth. ƕōta f. “ threat “, ƕōtjan “threaten”, O.Ice. hōt n. “ threat “, hōta
“threaten”;
probably Lat. tri-quetrus “dreieckig ” (“dreispitzig ”; probably from * tri-quedros ); possibly
also O.Ind. cō ́ dati , cōda ́ yati “treibt an, throngs ” (*keud -).
References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.
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kʷo-, kʷe -, fem. kʷā; kʷei -
English meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base
Deutsche Übersetzung: die betonten Formen sind Interrogativa, die unbetonten Indefinita
Grammatical information: (presumably einst only in nom. acc. sg.); kʷu- (only in adv.);
Note: einzelsprachlich partly Relativum geworden
Material: 1. stem kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷü-; gen. kʷeso , instr. kʷī, Zeitadverb kʷom.
A. Kasuelle forms and nur einzelsprachlich belegbare Ableitungen:
O.Ind. ká-ḥ (= Phryg. κος “ irgendeiner ”, Goth. ƕas “wer?”), fem. kü “wer?” and indefinit;
IE kʷos probably the old nom. sg. m.;
Av. kō (gen. gthAv. ka-hyü, ča-hyü), fem. kü “wer?, who, what, which, the one that? ”,
O.Pers. kaš[-čiy], as Indef. with -čī̆t̃, or in Doppelsetzung, or in neg. or rel. Sätzen; Av. kü
“as?”; O.Pers. ada-kaiy “damals” = Gk. ποι by Pindar “ ποῦ” placed;
Arm. о “wer?” (*kʷo-, Meillet Esquisse2 189), indef. o-k” “whoever ” (-k” = Lat. que), o-mn
“wer” (relative o-r “who, what, which, the one that ”); k”ani “how much ”, k”an “as, after the
comparative ” (= Lat. quam ), k”anak “quantita” under likewise; Lat. quantus “as big, large ”,
Umbr. panta “quanta” is from quüm with formants -to- derived;
Gk. gen. sg. Hom. τέο, Att. τοῦ “wessen? ” (= O.Bulg. ceso , O.H.G. hwes ; IE *kʷes(j)o );
dat. sg. f. Dor. πᾳ, Att. πῆ, Ion. κῆ (*kʷü-) “whereto?, wherefore?, as? ”; instr. f. Ion. Att. π῅
“whereto”; instr. sg. m. n. Cret. ὀ-π῅ “where, whereto ”, Dor. πή-ποκα, πώ -ποκα, Att. πώ-
ποτε “ je einmal, noch je ”, πω, Ion. κω “(*about einen Zeitraum hin, irgendwann =) still ” and
modal “irgendwie ” in οὔ πω “ noch nicht ” and “nicnt irgendwie, keinesfalls ” (compare Goth.
ƕē as well as Lat. quō “whereto”, if not ablative); π῵ς, Ion. κ῵ς “as”; ποδαπό ς “from woher
stammend ” (neutr. *kʷod + forms -ŋ̣kʷo-, compare ἀλλοδ -απός above S. 25 under *alios
“other”); Att. etc. ποῖ “whereto”, Dor. πεῖ “where” (loc.); Att. ποῦ, Ion. κοῦ “where” (gen.);

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πόθεν “ from where? ”; Hom. πόθι, Ion. κόθι “ where”; πότε “ when?” (Dor. πόκα “ when”,
compare Schwyzer Gk. 1, 629), ποτέ , Lesb. πότα, Ion. κοτέ “irgendeinmal, einst ”, wherefore
also ποτέ after Interrogativen, e.g. τί ποτε “ was then ” and - with previously Gk. reduplication
- τίπτε ds. (see in addition under poti-s), πόσε “ whereto” (-σε from -τε) = Goth. ƕaÞ, ƕad
“whereto”; Cret. τεῖον ποῖον Hes., Att. ποῖος “qualis” from *kʷo- + oiu̯o- = O.Ind. ḗva- “kind of
and Weise ”, O.H.G. ēwa, compare Goth. laiwa “as?”, see under ei- “go”; to variation from π -
(: Ion. κ-): τ- s. Schwyzer Gk. 1, 293 f.
Alb. kë “wen?” (*kʷo-m), se “was?” (abl. *kʷōd with analogical Palatalisierung?), si “as?”
(*kʷei?);
Lat. quī (aLat. quoi from *kʷo + Demonstr. -ī), quae, quod Rel. and Indefinitum, Osc. pui,
paí, púd “qui, quae, quod ”, Umbr. po-i, -e, -ei “quī”, puře, porse “quod”, Lat. cuius, cui, quō,
quü etc., Umbr. pusme “cui”; adv. Lat. quō “whereto” (abl.) = Umbr. pu-e “quō” (u = ō, das
before Enklitika not abbreviated is); Lat. quam “as, as” (acc. sg. f.) = Umbr. [pre-]pa “[prius-
]quam”, Osc. pruter pam ds. (Av. kąm-čit̃ “in irgendeiner, jeder Weise ”, aLat. quam- de =
Umbr. pane , Osc. pan “quam”; Lat. quantus see above;
Lat. quom, cum “if, as; so oft as ” (acc. sg. n. as primum etc. = Av. kǝm “as”, Goth. ƕan
“when”, O.Pruss. kan, Lith. (dial.) ką “if”; O.C.S. ko-gda from * ko-g(o)da , Meillet Slave
commun2 470;
with -de extended Umbr. pon(n)e , Osc. pún “quom”; Lat. quandō “when” (*quüm acc. the
Zeiterstreckung + dō), Umbr. panu- pei “quandōque” , M.L.G. wante “bis”; Lat. quantus ,
Umbr. panta “quanta” (see 644);
O.Ir. nech , adj. (prokLith. ) after “aliquis; ullus, quisquam ”, Welsh Corn. Bret. nep (*ne-
kʷo-s, with coloring the negation in neg. Sätzen with wiederholte negation, also Lith. kaz-ne-
kàs ‘somewhat ”, kadà -ne-kadà “zuweilen ”, O.Bulg. někъto “jemand”); O.Ir. cüch , connected
cach , M.Welsh pawp , connected pop, Corn. pup, pop, pep, Bret. pep “jeder” (*kʷü- or kʷō-

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kʷo-s; to O.Bulg. kakъ “who, what, which, the one that? ”), Ir. cech “jeder” (das e after nech );
O.Ir. can, M.Welsh pan (*kʷanü ), M.Bret. ре-ban “whence? ”; O.Ir. cuin “when?”, M.Welsh
etc. pan, pann “as, if” (*kʷani? ), O.Ir. ca-ni, M.Welsh po-ny “nonne” (*kʷü-);
Goth. ƕas (*kʷo-s) “wer?” and indefinit (gen. ƕis, O.H.G. hwes = O.Bulg. ceso , Gk. τέο),
O.S. hvar, har , aDan. hvü, O.E. hwü “wer”, with dem e of gen. O.S. hwē, O.H.G. hwer (*kʷe-
s) “wer”; neutr. Goth. ƕa (*kʷo-d), O.H.G. hwaz , O.N. hvat, O.E. hwæt , O.S. hwat “was”;
fem. Goth. ƕō “wer? welche? ” : Goth. ƕan “when, as ”, O.S. hwan , O.H.G. hwanne “when”
(close comparison to O.Ir. can “whence” is because of the meaning doubtful), O.S. hwanda
“weil”, O.H.G. hwanta “warum”; Goth. ƕē “wherewith? ” (instr. ); O.Fris. hō, O.S. hwō, O.H.G.
hwuō “as” to Lat. quō “whereto” (AbLat.), Gk. πω, κω “ irgendwie ”;
Lith. kàs “wer?, was? ” also indefinit, fem. kà, O.Pruss. kas m., ka n. “wer?”, kas f. quai,
quoi, n. ka (acc. also kan, kai) “who, what, which, the one that, -e, - es”; Lith. kad “if, daß,
with it” (Konjunktion as Lat. quod , from dem fragenden Gebrauch, compare O.Ind. kad, Av.
kat̃ adv. Fragewort “nun, if?”); Lith. kaĩ, kaĩ-p, O.Pruss. küi-gi “as?” (= O.Bulg. cě; but about
Gk. καί see under * kai “and”);
O.Bulg. kъ-to “wer?” (gen. česo ), kyjь, f. kaja, n. koje “qui, ποῖος?”, cě “καίτοι, καίπερ,
εἴπερ” (see above).
B. derivatives, die sich through mehrere Sprachen pursue lassen: kʷo-tero- “wer from
zweien?”; kʷü-li- “as?”; kʷo-ti-, kʷe-ti- “as viele? ”.
O.Ind. katará -, Av. katüra - “wer from zweien ”, Gk. πότερος , Ion. κότερος ds., Osc. loc.
pútereí -píd “in utroque ”, Umbr. podruh-pei adv. “utroque”, putres- pe “utriusque ”, Goth.
ƕaÞar , O.Ice. hvürr , O.E. hwæÞer “wer from beiden ” (O.H.G. hwedar , Ger. still in weder ,
with e, as hwer “wer” : Goth. ƕas), Lith. katràs “welcher from beiden, who, what, which, the
one that? ”, O.Bulg. koteryjь, kotoryjь “who, what, which, the one that ” comparative

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formation (Beschränkung auf die Wahl between zwei Ghegensätzen); superlativisch O.Ind.
katamá - “welcher from mehreren ”; compare of stem kʷu- : Lat. uter.
O.Ind. kadü , Av. kaδa “when?”; but Lith. kadà “when?” from *kadü ̀ n ; to ending see above
S. 181 ff. (also for O.Bulg. kǫdǫ , kǫdě “whence”, Lat. quan- do).
Gk. πηλί-κος “ as big, large? as old? ”, Lat. quülis “as beschaffen ”, Lith. kõlei, kõl” “as
long”; of stem kʷo- from: O.Bulg. kolikъ “as big, large ”, kolь “quantum ” (Trautmann 111).
O.Ind. káti “as viele” = Hitt. kuwatta , Lat. quot ds. (of apokopierten quot from: quotus “the
wievielte ”), O.Ind. kati-thá- “the wievielte ” = Lat. *quotitei (loc. m.) diē > cottī-diē
“amwievielten Tage also always, daily ”; Gk. Lesb. πόσσος ( Hom. ποσσ῅μαρ), Att. πόσος,
Ion. κόσος “ as big, large ” (*kʷoti -os; πόστος “ the wievielte ” from *ποσσοστός; besides with
IE e Av. čaiti “as viele”, Bret. pet in pet dez “how many days ”, petguez “quotiēns” .
O.Ind. kár-hi “when?” = Goth. ƕar, O.Ice. hvar (*kʷor ) “where?” and relative (therefrom
Goth. ƕarjis, O.Ice. hverr “who, what, which, the one that ”, eig. “where er ”, as from Lith. kur̃
[*kʷū ̆ r] “where” + jìs “er” das Lith. Rel. kurìs , kur̃s “who, what, which, the one that ” erwuchs);
ē-grade O.E. hwæ ̄ r , O.H.G. O.S. hwür “where”; ō-grade Lat. cūr “warum, wherefore “, old
quōr.
A parallel formation to Lat. quis in aLat. quir-quir “ubicunque ”.
2. stem kʷei-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:
O.Ind. kím “was? was ”, kíḥ “wer?”, ná-ki-ḥ “niemand ” (with k instead of c; latter
lautgesetzlich in:) O.Ind. cit (cid), Av. cit̃, O.Pers. čiy ‘sogar, jedenfalls ” (originally nom. sg.
n. *kʷi-d; s. also under kʷe “and”); Av. čiš “wer”, čišca = Lat. quisque , Gk. τίς τε, O.Pers. čiš-
čiy ds.; Av. čī “as” (instr.);
Arm. -č in in-č ‘somewhat ” (= O.Ind. kim - cid), das also in ersten part here, with drop of
kʷ- as i (z-i) “was?” (*kʷid-), instr. i-v “wodurch, wherewith ”, (see also above to Arm. о
“wer”); to Alb. see above under 1;

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Gk. τίς (*kʷis) m. f. (Thess. κίς, ark. Cypr. σίς), n. τί (*kʷid) “wer? who, what, which, the
one that, -e, -es? ” and τὶς, τὶ “(irgend) wer, was ”, acc. m. *τιν ( *kʷim) extension to τίνα,
whereupon τίνος, τ ίνι, pl. n. *kʷi̯ǝ in mega r. σά μάν “ wieso?” τὶ μην; böot. τά “warum” = Lat.
quia; also in Ion. ἄσσα, Att. ἄττα, “τινὰ nom. pl. ” (through false separation from ὁποῖά σσα)
and with dem relativen ἅ connected ἅσσα, Att. ἅττα;
Lat. quis, quid “wer, was ” (fragend, indefinit, relative), quī adv. “wodurch, whereof (rel.);
as for, warum (frag.); irgendwie (in Wunschformeln) ” (could abl. *kʷīd sein, but yet probably
due to an instr. *kʷi = Av. čī, Sloven. či “if”, Cz. či “if”, O.E. etc. hwī “as, wherefore, warum” );
quī-n (from -ne) “as nicht; daß nicht, without “ , quia- nam “warum”, quia “daß, weil” (acc. pl.
*kʷiǝ) see above;
Osc. pis, píd “quis, quid ” (fragend, indefinit, unbestimmt-relative), Umbr. sve-pis ‘sī quis” ,
pis-i “quis, quisquis ”; doubled Osc. pispis , Lat. quisquis, argiv. τίστις in verallgemeinernd
indef. sense;
O.Ir. cid “was?” with dem i from c-id “obwohl es sei ”; originally as das adj. ced from * ce
ed;
O.Ir. cia “wer”, Welsh pwy, Corn. pyw, Bret. piou “wer” (*kʷei); connected Welsh py, pa,
p- etc. (O.Ir. cote, cate “was is”, “where is” is unclear);
Goth. ƕi-leiks , O.E. hwilc “as beschaffen ”; O.E. hwī, O.S. hwī, hwiu, O.Ice. hvī “as,
wherefore, warum ” (kʷī instr. );
O.Bulg. čь-to “was”; instr. kʷī (see above) in Sloven. či “if; also interrogative particle “, Cz.
či “if”, Pol. czy “if”, Russ. old či “if”, O.Bulg. či-mь instr. out of it extended;
about Toch. A kus, В kuse “who, what, which, the one that ” s. Pedersen Toch. 121;
Hitt. question- and relative pronoun kuiš “wer, who, what, which, the one that ”,
verallgemeinernd kuiš kuiš etc. (= Lat. quisquis ) “ whoever “, Indefinitum kuiš-ki (= Lat.

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quisque ) “irgend jemand ”, n. kuit-ki (= Lat. quidque ); Lyc. ti-ke (= hit kuiš-ki); s. P. Tedesco
Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn Lang. 22, 68 ff.
3. stem kʷu-:
O.Ind. kū́, Av. kū “where?”
Maybe Alb. ku “where”, kë “whom”
ved. kuv-íd “ if, whether, perhaps ”, Av. čū “as, in welchem Maße?” (č- after čī “as?”); O.Ind.
kúva , kvá “where, whereto ”; O.Ind. kútra , Av. kuϑra “where? whereto? ”; O.Ind. kútaḥ
“whence”; O.Ind. kúha = gathAv. kudü “where” (= O.Bulg. kъde ; IE *kʷu-dhe; see under Lat.
ubi); Av. kuϑa “as”; here also ar. ku as 1. Zsglied to verbalism of Schlechten, Mangelhaften
(eig. “was for ein...! ”), e.g. O.Ind. ku-putra- “bad son”, Av. ku-nüiri “Hure”, compare böot.
πούλιμος “Heißhunger” (*πυ-), aböot. Πυλιμιάδᾱς , also from den stems kʷo- and kʷi-: O.Ind.
ka-, kü-, kad-, kim-, e.g. kü-puruṣa - “Wicht”, ka-pūya - “ũbelriechend” , kiṃ-puruṣa - “fairy
demon, ghost, dwarf “ (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);
Cret. ὄ-πυι “whereto”, syrak. πῦς (*πυι -ς), rhod. ὅπῡς “ whereto” (*πυι neologism to ποῖ );
Alb. kur “as, when ” (see under 1. В by den r-formations = Lith. kur̃, Arm. ur), kurrë “je”
(*kur-nei), ku “where”, ku-sh “wer”, kũ-sh “as” (ũ from IE ū);
Lat. ubī̆ “where” (in addition unde shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cubī in nē-
cubi, sī-cubi , ali-cubi , nesciō -cubi , nun-cubi (nē-cunde etc.); es is das through die stem Lat.
quo-, quü, quī before the Entlabialisierung through u bewahrte qʷ- before u to qw- geworden
and qwu- hat anl. wu-, u- ergeben, during in *nē-qwubi etc. infolge the Silbentrennung nēq-
wubī the Gutt. erhalten blieb; is ubī̆ after loc. auf -ī (*ei, *oi) from *ubĕ = O.Ind. kúha , Av.
kudü , O.Bulg. kъde reshaped = Osc. puf “ubi” (Umbr. extended to pufe “ubi”)?; after
Pedersen Hitt. 50 f. contain ubi, ibivielmehr die IE adverbial ending - bhi (Gk. -φι), compare
Hitt. ku-wa-pi (kwabi ) “where, when? ”; correspondingly Lat. ut “as, with it, daß” (uti-nam, -
que) and utī, aLat. utei (reshuffling as in ubī) from *kʷu-ti (us-piam , -quam “irgendwo ” from

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ut + adv. s = Osc. puz, Umbr. puz-e from *kʷut-s-), uter, utra, -um “welcher from beiden ”
from *kʷu-teros (parallel with πότερος etc.), unquam, umquam “irgendeinmal ” (kʷum-
temporaler acc.); whether Umbr. pu-e (-o particle) “where” = O.Ind. kū is or *kʷō, is doubtful;
M.Welsh cw, cwd (= ð), cwt (= d) “where, whereto ” (*kʷu-) = O.Ir. со “as?”;
Goth. -hun zur formation unbestimmter pronoun: ni ains- hun “not irgendeiner ”, etc.; O.E.
hū “as”, Eng. how, O.Fris. hū, M.L.G. wū;
Lith. kur̃ “where” (see above 1. B); also Lith. dial. kũ “was?” from * kun? O.Pruss. quei
“where” from *kʷu-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem. nom. quai, quoi
etc.;
References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f., 120
f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun2 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 293 f., 615 ff.,
Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.
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kʷrei-
English meaning: to buy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kaufen”
Grammatical information: present kʷri-nü-mi
Material: O.Ind. krīn ̣ ü ́ ti “kauft” (ī after krīta ́- participle; ved. also krĭnǘti according to Metrums,
as also Püli kiṇüti ), Infin. krētum , krayá - “Kauf, Kaufpreis ”; Pers. xarīdan “buy”;
Gk. πρίαμαι “kaufe”;
O.Ir. cren(a)im (*kʷri-nǝ-mi) “I kaufe”, Konj. ni-crïa (*kʷrii̯üt ), crīth “ payment, Kauf ”, crīthid
“emax”; Welsh prynu “emere, redimere ” (3. sg. O.Welsh prinit ), Corn. prenne, perna , Bret.
prena “buy”, Welsh prid (= Ir. crīth) “oppigneratio ”; M.Ir. tochra “Umwerben ” (“*Brautkauf ”), t-
ind-s-cra n. “Kaufpreis for die bride ” (seems *kʷroi̯o - = O.Ind. krayá -), Welsh g(w)o- br “Preis,
Belohnung ”, Corn. gober , Bret. gobr ds., Welsh also go-brwy ds. (- wy-suffix); Verbaln. acc.
M.Ir. creicc (formal after reicc “ sell “, whereat s. Thurneysen Gk. 454), O.Ir. fochr(a)icc f.
“Belohnung ”;
O.Lith. (gen. ) krieno “pretium pro sponsis ”, Ltv. kriens, krienis “gift an die Braut ”, also
Lith. kraĩtis “Brautschatz, dowry the bride ”;
aRuss. krьnuti, krenuti “buy”, Infin. kriti, R.C.S. once also u-kri-jenъ (*u-krьjenъ) “gekauft”
without den present nasal;
Toch. A kuryar “trade”, kuryart “Händler ”, В karyor “Kauf”, kǝryorttau “Kaufmann ”.
References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalpräs.
197.
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kʷr ̥ mi -
English meaning: worm, grub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wurm, Made ”
Material: O.Ind. kŕ̥mi- “worm, Made ”; Pers. kirm “worm”;
Alb. krimp (krim- bi), Gheg krũm ds.;
O.Ir. cruim “worm”, urIr. kʷrimi -, Welsh pryf, Corn. ds. “worm”, Bret. préñv ds.; Gaul. FlN
*Primia > Ger. Pfrimm , Primantia > Ger. Prims ;
O.Pruss. girmis (leg. kirmis ) “Made”; Lith. kirmìs m. f. etc. ds., Ltv. cirmins m. ds., Ltv.
cē ̀ rme f. ‘spulwurm ” Mũhlenbach -Endzelin I 378 under 386;
Sloven. čr̂m “Karbunkel, Fingerwurm ”, Pol. czerń (for *czerḿ ? compare Ser. -Cr. cr̂n
“robigo” for *cr̂m?) “Wũrmer in faulenden Fleisch” , czermień ‘schlangenkraut ”, czermiówka
“Natternkraut ”;
in addition adj.-formation sl. *čьrmьnъ “red”, O.Bulg. črъmьnъ “red”, črъmьnovati sę
“feuerrot become ” etc.;
die e-lengthened grade seems in Ltv. cèrme f. “Regenwurm ”, cer̂me “worm” vorzuliegen;
besides sl. *čьrmь findet sich *čьrvь with eigenartigem vi-suffix: O.Bulg. črъvь “worm”, Russ.
červь etc.; compare Lith. *skirvis “Ameise”?
References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., IE Decl. 45, 181.
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kʷsep - (?) (*ĝʷhsep -)
English meaning: dark
Deutsche Übersetzung: and einigermaßen anklingende words for “ Dunkel”
Material: O.Ind. kṣáp , kṣapǘ “night”, Av. xšap - “darkness ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- :
O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation
Gk. ψέφας , ψέφος n. “ darkness ”, ψεφαρός , ψεφηνός “dark”; κνέφας “ darkness ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg mshef , Tosc fsheh “hide (in the dark) ” common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Alb. kʷh-
> ph- > f- phonetic mutation
δνόφος “ darkness “, later γνόφος ds., Hom. δνοφερό ς “dark”, ἰοδνεφής “dunkelviolett” ;
ζόφος “ darkness ”, ζοφερό ς “dark”.
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Illyr.-Alb. - Hom. ĝh- > d- , z- phonetic mutation
Der wechselnde Gk. anlaut based on auf taboo -Vorstellungen.
References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht IE Decl. 11.
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labh-
English meaning: to grab, hold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, ergreifen ”
Material: O.Ind. lábhatē , lámbhatē , rábhatē (perf. lalübha ) “erfaßt, ergreift” , lübha - m.
“Erlangen, profit, gain, benefit, advantage ”, rábhas - n. “Ungestũm, force, might”, rabhasá -
“wild, boisterous, vast, grand ”;
Gk. λάφῡρον “ booty”, ἀμφι-λαφής “umfassend, big, large ”;
Lith. lõbis m. “blessing, possession, richness “, lõbti “rich become ”, ablaut. lãbas m.
“blessing”, also “gut”, Ltv. O.Pruss. labs “gut”.
References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 148 f.
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lab- and labh - (?), lap(h) -
English meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlũrfend, schnalzend, schmatzend lecken”
Note: schallmalend (compare das similar lak-)
Material: Arm. lap”el “lick”;
Gk. λαφύσσω “ verschlinge ” (-ph-? or * labhuk -i̯ō, dem Slav. lobьz -ati näherstehend?);
λάπτω “lecke schlũrfend” is secondary besides old λάψειν, λάψαι;
Alb. lap “lecke water ”;
Lat. lambō, -ere “lick”;
O.H.G. laffan (luof) “lick”, O.H.G. leffil ‘spoon”, M.L.G. lepel ds. (: Goth. *lapins , from
which O.Pruss. lapinis borrowed); O.E. lapian “drink, slurp “, O.S. lapa ds. (*lapōn ),
Mod.Ice. Nor. lepja ‘schlũrfend lick as ein Hund” = M.H.G. leffen “lick, slurp “, O.H.G.
gilepfen ds.; intensive. M.H.G. Ger. lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken “lick” to
schlecken ;
besides Ger. dial. labbe “lip”, labern ‘slow, oafish talk; leckend drink ”, Ser.-Cr. lȁbati “
swig as Hunde or Katzen ” under likewise;
here perhaps Russ. dial. lopa “ devourer “, lopatь “ devour “; Bulg. lápam “ devour,
schlinge”, etc.; also O.Bulg. lobъzati “kiss” (“*schmatzen ”)?
Maybe Alb. lopë “cow (eating a lot of grass?) ”
References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann nom. postverb. 72 f.
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laidh -, lidh -
English meaning: to cut, hurt
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden, verletzen ”?
Material: Gk. λίστρον n. ‘schũrfeisen, spade; spoon”, λιστρεύ ω “hacke um ”, λιστρόω “ebne”,
λιστρίον n. ‘spoon”; λισγάριον “ hack, mattock, hoe ” (*λιδ-σκο-);
Lat. laedō, -ere “injure, beschädigen” ;
Ltv. lîdu, lîst “roden”, Lith. lūdymas , lydìmas “Rodung, Neuland ”.
Maybe Alb. * laedō, lëndoj “hurt” contaminated also by Lat. lento -are “to bend”.
References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.
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lai̯uo -
English meaning: left
Deutsche Übersetzung: “links”
Note: originally “crooked”?
Note: Root lai̯uo - : “left” derived from Root seu̯i̯o - : “left” common Illyr.-Alb. su̯e- > de-, le-
phonetic mutatIon. (see Alb. dergjem “lie sick” of Root su̯ergh - : “to take care of; to be ill ”).
Material: Gk. λαιός “link”; Illyr. PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; Lat. laevus
ds.; glO.S.S. laevi boves “with downwards gekrũmmten Hörnern” point at in association
with Lith. išlaivo ́ ti “ make bent “ in “crooked, writhed, crooked, humped “ perhaps in sense
from “ crooked = weak, left ” as basic meaning; O.Bulg. lěvъ “left” etc.
References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.
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laku-
English meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wasseransammlung in einer Grube, Lache, sea ”
Material: Gk. λάκκος (*λακυ̯ος ) “ cistern, pond, pool ”;
Lat. lacus, -ūs m. (O.H.G. lahha “puddle”, M.L.G. lake “puddle, slop ”, O.E. lacu f. “river,
stream, brook ” etc., are Lat. Lw.) “pit, pothole, sea, trough ”, lacūna “Vertiefung, pit, pothole,
puddle” (therefrom lacūnar n. “Felderdecke ”, as laquear ds. direkt from lacus from);
O.Ir. loch n. ‘sea, pond, pool ” (*laku ), out of it borrowed Welsh llwch , etc.; O.Corn. Bret.
lagen ‘sea, pond, pool ”; South-East Fr. loye probably from Ven.-Illyr. *loku̯ü ; unklares о also
in Gaul. PN Penne-locōs (gen. *-ous);
O.E. asächs. lagu (*lakú-) ‘sea” (in addition the N.WestGer. FlN Leine from Lagina ),
O.Ice. lǫgr m. ‘sea, water, Flũssigkeit” ; in addition lü, læ ̄ f. ‘strandwasser, sea ” (*lahō ),
M.H.G. lü ‘stream, brook, Sumpfwasser ”;
O.Bulg. loky f. (*lakū), gen. -ьve “puddle, cistern “, Serb. lȍkva “puddle, pool, slop ”, etc.
References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.
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lak̂- (*laĝh-)
English meaning: to be spotted; salmon
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprenkeln, tupfen ”
Material: O.H.G. lahs, O.E. leax, O.Ice. lax m. ‘salmon”; O.Pruss. lasasso f.; Lith. lašiša ̀ f.,
besides lãšis and Ltv. lasis m.; Russ. losośь ‘salmon”; after Löwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as “ the
Getupfte ” to Lith. lãšas “drip”, laše ́ti “drip, trickle ”, Ltv. lü ̆ se ‘sprenkel, Tupfen ”, lãsaîns
“punktiert, dappled “, etc.; Toch. В laks “fish”. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also
(?) O.Ind. lüks ̣ ü “Lack” (*”lachsartig, *red ”) and (?) lakṣá - “unũbersehbare bulk, mass” .
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht IE Decl. 31,
Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.
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las-
English meaning: willing, active, covetous
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gierig, lasziv, mutwillig, ausgelassen sein ”
Material: O.Ind. laṣati “begehrt” (*la-ls-ati), lülasa - “begierig, violent, verlangend ”, ullasita-
“ausgelassen, bratty ”, lasati ‘strebt, plays, shows, is vergnũgt” ;
latter stands for also ‘seems, shines ”, compare Gk. λάω “blicke”, wherefore also ἀ-λαός
“blind”; perhaps originally various group;
Gk. λιλαίομaι “ begehre, sehne mich ” (*λι-λασι̯ομαι), perf. λελίημαι (analogy after τετίημαι
“bin grieving “); λάστη πόρνη Hes., λάσθη “ ludibrium ” (etc.), λᾶσθαι (*λα[σ] -εσθαι) παίζειν,
λοιδορεῖν Hes., ληναί βάκχαι. ᾽Αρκάδες Hes. (*λασ -νο-), ληνίς “Bacchantin ” (out of it Lat.
lēna “Kupplerin ”);
Lat. lascīvus “bratty, ausgelassen, zũgellos, luscious, horny, lustful” (further formations
an adj. *las-ko-s ); in addition also (?) Lür, Lůris , aLat. Larēs “Geister” (eig. “die Gierigen,
Lechzenden ”), lürua , lürva (*lüsou ̯ ü ) “ghost, Larve, mask ” (Lür hat nominativische
lengthened grade);
O.Ir. lainn “ greedy “ (*las-ni-s);
Goth. lustus , O.H.G. O.S. O.E. lust “lust”, O.Ice. losti m. “pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness “
(reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from M.L.G. lust;
Lith. lokšnu ̀ s “zärtlich” (*lüsknus );
Serb. lȁska ‘schmeichelei ”, Cz. láska “love”; compare Russ. lásyj “erpicht, naschhaft ”,
lasovatь “naschen ”, etc.; lasko-sérdyj “ lustful, greedy “, lásitь ‘schmeicheln ”, lástitь ds., etc.
References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.
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lat-
English meaning: wet, damp; swamp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, naß; Sumpf, Lache”
Material: Gk. λάταξ, -αγος “drip, Weinrest ” (compare das Lw. Lat. latex , -icis), λαταγέω
‘schleudre klatschend die Neige Wein ”, λατάσσω ds.;
M.Ir. laith “beer, Flũssigkeit; swamp, marsh” = Gaul. Are-late town, city “eastern of
Sumpfes ”, Corn. lad “liquor”, O.Welsh llat ds., Welsh llaid (*lati̯o-) ‘slime, mud ”, M.Ir. lathach
ds.;
O.Ice. leÞja (*laÞjōn -) “ loam, clay, smut ”, O.H.G. letto “clay, loam “, Ger. Letten (dessen
e, although in bO.Ir.-Alem. Mundarten open, yet umlaut e- is);
Lith. FlN Lãt-upė, Latuvà , Ltv. FlN Late (Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 425).
References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.
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lauk(o) - (lǝuk -)
English meaning: throat, jaw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kehle, Schlund ”, ‘schlucken, schlingen ”?
Material: Hom. λαυκανίη “throat, gullet ”, Lith. ра-laũkis “die dewlap of Rindes ”, wRuss. ɫkać
(*lъkati), Iter. ɫūkać ‘schlucken, drink ” etc. (Clr. ɫūhati ‘schlucken ” with h from Proto-Slav. g,
compare die probably cognate root (s)leug - ‘schlucken ”).
References: WP. II 380.
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lā-1 and lē-
English meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzeln
Grammatical information: present lüi̯ō and lēi̯ō
Material: O.Ind. rü ́ yati “ barks “ (possibly also to rē- “cry”); Osset. raïn “bark, bay ”;
Arm. lam “cry, weep ”; unclear lor “Wachtel” (see under Gk. λάρος);
Gk. λ῅ρος m. “ gossip, prank, Tand ” (contains lü- or lē-), ληρέω ‘schwätze” ; unclear is the
vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in λάρος “ seagull” (compare Arm. lor “Wachtel”);
Alb. leh “bark”;
Lat. lümentum “ lamentation “, lümentüri “lament”, lütrō, -üre “bark, bay ”; perhaps Osc.
lamatir ‘soll verflucht sein ”;
O.Ir. līid (*lēi̯eti) “klagt an”; Welsh edliw (*ate-līu̯-) “rebuke”;
Goth. laílōun ‘sie schmähten” (present *laian , IE *lē-); O.N. lō f., “Brachvogel ”, pl. lør;
lōmr “Meertaucher, loud schreiender bird ”, compare Ice. lōmur “clamor, lamentation “;
Lith. lóju, lóti “bark, bay ”, Ltv. lüju, lüt “bark, bay, fluchen ”, lüdēt “verfluchen ”; lüdēt
“verfluchen ”;
O.C.S. lajǫ, lajati “bark, bay, inveigh ” etc. ( lajati for *lati after dem preterite stem,
compare Lith. lójo).
Reduplicated lal(l)a -: O.Ind. lalallü “Lallen”; Gk. λάλος “ gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering “, λαλία “gossip”, λαλέω “babble”, λαλαγή “leichtes murmur ”; Lat. lallō, -
üre “in den sleep sing ”, lallus “das Trällern the wet nurse “ (compare die PN Lalla , Lallia ,
Lallō , Lollia ); Ger. lallen ; Lith. laluóti “lallen”, Russ. lála “ babbler “, etc.
similar lel-, lul- “einlullen, einwiegen, swing ” in:

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O.Ind. lō ́ lati “bewegt sich hin and her ”, lulita- “fluttering ”, lálati “tänzelt, plays, shows” ,
lēlü ́ yati “ sways , swings “; Lat. lolium “ darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant “;
Maybe Alb. lule “ flower, narcotic plant, dizziness exciting plant “, luanj “play, swing, move ”.
M.L.G. lollen , Ger. lullen ; Lith. leliúou , leliúoti “lull, craddle, swing ”, Ltv. leluoju, leluot “lull,
cradle children ”; in addition Lith. le ́lis, lėlỹs m. “ Nachtrabe “; Ltv. lēlis ds. and “ clumsy
person”; Serb. léljati “lull, swing, cradle, dangle ”, ljûljati “ lull, swing, cradle “, Russ. ljuljú “
little poplar = (traditional in lullabies) “, lelja “aunt”, etc.; in addition Russ. lelek, Pol. Cz. lelek
“Nachtrabe ” (see above Lith. le ́lis).
Alb. laluc, lalë “derogatory remark, southern people ”, lal, lali “relative”
Perhaps here with k-extension:
Gk. λάσκω (*λακ -σκω), Aor. ἔλακον, perf. λέληκα, Dor. λέλᾱκα “ rede loud, cry ”, ληκέω
Dor. λᾱκ-) ds., λακερ ός Hes. “ gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering “;
after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to Alb. laikatis “ flatter, beschwatze ”.
References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38, 49
f.
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lā-2
English meaning: to be concealed, covered
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verborgen, versteckt sein ”
Note: also lüi- and lü[i]-dh-
Material: Gk. λῆτο, λήιτο ἐπελάθετο Hes., due to a * λᾱ-Fός “hide, conceal ” perhaps
λεωργός, πανοῦργος, frevlerisch” (*ληFο -Fεργός “in verborgenen tuend, was das light
scheuen muß” );
from the dh-extension ( dh-present?) λήθω, Dor. λά̄θω “lateō”, λή θη “das oblivion “, Dor.
λᾶθος n. ds., ἀληθής, Dor. ἀλᾱθής “not verhehlend, veritable ”, λανθάνω (λήσω, ἔλαθον,
λέληθα) “ binverborgen ”, λαθρός “ clandestine “, Ion. λάθρη, Att. λάθρᾱ adv. “ clandestine “,
Hom. λαθι-κηδής “den Schmerz vergessen making “;
lüi-dh- in λαίθ -αργος besides λήθ -αργος;
Lat. lateō , -ēre “hide, conceal, versteckt sein ” (from a participle *lǝ-tó-s);
O.Ice. lōmr “ betrayal, deceit ”, M.H.G. luo “ pestering, temptation; snare ”; O.H.G. luog
“cave, lair “, luoga “Lagerwilder animal ”;
O.Bulg. lajati “nachstellen ”, Cz. (due to a *lü-kü = O.H.G. luoga ) lákati “Nachstellungen
bereiten, pursue “;
Toch. A lät-, länt-, В lät-, lant- “hinausgehen ”, preterit 3. sg. A läc, В lac (: Gk. ἔλαθε ), 3.
pl. A läntsen ́ c , В laten (Pedersen Hitt. 173, 189).
References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.
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lāmā
English meaning: swamp, puddle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfũtze, Sumpf” ?
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Lat. lüma f. “puddle, slop, swamp, marsh ”, probably barely genuine lateinisch; as
Appellativ still today in Spanien, Sũdfrankreich, Oberitalien, frequent, often in PN in N
Portugals and Spaniens, Korsika, Oberitalien and Apulia, also in Ven.-Illyr. Gebiet; Illyr. FlN
Λάμητος (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato ; Ltv. lãma “puddle, slop, pit, pothole ”, Lith. lomà
(man erwartet lóma ), acc. sg. lõmą ds.; Bulg. lam m. “pit, pothole, hole ”.

Maybe Alb. llomë, llohë, “dirt, mud ”.
References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59,
202 ff. Unclear is das relationship to finn. lampi, gen. lammen “pond, pool ”, estn. lomm
“puddle, slop, lowland, depression ”, etc.
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lāu-
English meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erbeuten, genießen”
Material: O.Ind. lō ́ tam , lō ́ tram n. “booty, geraubtes blessing ” (uncovered);
Gk. ἀπολαύω “genieße” , Dor. λᾱίᾱ, Ion. ληΐη and ληΐς, Att. λείᾱ “booty” (*lüu ̯ i̯ü ), ληΐζο oμαι
“erbeute”, ληΐστωρ , ληιστήρ , λῃστής, Dor. λᾳστάς “ robber “; probably also λήιον ‘saat,
Feldfrũchte” , Dor. λαῖον, λᾳον “ sown field “ as “*Ge-winn, yield ”; Hom. ἀλήιος “arm”,
πολυλήιος “reichbegũtert” (originally an Ackerland); λᾱρός “lecker” (? *lǝu ̯ eros );
Lat. lucrum n. “profit, gain, benefit, advantage ” (*lu-tlo-m );
O.Ir. lōg, lūag, lūach “earnings, Preis ” (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth ) ‘substanz” =
Welsh golud “ richness “, O.Corn. wuludoc “dives” (*upo-lau- to-m); Welsh llawen “cheerful”
(“*genießend” ); also Welsh llawer “much, a lot of ”, O.Ir. lour “ sufficient “ as ursprũngliches
Subst. “number, big, giant bulk, mass ” from *lǝu ̯ eros = Gk. λᾱρός;
Goth. laun n., O.H.G. lōn (n., m.) “earnings, Vergeltung ”, O.N. laun n. pl. , O.E. lean ds.;
O.C.S. lovъ “Fang, Jagd ”, loviti “ capture, hunt, chase ”; Lith. lãvinti “abrichten ” etc. is
Russ. Lw.
References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.
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lā[i]p -, lǝip -, lǝp-
English meaning: to burn, be bright
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, brennen ”
Material: Gk. λάμπω “leuchte”, λαμπάς “torch”, λαμπρός “luminous ” (with originally bare
präsensbildendem nasal);
O.Ir. lassaim “flamme”, lassair “flamma”, Welsh llachar “gleaming ” (*laps-);
Lith. lópė “light”, Ltv. lüpa “torch”, O.Pruss. lopis “flame”;
Hitt. lap- “glow, hot sein ”.
Besides with i-voc. O.Ind. lip- “entzũnden” , O.Ice. leiptr “lightning”, Lith. liepsnà “flame”,
lìpst “burns”, Ltv. lipt “gleam, kindle, inflame ”, nsorb. lipotaś “flicker”.
References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 152, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II
439, 475.
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legh-
English meaning: to put down; to lie down
Deutsche Übersetzung: originally only punktuell aoristisch “(sich) legen ”, Lateer durative
“liegen”
Material: Gk. λέχεται κοιμᾶται Hes., λέξομαι , λέκτο, ἐλέξατο ‘sich lay, place (to Schlafe) ”,
ἔλεξα “lullte ein ”, λελουχυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη Hes., λέχος n. “bed, Hochzeitsbett, Totenbett ”,
λέκτρον “ lair “ (= O.H.G. lehtar ), “ womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth “, λεχώ “Wöchnerin” ,
λέσχη rhod. “Ruhestätte = grave” , Att. “Erholungsort for Mũßige, then Plauderei under
likewise” (*leghskü , compare under O.Ir. lesc, O.H.G. irlëskan ), λόχος “Hinterhalt (out of it:
bewaffnete troop, multitude, crowd); Niederkunft ”, ἡ λοχός “Kindbetterin ”, ἄ-λοχος
“Bettgenossin, wife ” (: Slav. *sǫ-logъ), λόχμη “Wildlager; thicket “;
Alb. lagje f. “troop, multitude, crowd, Stadtviertel ” etc. (older * lag = λόχος );
Lat. lectus , -ī “Lagerstätte, bed” (from * legh- to-), lectīca ‘sänfte” ;
O.Ir. lige “bed, grave ” (*leghi̯om ), Welsh lle, Corn. le “place” (*legho -), Welsh gwe- ly,
Bret. gwele , Corn. gueli “bed” (upo-leghio- ); Welsh gwal “bed” = O.Ir. mucc-foil
‘schweinekoben ” (*u(p)o-legh-s ); Gaul. legasit “ has placed, legte ”; M.Ir. laigid “legt sich” (to
a from e s. Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), perf. dellig “hat sich gelegt” , l(a)ige “concubitus ”,
M.Bret. lech, Bret. leac”h “place”(*leghs-o- ); O.Ir. *luigim (Kaus. * loghei̯ō ) in fo-álgim (*fo-
ad-log-) ‘schlage low, base ”, fu-llugaimm “verberge ”; O.Ir. fo-lach n. “ hideout “, Welsh Bret.
go-lo ds., Gaul. logan acc. sg. “grave”; nasalized and in gradation to Slav. lęgǫ probably
O.Ir. im-fo-lngai “bewirkt”, in-loing “ combined “ = M.Welsh ellwng , Welsh gollwng “to let go,
to drop”; about O.Ir. lesc see under; lengthened grade Gaul.-rom. līga (*lēghü )
“Ablagerung ”;

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here very probably O.Ir. lesc “piger”, Welsh llesg “infirmus, languidus ”, basic form
*legzgho- from * legh-sko- ;
probably as ‘sich lay, place ”: O.H.G. lëscan , irlëscan , O.S. leskan “erlöschen , löschen”
(die trans. meaning muß then secondary sein);
Goth. ligan “lie” (neologism); previous i̯-present O.E. licgan , O.Fris. lidza, O.S. liggian ,
O.E. licgan , O.H.G. ligen , licken , “lie” (liggiu = O.Bulg. ležo ̨), Kaus. Goth. lagjan “lay, place ”
(= O.Bulg.ložiti), O.H.G. leg(g)en , O.S. leggian , O.Fris. ledza , O.E. lecgan , O.Ice. leggja ds.;
Goth. ligrs “ lair “, O.H.G. O.S. legar n. ds.; O.Ice. lag n. “Lage, position “, pl. lǫg “ law,
staatliche Gemeinschaft ”; O.E. ge-læg ‘surface, plain, area ”; from dem Run. O.E. lagu, Eng.
law, M.L.G. lach “ lair “; O.S. aldar-lagu pl. n. “die bestimmte Lebenszeit ”, gi-lagu n. pl. “
determination, fate, destiny, lot, fate ” (: Gk. λόχος); postverbal are ørlo ̨ g N. pl. “fate,
destiny”, O.S. orlag , orleg “ds.”, O.E. orlaeg n., O.H.G. urlag m. ds.; M.H.G. urlage “fate,
destiny, war, fight ” (latter meaning probably from O.H.G. urliugi , M.L.G.
orloge herstammend, s. leugh- ); O.H.G. lehter “ womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth “ (: Gk.
λέκτρον), O.Ice. lütr (*logh-tro- ) n. “Lagerstelle from animals ”; lengthened grade aisl lüg
O.H.G. lüga “Lage” (: Lith. pa-lėgỹs );
maybe Alb.Gheg log “place for men ”
with gradation O.E. O.Fris. lōg n. “place”, lōgian “disponere, dispose ”, O.H.G. luog “cave,
lair “, O.Ice. lø ̄ gi “ tranquility “;
about O.H.G. lescan see above;
Lith. pa-lėgỹs “Bettlägerigkeit” ;
O.Bulg. ležo ̨ (= O.H.G. liggiu ), ležati (*legēti ) “lie”, nasalized lęgǫ, lešti ‘sich lay, place ”,
causative ložiti (= Goth. lagjan ) “lay, place ”, Iter. lěgati ‘sich lay, place ”, Iter. vъ lagati
“einlegen ” etc.; lože “ lair, womb, uterus ”, *sǫ-logъ (Ser.-Cr.-ksl sulogъ) “ἄλοχος” , za-logъ “
pledge, agreement ” (etc.);

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leg-1
English meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tröpfeln, sickern, zergehen”
Material: Arm. lič ‘swamp, marsh ” (*lēgi̯ü );
O.Ir. legaim “löse mich auf, zergehe, schmelze ”, fo-llega “(die ink) running from ”, dī-leg-
(3. sg. do-lega ) “destroy, destroy ”, dīlgend “Vernichtung ”, M.Welsh dílein (*dē-leg-ni-) ds.,
dileith ds., Welsh llaith, Bret. leiz (*lekto- ) “humid, wet ”, Welsh dad-leithio “melt”, O.Ir. lecht
“death”, Welsh llaith “letum, caedes, nex ” as “*Auflösung” , lleas “death” (*leg-astu- );
perhaps also as Kaus. O.Ir. do-luigim (*logei̯ō ) “lasse after, verzeihe ”, dílgud “Verzeihung ”;
O.Ice. lekr “leck”, leki m. “Leck”, O.E. hlec (with falschem h) “leck”, Ger. (actually N.Ger. )
Leck , adj. lech and (N.Ger. ) leck, M.L.G. lak, O.Ice. leka strong. V. “das Wasser
durchlassen ”, M.L.G. leken ds., O.H.G. ze(r)lechen “zerlechzt, leck ”, M.H.G. lechen
“Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, swelter “ (lechezen
“austrocknen ”, actually “ausrinnen ”, Ger. lechzen ); Kaus. *lakjan in O.E. leccan “benetzen” ,
M.L.G. lecken ‘seihen”, M.H.G. lecken “benetzen ”; M.L.G. lak m. n. “fault, error, lack,
Gebrechen ”, M.Eng. lac, nEng. lack ds., O.Fris. lec “damage, pity ”; lengthened grade O.Ice.
lø ̄ kr m. ‘stream, brook ”, Nor. also “puddle, slop ”.
References: WP. II 422 f.
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leg-2
English meaning: to take care about smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich worum kũmmern” ?
Material: Gk. ἀλέγω “kũmmere mich um etwas” , ἀλεγίζω ds., ἀλεγύνω “besorge” (ἀ- = die
preposition n̥- “in”); Hom. δυσ-ηλεγής , epithet of Todes, as ‘schlimm for den people
sorgend”, as also das presumably for ταν-ηλεγής einzusetzende ἀν-ηλεγής , likewise epithet
of Todes, at best as “ inconsiderate “ to comprehend is; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but
to λέγω “zähle” ;
Alb. plok, plogu , plogë , plogëtë “careless, neglectful, idle ” from pa- (“without”) + log- from
IE *lēg- “nec-legens ” proves IE g for unsere family.
References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wörter 55.
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leĝ-
English meaning: to gather
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammenlesen, sammeln ”
Material: Gk. λέγω ‘sammle, lese together, zähle, rede, say”, καταλέγω “ verzeichne ”,
συλλογή ‘sammlung ”, ἐκλογή “Auswahl ”, λόγος, λέ ξις “ discourse “, λογίζομαι “ rechne,
ũberlege” (also ἀλέγω ἐν “zähle, rechne under etwas” with ἀ- “ἐν-”), λώγη συναγωγη σίτου
Hes., Dor. ἐλώγη ἔλεγεν Hes.;
Maybe Alb.Gheg log “meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse ”, loth, lodh (*log) “to
tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant ”.
Lat. legō, -ere “zusammenlesen, auflesen; wählen; lesen” , legiō “ausgehobene
Mannschaft, Legion ” = Osc. leginum “legionem ”, legulus “Aufleser”, ēlegüns “choosy,
elegant”; here probably also lignum as “Leseholz ”; further dīligere (*dis-leg- )
“hochschätzen” , intellegere (*inter-leg -) “wahrnehmen ”, neglegere “neglect”, religiō
“Bedenken, religiöse fear, shyness “; pälign. lexe “legistis”.
palatal proves Alb. mb-leth ‘sammle, ernte, versammle ”, preterit mblodha (: Lat. lēgī),
pass. mblidhem ;
Maybe Alb. ledhë (*leg-) n. “caress, fondling ”
to legō presumably also as ‘sammlung the Vorschriften ” Lat. lēx f. “ law “, lēgüre , lēgütus ,
Osc. ligud “lēge” , ligatúís “legatis” and legūmen “Hũlsenfrucht, vegetables “ ;
Gmc. *lēkja - “Besprecher, physician, medicine man ” in Goth. lēkeis , O.Ice. læ ̄ knir , O.E.
læ ̄ ce , O.H.G. lüchi; in addition O.H.G. lüchin n. “healing”, M.H.G. lüchenīe f. “Besprechen,
Hexen”; Church Slavic lěkъ “remedy” from dem Gmc.; about O.Ir. liaig see under lep-1.
References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.
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legʷh -
English meaning: light (adj.)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leicht in Bewegung and Gewicht ”, verbal ‘sich leicht, flink
bewegen ”
Note: nasalized lengʷh -
Material: 1. O.Ind. laghú -, ved. raghú - “rash, hasty, light, small ”, compar. lághīyaṁs -, superl.
lághiṣṭha -; Av. ragu- , f. rǝvī “agile”; compar. rǝnjyō , superl. rǝnjišta - (of stem * lengʷh-);
zero grade O.Ind. r̥hánt - “weak, small ” (“*light”); Av. rǝnjaiti, rǝnjayeiti “makes light, agile,
läßt sich bewegen” , O.Ind. ráṁhatē , ráŋghati , láŋghati “rinnt, hurries, springt auf, springt
about”;
Gk. ἐλαχύς ‘small”, compar. ἐλά̄σσων, Att. ἐλά̄ττων (with secondary ᾱ, s. Schwyzer Gk. 1,
538 and Anm. 4), superl. ἐλάχιστος (ἐλαχύς from IE *legʷhu ́-, as Slav. lьgъkъ and Celt. *lag-
; O.Ind. laghú - perhaps also or zero grade as Lat. levis); ἐλαφρός “light, agile ” (probably
from *lṇgʷhrós = O.H.G. lungar ); after Schwyzer Gk. 1, 302 though contaminated from
*ἐλαχρός (= O.H.G. lungar ) and *ἐλαφός (from * -χFος = Lith. leñgvas ); perhaps Ion. λωφᾶν
‘sich erholen, relax, slacken, trans. erleichtern, entlassen, befreien ”;
Illyr. lembus (*lengʷho -s) “leichtes Fahrzeug ”, out of it Gk. λέμβος, Lat. lembus ds.;
oberItal. FlN Lambrus (: ἐλαφρός), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79;
Lat. levis “light, quick, fast, leise ” (based on auf dem f. *legʷhu ̯ ī to m. *legʷhu ́ -s);
O.Ir. compar. laigiu (and laugu ) ‘small, bad ” = M.Welsh llei, Welsh llai “minor”, Corn. le
ds. Bret. - lei in O.Bret. nahu-lei “nihilominus ” (Proto-Celt. *lag-i̯ōs, IE *legʷh-, see above),
superl. O.Ir. lugimem and lugam , M.Welsh lleiaf, O.Bret. lau, M.Welsh llaw ‘small” (out of it
M.Ir. lau, lū ds.), O.Ir. lagat “parvitas”; O.Ir. lingim ‘spring” (preterit leblaing with analogical
imitation of p : b-reduplication), O.Ir. lēimm , Welsh etc. llam ‘sprung” (*lṇg-smen -);

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Maybe Alb. (*leiht) lehtë “light”.
Goth. leihts , O.E. léoht , O.Ice. lēttr, O.H.G. līht(i) “light”, nDutch licht n. “ placenta,
afterbirth “ (*linχta -, IE *lengʷh -to-); O.S. lungor , O.H.G. lungar “quick, fast ”, O.E. lungre
adv. “quick, fast, bald ” (*lṇgʷhro -, see above); O.H.G. gilingan “ proceed, go ahead, Erfolg
have, succeed ”, M.H.G. lingen “vorwärtskommen” ;
Lith. leñgvas , lengvùs , Ltv. liêgs “light”;
O.C.S. lъgъkъ (*legʷhu-, see above) “light”, lьgota “ lightness ”, O.C.S. ( je) lьzě “es is
erlaubt” (dat. sg. to lьga), po-lьdza , po-lьza “benefit”, russ lьzja, old lьzě “es is possible ,
man possibly “, besides lьga, ds. (etc.).
2. Here also appellation the Lunge (light as die ũbrigen Fleischteile, schwimmt in W asser
above): O.H.G. lungūn pl., O.E. lungen , O.N. lunga n. “Lunge”, Eng. lights “Tierlungen ”,
Russ. lëgkoje “Lunge” ; hence also Arm. lanjk” “brost” (older “*Lunge”; *lṇgʷhi̯o -).
References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 143.
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leid-
English meaning: to play, joke
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spielen, scherzen, necken ”
Material: Gk. λίζει παίζει, λίζουσι παίζουσι Hes. (from * λινδι̯ω , compare λινδέσθαι
ἁμιλλᾶσθαι Hes.); λοίδορος ‘schimpfend ”, λοιδορέω ‘schmähe, schelte” (compare to
meaning M.H.G. schimpf “ joke, Kurzweil ”: Ger. Schimpf );
Lat. lūdō, -ere, lūsī, -sum “play, zum besten halten ”, lūdus (old loidos ) “game”;
maybe Alb. (*loūdō ) luaj, loz “play, joke ”, Alb. (old loidos ) lojë “game” [common Alb. -d- > -j-
phonetic mutation].
perhaps M.Ir. laídid (*loid-) “treibt an, besingt ”.
References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.
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leig-1 and leik- better oleig -/k-
English meaning: poor, miserable
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dũrftig, elend; Krankheit, schlechtes Ergehen”
Material: 1. Gk. λοιγός “ruin, mischief, Untergang, death ”, λοίγιος “ ruinous, tödlich” ; ὀλίγος
‘small”;
Alb. lig “mad, wicked, evil, lean ”, ligë “malice , Übel” ;
Lith. ligà “disease, malady ”, Ltv. liga ‘schwerere disease, malady, Seuche ”, ablaut. Lith.
pãliegis m. ds.;
2. Arm. aɫk”at “arm, poor, wenig, concise ”; Subst. “armer beggar ”, aɫk”at- anam “bin or
werde arm; take ab, werde schwach ” (*alik”- from IE *oliko- ; accordingly is also das ὀ- from
Gk. ὀλίγος probably old, die root also as *(o)leig- /k- must be assumed); O.Ir. līach “ woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky “; O.Pruss. licuts ‘small”.
References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;
See also: probably to lei-2.
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leig-3, loig -
English meaning: to jump; to tremble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hũpfen, beben; beben machen”
Material: O.Ind. rē ́ jati “makes hũpfen, läßt erbeben” , rē ́ jatē “hũpft, bebt” , rēja ́ yati “makes
erzittern, quiver ”;
Pers. ülēχtan ‘spring, ausschlagen (of Pferde) ”, kurd. be-lezium “dances”, līzim ‘spiele”;
Gk. ἐλελίζω , ἐλέλιξα “make erzittern, swing, brandish ”, ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων “Erderschũtterer”
(in addition probably also λιγ- “ whereupon losstũrmen” in λιγαίνει ‘stũrmt los” , λίγα ταχέως);
O.Ir. loíg m. “calf”, Bret. dial. lu-é ds., lu “Dummkopf, laughable ”; Welsh pl. lloi “Kälber”
(sg. llo) is Ir. Lw.;
Goth. laikan (laílaik ) “hũpfen, spring” , bi-laikan “ deride “, laiks “Tanz”, O.N. leika (lēk)
“play, zũngeln (flame), fechten, jemandem mitspielen” , leikr “game, derision “, O.E. lücan
‘sich quick, fast move, play, fechten ”, lüc “game, fight, struggle, booty, gift ”, M.H.G. leichen
“hũpfen, foppen” , O.H.G. leih, leich “game, Melodie, song, Leich”, Ger. dial. laich “lusus
venerius ”, M.L.G.lēk “das Laichen, Laich ”, Ger. Laich (from dem Gmc. entl. O.Bulg. likъ
“Reigen”);
Lith. láigyti “wild umherlaufen ”, verbal noun láigym O.S.
References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.
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leig-4, leiĝ -
English meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden”
Material: Alb. lith, pass. lidhem “bind, verbinde, gũrte” , lidhë , lidhe “band, strap, Fessel;
Garbenband, Bruchband ”;
Note:
Also Alb. lidh besën “vow, make a sacred oath ” is identical with Hitt. li-in-ga-in acc. “oath”;
Alb. common phonetic mutation g > dh, k > th .
Alb. and Hitt. prove that Root leig-4, leiĝ- : “to bind, *vow, make an oath ” derived from Root
dn̥ĝhū , dn̥ĝhu̯ü : “tongue” [common Lat.-italic d- > l - phonetic mutation].
Lat. ligō, -üre “bind, zusammenbinden ”, obligütiō “ commitment “; līctor “ bearer the
fasces”;
M.L.G. līk “band, strap ”, out of it O.Ice. līk ‘saumtau”, changing through ablaut probably
M.H.G. geleich “artus, joint ”;
with g: Clr. polūhaty śa ‘sich verbinden ”, zalyháty “in Bande hit, lace, tie , anknũpfen, in
Beschlag nehmen ”, nalūhaty “bridle, rein, loop, noose, snare anlegen, fesseln ”, presumably
also Lith. laigõnas “ brother of the wife, woman ”, wherefore λοιγωντίαν φρατρίαν Hes.;
Hitt. li-in-ga-in acc. “oath”, li-ik-zi (lenkzi ) ‘swears” , 3. pl. li-in-kán-zi.
References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.
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leiĝh -, sleiĝh -
English meaning: to lick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lecken”
Note:
Root leiĝh -, sleiĝh - : “to lick” derived from Root dn̥ĝhū , dn̥ĝhu̯ü : “tongue” [common Lat. d- >
l- phonetic mutatIon.
Grammatical information: present leiĝh -mi
Material: O.Ind. lē ́ d ̣ hi , rē ́ d ̣ hi , lihati “leckt”, lēha ́- m. “Lecker”, Av. 3. pl. raēzaite ‘sie lick”,
Pers. lištan “lick”;
Maybe Alb. lëpi- “lick” : lapë “tongue” common Illyr. kʷ- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Arm. lizum, lizem, lizanem “lecke”;
Gk. λείχω “lecke”, λειχήν “lichen, skin rash ”, λίχνος “lecker, naschhaft ”, λιχνεύω
“belecke”, λιχανός “ forefinger “ (“Lecker”);
Lat. lingō, -ere, linxī “lick”, ligurrio, ligūrio “lecke” (compare formal O.Ir. ligur, Corm.
“tongue”), ligula (*ligh-lü) ‘spoon”, as also M.Ir. liag, Welsh llwy, Bret. loa, Corn. lo ‘spoon”
(*leighü ), O.Ir. ligim “lecke”, Welsh llyfu, llyw “lick” (f is Hiatuseinschub, Pedersen KG. I
100), M.Bret. leat “lick”; O.Ir. ligur “tongue”;
Goth. bilaigōn “belecken ”; ablaut. geminated O.E. liccian , O.H.G. lecchōn , O.S. likkon
“lick”;
besides with anlaut. s-: O.Ice. sleikja “lick”, M.H.G. slecken ‘schlecken, naschen ”; das s-
hat perhaps in the variierenden onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung of Leckens seinen
Grund, as perhaps West fäl. slappern besides sonstigem * lab- “lick”;
Lith. lëžiù, liẽszti “lick”, iter. laižau ̃ , -ūti ds., ìsz-ližos f. pl. “Zwischenraum between den
Zähnen” , Ltv. laischa “Leckermaul ”;

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leik-1
English meaning: to prepare for sale
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feilbieten, feilschen, handeln ”
Material: Lat. liceō, -ēre “feil sein, zum sale ausgeboten become, so and so high geschätzt
become”, licet “es is erlaubt ”, liceor , -ērī “auf etwas bieten ”, pollicērī “(darbieten, sich
anheischig machen) promise “, Osc. líkítud , licitud “licētō” ;
Ltv. līkstu, līku, līkt “handelseins become ”, salīkt “ds., einen trade abschließen” ,
nuolīkums “pact, covenant ”.
References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.
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leikʷ-
English meaning: to leave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lassen, zurũck -, ũbriglassen”
Grammatical information: imperfect leikʷō , perfective li-n-kʷō (originally athematic); Aor. 3.
sg. e-likʷ-e, perf. le-loikʷ-e; participle perf. likʷto ́ -s
Material: O.Ind. riṇákti (3. pl. riñcanti ) “läßt, läßt los, raumt ein” , riktá- “ empty, bare, lacking ,
free from etwas ”, rícyátē “wird befreit from etwas, geht verlustig ”, rē ́ ku- “unergiebig ”,
atirē ́ ka - m. “Überbleibsel” , rē ́ kn ̣ as - n. “ererbter possession, property ” = Av. raexnah-
“blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance ”, -irinaxti “räumt, läßt frei” , Pers. rēxtan “diffuse”,
gurēxten “entbehren ”;
Arm. lk”anem “lasse”, Aor. elik” = ἔλιπε , lk”anim “werde abandon, werde faint, languid ”;
Gk. λείπω “lasse, verlasse ”, λοιπός “ũbrig” , λιμπάνω “lasse”, λισσωμεν ἐάσωμεν Hes.
(probably with ī, from *linkʷ-i̯ō); λεῖμμα n. “Überbleibsel” , λείψανον ds.;
Lat. linquō , -ere, līquī (*loikʷai , compare O.Ind. rirē ́ ca , Gk. λέλοιπα , and esp. Goth. laiƕ),
relictus “zurũcklassen” , relicuos “ũbrig” ;
O.Ir. lēicid “läßt, läßt los” , after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from * linkʷ-, with dem vocalism of
Fut. and Aor. *leikʷ -s-;
Goth. leiƕan , O.Ice. ljü, O.H.G. līhan , O.E. lēon “leihen” (*leikʷō ), participle O.S. O.H.G.
farliwan “verliehen ”, O.Ice. leiga “mieten”, O.Ice. lün, O.E. læ ̄ n, O.H.G. lēhan “geliehenes
blessing, Lehen” (*laihna- = O.Ind. rē ́ kn ̣ as -, compare to n-forms also Cz. liknavū );
Lith. liekù, old liekmì (reshaped from * link-mi), Infin. lìkti “lassen” and “bleiben”, lìktas
“ũbrig” , liẽkas “ũbrig gelassen” , old “elfter”, pãlaikas “Übriggebliebenes” , laĩkas “bestimmte
time, Frist ” (Ltv. laiks “time”), laikaũ , -ūti “behalten (ũbrig behalten)” , lỹkius “Rest”, ãtlykis

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“Arbeitspause ”; Ltv. lìeks (= lìekas ) “ũberzählig, ũberflũssig; unecht; unpaar” ; O.Pruss.
polīnka “er bleibt”, also O.Lith. palinkt ds.;
O.Bulg. otъlěkъ “Überbleibsel” (: O.Ind. atirē ́ ka -), Cz. liknovati se ‘sich weigern, scheuen,
zaudern, flee ”, liknavū “fahrlässig” (see above), with s-forms O.Bulg. lichъ “περισσός ,
redundans, mad, wicked, evil ” etc. ( *lik-chъ, IE leiqʷso -); lišiti “mug, rob ”;
here also Lith. vienuó -, dvū-lika etc. “11, 12” etc. (bis 19), O.Lith. liekas “elfter” (“*was
about die zehn out noch ũberbleibt , Überschuß” ); but Goth. ain-, twa-lif, O.H.G. ein-, zwe- lif
“11, 12”, O.Ice. ellifu, aNor. ællugu “11”, øllykti “the 11.” etc. are either to leip-1 to stellen or
with Marstrander ( Ériu 5, 206) from Celt. *lipi- (*likʷi-) entleht.
References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123 f., 179,
Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.
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lei-2
English meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eingehen, abnehmen, schwinden; mager, schlank ”
Note: (from * el-ei-)
Material: a. Gk. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι “weiche from, sinke hin ”, λειρός (handschr.
λειρώς ) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (= Lith. leĩlas ), λῑμός m. “hunger”, λοιμός ‘seuche, Pest ”;
λινό-σαρκος “from zartem Fleisch ”;
M.Ir. lían (*lei-no-) “gentle”; léine f. “Hemd” (“*weiches Untergewand ”);
M.H.G. lī̆n “lukewarm, faint, languid ”, O.H.G. Lino PN, nld. lenig “ ductile “, O.Ice. linr
“tender, soft, weak ”; lina “lindern, slacken “;
Goth. af-linnan “ablassen, fortgehen ”, O.Ice. linna “cease lassen, hemmen ”, O.E. linnan
“cease”, O.H.G. bi-linnan “weichen, cease ”, with -nn- from -nu̯-;
O.Ice. læ ̄ n. (*laiwa- ) “damage, pity, misfortune, deceit ”, O.H.G. gen. lēwes “leider”, O.E.
læ ̄ w “Verstũmmelung” ; O.E. O.S. lēf “weak” (*lēi-bho-);
from dem concurrent from Goth.- N.. lit- (in Goth. leitils ‘small, wenig ”, O.Ice. lítill ds.,
O.Fris. lītik, bO.Ir. dũnn -leizig , O.Ice. Adverb lítt “wenig, evil, bad ”) and WestGmc. lut- (in
asächs. luttil, O.H.G. luzzil, liuzil ‘small”, O.E. lȳtel ds.) ergibt sich, daß lei- from * el-ei-,
besides leu- from * el-eu- originated sein mũssen;
Lith. leĩlas “thin, slim “ (from *leĩras , to Gk. λειρός ), Ltv. liẽls “big, large ” (“*slim “), with
other suffixes Lith. leĩnas , leĩtas “ slim “, ablaut. láinas ds.; líebas “lean, thin ”, ablaut. láibas
“tender, thin, slim “;
Church Slavic liběvъ, libavь, libivъ “lean”, Serb. linjati “ dwindle “, linjati se “mausern ”,
Denomin. from *lein- (: Lith. leĩnas ), Slov. liliti “häuten” (: Lith. leile ́ti “lean become ”), leviti se
‘sich häuten” (: Lith. láibinti “dũnner make” );

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Toch. A lalaṃsk -, В lalaṃske “tender”.
b. s-extension leis-, lois- in:
Gk. λιαρός “milde, lind ” (*lisero-s), λοῖσθος “the zurũckbleibende, hinterste, letzte” ,
λοίσθιος ds., maybe from *λοι hιστος, Superlativ to *λοι hις
= Gmc. *laisiz “less, minder ”, O.E. læ ̄ s, nEng. less, O.S. lēs ds., compar. O.E. læ ̄ ssa
(*laisiza ), O.Fris. lessa , superl. O.E. læ ̄ st and læ ̄ rest , Eng. least , O.Fris. lērest and lēst, to
krimGoth. lista “wenig”; O.H.G. līso adv. “leniter”, M.H.G. adj. and adv. līse, Ger. leise;
O.E.ge-līsian ‘schlũpfen, glide, slide” ;
Lith. líesas , Ltv. líess “lean”; Lith. líesti and lūsti “lean become ”, Ltv. líest ds.
References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht IE Decl. 125, Machek
Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leig- and leik-, see under S. 676.
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lei-3
English meaning: slimy; to glide
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schleimig, durch Nässe glitschiger Boden, ausgleiten, worũber
hinschleifen or - streichen, also glättend worũber fahren; andrerseits schleimig = klebrig”
Note: various also slei-
Material: 1. O.Ind. linü ́ ti (gramm.), láyatē, līyatē līyati ‘schmiegt sich an, lies an, bleibt
stecken, versteckt sich, verschwindet ”; līna- ‘sich anschmiegend, anliegend ”;
Gk. ἀλί̄νω (-ῑν- from -ῐνι̯-) “bestreiche, anoint, smear, rub ”; about līmus see under;
Lat. linō, -ere, lēvī (*leiuai ; from dē-lēvī seems to derive dēleō ), lĭtum “besmear,
bestreichen ”, liniō, -īre ds.;
O.Ir. lenaid , perf. rolil “folgen” (actually “klebt an einem ”; Welsh can-lyn “folgen” better to
glynu , Ir. glenaid ‘steckenbleiben, anhaften ”), O.Ir. lenomnaib “lituris”, O.Bret. linom “litura”,
O.Ir. as-lenaim “besmirch, oblinō” ;
Lat. līmus “Bodenschlamm, ordure, smut ” (*loimos ) = O.H.G. leim “ loam, clay “, Ger.
Lehm , O.E. lüm “ loam, clay, Humus ”, O.H.G. leime “ loam, clay “, Ger. Leimen , ablaut.
O.H.G. O.E. O.Ice. līm “ glue, Kalk ” (“*Erdmasse zum Verkleben ”); auf an es-stem *loi̯es-
based on O.Ice. leir n. “ loam, clay “ (lajiz-), leira (*laizōn ) weak. Fem. “lehmiger beach,
seaside”
and O.Pruss. layso f. (*laisü ) “ clay, natural dampness of earth, Tonerde ”; in ders.
meaning from a d-extension O.Pruss. laydis “ loam, clay “ and Alb. leth “damp clay ”;
Lith. laistaũ, -ýti “verkleben, with loam, clay or Kalk verschmieren ”, compare also O.Ind.
lindu- ‘schleimig, schlũpfrig” ;
2. as Bezeichnung schleimiger Fische:

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Gk. λινεύς ‘schleimfisch ”, O.H.G. slīo, O.E. slīw, slēo ‘schleie”, Lith. lūnas , Ltv. lînis,
O.Pruss. linis ‘schleie”, Russ. linь etc. ds.;
3. as Bezeichnung of “(schleimig) Glatten ”: Gk. λεῖος “ smooth “: Lat. lēvis (*leiu̯is ) “
smooth “, Gk. λῑτός “ smooth, schlicht ”, λῑτός and λί̄ς, -τός “glattes kerchief, cloth ”, λισση
πέτρα “glatter Pels ”; λίσπος , Att. λίσφος “ smooth, gerieben ” are unclear; Lat. līma “Feile”
probably from * (s)lī-mü or *(s)lei-mü (compare O.H.G. slīm “mucus”, slīmen “ smooth make,
blank schleifen ”, also Gk. λείμαξ ‘snail”);
4. with anlautendem sl-:
Celt. *sli-m- no- “glitschig” in O.Ir. slemun “ smooth, schlũpfrig” , Welsh llyfn “ smooth,
eben”, O.Welsh limnint ‘sie smooth ”, O.Bret. gur-limun ‘smooth”, M.Bret. di-leffn “hard”;
Maybe Alb. limonj ‘smooth”
O.E. O.Ice. nFris. M.L.G. M.H.G. slīm “mucus” (O.H.G. slīmen ‘smooth”); compare O.Ice.
slȳ n. ‘schleimige Wasserpflanzen ”;
Ltv. sliẽnas f. pl. ‘saliva” (*slēinüs ), O.C.S. sliny, Serb. slȉne “Rotz”, Russ. slína ‘saliva”;
5. with k-suffix:
Gk. λείμαξ “ nackte snail ” (out of it Lat. līmüx ds.) = Russ. slimák ‘snail”; compare O.Pruss.
slayx m., Lith. sliẽkas m., Ltv. sliêka f. “Regenwurm” and Ltv. sliẽkas f. pl. ‘saliva”; perhaps
also Lith. séilės , Ltv. seilas f. pl. ‘saliva” (from *slēilüs ?).
6. extensions:
(s)leib - ‘schleimig, schlũpfrig, glide, slide, darũber stroke, smooth” .
Gk. ὀλιβρός ‘schlũpfrig, smooth “ Hes., ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισπεῖν Hes.;
perhaps Welsh llym ‘sharp”, Bret. lemm ‘sharp; cutting edge a Messers (as *slibsmós );
O.H.G. slīfan “glide, slide, ausglitschen; glättend sharpen “ , Ger. schleifen , M.L.G. slīpen
‘schleifen, smooth make; intr. slink ”, O.E. tōslīpan “zergehen ”; O.Ice. slīpari ‘schleifer”, sleipr
‘schlũpfrig, smooth “ = M.H.G. sleif ds., O.E. slipor , O.H.G. sleffar ds., Nor. slipra “glide,

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slide”, Kaus. M.L.G. slēpen “drag, schleifen ” (out of it Ger. schleppen ), O.H.G. M.H.G.
sleifen ds., M.H.G. eine burc sleifen ‘sie dem Erdboden gleich machen ”, Intens. O.H.G.
slipfen “ausgleiten, ausschl ũpfen” , M.H.G. slipfec, slipferic ‘schlũpfrig” ;
besides with Gmc. - bb-: Dutch slib, slibbe ‘schlick, slime, mud ”, slibberen “glide, slide ”,
M.L.G. slibber, -ich ‘schlũpfrig” .
(s)leidh - ‘schlũpfrig, glide, slide” , see under eigenem Schlagwort.
sleig- ‘schleimig, glide, slide, smooth ”:
Gk. λίγδην “die Oberfläche streifend” , λίγδος , λίγδα “Reibstein, mortar ”;
O.Ir. sligim, fo-sligim “linō” , adslig “lockt an” (Welsh llith “Lockspeise ”, llithio “ködern” <
*slig-t-), perhaps - as ‘stroke = hit ” = O.Ir. sligim “hit”, in addition slige “road” (?); O.Ir.
sliachtad “das Glätten, Ebnen” ; O.Ir. slige “comb”;
O.Ice. slīkr “ smooth “, slīkisteinn “grindstone, whetstone ”, O.H.G. slīhhan ‘slink” (= “glide,
slide”), sleihha “loop, sled “, M.L.G. slīk, slick, M.H.G. slich ‘schlick, slime, mud ”; participle
*slihta- “geglättet” in Goth. slaíhts ‘schlicht, eben ”, O.Ice. slēttr “ smooth, eben, straight ”,
O.H.G.slëht ‘straight, eben, evil, bad ”, Ger. schlicht and schlecht , O.E. sliht, M.Eng. slight ,
sleght “ smooth, eben ”;
O.Bulg. slьzъkъ “εἰς ὄλισθον” , Russ. slízkij ‘schlũpfrig” , slizь “mucus”, slízy pl. “a kind of
loop”.
leip- “with fat besmear ”, see under eigenem Schlagwort ( leip-).
lei-t- “darũber stroke, gentle touch, caress”: probably λιτή “request”, λίσσομαι, λίτομαι
“bid, beg, ask, flehen ”, λίτανος “ flehend”, λιτανεύ ω “flehe”; Lat. litüre “under gũnstigen
omen, sign opfern; sũhnen, versöhnen” (based on auf *litü from λιτή ); Lith. lyte ́ti “touch”,
Ltv. làitît ‘stroke, caress ”, Lith. liečiu ̀ , liẽsti “touch, betreffen ”.
References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270;
different about 3. and 4. lei- EM2 553 f.

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leip-1
English meaning: to smear, stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with Fett beschmieren, kleben ” (out of it also ‘sich anheftend
hinaufklettern, klettern ”)
Note: probably extension to lei- ‘schleimig”.
Material: O.Ind. lip- (limpáti- , lipyátē ) “besmear ”, liptá- “klebend, an etwas haftend ”, lēpayati
“beschmiert ” (= Slav. lěpiti), rip- ‘schmieren, stick, glue, cheat, deceive ”; ríp- f. “deceit;
Verunreinigung ”(= Gk. λίπα acc.), lēpa- m. “das Bestreichen, das Aufgestrichene, smut ”,
rē ́ pas - n. “Fleck, smut ”, riprá- n. ‘smut” (similarly Gk. λιπαρός, Alb. laparós ), ripú “tũckisch,
cheater “;
Pers. fi-rēftan “cheat, deceive ”, rēw “deceit”, Osset. fä-lēwun, -līwyn “cheat, deceive ”;
Gk. λίπος n. “ fat”, λιπαρό ς “fat, gesalbt ”, with Auslautentgleisung ἀλείφω “ anoint, smear,
rub”, ἄλειφαρ, ἀλοιφ ή “ ointment “; with the meaning “ climb, ascend “ (as Lith. lipù, lìpti) Gk.
αἰγίλιψ “ nur from Ziegen erkletterbar ”, ἄλιψ πέτρα Hes., eig. “ unersteiglich ”, λίψ πέτρα, ἀφ”
ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει Hes.;
Alb. laparós “ bedraggle, stinke ”, lapërdhī́ “ dirty discourse “, gëlepë , shklepë f., glep
“Augenbutter ” (prefix kë- + *loipos or *loipü );
Lat. lippus “blear eyed, bleareyed, triefend ” (with expressive consonant increase);
Goth. bileiban , O.H.G. bilīban “bleiben”, O.E. belīfan “bleiben, ũbrigbleiben” (to ī s. Meillet
MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. Goth. bilaibjan ; O.Ice. leifa, O.H.G. leiben , O.E. læ ̄ fan “ũbriglassen” ;
Goth. laiba f., O.Ice. leif, O.H.G. leipa , O.E. lüf “Überbleibsel” ; Goth. aflifnan , O.Ice. lifna
“ũbrigbleiben” , O.Ice. lifa “ũbrig sein” ;

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Gmc. līƀ- “(stick, glue)bleiben ” hat also die meaning “ũbrigbleiben” from līƕ (leikʷ- “
abandon “) aufgesaugt, das dadurch nunmehr in the meaning “ũberlassen, leihen” lebendig
blieb;
[eine various, also in Lat. cae-lebs from * caivi- lib- (see kai- “allein”) vorliegende root
*leibh - “leben” contain Goth. liban (3. sg. libaiÞ ), O.H.G. lebēn , O.S. libbian, leƀōn , O.E.
libban , O.Ice. lifa “leben”, lifna “lebendig become ”; O.Ice. līf n., O.E. līf, O.S. līf, līƀ n. “life”,
O.H.G. līb, līp, M.H.G. līp, lībes m. n. “life; body, person ”];
Lith. limpù , lìpti “klebenbleiben ” (and lipù, lìpti “ climb, ascend “, see above), lipnùs “
humid and sticky “, lipùs “ds., anhänglich” , Ltv. lípu, lipt “anhangen ”, lipigs “ humid and
sticky “, lipns, laipns “mild, leutselig, friendly ”;
Slav. *lьnǫ, *lьnoti in O.C.S. pri-lьnǫti “ankleben ” and Slav. *lьpěti in O.C.S. pri-lьpljǫ, pri-
lьpěti “ankleben ”, in addition Kaus. O.C.S. pri-lěpiti sę ds., etc. and O.C.S. *lěръ m. “ glue “
(= O.Ind. lēpa-), also O.Bulg. lěpъ “ fitting, beautiful ” (originally “anklebend ”);
Toch. A lip- “ũbrigbleiben” ; lyipär “Rest”;
Hitt. lip- ‘schmieren ”.
References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64,
67.
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leip-2
English meaning: to wish for, request
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren, etwas von jemandem verlangen ”
Material: Gk. λίπτομαι , newer λίπτω, participle perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) λελιμμένος “lust,
crave”, λίψ ἐπιθυμία Hes., λιψουρία “desire to pissen ”;
Lith. liepiù , liẽpti, pa-liẽpti “order”, O.Pruss. pallaips , acc. -san “ command “ (-so-stem),
pallaipsī twei “lust, crave ”, laipinna “gebot”.
References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.
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leis-
English meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “am Boden gezogene Spur, Geleise, Furche ”, in Gmc. out of it also
verbale formations for “nachspũren, also in geistigen Sinne ”
Material: Lat. līra (*leisü ) “furrow in Ackerbeet ”, dēlīrus “ spiritually from dem Geleise
gekommen, verrũckt” , dēlīrō, -üre “from dem Geleise come, verrũckt sein” (also dialekt.
dēlērus , dēlērüre ); Umbr. disleralinsust “inritum fecerit ” (*dis-leisa- li);
O.H.G. wagan-leisa “Wagenspur ” (= O.Bulg. lěcha ), M.H.G. leis(e) ‘spoor, Geleise ”; zero
grade M.Du. lese (*līs-) f. ‘spoor, furrow, furrow in face, wrinkle ”, O.H.G. lesa “wrinkle”;
Goth. laists m. ‘spoor” (i-stem f. älteren o-stem), O.Ice. leistr m. “foot; Socke ”, O.E. lüst,
læ ̄ st “ footprint, spoor ”; O.H.G. M.H.G. leist ‘spoor, Leisten ” (*lois-to-), whereof Goth.
laistjan “(auf the spoor nachfolgen, nachstreben ”, O.H.G. leisten “a Gebote or promise
nachkommen, leisten ”, O.E. læ ̄ stan “folgen, help, commit, withstand “ (Eng. last “dauern”);
Goth. lists f. “artifice”, O.Ice. list f. “Kunstfertigkeit, Scharfsinn ”, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. list
“Kunstfertigkeit, Klugheit, artifice ” (O.Bulg. lьstъ “artifice, deceit ” from Goth. lists); Goth. lais
preterit-present “I know, i.e. verstehe etwas to tun ” (example wait), Kaus. laisjan “instruct,
teach” (galaisjan sik “learn”); O.H.G. lērran, lēren , O.S. lērian , O.E. læ ̄ ran “instruct, teach ”
(eig. “jmdn. eine spoor guide, lead ”); O.H.G. lirnēn , lërnēn , lërnōn (*liznōn ), O.Fris. lirna,
lerna , O.E. leornian “learn”, O.S. līnōn ds.; Goth. lubja-leis “giftkundig ” (example weis);
O.Bulg. lěcha “Ackerbeet ”, Russ. lechá , Ser.-Cr. lijèha , Cz. lícha (*loisü);
Lith. lūsė “garden bed, garden plot ”, O.Pruss. lyso “Ackerbeet ”.
References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.
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leit(h) -2
English meaning: to go out; die; go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fortgehen; sterben; gehen ”
Material: Av. raēϑ- “die” (present iriϑyeiti);
Goth. ga-leiÞan “go”, O.N. līða st. V. “go, vergehen, dahinschwinden, verlaufen, to end
go, verscheiden ”, O.S. līthan st. V. “go, wander, drive, befahren, vergehen ”, schw. V. lithon
“bring, sich begeben ”; O.E. līÞan st. V. “go, reisen ”, O.H.G. līdan st. V. “einen way nehmen,
go, drive, go away, pass over, vergehen, spoil; skillful, erleben, leiden ”, Ger. leiden
(different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- “verabscheuen ”); O.N. lið n. “Fahrzeug ”, O.E. n. “Fahrzeug,
ship”; O.H.G. ūz-lit “excessus ”;
Gmc. *laidō: 1. “way” in O.Ice. leið f. ds., O.E. lád ds., “ watercourse “, Primärbildg. to
Gmc. līÞan “go, drive ”; 2. “Fũhrung” in O.E. lád f. n. ds., “Transport, sustenance, livelihood ”,
O.H.G. leita “Fũhrung” , to causative Gmc. *laidjan “go, make, guide, lead ”; 3. O.E. lád
“Reinigungseid ”, afränk. lüde ds., also to *laidjan as “Beibringen from Eideshelfern ”, also
O.H.G. laida (das d from leida “ accusation “);
Kaus. (Gmc. *laidian ) O.N. leiða “guide, lead, geleiten, begleiten ”, O.E. læ ̄ dan , O.S.
lēdian “leiten, bring ”, O.H.G. leittan, leiten “leiten, guide, lead, with sich bear, carry, have ”;
O.N. liðinn “ dead “, lēiði n. “Grabstätte” (“*Geleit”), O.H.G. leita (*leitia ), leitī “funus” (“*to
Grabe geleiten ”), M.H.G. bileite n. “burial, funeral ”; with latter meaning presumably also Gk.
λοίτη “τάφος”, λοιτεύειν θάπτειν Hes., also λοιτός λοιμός Hes.?
Toch. A lit- “fortgehen, tumble, fall down ”.
from extension from *lei- ‘sich ducken, disappear ”?? compare Goth. aflinnan “fortgehen ”
etc.
References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.

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leit-1
English meaning: to be disgusted; to violate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verabscheuen; freveln ”
Material: Gk. ἀλείτης “ Frevler”, Eol. ἀλοίτης “Rächer” , ἀλοιτός “Frevler”, ἀλιταίνειν “ freveln,
sũndigen” , ἀλιτήμων “ sinner, Frevler ”, ἀλιτρός “ds., mad, wicked, evil ”;
O.Ir. liuss “repugnance ” (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther “nunquam fastiditur ”;
O.N. leiðr “unpleasant; detested “, O.E. lüð (Eng. loath ), O.S. lēth, O.H.G. leid ds., Ger.
Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of verb leiden );
daß Goth. sleiÞja (N. pl. n.) ‘schädlich, schlimm” , O.N. sliðr ‘schlimm” , O.E. sliðe, O.S.
slīthi “fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil ”, O.H.G. slīdīc dsee under assumption
eines beweglichen s- anzureihen seien, scheint possible .
References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 411.
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(lek-1?) : lok -
English meaning: to scold, reprove
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tadeln, schmähen” ?
Note: Only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: O.Ir. locht m. (*lok-tu-) “blame, fault, error ”;
O.H.G. O.S. lahan , O.E. léan “rebuke”, Mod.Ice. lá ds., O.E. leahtor m. “Laster,
Verbrechen, reprimand ”, mnl. lachter ‘schande, derision, ridicule ”; O.Fris. laster , O.H.G.
O.S. lastar “reprimand, insult, fault, error ” (*lahstra- ), O.Ice. lǫstr m. “fault, error, Laster ”
(*lahstru- ).
Unclear, whether with lengh- “vilify, scold ” to connect (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)
References: WP. II 436 f.
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lek-2 (: lek-) and lēk- : lǝk- (*leĝh-)
English meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “Gliedmaßen” and for “biegen, winden, springen,
zappeln”
Material: O.Ind. r̥kṣalü “Fußgelenk by Huftieren” (*l̥k-s-elü); common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ-
phonetic mutation
Gk. λάξ, λάγδην “with dem Fuße ausschlagend” , λαχμός (*λακσμος ) “das Ausschlagen
with dem Fuße” , λακτίζω ‘stoße with dem Fuße” ; λάκτις , -ιος “Mörserkeule” ; ablaut. ληκᾶν τὸ
πρὸς ᾠδήν ὀρχεῖσθαι , ληκ῅σαι πατάξαι Hes. (: Ltv. lę̃küt ); λικερτίζειν σκιρτᾶν Hes. ( *leq-); s.
λικρόι under likewise S. 308 under el- “bend”;
whether Lat. lacertus , mostly pl. “die Muskeln, esp. the upper arm “, lacerta “Eidechse ”
(“die Biegsame ”)?? lacca “ tumefaction an den Unterschenkeln the Zugtiere ” (wäre eine late
short form with consonant-Gemination); lō ̆ custa “ locust, grasshopper; Meerkrebs ” (“with
Gelenken versehen ”?);?
Gaul.-rom. *laküre “bend”, v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;
O.Ice. leggr “Unterbein, bone ”, arm-, hand-leggr “Arm”, fōt-, læ ̄ r-leggr “calf” (*lagiz );
langob. lagi ‘schenkel”; O.Ice. læ ̄ r, O.S. lür ds. ( *lahaz- or *lēhaz - n.), O.E. līra “das
Dickfleisch an Waden, Schenkeln, groin and buttocks “ (*ligizan- ); M.H.G. lecken , Ger. old
löcken “hinten ausschlagen, hũpfen” , Nor. dial. lakka “(auf a foot) hũpfen, walk on tiptoe;
trip “ (*lakjan );
Lith. lekiù, le ̃kti “fly”, Iterat. lakstūti “hin and her fly ”, causative lakinti “fly make ”, laktà
“Hulmerstange ” (“*Aufflug”), lakùs “ fleeting, behend ”, Ltv. lezu, lēkt ‘spring, hũpfen” , Iterat.
lãkat (: ληκᾶν), lēkas f. pl. “Herzschlag ”; O.Pruss. lagno (from * lakno ) “Beinkleid, trouser ”;

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lem-1
English meaning: to crush; fragile
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerbrechen; zerbrochen, weich ”
Material: Gk. νωλεμές , -έως “ fatigueless “, maybe from “not zusammenbrechend ”, due to
eines with preposition o- refined * ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής ;
Ven. MN Lemetor ;
O.Ir. ro-la(i)methar “wagt”, Welsh llafasu “venture, risk ”, Corn. lauasos ds., M.Bret.
lafuaez “licit”, also Welsh cyflafan “Untat”, perhaps to M.Ir. la(i)me “axe”; with other English
meaning: M.Ir. lem “fade, crazy, impotent ”, O.Ir. lemnat “Eibisch”, M.Ir. lemlacht, lemnacht
‘sũße milk” , Welsh llefrith , Bret. livriz ds., M.Welsh llyveithin “weak” (*lemekt- );
perhaps Alb. lemë , Gheg lamë “threshing floor , Ölmũhle” = Russ. lom;
O.H.G. O.S. lam (*lom- ), O.Ice. lami “lame, crippled “, O.H.G. lemmen, asächs. lemmian
“lähmen” , O.E. lemian “ds., tame (ein horse) ”, O.Ice. lemia “hit, entzweischlagen; hinder ”, ō-
grade O.H.G. luomi “faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild ”, M.H.G. lũemen, luomen “languish”,
reduced grade O.Ice. luma “loslassen ”, Alem. lumme ‘slack become ”, Ger. dial. lumm
‘slack”, in addition Ger. Lũmmel ; M.H.G. lunzen “light drowse “, E.Fris. lōm “ lamed, hinkend,
faint, languid ”, Swe. lōma “ stiff or schwerfällig go” ; ē-stuf.: Nor. laam “lame”;
Ltv. l”imstu, l”imt, Lith. lìmti “under a load zusammenbrechen ”, O.Pruss. limtwei “break,
rupture”; Lith. lémti “es fũgen, vorausbestimmen” , Ltv. lem̃t “decide, define, ordain,
determine, adjudicate ”; Lith. lamìnti , causative lámdyti “ausbilden, trainieren ”; in addition
probably also Lith. lúomas “kind of, Gattung ”;
O.Bulg. loml”jǫ, lomiti “break, rupture ”, -sę ‘sich abmũhen” , Russ. lom “break”, pl. lómy
“Gliederreißen” etc.; O.Bulg. prělamati “break, rupture ” etc.; e-grade in O.Sor. lémić “break,

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lem-2
English meaning: open jaws (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: with der Anschauung of aufgespannten Rachens, of Lechzens
Material: Gk. λάμος “gullet”, λάμια N. pl. “Erdschlund ”, λάμια “Menschenfresserin ” (Lat. Lw.
lamia “Unholdin, Vampyr ”, lamium “Taubnessel ” as “Rachenblũtler, Löwenmäulchen” ; also
Bulg. lámija , láḿa ‘snake” from nGk. λάμια), λαμυρός “ voracious, greedy “;
Lat. lemurēs “Nachtgeister, Gespenster; Seelen the Abgeschiedenen ”;
Welsh llef “voice”, M.Welsh llefein “cry”, Bret. leñv “clamor, lament ”;
maybe Alb. llaf “word, speech ”
Lith. lemóti “lechzen”, Ltv. lamüt “inveigh, scold, chide ”, lamatas “Mausefalle ”.
maybe Alb. lomotit “talk nonsense ”
References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.
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lendh -1
English meaning: liquid, spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Naß, Quelle”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.; or as li-n-dh- to lē ̆ i-4?
Material: O.Ir. lind (u-stem) n. “Flũssigkeit, Trank” , gen. lenda , Ir. lionn , gen. leanna “ale”,
Welsh llyn “Trank”, therefrom different ( s-stem) O.Ir. lind, gen. linde f. “water, pond, pool,
sea”, Welsh llyn “pond, pool ”, O.Corn. len “water”, Bret. lenn “pond, pool ”, O.Brit. Λίνδον
PN, Gaul. Lindo-magus Swiss river name “Limmat”;
from dem O.Ir. (?) derives O.Ice. lind (poet.) “wellspring ”, but compare O.S. Linda FlN.
“Lenne”, O.Fris. lind “pond, pool ”; ablaut. M.H.G. lũnde f. “wave”.
References: WP. I 438; Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 182, 365.
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lendh -2
English meaning: hip; kidney
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lende; Niere ”
Material: Lat. lumbus , older only pl. lumbī “ loins” (*londhu̯o -);
O.C.S. lędvьję pl. f. “lumbi”, Russ. ljádveja “Lende, Schenkel ”, Cz. ledvi n. “Lende”,
ledvina “kidney”;
O.H.G. lẹntī f. “kidney”, pl. lentī(n) “ kidneys, loins ” (*londhu̯īn -), O.E. lendenu N. pl. “
loins”, O.Ice. lend f. “Lende” (ein Goth. *landjō wird of finn. Lw. lantio assumed); zero grade
O.Ice. lund “Lende, sense, mind, kind of ”, O.E. lendenu N. pl. “ loins”, lund-laga “kidney”,
lynd f. “(* nephritic -) fat ”, O.H.G. lunda “tallow, suet ”, luntu-ssa “pectusculum ”.
References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht IE Decl. 86.
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lendh -3
English meaning: free land, heath, steppe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “freies Land, Heide, Steppe ”
Material: O.Ir. land “free place ” (dat. ith-laind “area”, with ith “ corn, grain “), Gaul.-rom.
*landü “Heide”, M.Welsh llan “area” (O.Welsh it-lann, Welsh ydlan “area”), Corn. lan, Bret.
lann “Heide, Steppe ” (Celt. -an- as in type Lat. frangō : brechen , i.e. en?);
Swe. dial. linda “Brachfeld ” (*lendhi̯ü ), Goth. O.Ice. O.S. O.E. land, O.H.G. lant “land”; in
addition with zero grade O.Ice. lundr “Hain”;
O.Pruss. acc. sg. lindan “valley”; Russ. ljádá “with jungem Holz bewachsenes Feld;
Neubruch, Rodeland; niedriger, wet and bad bottom ”, Cz. lada, lado “Brache”.
maybe Alb. (*linden ) lëndina “meadow ”
References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lendh -2.
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Page 1894
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leng-
English meaning: to bend oneself; to sway
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich biegen, schaukeln, schwanken ”
Material: O.Ind. raṅgati ‘sich hin and her bewegen ”;
Alb. lëngor “pliable”;
Lith. léngė , lénkė f. “Vertiefung ”; ablaut. lingúoti ‘schweben, sich hin and her bewegen ”
(in addition lingė f. “ shaft, pole zum Aufhangen the cradle “, liñgė f. “Feldweihe ”), langóti
ds.; Ltv. lĩguôt ‘swing, sing ”, Imper. lĩg(u)õ “Jubelruf by den Johannisfeiern ”, l̨uodzît “waver,
swing”; Bachname Langa f.; O.Pruss. Langodis Sumpfname;
Slav. lęgъ “pliable” in slovz. lą̃go “pliable” (Adverb), lągãc “bend, crook ”, ablaut. O.C.S.
lǫgъ m. “δρυμός” , Ser.-Cr. lûg “Hain, Röhricht” , nsorb. lug “grasiger swamp, marsh ”,
therefrom Łužyca “Lausitz”, etc.; perhaps also Russ. ljagatь sja ‘swing, waver ”.
References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- “bend”.
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Page 1895
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lenk-
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: O.E. lōh ‘strap” (in mæst -lōn pl., sceaft-lō, lōh-sceaft ) from *laŋha -, O.Ice. lengja f.
‘strap, stripe ”, Dan. længe ‘seilstrippe ”, here also O.Ice. lyng n. “Heidekraut ”, O.Ice. endi-
langr adj. “in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung ”, O.S. O.E. and-lang , O.Fris. ond-ling , Ger.
entlang ; O.E. bæс-ling “backwards ”, O.H.G. hrucki -lingūn “rũcklings” . chrumbe- lingūn “in
krummer direction ” under likewise;
Lith. lenkiù , leñkti “bow, bend ”; lénkė “Vertiefung ”, linkstù , liñkti ‘sich biegen ”, linkiù , linke ́ti
‘sich neigen to, wish ”, Ltv. lìkt ‘sich biegen ”, liks “crooked”, Iterat. Lith. lankaũ , -ūti
“besuchen ”, lánkiòti “ausbiegen ”, Ltv. lùocît “bend, bow, lenken ”, lùocîkla “joint”; Lith. lankà
“valley, lowland, depression ”; lañkas “Reifen”, lankùs “pliable”, Ltv. lùoks “Krummholz,
Radfelge ”, lùoks “pliable”, O.Pruss. perlünkei “belongs”, perlünki “gebũhrt” ; reduced grade
O.Pruss. lunkis “ angle “, Ltv. lùnkans “pliable”, O.Pruss. lonki ‘steg”; with esp. Anwendung
auf das Garnaufwinden Lith. lañktis “Haspel, Garnwinde ”, Ltv. luoks, luoki ds. (also Lith.
leñkti stands for “haspeln”; previously secondary afterwards reshaped lenkẽtas
“Haspelstock ” from lekẽtas : das with it compared Gk. ἠλεκάτη, ἠλακάτη “ spindle”, Eol.-Dor.
ἀλακάτᾱ is unclear);
O.Bulg. -lękǫ, -lęšti “bend”, lęčǫ, lęcati “Fallen stellen (*loop, noose, snare), capture “,
polęčь “ a noose, halter, snare, trap “, Russ. ljákyj “crooked”, O.Bulg. lǫkъ “τόξον, bow” ,
lǫka “artifice, deceit ”, Church Slavic also “Meerbusen, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh ”,
O.Bulg. si-lǫkъ “inflexus”, Church Slavic lǫčije “ bulrushes “ (“bend -flax, wattle, braid ”),
O.Bulg. lǫčǫ, -iti ‘separate”, Sloven. lǫ́čiti ‘separate, segregate ” and “bend” (these die basic
meaning);

Page 1897
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lento -
English meaning: flexible
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegsam, nachgebend ”
Material: O.Ind. latü “Ranke, Liane ” (*ln̥tü);
Lat. lentus “pliable, tough; slow ”;
maybe Alb.Gheg landë , Alb.Tosk lëndë “(*flexible ) wood, timber, Material ”, Alb. (*lentüre )
lëndoj “hurt, bend ” from the same root as Lat. lentüre “bend, make flexible ”.
Gaul. (?) lantüna ‘schlinggewächs” ; compare Bolelli Ital. Dial. XVIII 182; Welsh “ smooth,
gleaming ” (*ln̥t-ro-), ablaut. Bret. lintr (*lent- ro-) ds., Corn. ter-lentry “gleam”, Welsh llethr f.
‘slope” (*lent-rü), M.Ir. leittir f. ds. (Brit. Lw.); against it Welsh llithr “Gleiten” from * slip-tro- to
*(s)leib - above S. 663;
O.E. līðe, O.S. līði “gelind, mild ” (*lentii̯o -), Eng. lithe “pliable, ductile “, O.H.G. lind, lindi
‘soft, tender, nachgiebig ”, Ger. lind, gelinde , nNor. linn “pliable, gelenk, gelinde ”;
E.Lith. leñtas ‘still, peaceful ”;
in addition probably the Gmc.-Slav. name the Linde ( *lentü ), because of ihres biegsamen
Bastes; O.N. lind f. “Linde (also spear, javelin, shield from Lindenholz ”), O.E. lind(e) f. ds.,
O.H.G. linta, lintea , linda ds., Ger. Linde , wherefore as “band, strap from Lindenbast ” O.N.
lindi m. “band, strap, belt, girdle ”, M.L.G. lint n. “flaches band, strap ” (out of it Lith. linta
“Zierbaud ”), O.N. lindi n. “Lindenholz ”, Ger. dial. lind, lint n. “bast”;
probably Lith. lentà “board” (“from Lindenholz? ”);
with o-grade Slav. *lǫtъ in Russ. dial. lut, lutь “Lindenbast ”, Clr. ɫút”é n. “Lindenbast;
Weidenzweige ”, ɫut “Gerte, skin ”;
perhaps as “the sich Biegende, Windende ” O.H.G. lind, lint (*lento-s ), O.N. linnr, linni m.
‘snake”, poet. “tree, Feier ”, linn-ormr “dragon” = O.H.G. lindwurm.

Page 1899
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lep-1
English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel
Material: O.Ind. lápati ‘schwatzt, flũstert, wehklagt, talks” , rápati ds., püm. lówam , lewam
“rede, spreche, say ”, Pers. lüba, lüwa ‘schmeichelei ”;
Maybe truncated Alb. * lápati , llap “chat, talk, speak ”, llaf “word, speech ”
It seems that from Root plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root lep-1 : (expr. Root)
presumably as *lēpagi - “Besprecher ”, O.Ir. līaig (disyllabic), gen. lego (*lī-ago) “physician,
medicine man ” (keinesfalls to Goth. lēkeis );
Russ. lepetátь ‘stammeln, babble, chatter, lallen ”, O.Bulg. lopotivъ ‘stammelnd,
stotternd ”, Russ. lopotátь “plätschern, rant, roister, klatschen” , with somewhat other
meaning- turn Ser. -Cr. lepètati “flutter”.
Perhaps auf ders. onomatopoeic words Schallvorstellung, but with a-vocalism, based on
Gk. λαπίζω “ benehme mich minxish, wanton ”, λαπιστή ς “Aufschneider, swaggerer, bragger
“ and λαῖλαψ “ whirlwind ” (as “heulend”).
References: WP. II 429.
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lep-2
English meaning: to peel, flay
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abschälen, abhäuten, abspalten”
Material: Gk. λέπω ‘schale ab ”, λέπος n., λοπός m. “bowl, bark, skin ” (ὀλόπτω ‘schäle ab” ),
λεπίς , λοπίς f. “ scale, husk, bowl, bark ”, λοπάς “flaches Geschirr ”, λεπάς “einschalige
Muschel, Napfschnecke ”, λέπῡρον n. “bowl, husk ”, ἔλλοψ epithet the Fische (lit. “in
Schuppen being ”), λέπρα “ leprosy “ (“*sich schuppende skin ”); λεπτός “enthũlst (from
Körnern); fine, thin, dainty, weak” , λεπτύνω “hũlse from; make thin” , λαπαρός ‘schmächtig,
thin” (*λεπαρός ); lengthened grade ( ō): λώπη “Hũlle, garment, Ledermantel”
(“*abgezogenes fell, fur ” or at most from “abgetrennten rag ”), λ῵πος n. ds., λώψ χλαμύς
Hes.;
Alb. ljapë “Bauchfell from Schlachttieren ”, lepíj “meißle” , latë ‘small axe, hack, mattock,
hoe” (*laptü );
Lat. lepidus “dainty, cute, allerliebst ” (compare above λεπτός), lepōs “Feinheit,
pleasantness, agreeableness, bright Witz ”; presumably also lapit “dolore afficit ” (*lep-);
O.E. læfer, leber f. “ bulrush, Ried ”, Eng. pl. levers , O.H.G. leber “ bulrush”, O.E. lōf m.
‘stirnband, head fascia ” (= Lith. lõpas );
Lith. lõpas “Flick, rag ”, lópau , -yti “flicken”, Ltv. lüps “Flick”, lãpît “flicken”;
Lith. lepùs “ mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle “, lepáuti “minxish, wanton sein ”, lêpinti
“verzärteln” , Ltv. lepns “pride”;
Sloven. lépen “leaf”, O.Sor. changing through ablaut ɫopjëno n. “leaf”; Russ. lepénь
(*lepьnь) ‘shred, scrap, shred ”, lépest “rag; Blumenblatt ” (further formations of es-stem
*lepes- = Gk.τὸ λέπος ), lepúcha “ leprosy “ (as Gk. λέπρα ); ō-grade (as Gk. λώπη) Russ.
lápotь (*lapъtь) m. “Bastschuh ”, lápitь “flicken”, etc.

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lep-3
English meaning: stone, rock
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fels, Stein ”?
Material: Gk. λέπας n. (only N. acc. sg. ) “kahler Fels, stone ”, λεπαῖος “ felsig”; Lat. lapis, -idis
‘stone”; Umbr. vapeře abl. sg. , vapersus abl. pl. ‘seat” (from stone?); Lat. a wird as
reduplication-vowel e aufgefaßt; eine additional possibility wäre borrowing of Gk. and Ital.
words from a nicht IE Withtelmeersprache. relationship to lep- “abspalten ” as
“abgespaltenes Steinstũck” (saxum : secō ) is denkbar.
References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.
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lerd-
English meaning: to twist
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verkrũmmen”
Material: Arm. pl. lorc̣-k” “convulsio partium in posteriora ”;
Gk. λορδός “with dem Oberkörper after vorwärts writhed, crooked, humped “ , λορδοῦν , -
οῦσθαι “after vorwärts gebogen sein ”;
Gael. lorcach, lurcach “lame am foot ”; lurc m. “lahmer foot ”;
O.E. be-lyrtan “cheat, deceive ”, M.H.G. lũrzen ds., Dan. lyrte “ joke”, M.H.G. lerzen
‘stammeln ”, M.H.G. lurz, lerz “link” (“crooked”); O.E. lort “crooked? ”, in addition the PN
Lorting = Ger. Lortzing.
References: WP. II 439, Holthausen AEng. etym. Wb. 206, 209.
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Page 1904
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lerg-
English meaning: smooth, slippery
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glatt, eben, schlũpfrig”
Material: Arm. oɫork “eben, smooth, poliert, schlũpfrig” (o- probably die preposition *po-),
lerk “ smooth, unbehaart ”;
M.Ir. lergg f. “Abhaug, way, Ebene ”, less-lergg “ willow “, Welsh llyry “Pfad, spoor ”, Corn.
lergh , Bret. lerc”h ‘spoor”; ablaut. O.Ir. lorc, M.Ir. lorgg m. ‘spoor, troop, multitude, crowd,
progeny “, Welsh llwry > llwrw ‘spoor”;
in addition Ger. Lurch , N.Ger. lork?
References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- ‘stick”.
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Page 1905
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les-
English meaning: to gather, pick up
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sammeln, auflesen ”
Material: Goth. lisan st. V. “auflesen, reap ”, O.Ice. lesa “gather, collect, auflesen,
einweben ”, later (through Ger. influence) “lesen (ein book) ”, O.E. lesan “gather, collect ”,
O.S. O.H.G. lesan “auf-, auslesen ” and (after the Doppelbed. from Lat. legere ) “lesen (ein
book)”; here also O.Ice. lesa, M.H.G. (and Ger. dial.) lismen “ knit “, and welter O.H.G. lesa,
M.H.G. lese “a kind of Kleidungsstoff ”, O.Ice. lesni “a kind of Kopfzeug ”;
Lith. lesù, lèsti “with dem bill, beak, neb aufpicken, corn, grain lesen ”, Iter. ap-lasūti
“herauspicken, auslesen, wählen” ;
whether here O.Ir. lestar , Lw. from Welsh llestr “vessel”, O.Corn. lester , Bret. lestr ‘ship”?
basic meaning wäre “ vessel zum Einsammeln from Beeren under likewise ”.
References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.
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leto-, lēti- , lēto -, lōto -
English meaning: heat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Brunst, Hitze, Zorn ”
Material: MWelsh aelet (*ad-let- ) “pain”, llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit “rage,
fury”, Welsh llid m. ds., with gradation llawd “rutting, heat ” = M.Ir. láth m. ds.; M.Welsh
aelawt “din, fuss, noise, pain ” = O.Ir. álad n. “wound” (*ad-lōto-), Welsh tra-llod “din, fuss,
noise, pain ”;
Clr. ĺit́ f. “rutting, heat ”, ĺityty “befruchten ”.
References: WP. II 428 , Ifor Williams E ́ t . Celt. 4, 391.
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leubh -
English meaning: to care for, love
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gern haben, begehren; lieb ”, partly with Entwicklung von “gern
haben” to “gutheißen, loben” , in Gmc. also von “Liebe” to “Zutrauen, reliance, Glaube ”
Material: O.Ind. lúbhyati “empfindet heftiges desire ”, lōbha ́ yati “ excited, aroused desire ”
(formal = Gmc. *lauƀjan , das but denominative to *lauƀa -, O.E. lēaf), lōbha - m. “desire,
greed, lust ” (= O.E. lēaf etc.), lubdhá - “ greedy, ausschweifend; verfũhrt” (= Gk. λυπτά );
Gk. λυπτά ἑταίρα, πόρνη Hes.;
Alb. laps “wũnsche, begehre” , probably also Tosc lumë , Gheg lum “lucky, blessed “,
lumnī “fame, Seligkeit ” (participle *lubh- no- actually “was man gern hat, lobt ”);
Lat. libet, older lubet , -ēre, -uit, -itum est “es beliebt, is compliant ”, lubens , libens “gern,
willing”, lubīdo, libīdo “ eagerness “; Osc. loufir “vel” (compare abg ĺubo - ĺubo “vel - vel”);
Goth. liufs, O.Ice. liūfr, O.H.G. liob, O.E. lēof “lieb” (= O.Bulg. ĺubъ); therefrom derived
*liubēn “lieb sein, gefallen ” in O.E. lēofian , O.H.G. M.H.G. liuben ; *liubjan in O.E. ge-lūfan ,
O.H.G. (ga)liuben , originally “lieb make ”; Goth. galaufs “begehrenswert, schätzbar,
wertvoll”; O.E. lēaf “Erlaubnis ”, O.H.G. urloub (and urlub ) “Urlaub”; Goth. Denom. ga-
laubjan “believe”, us-laubjan “allow”, O.Ice. leyfa (Denom.) “allow; praise, laud ”; O.H.G.
gilouben “believe”, irlouben “allow”, O.E. līefan , ü-líefan “allow”, gelīefan “believe”; O.Ice. lof
n. “Lob, Erlaubnis ”, O.E. lof n. “Lob, Preis ”, O.H.G. lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to O.Ice. lofa
“ praise, gestatten ”, O.H.G. lobōn (Denom.) “praise, laud, praise, bewilligen, promise “, Ger.
loben, geloben, verloben ; Goth. lubains “hope”; O.E. lufu, O.H.G. lupa f. “love”, therefrom
*lubōn in O.E. lufian , O.H.G. lubōn “lieben”, O.H.G. gilubida “ profession, declaration “;
Lith. (due to eines es-stem *leubhes- ) liaupse ̃ “Lobpreisung ”, liáupsinti “lobpreisen ”;
O.Bulg. ĺubъ “lieb” (Russ. ĺúbyj etc.), whereof ĺubiti “lieben”, ĺuby “love” (etc.).

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leudh -1 (*leugh -)
English meaning: to grow up; people; free
Deutsche Übersetzung: “emporwachsen, hochkommen ”
Note:
Root leudh -1 : “to grow up; people; free ” : Root leu-dh-2 : “drive, go ” derived from a zero
grade of Root el-6, elǝ- : lü-; el-eu-(dh-) : “to drive; to move, go ”.
Material: O.Ind. rō ́ dhati , rō ́ hati “ rises, grows “, Av. raoδaiti “ increases, grows “, O.Ind. rō ́ ha-
m. “ascension, elevation, height ”, avarōdha - m. “Wurzeltrieb, Luftwurzel, Senkung ”, Av.
raoδa - m. “growth, prestige ”, Pers. rōi “face”;
Gk. ἐλεύθερος “ free” from * leudhero-s = Lat. līber “free” = Alb. lirë “free”;
Gk. ἐλευθερία “freedom” (Pi., Ion. Att.) : Alb. liria “freedom”; ἐλευθερόω [ἐλεύθερος] “ 1. to
free, set free, Hdt., Aesch., etc.; ἐλ. τὸν ἔσπλουν to set the entrance free, clear it, Thuc.;
ἐλευθεροῖ στόμα he keeps his tongue free, i. e. does not commit himself by speech, Soph.:
to free from blame, acqui t, τινά Xen.: --pass. to be set free, Hdt. 2. c. gen. to set free, loose
or release from, Eur.; so, ἐλευθεροῦντες ἐκ δρασμ῵ν πόδα, i. e. ceasing to flee, id=Eur.” :
Alb. liroj “ to free, set free “
fal. loferta “ a freedwoman “;
maybe truncated Alb. (*ἐλεύθερος) illurios “free man (ancestor of Illyrians) ”
Maybe Toch. A lyutüri “the upper (men), overseer? ” (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 181).
Alb. perhaps lenj “ is born, comes into being “ (*leudh-n- ), lind “give birth ”, polem “ people
“ (leudh-m- ); Also lindje ‘sunrise”.
Alb. vëla “ brother “ (*su̯e-loudhü “ member of clan “)
Note:

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Alb. vëlla “ brother “ : Phrygian: vela- f. “family, relatives ” (?) : Estonian veli “ brother “.
According to phonetic mutations Alb. cognate derived from the Root su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o (n)- : (a
kind of relation): . (* svila- ) vëlla “brother” [common Alb. initial sv- > v- phonetic mutation].
Alb. , këlũsh “ youngling “;
Note:
This seems erroneous etymology because Alb. këlũsh “cub, esp. young dog ” derives from
Root kel-6, k(e)lē-, k(e)lü- or kl̥̄-? : “to call, cry ”. (see above)
Lat. Līber “Ital. god of growth, fertility, cultivation ”, Osc. gen. Lúvfreís “Liberi”, Lat. līberī, -
ōrum “die Kinder ”, juristisch also from a einzigen kid, child, also “* offspring, the young “;
līber “free” see above;
maybe Liburni Illyr. TN, also Alb. (*libera ) lirë “free”.
O.Ir. luss m. “plant” (*ludh-stu- ), O.Corn. les ds., M.Corn. leys, pl. losow , Welsh llysiau ,
Bret. louzou ds.;
Maybe Alb. lule (*ludhe ) “plant, flower ” common Alb. -d- > -l- phonetic mutatIon.
Goth. liudan , O.H.G. liotan , O.S. liodan , O.E. lēodan “grow”, O.H.G. sumarlota “ summer
scion “, O.N. loðenn “bewachsen, haarig, rough ”, loða “(* have grown =) festhangen,
festkleben ”; Goth. laudi f. ‘shape”, swa-, sama- lauÞs ‘so big, large ”, jugga-lauÞs “ youngling
“, M.H.G. lōt “beschaffen ”; Goth. ludja “face (with the eyes and mouth) ” (compare Pers. rōi),
O.S. lud “Äußeres , physical strength (? only Hel. 154), O.H.G. ant-lutti “face (with the eyes
and mouth) ”; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) O.H.G. liut, O.E. lēod “people”,
M.H.G. liute “people”, O.E. lēode ds., then also from einzelnen people O.H.G. liut “person”,
Ger. dial. das Leut “person”, nd. lũd, lũt “woman, girl ”, burgund. leudis “the Gemeinfreie ”;
O.C.S. ljudьje (*leudei̯es ) pl. “the people ” (sg. Russ. ljud, Cz. lid), ljudinъ “the
Gemeinfreie ”, Ltv. ĺàudis pl. “people, people, Gesinde ”, Lith. liáudis “people”.
References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.

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leud-
English meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa ‘sich ducken ”, daher “geduckt, klein, sich vor jemand ducken,
klein machen, heucheln ”
Material: Welsh lludded “ tiredness “ (*loudetü , compare O.H.G. luzeda “infirmatio ”);
Maybe Alb. lut “pray, bow, beg ”
O.S. luttil ‘small, woeful, wretched, miserable “, O.H.G. luzil, luzzil, liuzil , M.H.G. lũtzel
‘small, wenig, small ”, O.E. lȳtel, Eng. little; O.S. lūt “wenig”, O.E. lȳt ‘small”, O.S. luttic,
O.H.G. luzzīc ‘small, wenig ” (see above under 2. lei-); O.Ice. lūta st. V. ‘sich vornũber
neigen, fall ”, O.E. lūtan st.-V. ds., O.E. lūtian “hide, conceal lie, lurk ”, O.H.G. lūzēn ds.;
O.H.G. lōskēn , M.L.G. lūschen “versteckt, hide, conceal sein; Goth. luton in lutondans
“φρεναπάται ”, zero grade liuts “heuchlerisch ”, liutai pl. “Gaukler”, liutei “ deception “, lutōn
“cheat, deceive, verfũhren” , O.E. lot n. “deceit”, lytig “hinterlistig ”, O.Ice. ljōtr “ugly”, lȳti n.
(*liutia-) “Gebrechen ”, lȳta “verunzieren, entehren, rebuke ”;
Lith. liūstu ̀ , liũsti “ sad sein ” (“gedrũckt sein” ), liũdnas “ sad “, O.Pruss. laustinti
“demũtigen” (from *laustas “geduckt”);
R.C.S. ludъ “crazy”, post-verbal to Slav. *ludjǫ in Russ. lužu ́ (*laudei̯ō ), ludítь “cheat,
deceive, tauschen ”.
References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.
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leugh -1
English meaning: to lie
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lũgen”
Material: Goth. liugan , O.S. O.H.G. liogan , O.E. lēogan “lie”, O.Ice. ljūga “lie, fehlen,
fehlschlagen ”; O.H.G. O.S. lugina , O.E. lygen “lie, falsity ”, M.H.G. luc m. “Lug”, O.H.G.
luggi, lucki , O.S. luggi , O.E. lycge “ fallacious “ (= Slav. lъžь), O.Ice. lygi f., O.H.G. lugī f.
“lie, falsity ”, O.E. lyge m. “lie, falsity ” (: Slav. lъža “lie, falsity ”); O.H.G. lougan m., lougna f.
“das Leugnen ” = O.Ice. laun f. “ds., Verheimlichung ”, Goth. analaugns “hide, conceal ”,
laugnjan “leugnen” etc.; probably also O.H.G. lochon , j-verb lucchen , geminated O.Ice.
lokka , O.E. loccian , mnl. locken , O.H.G. lockon “locken”; in addition M.H.G. Gelũcke “luck”?
Lith. lūgoti “bid, beg, ask ”, Ltv. lùgt ds.;
O.Bulg. lъžo ̨, lъgati “lie”, lъžь “ fallacious, Lũgner” , lъžа “lie, falsity ”.
References: WP. II 415, Wissmann nom. postverb. 176.
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leugh -2. lugh -
English meaning: oath
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eid, Schwur ”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: O.Ir. lu(i)ge n., Welsh llw m., Bret. le “oath, vow, pledge ” (*lughi̯om );
Goth. liugan, -aida “marry”, liuga “ matrimony “, (*oath), O.H.G. urliugi (*uz-liugja ) “war,
fight” (“*vertragsloser state, status ”), zero grade M.L.G. orloge, orloch , O.S. orlag, -logi ,
O.Fris. orloch ds. (therefrom hat also M.H.G. urlage “fate, destiny ” etc. partly die meaning
“war, fight ” bezogen, see under legh- “lie”); O.Fris. logia “marry”.
Maybe Alb. logu “lists (*fight) ”
References: WP. II 415.
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leug-1
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Note:
Root leug-1 : “to bend” : Root leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : “black; swamp ” derived from Root leu-2
(*leuĝh -): “to cut off, separate, free ”.
Material: Gk. λυγίζω “ bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate “, λύγος f. “ biegsamer twig, branch ”,
λύγινος “ geflochten ”;
Lat. lucta f. “Ringen, wrestling match “, luctō , sek. luctor, -ürī “wrestle, struggle ”, luxus
“luxated”, luxüre “ dislocate, luxate, crick “ also (as “außer edge and Band” ) luxus , -ūs
“ũppige fertility, v erschwenderischer expenditure ”, luxuria ; probably lū ̆ ma “ mint (?) ” from
*lū ̆ g(s)mü ;
Maybe Rom. luptů “ struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair,
striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix “ : Alb. lufta “ struggle, fighting,
battle “ common Rom.-Illyr. kʷ- > p- , f- phonetic mutatIon.
O.Ir. fo-long- “(er)bear, carry ” (from * -lung- );
Lith. lùgnas “ ductile, pliable ”;
O.H.G. loc, Ger. Locke , O.E. locc, O.Ice. lokkr ds., O.Ice. lykna “ bend the knees “;
with gradation besides perhaps O.H.G. louh, Ger. Lauch , and. lōk, O.E. lēac, O.Ice. laukr
“Lauch”; from “bend, zusammenbiegen ” seems die meaning “zumachen, shut ” originated to
sein (?) in Goth. ga-lūkan “einschließen” , us-lūkan “aufschließen” , O.Ice. lūka ‘shut,
aufschließen, finish, end” , O.E. lūcan ‘shut, öffnen” , O.H.G. lūhhan ‘shut”, antlūhhan
“aufschließen” ; O.Ice. lok n. ‘schluß, Verschluß, cover” , loka f. “Verschluß, bar, bolt” , lykja

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leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū -g-
English meaning: black; swamp
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwärzlich; Sumpf” (after der Farbe)
Note:
Root leug-1 : “to bend” : Root leu-g-2 : lu-g- : lū-g- : “black; swamp ” derived from Root leu-2
(*leuĝh -): “to cut off, separate, free ”.
Material: Gk. λῡγαῖος “ dark, finster ”, wherefore (with prefix ἠ-, compare O.Ind. ü-nīla- “
blackish, darkish “) ἠλύ̆γη “dark”, ἐπ῅λυξ “ ( whereas darkness is =) schattengebend ”,
ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι “ũberschatte, bedecke” ;
Maybe Alb. lugë ‘spoon, scoop ”, Gheg lug “valley, ditch ”, Tosc luginë “valley”
Illyr. lugas m. or luga f. ‘swamp, marsh ” (Strabo 314: ἕλος Λούγεον καλούμενον by
Σεργεστε), whereof with Lat. forms -ütum derived Alb. lëgatë “puddle, pool, slop, swamp,
marsh”; nasalized Alb.Gheg lang, Tosc lëng “drink, liquid, broth, juice ”; Lith. liũgas
“morass”, besides lũgas , Ltv. FlN Ludze (*lugi̯ü ); IE *lougi̯ü in: R.C.S. luža ‘swamp, marsh,
puddle, slop ”, etc.;
perhaps here Gaul. λοῦγος “ raven” in PN Lugu-dūnon “Lyon”, etc.
Maybe Alb. lugat “monster, ghost ” : Gaul. λοῦγος “ raven”
References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.
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leuĝ- (*leuĝh -)
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brechen”
Note: in Ar. with g, in Balt with ĝ; ar. g probably through influence of leug- “bend”
Material: O.Ind. rujáti “zerbricht, peinigt ”, rugná - “broke”, -ruj f. “pain, disease, malady ”, rujü
ds., rō ́ ga- m. “Gebrechen, disease, malady ”, logá- “ clod, Scholle ”;
Av. uruxti- “Brechen, Zerreißen” ;
Arm. lucanem “löse los, breche auf”, loic “released, liberated, free ”;
Gk. ἀ-λυκτο -πέδη “unzerreißbares band, strap” , λευγαλέος, λυγρός ‘sad, terrible ”;
Alb. lungë “ Geschwũr “ ;
Lat. lūgeō, -ēre “ grieve “ (*louĝei̯ō ), lūctus , -ūs “mourning, grief ”, lūgubris ‘sad, pitiable “
(probably *lūgos -ri-s);
O.Ir. lucht “load, Inhalt, troop, multitude, crowd, people ” (*part?), Welsh llwyth “load,
burden, tribe ”, Gaul. luchtos “part” (?), adj. luchtodos , LVXTIIRIOS , Lucterius MN;
O.E. to-lūcan “destroy”, O.H.G. liohhan “tear, rend, pull, drag ”, M.L.G. lūken “pull, drag,
pluck”, O.E. lūcan “jäten” , Swe. luk, O.N. lok n. “weed”; here GN Loki as “ destroyer “;
“Lũcke, hole” , Ger. Lũcke , (nd.) Luke ;
Lith. láužiu , láužti , Ltv. laûžu , laûzt , trans. “break, rupture ”, ablaut. Lith. lúžtu , lúžti, Ltv.
lûstu , lûst, intrans. “break, rupture ”; in addition Lith. láužas m. “heap abgebrochener
Zweige”, lũžis m. “break”, Ltv. laûžńi “ broken Bäume” .
References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.
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leuk- (*leuĝh -)
English meaning: bright, to shine; to see
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “leuchten, licht ”; 2. ‘sehen”
Material: 1. O.Ind. rócatē ‘shines, seems ”, Av. raočant - “luminous ”, O.Ind. rōca ́ yati “läßt
shine, beleuchtet ”, Av. raočayeiti “erleuchtet, beleuchtet ” (= Lat. lūсео);
O.Ind. rōcana ́ - “luminous ”, roká- m. “light” (= Arm. lois “light”, Welsh llug), rōcís ̣ n. “light”
(= O.H.G. loug, O.E. lieg, O.Ice. leygr m., Slav. lučь m.), lōka ́- m. “free (heller) room, world ”
(= Lat. lūcus , Lith. laũkas “field”, O.H.G. etc. lōh); rōca ́- “luminous ” (: Lith. adj.
laũkas,blässig” ), rucá- “bright” (: Gk. λυκόφως , ἀμφι-λύκη, Welsh am-lwg, O.Ice. log n.
“flame”), rúci- f. “light, radiance “ (= O.Pruss. luckis ), rukmá - n. “gold”, m. “goldener
jewellery ”, rúkmant - “gleaming ” (compare den Gmc. Lat. - men-stem); rō ́ cas -, rōcís - n., Av.
raocah- , ap. raučah - n. “light, shiner, esp. of Himmels ”, O.Ind. rukṣá - “gleaming ”, Av.
raoxšna - “gleaming ” common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- > xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic
mutation
(= O.H.G. liehsen ) f. “light” (= Lat. lūna, M.Ir. luan, O.Pruss. lauxnos , O.Bulg. luna, zero
grade Gk. λύχνος ; auf this -es-stem based on also Lat. lūstrüre, lucubrüre , O.E. lioxan ,
O.Ice. ljōs, Lith. lũkestis );
Arm. lois, gen. lusoi “light”, lusin “moon”, lusn “weißer Fleck in eye” , luc̣anem “zũnde an,
burn”, Aor. luc̣i (originally skō-present);
Gk. λευκός “licht, gleaming, white ” (λεῦκος , λευκίσκος fish names), λοῦσσον “weißer
Kern in Tannenholz ” (: O.Bulg. luča from *loukiü ); λύσσα f. “fury” (after den funkelnden
Augen); ἀμφι-λύκη “ twilight “, λυκό -φως ds., μορμο -λύκη ‘schreckbild ”; λυκάβᾱς
“Neumondstag ”, is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wörter 2124; after Kretschmer Gl.

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22, 262 to λύκος “ wolf”); λύχνος ‘shiner” (*luk-s -nos, due to of -(e)s-stem); unclear is λουνό ν
λαμπρόν Hes.;
Illyr. PN Λεύκαρος, in addition Ven. (?) PN Λευκάριστος (Silesia);
Maybe Alb. lluke “blind”, lush “berserk, carrion, lushë “bitch, berserk woman ” : λύσσα f.
“fury”
Lat. lūx, -cis “light” (older i-stem) lūceō, -ēre, lūxī “gleam, shine, bright sein ”, aLat. also
“(ein light) shine lassen ” (*loukéi̯ō = O.Ind. rōca ́ yati ), pollūcēre originally ‘shine (or see)
lassen”, hence pollūcte “precious ”, pollūcibilis “köstlich, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid” ,
pollūctūra “köstlicher feast “ ; lūculentus “gleaming; stately, respectable “, lūcerna ‘shiner,
lamp, light ” (compare O.Ir. lōcharn , see under); Juppiter Lūcetius perhaps “Lichtbringer ”
(Osc.; compare den Gaul. Mars Leucetius , Goth. liuhaÞ ): lūcus , aLat. acc. loucom “Hain”,
actually “(wood, forest-)Lichtung ” (compare collūcüre “in a wood, forest eine Lichtung
vornehmen ”, interlūcüre “Bäume auslichten” ), Osc. lúvkeí “in lūcō” (see above O.Ind. lōka ́-);
perhaps also Umbr. Vuvc̨is “Lūcius” ;
Lat. lūmen “light” from * leuk-s -men ; lūna “moon(göttin” ) (*louksnü ), praen. Losna (:
O.Pruss. lauxnos , Av. raoxšnü , M.Ir. lūan, O.Bulg. luna); lūstrum ‘sũhneopfer; stretch of
time from fũnf Jahren” (*leuk-s -trom “Erleuchtung ”), lūstrō , -üre “erhellen, beleuchten ”, also
“clean”, illūstrüre “erleuchten, ans Tageslicht bringen, aufklären; verherrlichen” , back
formation illūstris “hell erleuchtet in die Augen fallend, illustrious ”, lūcu ̆ brum “dawn, twilight ”
(*leukos- ro-), lūcu ̆ brüre “by light or night work ”;
Welsh llug ‘schimmer, radiance “, llug у dydd “daybreak ” (= O.Ind. rōka ́-, Arm. lois) Loth
RC 39, 73; Gaul. *leuxos “bright”, *leukü “the white ”, s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.
O.Ir. luchair “ radiance “, lūaichtide “gleaming ”, luach- te “weißglũhend” ; O.Ir. lōcharn ,
luacharn f. ‘shiner, Laterne, lamp, light ”, Welsh llugorn (also llygorn m., pl. llygyrn ), Corn.
lugarn ds., Bret. lugern m. “ radiance “;

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Gaul. Leucetius, Loucetius “epithet of Mars ” (compare Lat.-Osc. Lūcetius ); M.Ir. lóch,
lúach “gleaming ”, O.Ir. lōchet (n. nt-stem) “lightning”, out of it borrowed Welsh lluched ,
O.Corn. luhet , Bret. luc”hed-enn “lightning”; M.Ir. lūan “light, moon ”, dīa lūain “Montag”
(*leuk-s -no- : Lat. lūna); Welsh llwg “gleaming ”, llygo “einen radiance throw ” (compare with
the meaning from Gk. λεύσσω as “ con-spicuus ” under Welsh am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg -lwg
“conspicuus ”); M.Ir. loch “black” (*luko- ), Welsh llwg ‘schwarzgelb ”, zero grade llug “black”
(*louko- ) probably originally “gleaming black ”;
Goth. liuhaÞ “light” (: Lat. Lūcetius , Gaul. Leucetius ), O.H.G. O.S. lioht “bright” and n.
“light”, O.E. lēoht ds.; Goth. lauhatjan “gleam, shine, flash ”, O.H.G. lougazzen and zero
grade lohazzen “flame, burn, fiery sein ”, O.E. līegetu f. “lightning”; O.H.G. lōh “bewachsene
Lichtung, niedriges shrubbery, bush ”, M.L.G. lōh, lōch “ spinney, bush ”, names as Water-
loo, O.E. lēah “offenes Land, meadow ”, O.Ice. lō fn. “Lichtung ” (= O.Ind. lōka ́- etc.); O.H.G.
lauc, loug, O.E. līeg, O.Ice. leygr , mask. i-stem “flame, fire ” (= O.Ind. rōcí-, Slav. lučь),
O.Ice. logi m. = O.Fris. loga “flame”, M.H.G. lohe “flame”; O.Ice. ljōmi m., O.S. liomo , O.E.
lēoma “ radiance “ (*leuk-mon- ), Goth. lauhmuni “lightning, flame ” (áu, compare Eng. levin
“lightning” from *lauhuƀni -);
O.Ice. lōn f. (*luhnō ) ‘stilles water ”, logn n. “Windstille ” (compare Gk. λευκη γαλήνη)
“blanke Windstille ”);
O.Ice. ljōri m. “Rauchloch ”, Nor. ljōra ‘sich aufklären” , M.H.G. ūz-lieren ds.;
due to of -es-stem O.Ice. lȳr m. ( *leuhiz ) “Lub, Gadus pollichius ” (from the hellen Farbe
the Seiten and of Bauches of Fisches), O.Ice. lȳsa f. “Merluccius vulgaris, Merlan ”, Nor.
lysing ds., compare Swe. löja, löga “Abramis alburnus ” from *laugiōn , Ger. Lauge “Cyprinus
alburnus and leuciscus ”); M.H.G. liehsen “bright” (*leuhsna- = Av. raoxšna -), O.Ice. ljōs n.
“light” (*leuhsa- ), lȳsa “gleam, shine, gleam, bright make, define, announce, declare “ = O.E.
líexan, līxan “gleam, shine ”;

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Lith. laũkas “blässig” , laũkas “field” (“Lichtung ”), see above O.Ind. lōka ́-, rocá- etc.;
O.Pruss. luckis “wooden log ” (= O.Ind. rucí-), ablaut. with Sloven. lúč etc. “Lichtspan ”; FlN
Lith. Laukesà ;
O.Bulg. luča “ray” (louki̯ü , compare Gk. λοῦσσον ), Church Slavic also lučь m. “ray, light ”
(= O.Ind. roci-, O.H.G. loug), Sloven. lúč f. “light”, pl. “Lichtspäne” , Russ. luč “ray”, luča ́ “
chip of pinewood “, Cz. louč “Kien”; O.Bulg. luna “moon” (*louk-s -nü, as Lat. lūna etc.);
Toch. А В luk- “gleam, shine, erleuchten ”; A lok, lokit, В laukito “ strange “, lauke “wide”
(compare Lith. laũk, laũkan “ out of doors, forth, out “ from laũkas “field”);
Hitt. luk(k)- “gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire ”.
2. with the meaning “black” (from “gleaming black ” or “verbrannt ”): see above S. 688;
but Lat. lūcius “Hecht” stands for “the Schillernde ”.
3. With leuk- “gleam, shine ” deckt sich leuk- ‘see”:
O.Ind. lō ́ katē , lō ́ catē “ beholds, wird gewahr ”, lōka ́ yati , lōca ́ yati “contemplates ”, lōcanam
“eye”;
Gk. λεύσσω ‘see, observe ”;
Welsh am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg- lwg “conspicuus ”, go-lwg “vision, face” (also Welsh etc. llygad
“eye” from * lukato- );
Lith. láukiu , láukti “auf jemanden wait, hold on ”, lūke ́ti “ein wenig harren ”, Ltv. lũkuôt ‘see,
show, auf etwas sehen, versuchen ”, O.Pruss. laukīt ‘suchen”; from “whereupon see, show ”:
“aim, meet (throw) ” and “receive, bekommen ” : lučiti sę “to meet, geschehen; mũssen” ; in
R.C.S. lučiti “jemanden treffen ”, etc.
4. A parallel root leuk̂- in:
O.Ind. rúśant - “licht, bright, white ”, Church Slavic vъs-lysъ “naked, bald, bleak ”, Russ.
lūsyj “naked, bald, bleak, blässig” ; in addition perhaps the name of Luchses (development
from den funkelnden Augen or rather after seinem grauweißen fell, fur): Arm. lusanunk ” pl.,

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Gk. λύγξ, λυγκός (whence die nasalization?), O.H.G. luhs, O.E. lox, next to which O.S. lō
from * luha- (compare perhaps dt. Fuchs : Goth. fauhō ), Lith. lū ́ šis, Ltv. lūsìs, O.Pruss.
luysis , O.Bulg. rysь (with r instead of l after rъvati “ausreißen” ?); after Vasmer expounded
sich das Slav. r perhaps through Iran. borrowing; not ganz sicher steht die meaning “Luchs”
for das zudem auf voiced-nonaspirated auslautende M.Ir. lug, gen. loga; on the other hand
expounded Loth RC 36, 103 Welsh lloer, Bret. loar “moon” from * lug-rü, so that one -g, -k, -
k̂ as extensions auffassen could; compare also above S. 688 Gk. λουνόν.
References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164;
different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 1073.
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leu-1, *leu̯ǝ- : lū ̆-
English meaning: dirt
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmutz, beschmutzen ”
Material: Gk. λῦμα ‘smut, disgrace, shame ”, λύ̄μη, “ vituperation “, λῡμαίνομαι “beschimpfe;
schände; richte elendzugrunde” ; λύθρον , -ος “ defilement, contamination ”;
Alb.Tosk lum ‘slime, mud ”, Gheg lũm, Tosc ler ds. ( lum-, respectively leu-d(h)r- ), Illyr. PN
Ludrum (: Gk. λύθρον);
Lat. polluō ‘sully”, lustrum “puddle, slop ”, lutum “ filth, ordure ” =
O.Ir. loth f. ‘smut”, Gaul. PN Lutēva , in addition Welsh (with lengthened grade) lludedic
“muddy”; with other suffix M.Ir. con-luan “Hundekot ”, Bret. louan ‘sale”;
Lith. lutūnas, -nė “pool, Lehmpfũtze” ; here probably also Lith. liū ́ nas “morass”.
References: WP. II 406.
See also: see also under leug-2 .
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leu-2 (*leuĝh -)
English meaning: to cut off, separate, free
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abschneiden, trennen, loslösen”
Note:
Root leu-2 (*leuĝh -): “to cut off, separate, free ” : Root leuĝ- (*leuĝh -): “to break”
Note: also leu̯ǝ- and lēu- : lǝu- (: lū ̆-), partly leu-s-
Material: O.Ind. lunü ́ ti , lunō ́ ti “cuts, slices, clips, cuts ”, lūna ́- “ cropped, truncated, cut off,
geschnitten ” (: M.Ir. lon), lavítra - n. ‘sickle”, laví- f. ds. (: Gk. λαῖον, O.Ice. lē ds.), lava- m.
“das Schneiden, Schur, wool, hair, break, section ”, lüva- “incisive”, lüvaka - m.
“Abschneider, Mäher” ;
Gk. λύω “löse, befreie; vertilge etc.”, λύᾱ f. “Auflösung, separation”, λύσις f. “Lösung” ,
λύτρον n. “Lösegeld” ; βου-λῡτός m. “ time of Ausspannens the Rinder, evening ” (: so-lūtus );
λαῖον “ plowshare “ (λαFι̯ον; compare O.Ice. lē, M.L.G. lē, lehe ‘sickle” from * lewan- and
O.Ind. laví- ds.); ἀλωή, Att. ἅλως f. “ threshing floor ”;
Alb. laj “zahle eine blame ” (*lǝuni̯ō , ablaut equally with Gk. λα(F)ῖον); përlaj “rob”,
perhaps also letë “Mähne” (*leu-t- ) and (from the root form auf - s) lesh (*leus- ) “wool, hair”
(compare the same meaning in O.Ind. lava- ); da after Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. fluer “Fach a
footlocker “ (*vë-lor- from IE *lēu-r-), sh-lor “Hangegerũst” , pluar (*pë-luar) “ plowshare “,
lug, lugu “trough”, flugë “board”, lugë ‘spoon” ;
Maybe Alb. pluar (*pë-luar) “ plowshare “ derived from O.Ind. phüla - m. “ plowshare “ see
Root (s)p(h)el -1 : to split, cut off, tear off; board
Lat. luō, -ere “atone, pay ”, in Glossen “λύω”, reluō “löse again ein” , solvō (*se-luō)
solūtus “loosen”, luēs (“*Auflösung” , hence:) “unreine Flũssigkeit etc.” ;

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M.Ir. lon “Hammel, Schöps” (: O.Ind. lūna ́-), O.Ir. loë f. “wool, Fließ” (*lōu ̯ i̯ü ), ló ds.
(*lōu ̯ ü);
Goth. lun acc. sg. “Lösegeld” , us-luneins “Erlösung” , O.E. ü-lynnan “release”; O.Ice. lȳja
“hit, (mũrbe) knock, enfeeble” , participle lūinn “ermũdet” , Mod.Ice. lūi “Ermattung ”; O.Ice. lē
m. ‘sickle” (see above); *lawa “abgelöste Rinde as Gerbmittel” in O.H.G. lō, gen. lōwes n.
Ger. Lohe , M.L.G. lō ds.; O.Ice. lǫgg f. “ residuum “ (*lau̯u̯ō ); O.H.G. līh-lawi (līhlōa , līhla),
M.L.G. līk-lawe ‘scar” (ibd.); O.Ice. lūðr “trough” (ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter stem); O.H.G.
lūdara “ cradle “; ablaut. Swe. dial. ljuder “alter crack an a tree ”;
with the meaning “abgeschnittenes board ” here Russ. láva “board, bench, Steig ”, Lith.
lóva “ bedstead “, Ltv. lüva “Pritsche, Bettstelle ”, Dan. older lo, Swe. lofve, loge , O.S. loi, lo,
O.Ice. lōfi m. “threshing floor, barn ” (O.Ice. lüfi is eine old Ablautform *lēwan -);
Toch. A lo, В lau “remote, distant, apart, separated ”; A law-, В lyu- “fortschicken ”; A lot
“ditch, trench, channel, hole ”;
Hitt. lu-uz-zi (luzzi) “tax, Belastung ” from (*leuĝh -) (compare Gk. λύτρον).
s-extension: Goth. fra-liusan , O.H.G. far-liosan “lose”; Goth. fralusnan “verlorengehen ”,
O.Ice. losna “lose, lax become ”, losa “loosen”, postverbal los n. “Lösung” , O.E. losian
“verlorengehen ”, Denomin. to los n. “loss”; lysu “evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil ” (*lusiwa- ),
Goth. fralusts , O.H.G. forlust “loss”; Goth. laus “los, empty, bare, lacking ”, O.Ice. lauss
“free, lose, aufgelöst” , O.H.G. lōs “free, stolen; looted , lose”, O.E. lēas “ empty, bare,
lacking , stolen; looted, deceitful “, O.Ice. lausung f. “Unzuverlässichkeit” , O.E. lēasung “lie,
falsity”, lēasian “lie”; Goth. lausjan , O.H.G. lōsian, lōsōn “losen”; perhaps aDan. liuske m.
“Weiche” > O.Ice. ljōski , M.L.G. lēsche , M.Du. liesche , nDutch lies, O.E. léosca “Weiche”,
as well as M.Du. liesche “dũnne skin” , Swiss lösch “ lax “; with a meaning “(los)hit, knock ”
probably also O.Ice. ljōsta “hit, prick, meet ”, ljōstr “ fork zum Fischstechen ”, Mod.Ice. lustr

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“cudgel, club ” (“*abgehauenes Aststũck” ); as old wird diese Anwendung erwiesen, if M.Ir.
loss “tail, end”, Welsh llost ‘spear, javelin ”, llosten “tail”, Bret. lost “tail” anzureihen are;
here (Specht IE Decl. 56) Ltv. laûska ‘splinter, shard ”, ablaut. Lith. lùskos “rag”, lùzgana
“husk, scale, husk “, lusnà “husk, bowl ”, Russ. lustá ds., etc. Möglicherweise related is *lēu-
‘stone”, see there.
References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from vorrom.
and Proto-Gmc. *leiskü, *leuskü, *laskü in Ger. Lische, Fr. laîche etc. “carex” reconstructs
J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. ein IE elei-, eleu-, elǝ- “cut, clip”.
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leup- and leub -, leubh -
English meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abschälen, entrinden, abbrechen, beschädigen”
Note: probably extensions from leu-2 .
Material: With b:
O.Ice. laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. “basket, Holzwerk ”, O.E. léap m. “basket, trunk ”,
M.L.G. lōp m. “ wooden vessel ”, læ ̄ pen n. “basket”; die Bal.-Slav. examples under can just
as well b as bh contain.
With bh:
Lat. liber “bast, book ” (*luber , *lubh- ro-s);
Alb. labë “bark, cork ” (*loubh- );
O.Ir. luib, Ir. luibh f. “herb”, O.Ir. lub-gort “garden”, O.Welsh pl. luird “Gärten” ;
Goth. lubja-leis “giftkundig ”, O.Ice. lȳf f. “Heilkraut ”, O.E. lybb n. “ poison, charm, spell ”,
lyfesn f. “charm, spell ”. O.S. lubbi , O.H.G. luppi “Pflanzensaft, poison, charm, spell ”; Goth.
laufs m., lauf n. “ foliage, leaf ”, O.E. léaf, O.H.G. loub n. ds., louba f. ‘schutzdach from
bark”, Ger. Laube ;
Lith. lubà “board”, Ltv. luba “ shingle “, O.Pruss. lubbo f. “board”, ablaut. Lith. luõbas m. “
bark, outer covering of a tree “ (*lōubhos ), Ltv. luõbs m. “bowl”; Lith. lùbena “Obstschale ”;
Russ. lub “Borke, bast ”, etc., Church Slavic lъbь “cranium”, Serb. lùbina ds.;
With p:
O.Ind. lumpáti “zerbricht, damages, plũndert” , lōpa ́ yati “verletzt” (= Slav. lupiti, Lith.
laupūti ), lōptra - n. ‘swelling, blister ”;
Gk. λύ̄πη f. “Kränkung” , λῡπέω “betrũbe” , etc.;

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Lith. lupù, lupti “abhäuten, schälen” , Ltv. lupt “ds., mug, rob ”, Lith. laupūti , Ltv. laupít
‘schälen, abblättern; rob” , Lith. lùpena “Obstschale ”, lupsnìs “abgeschälte Tannenrinde” ;
Russ. lupljú , lupítь ‘schälen, peel; aufpicken (eggs); die Augen aufreißen, glotzen; hit,
thrash”, lúpa “Hautschuppe ”, Church Slavic lupežь “ robbery “ (etc.);
unclear is the labial ( b, bh or p) in M.Ir. luchtar “boat” (from bark), O.H.G. lo(u)ft “bark,
bast”, O.Ice. lopt n. “ ceiling, Dachstube ” and “Luft” (‘sky, heaven as obere cover ”),
Goth. luftus f., ahd O.S. luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. “Luft, sky, heaven ”, M.L.G. lucht
“Oberstock, Bodenraum ”; also unclear in O.Ir. lomm , Welsh llwm “bare, naked ” (*lup-smo-
or *lub(h)-smo-), M.Ir. lommraim ‘schäle” ; unclear is M.Ir. lumman “covering ”.
References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.
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lē ̆ b-, lō ̆ b-, lāb-, leb-
English meaning: to hang down loosely; lip
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff herabhängen” , also “Lippe” (?)
Note: partly with anlaut. s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep- “peel” am
Schlusse) forms auf -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h) -. Viele expressive formations.
Material: Gk. λοβός ‘schotenhũlse, Samenkapsel; Ohrläppchen” , ἔλλοβος ‘schotentragend ”,
λεβηρίς ‘schlangenhaut, Bohnenhũlse” Hes., λέβινθοι “ Erbsen”;
Lat. only with ü̆: labō, -üre “wobble, waver ”, lübor, -ī, lapsus “glide, slide, sink,
fehlgehen ”;lübēs , -is “Einsinken, fall, Erdrutsch; Untergang, ruin ” and “Makel, Schandfleck ”;
perhaps labor , -ōris “toil, load; Anstrengung; then: work ”, labōrüre ‘sich mũhen, be afflicted “
(actually “das tired Wanken under a load ”); probably labium (labeum ), labrum n. (mostly pl.
labia , labra ) “lip, edge ”;
rich evolved in Gmc. :
1. Ice. Nor. lapa ‘schlaff herabhängen” , Ice. lapi “homo sui negligens ”, M.H.G. erlaffen
“erschlaffen ”, Ger. laff ‘slack, faint, languid ”; geminated: O.Ice. leppr m. ( *lappja- ) “rag, curl
“, O.S. lappo “Zipfel, rag ”, M.L.G. lappe “piece, rag, dewlap “, O.E. læрра, lappa m. “Zipfel,
rag” (Eng. lap “lap”), O.E. ēar-liprica , Ger. (nd.) Ohr-läppchen (with einf. p M.L.G.ōr-lepel
ds., M.H.G. leffel “ear of Hasen ”, Ger. die Löffel ); N.Ger. laps, schlaps, lapp “läppischer,
dummer person ”, Ger. Laffe (*lapan- ); besides auf IE -p: Du. laffaard “Laffe” - at first from
Du. laf “faint, languid, slack, clownish “ - and with Gmc. bb M.H.G. lappe - also lape - and
Ger. Lapp , läppisch , finally lengthened grade M.H.G. luof “ fool “;
from the root form auf IE p further O.Ice. lafa “dangle, hangen ”, M.H.G. participle erlaben
“erschlafft ”, Swiss labe “horse with hängenden ears, ox with downwards gekehrten

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Hörnern” ; Swe. dial. labba “anhängen” , N.Ger. labbe “(hängende) lip” , O.H.G. (from dem
N.Ger. ) lappa f., M.H.G. lappe f. m. “niederhängendes Stũck Zeug, rag” ;
maybe Alb. lapë “hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf ”, *labba, llapa “tongue, *lip ”,
llap “talk”, llap-ush (diminutive) “long eared, animal with long ears ”, llapushë “broad-leafed
cabbage, covering leaf of maize ”, lopë “cow (with a big tongue) ”, lepur “rabbit, hare (with big
ears)” from which derived Lat. lepus -oris, m. hare . lepusculus -i, m. a young hare. Also
O.Ind. lopüs ́ a ́ - m. “ jackal, fox “, Lith. lapenti “to swallow food ” [see below]; hence Alb.
proves that from Root lē ̆ b-, lō ̆ b-, lüb-, leb- : (to hang down loosely; lip) derived Root u̯l̥p-,
lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)]
2. with the meaning “lip” as “die hängende” (as Lat. labium ): mnl. lippe f., Ger. Lippe ,
O.Fris. O.E. lippa m. “lip”, (*lepi̯-an-), Nor. lepe (*lep-an-), O.H.G. leffur , O.S. lepur ds.,
O.H.G. lefs “Lefze” (*lep-s );
3. with anlaut. s-: Goth. slēpan, saizlēp , O.S. slüpan , O.H.G. slüfan , O.E. slæpan
‘schlafen”, Goth. slēps etc. ‘sleep”, O.Ice. slüpr “träger person” , Dutch slaap , O.H.G. slüf m.,
Ger. ‘schläfe”; M.L.G. Dutch slap ‘slack”, O.H.G. slaf (-ff-), Ger. schlaff , Ice. Nor. slapa (=
lapa) ‘schlaffherabhängen” ; geminated O.Ice. slappi “long, verwachsener person ”, Swe.
slapp “arm, inactive ”;
Maybe Alb. *flen, flę ‘sleep” from OHG slüfan ‘sleep”, other cognates are Nw. dial. vale
“deep sleep ”, Sw. dial. valbjörn “ whitethorn, *sleep thorn “, OSw. *val-moghe, valmoghe
“poppy”.
Also Alb. sklepë “matter from the eyes, rheum ” from Gmc. Schleim “rheum” and Ger.
schlappen
with IE -p-: O.Ice. slafask “erschlaffen ” and - from the imagining herabhängenden
Schleimes from - probably also Ice. slafra “geifern”, M.Eng. slaveren , Eng. slaver ds., Ice.
slevja f. ‘slobber”, Nor. slevjen ‘schleimig, kotig ”; Nor. slabbe , Swe. slabba “ pollute “, M.Du.

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slabben “ befoul, slurp “, Ger. schlappen (also “geifern”), M.Eng. slabben ‘sich in ordure
wälzen” , Ger. (N.Ger. ) schlappern, schlabbern , Swe. dial. slabb ‘schlammwasser ”, Eng.
dial. slab ‘schleimig, schlũpfrig” , Subst. “mud puddle ”;
Lith. slobstù , slõbti “weak become ”, Lith. žem. slãbnas , E.Lith. slõbnas “weak”, Ltv. slübe ̂ t
“zusammenfallen ” (from a swelling, lump, growth);
O.C.S. slаbъ etc. “weak”.
Nasalized lemb(h) -:
O.Ind. rámbate , lambate “hängt herab, hängt sich an” , lambana- “herabhängend” , n.
“herabhängender jewellery, Phlegma” ;
Lat. limbus “Besatz am Kleid, hem ”; about Gk. λέμφος see under;
O.E. (ge)limpan “ proceed, go ahead, glũcken” , O.H.G. limphan, limfan , M.H.G. limpfen
“angemessen sein ”, O.E. gelimp n. “Ereignis, chance, luck “, M.H.G. g(e)limpf
“Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle Nachricht; Benehmen ”, changing through ablaut aN.Ger.
gelumplīk “ fitting”, M.H.G. limpfen “hinken”, Eng. to limp “hinken”, limp ‘schlaff
herabhängend” , N.Ger. lumpen “hinken”, also Ger. (N.Ger. ) Lumpen ‘scrap, shred” ;
compare from a Gmc. Nebenwurzel lemb- (wäre IE *lembh- ): M.H.G. lampen (and
slampen ), N.Ger. lempen “welk niederhängen” , Swiss lampe “ dewlap, herabhängender
rag”; O.E. lemp(i)healt “hinkend”;
maybe Alb. *lampe, lapër “dewlap”
with anlaut. s-: Nor. dial. slampa “careless, neglectful go ”, Eng. dial. slamp “ds., hinken ”,
Nor. dial. slamsa “lose hängen, dangle” ; Nor. (M.L.G. ) slump “ chance, luck “, Eng. slump
“morass, nasse place ”, to slamp, slump “plumpsen, klatschen ”, M.H.G. slampen ‘schlaff
herabhängen” , Ger. dial. schlampen ‘schlaff herabhängen, careless, neglectful sein” ,
Schlumpe, Schlampe “uN.entliches Frauenzimmer ” (probably with N.Ger. p);

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O.Ice. sleppa, slapp “entfallen, entgleiten ” (*slemp- ), Kaus. sleppa (*slampian ) “drive
lassen”, Eng. dial. slemp “ausweichen, wegschleichen, sich herabsenken ”; from a root form
auf Gmc. b (compare Gk. λέμφος “ mucus, Rotz ”); M.L.G. M.H.G. slam (-mm-), Ger.
Schlamm (*slamba- ), LateM.H.G. slemmen ‘schlemmen ”, Nor. slemba f. ‘schlampe ”,
slemba “klatschen ”, Ice. “dangle”; further perhaps die group from M.H.G. slimp (-mb-), slim
(-mm-) ‘slant, skew, slantwise “ under likewise; perhaps to Ltv. slīps from * slimpas “
slantwise, steil ”, Lith. nu-slim̃pa “entschlũpft” .
Maybe Alb. *(s)liom, llom, llohë “mud, sludge, sediment ” [the shift LI > LL]
References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.
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lēg ̂(h)-1 : lǝg ̂(h)-
English meaning: twig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zweig”, originally “Haselstrauch ”
Material: Alb. lethī́, laithī́ (*lǝg ̂-) “Haselstaude ”;
Lith. laz-d-à ‘stick, Haselstrauch ”, Ltv. lazda “Haselstrauch ”, lagzda ds. ( *laz-g- da),
secondary lę(g)zda ds., O.Pruss. laxde f. ds., kel-laxde ‘spear shaft ”;
Slav. lěs-k -a f. in Serb. lijèska “Haselstaude ”, Pol. las-k -a ‘stick”;
doubtful whether here O.C.S. loza “Weinrebe, sprout ”, Serb. lòza ds., etc. ( *lǝg ̂ ü); s. also
under loĝ- “rod, Gerte ”.
References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek
Recherches 25 ff.
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lēg ̂ h-2 : lǝg ̂ h-
English meaning: to crawl on the ground; low
Deutsche Übersetzung: “am Boden kriechen, niedrig ”
Material: O.Ice. lügr “low” (out of it Eng. low), M.H.G. læ ̄ ge “flat”, nd. lǟge “low”;
Ltv. lę̂zns “flat”, lẽzêt , lēža ̂ t “rutschen ”, Lith. le ̃kštas “flat”, lúožas “Niederbeugen of
Getreides ”, newer lože ̃ ds.; O.Pruss. līse “crawls”;
Slav. ( O.Bulg. etc.) lězǫ, lěsti “ grovel, truckle, creep, schreiten, ascend “, to Russ. lazína
“Gereut”, Ser. -Cr. lȁz ‘steig” etc.
Is lēg ̂ h- eine variant from legh- “lie”?
References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.
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(lē ̆ ig-2), līg-
English meaning: appearance; body; similar
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gestalt; von der Gestalt jemandes, similarly or gleich ”
Material: Goth. leik n. “body, Fleisch, corpse “, O.Ice. līk “body, body, corpse “, O.E. līc ds.,
O.S. līk, O.H.G. līh (gen. līhhi, fem.) “Körpergestalt, Aussehen, body, corpse “ ; Goth. galeiks
“gleich”, O.Ice. glīkr, līkr “gleich, gleich gut ”, O.E. gelīc, O.S. gilīk, O.H.G. gilīh, Ger. gleich
(“the same Gestalt habend ”), Goth. ƕileiks “as beschaffen, who, what, which, the one that ”
etc.; Goth. leikan, galeikan “gefallen”, O.Ice. līka ds., O.E. līcian (Eng. like “gern have ”),
O.S. līkōn ds., O.H.G. līchēn “ds., gleich sein, angemessen sein ”, O.Ice. līkr “ fitting”, līkna
“verzeihen ” (‘sich compare ”);
Lith. lūg, lūgus “gleich”, lūgti “gleichen”, Ltv. līgt “ũbereinkommen” , līdzis “gleich”,
O.Pruss. polīgu adv. “gleich”, līgint “richten” (rechtlich) = O.Lith. liginti “Gericht halten ”, Lith.
lūginti “compare, gleichmachen (rechtlich) ”.
References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Ltv. Gk. 508 f.
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lē(i)-2
English meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gewähren, Besitz” ; med. “erwerben, gewinnen ”
Note: originally “ũberlassen” and = lē(i)-3 “lassen”
Material: O.Ind. rütí- “willing to give, bereitwillig; f. Verleihung, grace “, rü ́ ti “verleiht, grants ”;
Gk. λάτρον n. “earnings, Sold ”, λατρεύς , λάτρις “Lohnarbeiter ”, λατρέυω “diene um Sold ”;
Lat.latrō is Gk. Lw.;
O.Ice. lüð, O.E. læ ̄ ð n. “ estate “, Goth. unlēÞs “arm” = O.E. unlæ ̄ d (e) “ woeful, wretched,
miserable “, with gradation O.Ice. lōð f., n. “yield of Bodens ”;
with s-suffix here probably also O.H.G. - lüri (e.g. in gōz-lüri “Goslar”), O.H.G. ga-lüeswes
“Angrenzer ”, O.E. læ ̄ s, g. læ ̄ swe f. “Weideland ” (*lēsu ̯ ü ), die Swe.-Dan. Ortsnamenendung -
lösa, -løse and (?) O.Bulg. lěsъ “wood, forest ”;
maybe Alb. lis “oak, oak forest ” from O.C.S. : lěsъ “forest, wood(s) ”, Russian: les “forest,
wood(s)”, Ukrainian: lis “forest, wood(s) ”.
O.Bulg. lětь, lětijǫ jestъ “licet”; in Balt only Diphthongformen: Lith. líeta “thing, affair “, Lw.
from Ltv. lìeta “thing, supplementary ”, and probably also Lith. láima “luck”, laimùs
“glũckhaft” , laime ́ti “ gain “.
References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.
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lē(i)-3
English meaning: to weaken; feeble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nachlassen ”
Note: (= lē(i)- “grant”, see there)
Material: a. Probably in Gk. ἐλῑ-νύ-ω “bin idle, lazy, raste ”; Lat. lētum “death, Vernichtung ”
(“*schlaff dahinsinken ”, compare “das Leben lassen ”); lēnis “gentle, mild ” (perhaps
reshaped from * lēnos =) Lith. le ́nas “ peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow ”; Ltv. lē ̨̀ns ds.,
O.Bulg. lěnъ “idle”; with other suffixes Ltv. lē-lis ‘schlaffer person ”; lēts “light, wohlfeil ”, Lith.
le ̃tas “ stupid, oafish “ (originally ‘slack”); Ltv. laita “die Faule ”.
b. root extension lē[i]d - : lǝd-:
Gk. ληδεῖν “ idle, tired sein ”;
Alb. loth “make tired “, lodhem “werde tired “ (*lēd-), Gheg lą, Tosc lē ̈ “I lasse” (*lǝd-nō),
participle Gheg lanë, Tosc lënë “gelassen ” (*lǝdno -);
Lat. lassus “lаß, faint, languid, tired, abgespannt” (*lǝd-to-);
Goth. lētan (laílōt ), O.Ice. lüta, O.H.G. lüzan , O.S. lütan , O.E. læ ̄ tan “lassen, abandon “,
zero grade Goth. lais “idle”, O.Ice. latr ds., O.H.G. laz “laß, idle, faint, languid, late” (superl.
lazzōst, lezzist , Ger. - from dem N.Ger. - letzter ), O.S. lat “idle, late ” (superl. letisto , lazto
“last”, O.E. læt (superl. lætost, Eng. last) ds.; causative *latjan “lasse make, hemmen ” in
Goth. latjan “träge make, hinder” , O.H.G. lezzen “hemmen, hinder, beschädigen, injure”,
reflex. ‘sich letzen (= sich wobei aufhalten), sich gũtlich tun” , etc., O.E. lettan , ne. to let
“hinder”; O.Ice. lǫskr ‘soft, slack ”, M.L.G. lasch , wFris. lask “light, thin ” (Gmc. *latskwa- );
lēid- in Lith. léidžiu , léidmi , léisti “lasse”, ablaut. paláidas “lose”, paláida “Zũgellosigkeit,
Hurerei”, lyde ́ti “geleiten”, láidoti “bestatten” ; Ltv. laîst “lassen”, abbreviated Imper. laî,
Permissivpartikel (also Lith. dial. laĩ, O.Pruss. - lai in boū-lai “wäre” ).

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lē ̆ i-4
English meaning: to pour
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gießen, fließen, tröpfeln”
Note: perhaps identical with lei-3.
Material: O.Ind. perhaps pra-līna- “aufgelöst, ermattet”, vi-linüti “zergeht, löst sich auf”
(“zerfließt” ?);
Gk. ἄλεισον n. “Weingefäß” (*lei-tu̯-om);
dubious Alb. lumë , lymë “river”, lisë, lysë, lusë “Вach”;
Lat. lītus, -oris n. “beach, seaside, seashore ” (“Flutgegend ”) from * leitos ;
Welsh lli m. “flood, sea ” (*līi̯ant-s = O.Ir. lië ds.), pl. lliant “Fluten, sea ” (*līi̯antes ); llif m.
“flood, inundation “ (*lī-mo-), Corn. lyf ds., M.Bret. livat “ inundation “, Bret. liñva “flood”;
Welsh llyr- m. ‘sea, Meeresgott ” (Eng. PN Lear), O.Ir. ler ds. ( *li-ro-); Welsh llin, Corn. lyn,
Bret. lin “pus” (*lī-no-); M.Welsh dy-llyð “Ausgießen” (*-lii̯o-), di-llyð “gießt from” ; O.Ir. do-lin
‘streams” (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. “flood” (*to-lii̯o-), tōlae n. ds.(* to-uks-lii̯o-); about lië see above;
Goth. leiÞu n. acc. “Obstwein ”, O.Ice. līð n. “beer”, O.H.G. līth, asächs. līð m. n.
“Obstwein ”;
Lith. líeju, líeti “pour” (old le ́ju, IE *lēi̯ō), lį̄ja lūti “rain, stream ”, lūdau , lūditi “rain lassen, fat
zerlassen ”; lytùs m. “rain”, lytìs f. “form, shape ” (“*Gußform” ), üt-lajis m. “Abfluß” ; Ltv. liêt
“pour”, lît “rain”, liêtus m. “rain”; líetas and Ltv. liêts “vergossen ”, O.Pruss. pra-lieiton, pra-
leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.;
perhaps here Lith. Lietuvà “Litauen” (“Kũstenland” ), Ltv. Leĩtis “Litauer”;
O.C.S. lějǫ lijati and lijǫ liti “pour”; ablaut. Slav. * loj “tallow, suet ” (Lith. ãt-lajis “Abfluß” ) in
Church Slavic loj etc.; Slov. pre-lit “ũbergossen” , Cz. litū “gegossen ”; Slav. present *lьjǫ is
neologism.

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lēk-1 : lǝk-
English meaning: trap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Reis, zur Schlinge gedrehtes Reis or Strick, in einer solchen
fangen”??
Note: word the Jägersprache (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)
Root lēk-1 : lǝk- : trap” : Root lēk-2 : lǝk- : to tear” derived from * nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root nogʷ-,
nogʷod(h)o -, nogʷ-no- : naked”.
Material: Lat. laciō, -ere “locken”, lacessō, -ere “ challenge, banter, stir, tease, irritate ”,
lactō , dē-lectō , dē-liciō “verfũhre, entzũcke” , lax “Koder, loop, noose, snare “ under likewise,
laqueus “ a noose, halter, snare, trap “ (voneinem u-stem *lacus ?);
Maybe Alb. lak “trap, snare, rope ”.
O.E. læ ̄ l(a) “twig, branch, Peitsche, Hiebmal, Strieme ” (*lühil -)?
References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.
See also: Perhaps to lek-2.
Page(s): 673-674

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lēk-2 : lǝk-
English meaning: to tear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerreißen”
Note:
Root lēk-1 : lǝk- : trap” : Root lēk-2 : lǝk- : to tear” derived from * nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root nogʷ-,
nogʷod(h)o -, nogʷ-no- : naked”.
Material: Gk. λακίς ‘scrap, shred ”, λάκος n. ds. (λάκη ρ άκη. Κρ῅τες Hes.), λακίζω “ tear,
rend” ἀπέληκα ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι Hes.;
Alb. (*nak(u̯)-na-) lakur “naked”, lëkurë , likurë “fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a
tree, pod “;
Lat. lacer , -era, -erum “zerfetzt, lacerate, zerfleischt ”, lacerna “mantelartiger U ̈ berwurf” ,
lacinia f. “Zipfel , Besatz or Fransen am Kleid , limbus ; parts from Herden , Äckern under dgl” ;
lancinō, -üre “tear, rend ”;
Pol. ɫach, Russ. lóchma ‘scrap, shred ” (express. ch), etc.
Maybe Alb. (*lóchma ) llokma ‘scrap, shred ”
References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.
Page(s): 674

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lēp-, lōp -, lǝp-
English meaning: flat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flach sein; Hand- , Fußfläche, Schulterblatt, Schaufel, Ruderblatt
under likewise ”
Material: Kurd. lapk “ paw “;
Goth. lōfа m., O.Ice. lōfi m. “flat hand ”; M.L.G. M.Eng. lōf “Windseite ”, actually “big
rudder, wherewith das ship an den wind gehalten wurde ”; changing through ablaut
geminated O.H.G. laffa f., M.H.G. and dial. Ger. laffe “flat hand, shoulder ”, O.H.G. lappo m.
“flat hand, Ruderbla tt” (also in Ger. Bärlapp “lycopodium ”), Nor. Swe. labb m., Dan. lab “
paw “, Ice. löpp f. < Ger. dial. laff “Löwenzahn” ; with m-forms Nor. dial. lōm “Tatze, paw “
(*lōƀma -), handlōm “palm”, Ice. lumma “big, giant hand ”;
Ltv. lę̃pa f. “ paw; Huflattig ”, also ‘seerose, Laichkraut ” (compare оben Ger. laff
“Löwenzahn” ); ablaut. E.Ltv. lùopa , through derailment of ablaut Ltv. lãpa, Lith. lópa “ paw “;
also Lith. lãpas “leaf”, Ltv. lapa ds.;
Russ. etc. lápa “ paw, Tatze ”, Pol. ɫapa ds., ɫapiniec “Bärlapp” ; Cz. tlapa , slovak. dlaba
“Tatze”, Pol. ɫaba = ɫapa;
Lith. lopetà ‘shovel”, Ltv. lâpsta ‘shovel, spade, scapula ”, O.Pruss. lopto ‘spade”; with
other forms and ablaut ǝ:
O.Bulg. lopata “Wurfschaufel ”, Russ. lopáta ‘shovel”, lopátka ‘scapula”, lopátina “ rudder,
helm under likewise ”; Alb. lópëtë ‘shovel” is Slav. Lw.
References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.
Page(s): 679

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lēs: lǝs -
English meaning: weak, feeble
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff, matt ”
Note: extension to lē(i)- “ slacken “
Material: Goth. lasiws (*las-īu ̯ os) “weak”, M.H.G. er-leswen “weak become ”; O.Ice. lasinn
“weak, destructed ”, las-meyrr “weak, woeful, wretched, miserable “, M.L.G. lasich = lasch ,
las ‘slack, faint, languid ”, Ice. laraðr “ tired “;
Maybe Alb. lasht “old, *weak ”
Slav. *lošь in Bulg. loš “evil, bad, evil, schlimm, ugly ”, Ser.-Cr. lȍš “ unlucky, evil, bad ”
under likewise; very doubtful is citation of Lat. sublestus “weak, small ”;
here as ‘schlaff niederhängender scrap, shred ” perhaps M.L.G. las keilförmiger rag” ,
Dan. Nor. las, lase “rag”, M.L.G. M.H.G. lasche m. “rag, scrap, shred ”; Lith. lãskana “rag,
clout”, Russ. lóskut “piece, rag ”;
Toch. A ljäs ̣ k- “Weiche”.
References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasi̯a- and *laskanü -.
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lēto-, lǝto -
English meaning: warm season; day, summer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “warme Zeit; Tag, Sommer ”
Material: O.Ir. la(i)the n. “day”, Gaul. Lat... “days” in Kalender from Coligny;
altgutn. laÞigs “in spring “, Swe. dial. låding , låing “ spring “, i la ̊ digs “in vorigen Frũhjahr”
(*lēt-);
O.Bulg. lěto “warme season, year ”, Russ. lěto ‘summer, year ”, dial. ‘south, Sũdwind” , etc.
References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.
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lēu-1
English meaning: to slacken
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nachlassen ”
Note: compare also (s)leu- ‘slack”
Material: Goth. lēw n. “Gelegenheit ”, lēwjan “preisgeben, verraten ” (“*ũberlassen” ), O.E.
læ ̄ wan ds., O.H.G. gi-, fir-lüen “verraten”;
Lith. liáujuos, lióviaus , liáutis “cease”, Ltv. ĺaũju , ĺãwu, ĺaũt “zulassen, allow ”, ĺautës ‘sich
hingeben ”, O.Pruss. aulaūt “die”, ablaut. Lith. lavónas “ corpse “; probably as “zũgellos” ,
Lith. liánas “lose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil ”, Ltv. ĺauns “mad, wicked, evil ”;
Clr. l”ivūty “ slacken, nachgeben ”, l”ivkūj “ lax, lose ”, Cz. leviti “lindern, mäßigen” , levnū
“wohlfeil”; Russ. dial. luná “death”, lúnutь “losschießen, loslassen” ; ablaut. O.C.S. vъlovьnъ
“ἤρεμος” , Cz. povlovnū ‘sachte”.
References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.
Page(s): 682-683

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lēu-2 : lǝu-
English meaning: stone
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stein”
Material: Gk. Hom. λᾶας, gen. λᾶος ‘stone” (Ausgleichung from originally * λ῅Fας; λά̆Fα[σ]ος
n.), Att. λᾶας and λᾶς m., gen. λᾱου etc.; Hom. λᾶιγξ, pl. λά̄ιγγες f. “ small stones “ (probably
with suffix exchange for * λᾱιγκ -, compare Celt. *līu ̯ ank -); κραταίλεως “hartfelsig ” (*-ληFος);
Att. λεύω ‘steinige” (ἐλεύσθην ), λευστήρ ‘steiniger” (from *ληυσ -, IE *lēus -); ablaut. ( *lǝus -)
λαυστήρ m. ‘steinarbeiter ” > “mũhselig, woeful, wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter
Hausgang ”, λαύστρανον “wolf (*Reißer); Schöpfhaken” ; besides dem - ας-stem ein - αρ-stem
*λᾰ̄Fαρ as base from Att. λαύρα, Ion. λαύρη “in Fels gehauener way, alley ”, λαῦρον
μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ ᾽Αθηναίοις Hes., mountain N Λαύρεον ;
Alb. lerë, -a “Gestein, Felssturz ” (*lůu̯erü), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.;
O.Ir. līe, newer līa, gen. līac (disyllabic) “ stone “ (Celt. *līu ̯ ank -, from IE *lēu ̯ ank - or -ǝnk-);
Bret. lia, liac”h “ stone “ is Ir. Lw.
References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gk. 1, 578.
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lēu-3 or lāu-
English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel
Note: (see also lü-, lē-), ungenũgend beglaubigt
Material: A d-extension in Lat. laus, -dis f. “Lob”, laudüre “praise, laud ”.
A t-extension in O.H.G. liod n., O.E. lēoÞ n. “ song “, O.Ice. ljōð n. ‘strophe”, pl. “ songs “,
O.H.G. liudōn , O.E. lēoÞian , O.Ice. ljōða , Goth. liuÞōn ‘sing”, awiliudōn “lobsingen ”, awiliuÞ
“Lobgesang ”.
References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.
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lē[i]-1 : lǝi -
English meaning: to wish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wollen”
Material: Gk. (Dor. ) λ῅ν “wollen”, el. λεοίτᾱν “ἐθελοίτην” , gort. λείοι, λείοντι etc., Ion. λ῅μα n.
“volition”, *λώς “wish, Wahl ” (to λ῅ν, as ζώς to ζ῅ν), therefrom compar. λώιον “better” (Hom.
only λώιον, λωΐτερον ), superl. λώιστος , λῶστος ; λαιδρός “ pert, audacious ”, λαιμός “wild,
ausgelassen ”, also λῑρός “ cheeky, lascivious “; doubtful λίᾱν, Ion. λίην “very, allzusehr ”, λῖ
(Epicharm) ds., λην λίανHes., Verstärkungspartikel λαι -(σποδίας), λι-(πόνηρος ), λᾱ-
(κατάρᾱτος; rhythm. lengthening for * λᾰ-), as well as λέως (*ληFος), Ion. λείως adv. “whole,
vollständig” ; whether “after wish, in gewũnschtem Ausmaße” - “very, to very ”?
Perhaps here O.Ir. air-le f. “Beratung ” (*ari-lai̯ü), irlithe “gehorsam ”;
Gmc. *la-Þō f. “Einladung ” in O.Ice. lǫð “das Einladen ”, Run. laÞu, Goth. laÞaleikō adv.
“willing”, denominative Goth. laÞōn “einladen, berufen ”, O.Ice. laða ds., O.E. laðian , O.H.G.
ladōn “laden , berufen ”; in addition ablaut. M.H.G. luoder “Lockspeise, Schlemmerei ” (out of
it Fr. leurre ), Ger. Luder.
References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.
Page(s): 665

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lī̆-no-
English meaning: flax
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lein”?
Material: Lat. līnum “Flachs, flax ”;
O.Ir. līn “net”, Ir. lion “Flachs, net ”, Welsh etc. llin “Flachs, flax ” (from dem Lat.);
abweichend Welsh lliain, Corn. Bret. lien “Leinen” (insecure basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II
103, Pokorny KZ. 45, 361 f.);
Alb. li-ri, Gheg lį-ni m. “flax” (from dem Lat.);
Goth. lein, O.N. O.E. O.H.G. līn “Flachs” (from dem Lat.).
With ī: Gk. λίνον “flax”, Lith. lìnas “Flachsstengel ”, pl. linaĩ “Flachs”, Ltv. lini pl., O.Pruss.
linno “Flachs”, O.C.S. *lьnъ “Flachs, flax ”, lьněnъ “leinen”.
References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162.
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loĝ-
English meaning: rod, twig
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rute, Gerte ”?
Material: Gk. ὀ-λόγινον ὀζ῵δες , συμπεφυκ ός Hes., κατά-λογον τ(ην) μύρτον Hes. (probably
as “densis hastilibus horrida myrtus ” Verg. Aen. III 23, formation gleich κατά-κομος ; after
Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)
O.C.S. loza “Weinrebe; sprout esp. of grapevine “, Russ. loza “rod, Gerte; Reis, stem,
willow “ (etc., s. Berneker 736).
References: WP. II 442.
See also: compare above under lēg ̂(h)-.
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lorgā -, lorgi -
English meaning: stick, club
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stock, Knũttel”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: O.Ir. lorc (lorgg ) f. “club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis ”, M.Ir. lurga f. ‘shinbone”,
gen. lurgan , M.Welsh llory “club, mace, joint ”, llorf “foot the Harfe ”, O.Corn. lorch ‘staff”,
Bret. lorc”henn ‘shaft”;
O.Ice. lurkr m. “cudgel, club ”. older Dan. lyrk ds. ( *lurki- ), Swe. lurk “ fool “; Ger. tirol. lorg,
lork “ mythical giant “; O.Ice. lerka “zusammenschnũren, torment, smite” ; O.E. lorg m. f. “
shaft, pole, spindle ” is Celt. Lw.
References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.
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lou-, lou̯ǝ-
English meaning: to wash
Deutsche Übersetzung: “waschen ”
Material: Arm. loganam “bade mich ” (*lou̯-ǝnü ̆-);
Gk. λόω “wash” (Hom. = Lat. lavĕre), λούσω, ἔλουσα, λ έλουμαι, afterwards also new
present λούω; λο(F) έω ds., λοετρόν ( Hom.), λουτρόν ( Att.) ‘spa, bath” (: Gaul. lautro , O.Ice.
lauðr );
Lat. lavō, -ere and -üre, lüvī “wash, bathe ” and ‘sich wash, bathe ” (out of it borrowed
O.H.G. labōn “laben”, etc.), ab-luō, -ere etc. (out of it ein neues Simplex luō, -ere), participle
lautus “gewaschen ” (with vulg. ō: lōtus ) and adj. ‘sauber, nett ”, in-lūtus “ungewaschen” ,
l(av)ütrīna “Ausguß, in den das Kũchenwasser abläuft; Abtritt” , l(av)übrum “Becken”,
diluvium, a dluviēs under likewise, polūbrum “Waschbecken ”, dēlūbrum “Entsũhnungsort =
temple, Heiligtum ”; probably also Umbr. vutu (*lovetōd ) “lavitō” ;
maybe Alb. * lou-, laj “wash”, lot “tear”
Gaul. lautro “balneo” (Gaul. -ou̯- to -au̯- before a, basic form *lou̯ǝ-tro-), O.Ir. lōathar,
lōthar “pelvis, canalis ”, M.Bret. lovazr , Bret. laouer “trough”;
Ir. lō-chasair “rain” (*lou̯o-); O.Ir. lūaith , Welsh lludw , Corn. lusow , Bret. ludu “ash” (*lou-
tu̯-i- “Waschmittel ”); mc. glau, Welsh gwlaw “rain”;
O.Ice. lauðr n. “lye, Seifenschaum, scum, froth, foam ”, O.E. lēaÞor ‘seifenschaum ” (*lou-
tro-); O.H.G. louga , Ger. Lauge , O.E. lēah ds., O.Ice. laug f. “Badewasser ” (*lou-kü ́), ablaut.
O.H.G. luhhen “wash” (*luk- );
Hitt. la-ḫu-uz-zi (lauzi) “gießt from”.
References: WP. II 441 , WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerényi KZ . 70, 57 f.
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lū ̆ s, gen. luu̯-ós
English meaning: louse
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Laus” (*Tier?)
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: ABrit. *luu̯ü > lou̯ü > Welsh llau “Läuse” (sg. lleuen ), Corn. low Bret. laou, Vannes
leu ds.;
O.E. M.L.G. O.H.G. O.Ice. lūs f. “louse”; O.Ice. lȳski f. “Läusekrankheit” ;
with taboo distortion: O.Ind. уū́-kü, pali ū-kü, prakrit ūü; Lith. u-te ̃, and (with ablaut and
reduplication) víevesa , vievesà f.; Church Slavic vъšь, Serb. vȁš, gen. vȅši and ûš, etc.
(*usi-);
about Toch. В luwa “animal”, pl. lwüsa s. Pedersen Toch. 72; compare Dan. olyr “animal”
and “ louse”; or to O.C.S. lovъ above S. 655?

References: WP. II 443, Specht IE Decl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
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mad-
English meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “naß, triefen; also von Fett triefen, vollsaftig, fett, gemästet”
Material: O.Ind. mádati , mádate “boil, effervesce, cheerful sein ”, mü ́ dyati, mamátti , mándati
ds., máda - m. “Rauschtrank ” = Av. maδa- “Rauschtrank, Rauschbegeisterung ”, O.Ind.
mattá - “trunken, freudig, excited, aroused “, Av. mad- (maδaitē , maδayaŋha ) ‘sich
berauschen, sich ergötzen an” ; O.Ind. madgú - “ein certain Wasservogel, ein fish ” = Pers.
müɣ “ein Wasservogel ”, O.Ind. mátsya - m., Av. masya “fish” (“the nasse ”; derivative from an
-es-stem *mades- ); O.Ind. mēdas - n. “fat”, mēdana - n. “Mästung” , mēdyati , mē ́ datē “wird
fett”, mēdya - “fat” (mēda - from * mazda- , IE *mad- do- or *mad[e]z- do- and = O.H.G. mast
“Mästung” ; die specific meaning “Mästung” also in this formation previously IE); mástu - n.
‘sour skimmings ” (*mad-stu- ), Pers. maskah “frische butter ” (*mad-sk -?); O.Ind. mádya -,
madirá - “berauschend ”;
skyth. Ματόας “Donau”, PN Μαδύης, VN Ματυκέται “Donauanwohner ”;
Arm. mataɫ “ young, fresh, tender ”; macun ‘sour, coagulated milk ” (*madi̯o - + Arm. Suff. -
un); macanim , macnum “hafte an, coagulate “; additional Iran. words for Dickmilch under
likewise, so Pers. müst ‘sour milk”, müsīdan “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, etc.;
Gk. μαδαώ “zerfließe, löse mich auf, verliere die hair”; μαδαρό ς “humid, wet ”; against it
μαζός “ nipple “ (= O.H.G. mast , *madz-dos), μαστό ς “brost” (*mad-tós), μασθός ds.
(reshuffling after στ῅θος “ brost”);
Alb. manj (*madni̯ō ) “mäste” , maim “fat”, mazë “ skimmings, cream, skin auf the milk ”
(*madi̯ü ); madh “Maismehlbrei ”, changing through ablaut modulë , motulë “pea”, modhë “
ryegrass “;

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Lat. madeō , -ēre “damp sein, from Nässe triefen, ripen, voll sein” , mattus “trunken”
(*madi -to-s);
O.Ir. maidim “break (intr.), go in Stũcke” (actually “flow apart, zergehe ”, formal = Lat.
madeō ); in-madae “ futile, without Erfolg ” (in addition probably c. maddeu “erlassen,
verzeihen ”, O.Bret. in madau “pessum”; Gael. maistir “urina” (*mad-tri-); M.Ir. müt f. ‘swine”
(*müddü “Mast-swine ”);
O.H.G. mast “food, Mästung, Eichelmast ”, Ger. Mast, Mästung , O.E. mæst “Buchecker ”;
Goth. mats “dish, food ”, O.Ice. matr m., O.E. mete m., O.H.G. maz n. ds. (Ger. still in
Messer from O.H.G. mezzi-rahs ), as well as Goth. matjan “eat, devour “, O.Ice. metja “
slurp “, O.E. mettan “feed”, M.L.G. mat(e) “Kamerad, esp. in the Seemannssprache ” (Maat ),
O.H.G. gamazzo “Kamerad ”, eig. “*Essensgenosse ”; in addition also M.L.G. met
‘schweinefleisch ”, nnd. mett “gehacktes Fleisch ” as “*saftiges, breiiges Fleisch ”, O.H.G.
(eig. N.Ger.) Mettwurst (from aN.Ger. *matja- ); changing through ablaut O.E. O.S. mōs
“porridge, mash, dish, food ”, O.H.G. muos “gekochte, esp. breiige dish, food, food, eating
generally “, Ger. Mus, Gemũse (*müdso -).
References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 140.
Page(s): 694-695

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maghos, -ā
English meaning: young
Deutsche Übersetzung: “jung”
Material: Av. maɣava- “unverheiratet ”;
Alb. makth “young hare ”;
Celt. *magus in Gaul. PN Magu-rīx, urIr. (Ogam) Maguno- , O.Ir. maug, mug ‘slave”; Corn.
maw , Bret. mao “ youngling, servant ”, Welsh meu-dwy “Einsiedler ” (eig. “Diener Gottes ”);
Fem. Corn. mowes “girl”, Bret. maouez “wife, woman ”; Celt. -smo- derivative in O.Ir. müm,
müam(m) “jugum, servitus ”; abstract noun Celt. *magot-aktü “Jungfernschaft, young
Weiblichkeit ” (other formations from *maghotis = Goth. magaÞe , from which Celt. *makʷkʷot -
aktü through contamination with makʷkʷo - “kid, child ”) in M.Ir. ingen maccdacht “young
erwachsenes girl ”, O.Ir . ro-macdact gl. ‘superadulta ”, M.Welsh machteith , O.Corn. mahtheid
“virgo”, M.Corn. maghteth , maghtyth ds., Bret. matez “Dienstmädchen” ; nickname
*maggu̯os in Gaul. Mapo- no-s GN, O.Welsh map, Welsh mab ‘son”; doppelte intensification
in urIr. maqqas , O.Ir. macc , Ir. mac ‘son”;
Goth. magus “knave, boy ”, O.Ice. mǫgr ‘son, young man, husband ”, O.S. magu “knave,
boy”, O.E. mago ‘son, man, husband, servant ”; Fem. *ma(ɣ)wī in Goth. mawi “girl” (gen.
maujōs ), O.Ice. mæ ̄ r (acc. mey) “girl”, Dimin. Goth. mawilō , O.Ice. meyla , O.E. mēowle
‘small girl”; abstract noun *maghotis “young Weiblichkeit ”, from which konkret “girl”, in Goth.
magaÞs “young wife, woman ”, O.E. mægeÞ (Eng. maid ), O.S. magath , O.H.G. magad ,
Ger. Magd , Dimin. Mädchen ;
Ltv. mač (from maǵš ) ‘small”.
References: WP. II 228, Feist 3339.
Page(s): 696

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magh - : māgh -
English meaning: to be able; to help; power
Deutsche Übersetzung: “können, vermögen, helfen”
Material: O.Ind. maghá - “power, power, richness, gift ”, maghávan -, maghávat ‘strong”, Iran.
magu- , O.Pers. magus “Magier, magician “ (out of it Gk. μάγος, Lat. magus );

Maybe Alb. (*magh- ) math “big, powerful ” [common Alb. -g > - dh; -k > - th shift]
Arm. marthankh “Hilfsmittel ” (*mag-thra- );
Gk. μ῅χος n. ( Dor. μᾶχος), poet. μ῅χαρ “ Hilfsmittel ”, μηχανή , Dor. μᾱχανά̄ (> Lat.
machina ) “Hilfsmittel, tool, artifice ”;
Goth. O.E. magan , O.Ice. mega, maga, muga , O.Fris. muga , M.L.G. mögen , O.H.G.
magan, mugan “mögen” ; 1. sg. present Goth. O.S. O.H.G. mag, O.Ice. mü, O.E. mæg ,
O.Fris. mei; O.Ice. magn , meg(i)n n. “power, Hauptsache ”, O.E. mægen , O.H.G. , O.S.
magan , megin ds.; Goth. mahts f. “power, power “, O.H.G. O.S. maht , O.E. meaht , might ,
O.Ice. müttr ds.;
Maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*mugan ) mun, Tosc mund “might” [common Alb. n > nd shift]
Lith. mãgulas “numerous, much, a lot of ”;
O.C.S. mogǫ , mošti “ to be able, vermögen” , po-mošti , Iterat. po-magati “help” etc.,
O.C.S. moštь , Russ. močь etc. “power, strength “ (= Goth. mahts ).
References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Gũntert, Weltkönig 108 f.; whether E.
Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) right Gk. μ῅χος with Lith. moke ́ti “ to be able, understand,
comprehend “ auf eine root mükh - zurũckfũhrt, could die other words also auf megh-:
mogh- go back; compare Toch. A mokats “mighty”.
Page(s): 695

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maĝh -
English meaning: to fight
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kämpfen”
Material: Gk. ᾽Αμαζών, Lw. through Eol. mediation from an Iran. Volksnamen *ha-mazan-
“warrior”, compare ἁμαζακάραν” (: ar. kar- “make”) πολεμεῖν. Πέτσαι Hes. and ἁμαζανώδες
αἱ μηλέαι (of VN Hamazan- ); Gk. μάχομαι “kämpfe”, μάχη “ fight, struggle, battle ”, μάχαιρα
‘sword, knife ” (fem. to *μάχων “ incisive”? Oder semit. Lw., to hebr. mekhērah ‘sword”?).
References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.
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maĝ-
English meaning: to press; to knead
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kneten, drũcken, streichen”
Material: Gk. μαγ῅ναι , μεμαγμένη to μάσσω (to present s. menǝk - “knead”), μογεύς “the
Knetende ”, μαγίς f. “geknetete mass ”, μάγειρος (actually μάγῑρος ) “Koch”, μαγδαλία ‘shred
bread zum Fettabwischen ”; μάκτρᾱ f. “ kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch “;
M.Ir. maistrid “buttert” (*magis- tr-), Bret. meza “knead”, Welsh maeddu “fight, stoßend
durcheinandermischen ” (*maged- );
O.Bulg. mažo ̨ , mazati “anoint, schmieren ”, Russ. mazь “ ointment “, O.Bulg. maslo “
butter , Öl, ointment “ (*maĝ-slo-), mastь “ ointment, fat ” (*maĝ-sti-), Ltv. iz-muõzêt
“ũberlisten, zum Narrenhalten” ;
with esp. Anwendung auf den Lehmbau die family of Ger. machen (from “knead, form,
mould, zusammenfũgen, from the with loam, clay verstrichenen wall; geformt, fitting), O.S.
(gi)-makōn “make, erect, to build ”, O.H.G. mahhōn ds., Ger. machen , O.E. macian “make,
cause”; O.S. gemaco “comrade, Seinesgleichen ”, O.H.G. gimahho ‘socius” (gimahha
“conjux”), O.E. maca ds., gemæcca “ds., husband “ (O.Ice. maki “aequalis” is N.Ger. Lw.),
O.H.G. ga-mah, gi-mah “zugehörig, fitting, bequem” (gimah “connection, häusliche
Bequemlichkeit, Gemach ”), un-gamah “malus, minus idoneus ”, O.E. ge-mæc “ fitting,
suitable, (O.Ice. makr “ fitting, bequem ” is N.Ger. Lw.); O.Fris. mek n. “Verheiratung ”,
mekere “Ehenunterhändler” , M.H.G. mechele “Kuppelei ”; from Gmc. *makō derives Lat.
mac(h)iō “Maurer”; out of it rom. *matsiō , whence again O.H.G. stein-mezzo ‘steinmetz ”.
References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;
See also: compare mak- 2 and menk- .
Page(s): 696-697

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mai-1
English meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hauen, abhauen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten ”
Note: probably actually mǝi- and s-lose form besides smēi - : smǝi - : smī- “carve, with a
scharfen tool arbeiten ”.
Material: 1. O.Ir. máel “naked, bald, bleak, dull, without Hörner” , O.Welsh mail “mutilum” ,
Welsh moel “calvus, glaber ” (*mai-lo-s “abgehackt ”);
2. d-extension: Goth. maitan “hew, hit, cut, clip ”, O.Ice. meita , O.H.G. meizan “cut, clip”,
O.Ice. meitill m., O.H.G. meizil “chisel”, O.H.G. stein-meizo ‘steinmetz ”; in addition O.E.
mīte, O.H.G. mīza “Milbe” (probably to Gk. μίδας “ Made”), perhaps also O.E. ǣ-mette , Eng.
ant, emmet , O.H.G. ü-meiza “Ameise” (“Abschneider ”); whether also O.Bulg. mědь “Erz”,
Russ. mědь “ copper”?
3. t-extension: O.Ind. mē ́ thati “verletzt” (expressives th), Gk. μίτυλος “ mutilated, without
Hörner”, μιστύλλω “zerstũckle (Fleisch)” ; O.Ice. meiða “körperlich injure, verstũmmeln,
destroy”, M.H.G. meidem “male horse ” (eig. “Kastrat”), Goth. *gamaiÞ -s “ crippled “,
wherefore (probably after den Hofnarren) O.H.G. gimeit “verrũckt” , M.H.G. in bonam partem
gewendet gemeit “lebensfroh, pert, beautiful, lieb ”, O.S. gimēd , O.E. gemüd, mæded
“verrũckt” , Eng. mad ds.;
O.Lith. ap-maitinti “verwunden ”, Ltv. màitât ‘spoil, destroy ”, Lith. maĩtėlis “verschnittener,
gemästeter boar” , O.Pruss. nomaytis “verschnittener boar ”, ismaitint “lose” (as it. perdere );
different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 552.
References: WP. II 212, Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 193, 194.
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mai-2 (moi-?)
English meaning: to smudge, dirty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “beflecken, beschmutzen ”?
Material: Gk. μιαίνω (Aor. ἐμίᾱν ) ‘sully, besmirch ”, μίασμα n. “ Befleckung ”, μιαρό ς
(*miu̯ǝros ?) “besudelt ”, μιαι -φόνος “ with murder befleckt ”;
O.E. mül n. “Fleek, Makel ”, O.H.G. meil n., meila f. ds.; Lith. pl. miẽlės , Ltv. mìeles
“yeast”; perhaps also Lith. máiva ‘sumpfwiese” ?
References: WP. II 243.
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mak-
English meaning: leather pouch
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “Haut-, Lederbeutel ”
Material: Welsh megin “bellows” (*makīnü );
O.H.G. mago “Magen”, O.E. maga , Eng. maw “craw, stomach ”, O.Ice. magi ‘stomach”;
Lith. mãkas, mẽkeris “Geldbeutel ”; Ltv. maks , Dimin. macińš , maḱelis “Beutel, pouch “,
makstis “vagina”, Lith. makšna ̀ “ sheath “, makštìs “vagina (of Degens or Messers) ”,
O.Pruss. danti-max “gums”; O.C.S. mošьna “Beutel”;
doubtful is affiliation from O.Ir. mēn (from * makno- or *mekno- ) “mouth, bay ”, mēnaigte
“qui inhiant ”.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698

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mak̂o - or mok̂-o- (*maĝho -)
English meaning: a kind of fly
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechfliege, Mũcke”
Note: (-lo-, -ko-, diminutiveformantien)
Material: O.Ind. maśáka - m. ‘stechfliege, mosquito “, Lith. mašalas “ mosquito “, Ltv.
masalas “Roßfliege” , wherefore Russ. mosólitь “plague, zudringlich anbetteln ” (of Bilde of
zudringlichen Mũckenschwarms), and with anderm forms ( *mosъtъ?) O.Sor. mosćić so ,
mosćeć so “wimmeln (as ein Mũckenschwarm)” , as well as probably also Lith. mašo ́ ju , -ti
“ein kid, child zeugen ”;
compare with Velar die arische family of O.Ind. mákṣa - m., makṣü f. “fly”, Av. maxši - “fly,
mosquito “ etc., and Lith. mãkatas “Kriebelmũcke” . common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : O.Pers. ĝh- >
xš- : Pers. xš- > š- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 225, Specht IE Decl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.
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Page 1977
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mand -
English meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rutenverflechtung as Hũrde, Band from Reisern gedreht” ?
Material: O.Ind. mandurü ́ “ stable “, mandirám n. “house, Gemach ”; Gk. (Illyr.?) μάνδρα f.
“corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle “, μάνδαλος “bar, bolt”; Thrac. μανδάκης “Garbenband ”; Illyr.
PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien); whether primary meaning “ stable, Pferdezaum ”,
perhaps to mendo- “Tierjunges ”, S. 729 ( mend- ).
References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.
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manu -s or monu -s
English meaning: man
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mann, Mensch ”
Material: O.Ind. mánu -, mánuṣ - “person, man, husband ” (also “Ahnherr the people ”), Av. in
PN Manus-čiϑra-, Proto-Gmc. *manu̯az in PN Mannus (Tacitus), Stammvater the
Deutschen, Goth. manna (gen. mans ), O.Ice. maðr, mannr , O.E. O.Fris. O.H.G. mann
“man, husband ”, Goth. mannisks , O.Ice. mennskr , O.E. O.H.G. mennisc “menschlich ”;
O.H.G. mannisko etc. “person”; O.C.S. možь , Russ. muž “man, husband ” (*mangi̯a -, suffix
similarly as in Lith. žmo-g-ùs “person”).
Probably Hom. Menelaus diminutive form of “husband ”

Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus “moon god? ”;
also egypt. Menes? “lion of revenge ” (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt).
Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.

References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- “think”.
Page(s): 700

In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu,
or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic
Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the Roma n
historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian Noah.
Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both words
meaning "human being."

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The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty
of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek
mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.

The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its equivalents
in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language, used the form
Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").

The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was
called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (NOTE Genesis
9:13). In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy
mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was
identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning ‘sky."

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mat-2
English meaning: hack, flapper
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “Hacke, Schlegel ”
Material: O.Ind. matyá - n. “harrow or stump or likewise ”, matīkr̥ta - “geeggt or gewalzt ”; Lat.
mateola “tool zum Einschlagen in die Erde ” (in RomO.N. lebt not deminuiertes *mattea
“club, mace, joint ”); O.H.G. (gl.) medela “plough” (Lehmann AfneuereSpr. 119, 188); from
V.Lat. mattiuca: O.E. mattoc , Eng. mattock “hack, mattock, hoe ”, O.Bulg. motyka “hack,
mattock, hoe ”;
References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.
Page(s): 700

Page 1983
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mau-ro-
English meaning: weak; dark
Deutsche Übersetzung: “matt, schwach, lichtswach, dunkel ”
Note: also m(a)ud - ds.
Material: Gk. (ἀ)μαυρός “weak; nebelhaft; blind ”, (ἀ)μαυρόω “entkräfte, schwäche,
verdunkle ”;
O.N. meyrr “mũrbe” ;
Russ. (s)muryj “ dark grey “, chmúra “dunkle cloud ”, Cz. chmouřiti , šmouřiti se ‘sich
tarnish, sour see ” (under likewise);
perhaps Alb. murra “North wind ”, murr-të, murrët “dark”, murm-më, murmë “dun, fulvous,
dull greyish-brown ”.
perhaps in addition Gk. ἀμυδρός “dark, heavy to erkennen, weak ”, ἀμυδρόω “verdunkle,
schwäche” , ἀμυδρότης “Undeutlichkeit, Schwäche” , O.C.S. iz-mъděti, u-mъdnǫti ‘schwach
become”.
References: WP. II 223.
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mazdo -s
English meaning: pole, mast
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Mast ”
Material: Lat. mülus m. “Mast, Mastbaum ” (with ‘sabin.” l = d from *müdos, *mazdos or
support in pülus ) = O.H.G. mast “ shaft, pole, Fahnen- or Speerstange, esp. Mastbaum ”,
O.E. mæst (from M.L.G. mast derives Nor. mastr “Mastbaum ”); M.Ir. maide ‘stick” (O.Ir.
*maite , i.e. *maidde , from * mazdios ), O.Ir. matan “club, mace, joint ”, M.Ir. ad-mat , Ir.
adhmad “timber”. As Gmc. loanword contemplates Schrader RI2168 O.Bulg. mostъ
“Knũppelbrũcke” , Russ. mostovája “Pflaster”, po-mostъ “Diele”; rather is es ein
urverwandtes collective *mazd- to- ‘stangenwerk ”.
References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.
Page(s): 701-702

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mā ̆ k(en)-
English meaning: poppy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mohn”?
Material: Gk. μήκων , Dor. μά̄κων “Mohn”; O.H.G. O.S. müho , M.H.G. mühen, mün and with
gramm. variation O.H.G. můgo , M.H.G. mage , Ger. bO.Ir. magen “Mohn”, N.Ger. mån,
Dutch maan-kop , O.S. val-mughi, -moghi “Mohn” (in ersten part *walχa- “ anesthetization “);
M.Lat. mahonus “Mohn” and Lith. magônė - next to which dunkles aguonà - derives from
dem Gmc. , O.Pruss. moke from dem Pol.; Church Slavic (etc.) makъ “Mohn”.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
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mā ̆ k-1
English meaning: damp, to soak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “naß; feuchten”
Material: Arm. mōr “ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh ” (*mü ̆ k-ri-); Alb. makë “ glue, skin
auf Flũssigkeiten” ;
Lith. makonė “puddle, slop ”, makénti , maknóti “ through ordure wade ”, probably also Ltv.
mükuo ̂ nis “Bewölkung, dunkle cloud” , apmàktiês ‘sich umwölken” ;
O.Bulg. mokrъ “damp, humid, wet ”, močo ̨ , -iti “βρέχειν” , Russ. móknutь “damp become ”,
močitь , Iterat. máčivatь “damp make, anfeuchten ”, moča ́ “Urin”, močag “damp, sumpfiger
place”; compare ligur. FlN Macra , spO.N. FlN Magro ;
lengthened grade Slav. *makajǫ , *makati in Cz. mákati , máčeti “nässen” , etc.
References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.
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māk-2
English meaning: to knead, press
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kneten, quetschen, drũcken”
Material: Lett, màcu , màkt “urge, press, push, press, plague, torment, smite ”, Cz. mačk -ám,
-ati “press, press ” (diminutivebildung, ein basic *makati voraussetzend);
Lat. *maccare from *mücüre , assumed from Ital. ammaccare ‘squeeze”, etc., compare
Meyer-Lubke REW 5196;
here also Lat. müceria , müceriēs f. “wall as Umfriedigung um garden, Weinberge etc. ”
(as “from loam, clay geknetete, with loam, clay gebundene wall ”, compare τεῖχος : fingō ); in
addition mücerüre “ steep, mũrbe beizen” .
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.
See also: compare die similar roots menk- and maĝ-.
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māk ̂- : mǝk ̂-
English meaning: long, slender
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lang and dũnn, schlank”
Material: Av. mas- “long”, compounds masyü ̊ “the größere” , Sup. masiṣta -, ap. maϑišta -
“the höchste” , Av. masah- n. “length, greatness, bulk, extent ” (*mas- for * mis- from IE mǝs-
through influence of mazyü ̊ “größer” : μέγας), Gk. μά̆σσω, μά̆σσων (*μᾰκι̯ων) besides
μᾶσσον (after ἆσσον “näher”) “länger”, μήκιστος “the längste” , μ῅κος , Dor. μᾶκος n.
“length”, Μάκετα “Hochland ”, Μακεδόνες hence “Hochländer” , μακεδνός “ slim “, nachHom.
μηκεδανός ds., μακρός “long” (= Lat. macer , dt. mager ); perhaps μάκαρ n. “Glũckseligkeit” ;
Lat. macer , -cra, -crum “lean”, maceō, -ēre “lean sein ”, maciēs f. “Magerkeit ”;
perhaps here O.Ir. mēr m. “finger” (*makro- );
O.H.G. magar , O.E. mæger , O.Ice. magr “lean”; in addition with l-suffix Hitt. ma-ak-la-an-
te-eš (maklantes ) nom. pl. “lean”.
References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 140 f.
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mā-1
English meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with the Hand winken ”; from “verstohlen zuwinken ” dann
“vorspiegeln, betrũgen, zaubern”
Note: (extended müi-?)
Material: O.Ind. müyü “Verwandlung, Truggestalt, deceit, illusion “ (or to 3. mē-?);
Gk. μηνύω , Dor. μᾱνύω “zeige an, verrate ” from *μά̄-νῡ-μι “winke with the hand ”; s-
extension μαίομαι “touch, untersuche ”, Fut. μάσσομαι , ἐπι-μαστος “berũhrt” = “befleckt”,
μαστήρ , μαστρός ‘searcher, Nachforscher ”, μαστροπός “Kuppler”, μάστις , μάστιξ “Peitsche,
whip, scourge ”; t-extension μάτη “Verfehlung ” (*mǝ-tü), μάτην , Dor. -ᾱν “ futile “, μάταιος
“eitel, nichtig ”;
Lith. móju , móti “with the hand winken, ein Zeichen give ”, Ltv. mãju , mãt ds., mâdît “with
the hand winken ”, mâditiês “Gaukelei drive, push ”, mâdži “Gaukelbilder ”; with s-extension
Lith. mãsinti “locken”, mosúoti ‘schwenken, swing ”, mostagúoti ds., mósterėti , móstelėti
“winken”;
Slav. *majǫ , *majati (an place from *mati after dem Balt-Slav. preterite stem * müi̯ü -) in
O.Bulg. na-majǫ , -majati “zuwinken ”, po-mavati , -manǫti ds., Russ. na-májatь “ through
Zeichen anzeigen, cheat, deceive ”, with formants -mo-: Serb. mâmīm , mámiti “locken”; with
formants -no-: Russ. mańú , mańítь “anlocken, deceive “ (from dem Slav. derive Lith. mõnai
pl. “Zauberei ”, Ltv. mãnít “cheat, deceive ”); with formants -rü-: R.C.S. mara
“Gemũtsbewegung” , Pol. mara “ deception “, etc.; s-extension in: Church Slavic machaju ,
machati “ventilare ”, etc.; t-extension in: aSerb. matam, matati “anlocken ”, Cz. mátati “as
ghost spuken ”, etc.
References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.

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mā-2
English meaning: good, timely
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gut, to guter Zeit, rechtzeitig ”
Material: With formants -no- aLat. münus “gut”, immünis “terrible”, adverbial müne, münī
“early, matutinal ”; here also münēs f. “die abgeschiedenen Seelen ”, later “ underworld,
death”; perhaps Phryg. μήν “abgeschiedene soul ”, μανία “καλή” ; or belongs Lat. münēs to
Gk. μ῅νις , Dor. μᾶνις “Groll”? compare S. 727.
With t-formant: Lat. Mütūta “die goddess the Frũhe, the Morgenhelle, but also the
ripeness ”, mütūtīnus “morgendlich ”, mütūrus “rechtzeitig; zeitig = reif ” (based on auf *mü-tu-
, perhaps “good, gelegene time ”), Osc. Maatúís (*Mütīs = “dī Münēs”); reduced grade
perhaps Celt. *mů-ti- in O.Ir. maith , Welsh mad, Corn. mas, M.Bret. mat, Bret. mad “gut”
and Gaul. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos ; also O.Ir. maithid “verzeiht”.
References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.
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mā-no-, mā-ni-
English meaning: wet, damp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, naß”
Material: Lat. münō, -üre “flow, stream ”, hence “entspringen ”; Bret. Vannes mün “Moos,
lichen”, Welsh mawn “turf” from Brit. *mōni -, from which borrowed O.Ir. mōin f. “Moos,
swamp, marsh, turf ”; perhaps in addition ablaut. asächs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN and PN,
as Throtmennia “Dortmund ”, etc.
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.
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māte ́ r -
English meaning: mother
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mutter”
Note: based on auf dem babble-word mü, see there.
Note:
Root müte ́ r - : “mother” derived from the nasalized stem mühnt -ér of Root meĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)-
suffixed in -er: O.Ind. mahü ́ nt -, Av. mazant- “big, large ”, O.Ind. mah- , Av. maz- ds. (only out
of nom. acc.), O.Ind. máhi nom. sg. neutr. (das - i = -ǝ, then = Gk. μέγα), as O.Ind. mahü -
(Av. mązü -), mostly extended mahát - = Av. mazant- “big, large ”; compar. superl. O.Ind.
mahīyas -, mahiṣṭha -, Av. mazyah- , mazišta -;
Material: O.Ind. müta ́ r - “mother”, Av. mütar -, Arm. mair ds. (gen. maur = Gk. μητρός etc.);
aPhryg. nom. acc. ματαρ, ματεραν, gen. ματερεζ; Gk. μήτηρ, Dor. μά̄τηρ (with
verschobenem Nominativakzent as θυγάτηρ); in addition Hom. Δημήτηρ, Thess. Δαμμάτερι;
Alb. motrë “ sister “ (originally “die ältere, Mutterstelle vertretende Sch West er”); Lat. müter , -
tris “mother, wet nurse, wellspring ”, Osc. maatreís , Umb r. matrer “matris”; Gaul. (?)
Ματρεβο “ Matribus ”; O.Ir. müthir “mother” (Welsh modrydaf “beehive” with bydaf “nest of
wild bees ” as 2. part); O.H.G. muoter , O.E. mōdor , O.Ice. mōðir “mother”; Lith. mótė (gen.
O.Lith. motės , Lith. moter̃s ) “woman, wife ” (mótyna “mother”, motera “Frauenzimmer,
woman”), Ltv. mâte “mother”, O.Pruss. mūti, mothe “mother” (pomatre ‘stiefmutter ”); O.C.S.
mati (gen. matere ) “mother”; Toch. A mücar, В mücer.
In derivatives (e.g. mütruu ̯ iü ) compare:
O.Ind. mütr̥ka - “mũtterlich” , m. “Mutters brother “, mütr̥kü “mother, grandmother ”; but
Welsh modryb “MuttersschWest er”, O.Welsh modrep- ed pl., O.Bret. motrep , Bret. moereb
ds. (*mütr okʷü, to okʷ- ‘see”, as “as eine Mutter aussehend ”);

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Gk. μήτρα f. “ womb, uterus , Mark the Pflanzen ”, Lat. mütrīx “ womb, uterus; Zuchttier ”,
O.H.G. muodar “Bauch a Schlange ”, aN.Ger. mōder , O.Fris. mōther “Brustbinde the
Frauen”, M.H.G. mũeder , Ger. Mieder ;
Arm. mauru , gen. maurui ‘stiefmutter ” (*mütruu ̯ i̯ü =) Gk. μητρυιά̄ ‘stiefmutter ”, to n-stem
extended in O.E. mōdrige , O.Fris. mōdire , M.L.G. mödder “Mutters sister “ (*mōdruu ̯ i̯ōn -,
O.H.G. muotera ds. after muoter reshaped?), with lengthened grade forms *mütrō[ū] -: Gk.
μήτρως, -ω[F]ος, Dor. μά̄τρως “uncle or grandfather mũtt erlicherseits ”, μητρώιος “mũtterlich”
(meaning after μήτηρ verändert);
Lat. mütrōna “wife”; mütertera “Mutters sister “ (*mütro -terü); müteria, müteriēs
‘schößlinge from Fruchtbäumen, timber, Nutzholz, Material”; Gaul. FlN Mütro ̆ na “Marne” =
Welsh GN Modron f.
Slav. *mütero - in Russ. materój “außerordentlich, big, large, strong, tight, firm” , Serb.
mȁtor “old, esp. from animals ”, O.Bulg. materьstvo “πρεσβεῖ ον” (: Lat. müteriēs ).
References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.
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mā 3
English meaning: mother (expr. root)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Lallwort for “Mutter”
Note: redupl. mü ̆ mü , mammü ; partly (dissimilation?) münü , mannü zweifelhaften Alters
Material: O.Ind. mü “mother”;
Dor. μᾶ “μ῅τερ !” (in μᾶ γᾶ “o Mutter earth ”, Aisch.), whereof Ion. Att. μαῖα “mother, wet
nurse, Hebamme ”, Dor. “grandmother ”; derived M.L.G. mōje “MutterschWest er”, O.H.G.
holz-muoja “ witch “;
O.Ind. müma - vocative m. “uncle” (from *mümü “MutterschWest er”); Pers. müm, mümü,
mümī “mother” ; Arm. mam “grandmother ” (Gk. Lw. as pap?); Gk. μάμμα Lallvokativ,
whereof Ion. Att. μάμμη “ mother”, μαμμίᾱ “ mother”; Lat. mamma Kosewort “Mama, mother ”,
also “ brisket “, mamilla “ nipple “; Alb. mëmë Gheg mamë “mother”; Ir. Welsh Corn. Bret.
mam “mother” , O.Ir. muimme “Pflegemutter ” (*mammiü ); Ger. Alem. mamme “mother”,
changing through ablaut O.H.G. muoma “MutterschWest er”, Ger. Muhme ; Lith.mamà ,
momà , Ltv. mãma ds.; Russ. (etc.) máma “Mama, mother ”; Hitt. divinity Mamma ; compare
Asia Minor Μήνη, n Gk. μάννα “ mother”, O.Ice. mōna “mother”, M.L.G. *mōne , mōme
“MutterschWest er”.
References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mü is (?) base from müter - (see
there).
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medhi -, medhi̯o -
English meaning: middle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mittlerer”
Material: O.Ind. mádhya -, Av. maiδya- “mittlerer”, superl. O.Ind. madhyamá -, Av. maδǝma-
“mittlerer” (= Goth. miduma );
Arm. mēj “Withte”;
Gk. (ep.) μέσσος , (Att.) μέσος “mittlerer”;
maybe Alb. mes “middle”
Lat. medius , Osc. mefiaí “in mediü” ; Osc. messimas presumably “medioximas ”;
Gaul. Medio-lünum, -mütrici , O.Ir. mid- (*medhu- ) in compound “medius”, M.Ir. mide
“Withte”, Mide “Meath” actually “mittlere Provinz ”, O.Ir. i-mmedōn “in medio ”, Welsh mewn ,
M.Welsh mywn “in”(*medugno- ); M.Welsh mei-iau “Withtel-Joch ” (*medhi̯o -); Gaul. FlN
Meduana ; Ven. FlN Meduana ;
with Verschleppung of s from a superl. probably also O.Ir. messa ‘schlimmer ”, actually
“mittelmäßiger” (or to 2. meit(h)- , Gmc. missa -?);
Goth. midjis , O.Ice. miðr, O.E. midd , O.H.G. mitti “medius”, superl. Goth. miduma “die
Withte”, O.Ice. mjǫðm f. “hip, haunch ”, O.E. midmest “the mittelste ”, O.E. medeme , O.H.G.
metemo “mediocris ” (: Av. maδǝma -) and Goth. *midjuma (= O.Ind. madhyamá -) in midjun-
gards , O.E. middan-geard “Erdkreis”, O.H.G. mittamo “mediocris ”, in mittamen “inmitten”;
O.H.G. mittar “medius”;
O.Bulg. mežda “road” (originally “Grenzrain ”), Russ. meža ́ “limit, boundary, Rain ” (etc.),
O.Bulg. meždu (loc. Du.) “ between “ adv. preposition, aRuss. meži (loc. sg.) ds.; here also
probably as “*wood, forest auf dem Grenzrain ”: O.Pruss. median , Ltv. mežs “wood, forest,
spinney”, Lith. mẽdžias “tree”; Lith. FlN Meduyà .

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médhu
English meaning: honey
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Honig; especially Met ”
Grammatical information: n.
Note: actually substantiviertes adjective ‘sweet”
Note:
Root meli-t : “honey” : Root médhu : “honey” derived from a truncated Root mel-1 (auch
smel -), melǝ - : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ -k- : mlü-k-, mlēu - : mlū ̆- : “to
grind, hit; fine, ground ”.
Material: O.Ind. mádhu - n. “honey, Met ” (in addition mádhu - ‘sweet”; madh(u)v- ád- “honey-
eater”: O.C.S. medv-ědь “bear”); Av. maδu - n. “Beerenwein ”;
Gk. μέθυ “Wein” (from “Rauschtrank ”; die meaning “honey” hat sich auf μέλι
zurũckgezogen); μεθύω “bin trunken ”, μεθύσκω “make trunken ”;
O.Ir. mid (gen. medo ), Welsh medd , O.Corn. (Plur.?) medu , Bret. mez “Met”, M.Ir. medb
“berauschend ” (*medhu̯o -), Welsh meddw “berauscht ”, Bret. mezo ds., mezvi “berauschen ”;
O.Ice. mjǫðr , O.E. meodo , O.H.G. metu m. “Met”;
Lith. medùs m. “honey” (mìdus “Met” from Goth. *midus ), Ltv. mędus “honey, Met ”,
O.Pruss. meddo (*medu ) “honey”;
O.Bulg. medъ (gen. medu and meda ) “honey” (in addition among others Serb. o-mèditi
se ‘spoil, e.g. from fat ”, actually ‘sũßlich, fade become or vergären); Toch. В with “honey”.
Zur Konkurrenz with *melit “honey” (nie “Honigmet ”) and about finn.-uGk. Vergleichungen
(finn. mete- , lapp. mītt, mordw. ḿed”; chin. mī4 “honey”) s. Gauthiot MSL. 16, 268 ff.,
Schrader RL. 85, 2139.
References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.

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med-1
English meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing
Deutsche Übersetzung: “messen, ermessen ”
Material: A. O.Ind. masti- f. “das Messen, Wägen” (*med-tis , with in isolierten word not
rũckgängig gemachtem alteration from d-t to s-t-?);

maybe Alb. mas, mat “measure ”
whether also O.Ind. addhü ́ (*m̥d-dhē) “certainly, yea, in truth “, Av. O.Pers. azdü ds.,
O.Ind. addhütí - “Weiser” with the meaning from Lat. meditüri etc.? s. Pedersen Decl. Lat.
72;
Arm. with (gen. mti) “thought, notion, sense, mind ” (: μήδεα etc.);
Gk. μέδομαι “ bin whereupon bedacht ”, μέδων, μεδέων “ Walter, ruler ”, μέδιμνος “ bushel “;
lengthened grade μήδομαι “ersinne, catch einen Beschluß”, μήδεα nom. pl. ‘sorrows,
Ratschlag ”, μήστωρ, -ωρος “ kluger Berater ”, PN Πολυ -μήδης, Κλυται -μήστρα;
Lat. meditor, - ürī “worũber cogitate” , modus “Maß, kind of and Weise” , modestus
“maßvoll, be scheiden ”, moderüre “mäßigen” (contain ein neutr. *medos , but probably also
ein mask. *modos ), modius “ bushel “, Umbr. meřs , mers “jus” (*med- os-), mersto “justum,
legitimum ”, Osc. med-diss “judex” (*medo-dik̂-s) etc.;
O.Ir. midiur , perf. ro-mīdar (: Gk. μήδομαι, Goth. mētum , Arm. with) “cogito, judico ”,
airmed “Maß” , mess “judicium” (*med- tu-), med (*medü ) “Waage”, Welsh meddwl “animus,
mēns, cōgitatiō” , M.Welsh medu “imstande sein, beherrschen ”, Welsh meddu “besitzen”
(zahlreiche Ir. compounds by Pedersen KGk. II 577 f., britische formations by J. Loth RC.
35, 446; 38, 177, 296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43,
272); medd “inquit” etc.;

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Goth. mitan , O.E. metan , O.H.G. mezzan “messen”, O.Ice. meta ‘schätzen” , met n.
“Gewicht”, O.E. ge-met n. “das Messen ”, adj. “angemessen ”, O.H.G. mez “Maß, drinking
vessel”, O.E. mitta m. “Getreidemaß” , O.H.G. mezzo “kleineres Trockenmaß” , Ger.
Metze(n) ; Goth. mitōn , O.H.G. mezzōn “ermessen, consider ”, O.Ice. mjǫtuðr “fate, destiny ”,
O.S. metod m. “knife, Ordner, creator, god ”, O.E. metod m. “fate, destiny ”, Goth. mitaÞs
“(Trocken)maß” ;
ē-grade (besides pl. preterit Goth. mētum etc.) Goth. us-mēt “Lebensfũhrung” , O.Ice. müt
n. “das Abschätzen” , M.H.G. müz n. “Maß, kind of and Weise ”, O.H.G. müza “Maß,
Angemessenheit, kind of and Weise ”, O.Ice. mæ ̄ tr “ respectable, wertvoll ”, O.E. gemæ ̄ te
“angemessen ”, O.H.G. müzi ds.;
ō-grade: Goth. ga-mōt “find room, have Platz, Erlaubnis, possibly “, O.E. mōtan
“Veranlassung have, to be able “ (Eng. must “mũssen” from dem preterit), O.S. mōtan
“Platz finden, Veranlassung have, sollen, mũssen” , O.H.G. muoz, muozan “ to be able,
mögen, dũrfen” , Ger. mũssen ; M.L.G. mōte “freie time, Frist ”;
maybe Alb. moti “age, time, weather ”.
O.H.G. muoza “freie time, attention, Gelegenheit to etwas ”, Ger. Muße ; O.E. ǣ-metta ,
ǣmta , from *ü-mōtiða f. “Muße” , whereof ǣm(e)tig = Eng. empty “ empty, bare, lacking ”;
O.Ice. mōt n. “Bild, mark, token, sign, kind of, Weise ”;
Goth. mōta “toll”, M.H.G. muoze “Mahllohn ”, O.E. mōt “toll, tribute, tax ”
(“*Zugemessenes, abzuliefernder allotment “); probably from dem Goth. derive O.H.G.
(bO.Ir.) mūta , Ger. Maut , M.Lat. mūta , O.Bulg. myto.
B. An already ursprachliche Anwendung for ‘smart ermessender, weiser Ratgeber =
Heilkundiger ” lies before in: Av. vī-mad- “Heilkundiger, physician, medicine man ”, vī-
maδayanta ‘sie sollen die Heilkunde ausũben” , Gk. Μ῅δος , Μήδη, ᾽Αγαμήδη etc.

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med-2
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”?
Material: Gk. μέζεα (Hesiod), μέδεα (Archil.), μήδεα (Hom.; lies μέδεα ?) “männliche
Genitalien ”; μεστός “full”; M.Ir. mess m. ( *med- tu-) “Eicheln, Eichelmast, Fruchternte ”,
Welsh Corn. mes f. “Eicheln”, Bret. mez ds.; also M.Ir. mess “Pflegekind ”?
References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gk. 1, 208.
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meĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)-
English meaning: big
Deutsche Übersetzung: “groß”
Note: (zur O.Ind. Aspiration s. Pedersen 5e décl. Lat. 481, Hitt. 36, 181 f.); zur reduced grade
compare Pedersen Hitt. 169 f.
Material: O.Ind. mahü ́ nt -, Av. mazant- “big, large ”, O.Ind. mah- , Av. maz- ds. (only out of
nom. acc.), O.Ind. máhi nom. sg. neutr. (das - i = -ǝ, then = Gk. μέγα), as Vorderglied O.Ind.
mahü - (Av. mązü - is Textfehler), mostly extended mahát - = Av. mazant- “big, large ”;
compar. superl. O.Ind. mahīyas -, mahiṣṭha -, Av. mazyah- , mazišta -;
O.Ind. maháyati “erfreut, venerates ”, mahá - m. “Feier, sacrifice, oblation ”, mahīya ́ tē “freut
sich”; Av. mimaɣžō “du sollst to verherrlichen suchen ”, d. h. “hold festivities ”;
O.Ind. mahas- , Av. mazah- n. “greatness, bulk, extent ”, O.Ind. majmán - “greatness, bulk,
extent” : [Alb. majm “fatten, make fat “]
Av. mazan- “greatness, bulk, extent, Erhabenheit ”, O.Ind. mahī́ “die Große, Alte, die earth”
(: Lat. Maia );
adv. gthAv. maš “very” (*meĝhs ), zero grade ( *m̥ĝhs ) jAv. aš “very”;
Arm. mec “big, large ”, Denomin. mecarem “hold high ” (: Gk. μεγαίρω);
Gk. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα ( *meĝ-n̥) “big, large ” (to μέγα is μ έγας, -αν neologism; das
μεγάλο - the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- “growth, Statur ”, as χθαμαλό ς “low”);
compar. Ion. Dor. ark. μέζων from *μεγι̯ων (Att. μείζων after χείρων), superl. μέγιστος;
μεγαίρω (: Arm. mecarem ) ‘schlage high an, bewundere; hold for to high, mißgönne” ; zero
grade from * m̥γᾱ ἀγα - “very” (ἀγά-ννιφος etc.), ἄγᾱν “ to very”, ἀγάζω “aegre ferō” , compare
ἄζον μέγαν, ὑψελ όν Hes. and j Av. aš- “very”; in addition probably Gk. ἀγάομαι “ beneide”,
ἄγαμαι “ bewundere ”, ἀγάλλω “ glorify “, ἀγαπάω “love”, ἀγαυός “verehrungswũrdig” ;

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Alb. math, madhi “big, large ”, madhónj “vergrößere, praise” ;
Note:
Alb. math “big,: M.Welsh maon (*maĝones ) “ the clumsy “, maith “long, big ” large” common
Alb. - M.Welsh -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Maybe Alb. (*mad) mal “ mountain (big) “ : Illyr. TN Molossii
Lat. magnus “big, large ” (*meĝ-nó-s), compar. mag- is “more”, maior “größer” (*meĝ-i̯ōs),
superl. maximus (*meĝ-semo-s); in addition maiestüs “greatness, bulk, extent, stateliness “
(*meĝ-i̯es-tüt-), compare Alb. madhështí (*meĝis-t-ii̯ü) ds. (about Osc. mais , maimas , Umbr.
mestru see under mē- “big, large ”), Maia “die Genossin of Vulcanus and Mutter of Merkur ”
(actually “die Große, Alte, die mother” , from *magi̯ü , to O.Ind. mahī́ “die Große, Alte, die
earth”); deus Maius “Juppiter” (Tusculum), whereof the Monat Maius (as Osc. Maesius
“Mai” from dem verschollenen Gottesnamen derives, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), Osc. PN
Maiiúí dat. sg. (compare also Celt. magio- ); Lat. (Celt., also Alb. ) -a- is IE e; about Lat.
maiülis “ a castrated boar ” s. WH. II 13;
Lat. mactus “ through Gabe geehrt, gefeiert, verherrlicht ”, macte Opferruf “Heil!”, mactō, -
üre in the meaning “ through ein Opfer verherrlichen, hold festivities ”, with other object
“jemanden as Opferweihen ”, then ‘schlachten, slay ” go auf ein verb *magere “augere,
vergrößern” back; magmentum “Fleischstũcke as Zusatz zum Opfer” kann eine formation
from magnus from after augmentum sein;
O.Ir. mochtae “big, large ” (o!), M.Ir. maignech ds. (*maginiükos , compare Gaul. Maginus
under likewise; compare das n-forms from Lat. magnus ), M.Ir. mag-, maige “big, large ”,
Poimp Maige “Pompeius Magnus ”, Gaul. Magio-rīx, Are -magios under likewise (formal = Lat.
Maius ); M.Ir. mül (*maĝlos ) “Edler, prince, lord ”, Gaul. Maglo-s in gods- and PN, O.Brit. PN
Maglo-cune (Welsh Mael-gwn ), Cuno-maglus etc.; Gaul. Magalu dat. sg. Göttername,
Magalos PN, M.Ir. mag-lorg “club, mace, joint ” (*mago-lorgü “großer cudgel, club” ), mass

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‘stately” (*maksos compare Lat. maximus ), compar. O.Ir. maissiu ; Welsh Corn. mehin “fat”,
M.Bret. bihin “réplétion” (*magesīno -); M.Welsh maon (*maĝones ) “die Großen” , maith
“long, big, large ” (*maĝ-tio-), probably also O.Ir. do-for-maig “auget”, -magar “augetur”,
O.Welsh di-guor-mechis “hat hinzugefũgt” (O.Welsh ch from * -g-s-); to divide from Welsh
magu “aufziehen ” (*mak- );
whether O.Ir. mag n. “Ebene, das freie Feld ”, M.Welsh ma- “place”, Gaul. Arganto-magus
(whereof Ir. magen “place”, Welsh maen , Corn. men, Bret. mean “ stone “), Welsh maes
(*magesto- ) “field”, to O.Ind. mahī́ “earth”?
Goth. mikils “big, large ”, O.H.G. mihhil , O.S. mikil, O.E. micel , O.Ice. mikell ds., O.E.
mycel , urg. *mikilaz probably with -lo suffix after leitils , O.H.G. luzzil ; O.Ice. mjǫk “very” (Eng.
much ) at first from * meku- after felu “much, a lot of ”;
Toch. A mak, В makü “big, large an number, much, a lot of ”; Hitt. me-ik-ki-iš (mekkiš )
“big, large ”.
References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemerényi Word 8, 48.
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meigh -, also meik-
English meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flimmern, blinzeln; dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd) ”
Material: 1. meigh -:
A. with the meaning “flicker, blink, micüre” .
M.N.Ger. micken “observe (*hinblinzeln) ”, awFris. mitza “heed” ;
Lith. mingù , mìgti “einschlafen ” (with už-); Ltv. mìegu , migt ds. (with àiz-, ìe-); O.Pruss.
enmigguns “dozed off ”, ismigē “entschlief ”; Ltv. miêgt “die Augen shut ”, O. Pruss.
maiggun acc., Lith. miẽgas , Ltv. mìegs ‘sleep”, in addition Lith. miegù (old miegmi ), miegóti
and O.Pruss. meicte ‘sleep”;
Slav. *migъ in Bulg. Russ. mig “instant, eye blink ”; Slav. *mьgnǫti in R.C.S. megnuti
“nictare”, Serb. namàgnuti “winken”, and mȉgati “blink”; Iterat.-Kaus. O.C.S. sъ-meziti
“Augen shut ”, with aor.-pass. meaning Slav. *mьžati , Sloven. mɛža ́ ti “Augen geschlossen
halten”, Russ. mžat “ drowse “; Serb.-Church Slavic miglivъ “blinzelnd ”;
B. with the meaning “dark vor den Augen become, fog, cloud ”.
O.Ind. mēgha ́ - m. “cloud”, míh “fog, wässeriger Niederschlag” , Av. maēɣ a- “cloud”; Arm.
mēg “fog”; Gk. ὀμίχλη (Att. ὁμίχλη) “ cloud, fog ”, Hom. ἀμιχθαλόεσσαν “ nebelig, epithet from
Lemnos” (with Vokalvorschlag);
Dutch miggelen ‘staubregnen ”; O.Ice. mistr “trũbes weather “ etc. ( *miχstu-);
Lith. miglà “fog”, Ltv. migla ds. (= ὀμίχλη ); O.Bulg. mъgla “fog”, Russ. mgɫa ‘snow flurry,
kalter fog ”, Cz. mha “fog”, Russ. mžít́ ‘staubregnen, nebeln ” etc.
Note:

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Gk. ἀμορβός “dark” derived from Alb. mje(r)gulë “ fog, darkness “ [common Gk. β < gw , p <
kw phonetic mutation]; Alb. proves that from Root mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: “to shimmer,
shine” derived the truncated Root meigh -, also meik - : “to glimmer, twinkle; mist ”.

2. meik -: Pers. miža , muža (pehl. *mičak), balūčī mičüč “Augenwimper ”;
Lat. micō , -üre ‘sich zuckend bewegen, sparkle, glitter ” (*miküi̯ō ); dī-micō “fechte,
kämpfe” ; Welsh mygr “luminous ”, di-r-mygu “ despise “ (as dē-spiciō ); O.Ir. de-meccim (cc =
g) “verachte ” is Brit. Lw.; O.Bulg. mьčьtъ “Vision, Spuk, Schimmer ”; O.Sor. mikać “blink,
blink, glitter, flash ”, etc.
References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;
See also: s. also under meis -.
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meiĝh -
English meaning: to urinate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “harnen”
Material: O.Ind. mē ́ hati “harnt”, participle mīd ̣ ha ́ - (= Lat. mictus ), mīd ̣ ha - n. “ordure”, mēha -
m. “urine”; Av. maēzaiti “harnt, dũngt” , maesman- “urine”;
Arm. mizem “harne”, mēz “urine”;
Gk. ὀμείχειν, Aor. ὤμειξα (= Lat. mīxī), newer ὀμῑχέω “urinate, pass water ”, ἀμῖξαι
οὐρ῅σαι Hes. (ἀ -, ὀ- are probably Vokalvorschlag); compare μοιχός m., μοιχ άς, -άδος f.
“Ehebrecher(in) ”??
Lat. meiō, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary mingō , minxi , minctum ) “urinate, pass water ”
(*meigh-i̯ō);
O.Ice. mīga , O.E. mīgan , M.L.G. mīgen “urinate, pass water ”, O.E. micga m., micge f.
migoða “urine”, Goth. maíhstus , O.S. O.H.G. mist “crap, muck ”, O.E. meox “ordure,
manure”, nFris. mjuks , O.E. miexen f. “Misthaufe ”, O.S. mehs n. “urine”, M.L.G. mes,
O.Fris. mēse ds.; probably here the name the only through den crap, muck, droppings the
Vögel verpflanzten Mistel: O.H.G. mistil , O.E. mistel , O.Ice. mistil-teinn “Mistelzweig ”; (with
aufgefrischter Tenuis of formants:) M.H.G. meisch “Maische”, M.L.G. meisch, mēsch
“ungegorener Malzsaft, Maische ”, O.E. müsc -, müx-wyrt “Maischwũrze” , Eng. mash
“Maische, zerquetschen ”;
Lith. mę̃žù (neologism for *minžu ̀ ), mį̃šti “urinate, pass water ”, Ltv. mìeznu and mīžu ,
participle mìzu , Inf. mìzt “urinate, pass water ” (but Lith. me ́žiu , me ́žti “den manure
bearbeiten ” is rather me ́žiu = Ltv. mêžu , mêto , mêzt ; es lies ein lengthened gradees root
nouns *mē[i]ĝh- the basic);

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Ser.-Cr. mìž-âm, -ati “urinate, pass water ” (ž from dem present *miz-jǫ verallgemeinert);
Sloven. mǝzí , mǝze ́ti “hervordringen (from Flũssigkeiten)” , mǝzína “Moorgrund ”; Slav.
*mězga (*moiĝzghü from *moiĝh -skü) “Baumsaft ” (“*hervortröpfelnd” ) in Ser.-Cr. mézga ,
Cz. mízha , míza etc.;
Toch. В miśo “urine”.
References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II
54.
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mei-k̂ - (and mei-ĝ-?) (*mei-ĝh-)
English meaning: to mix, stir
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mischen”
Grammatical information: also mei- : mi-ek̂-, mi-n-ek̂-; Präsensstämme also with -so-, -sk̂o-;
Material: O.Ind. mēks ̣ a ́ yati, mimikṣḗ “rũhrt um” , miśrá - “vermischt ”, miśráyati “mischt”; Av.
minašti “vermischt ”, misvan- “die Gemischten enthaltend ”; myüsaite ‘sie mischen sich ”;
common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- > -ś- : Avestan -kṣ- > -š-, -ś- phonetic mutation
Gk. μίγνῡμι (more properly μείγνῡμι), μείξω, ἔμειξα , ἔμ(ε)ικτο, ἐμί̆γην “mix, mingle ”, μίσγω
ds., μίγα, μίγδα adv. “gemischt ”, μιγάς, -άδος “mixture” (with unclear γ); μίσγω “mix, mingle ”
from*μιγ-σκω, or to mezg- ; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Gk. – Illyr. -ĝh- > -d-, -z- phonetic
mutation
Lat. misceō, -ēre “mix” (extension from mi[k̂]-sk̂ō);
O.Ir. mesc “betrunken ”, M.Ir. also “ baffle “; mesc(a)id “mischt, taucht ein, baffle “; Welsh
mysgu “mix”;
O.H.G. miskan , O.E. miscian “mix” (rather Lat. Lw.);
Lith. miešiu ̀ , miẽšti (*meik̂i̯ō ) “mix”, Iterat. maišau ̃ , maišy ́ ti , Ltv. màisu , màisît ds.; also
“zum second Male pflũgen” ; compare O.Pruss. maysotan “gemengt ”, i.e. “varicolored ”;
Intransit. sumįšù and sumįštù , -mìšti “in Verwirrung geraten ”, Ltv. samist ds.; Ltv. misêt “mix,
make mad ”; Lith. maĩštas m. “ agitation ” mìšras “vermischt ”, Ltv. mistrs ds.;
maybe Alb.Gheg mëshoj “press, push ”, mësoj “learn, teach (mix in one ’s mind?), *make
mad “
O.Bulg. měšǫ , měšiti etc. “mix”, das seine iterat. meaning verloren hat.
Here probably O.Ind. ü-míkṣü “curd from milk ”, Osset. misin “ buttermilk “, M.Ir. medg ,
Welsh maidd , nCorn. meith , O.Bret. meid , Gaul.-Lat. *mesga (Fr. mêgue ) “wheys” (*misgü ),

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mei-1
English meaning: to strengthen; pole
Deutsche Übersetzung: “befestigen ”
Material: O.Ind. minō ́ ti “befestigt, grũndet, baut” , mití- f. “Errichtun ”, mitá- “befestigt ”, mē ́ tar -
“the Aufrichter ”, mayū ́ kha - m. “peg, plug, ray ”, Pers. mēχ “peg, plug, nail ” (*maiχa-), sogd.
myɣk ds., O.Ind. sumē ́ ka - “wohlgegrũndet, tight, firm” ;
Lat. pl. moenia “Umwallung, Stadtmauern ” (“*Umpfählung” ), mūniō (arch. moeniō ), -īre
“aufdämmen (einen way), aufmauern, verschanzen, befestigen” ; mūrus , old moiros “wall”;
O.Ir. -tuidmen (*to-dī-mi-na-t) “befestigt ”, Verbaln. tuidme ;
Gmc. *mairja- “(Grenz)pfahl ”, O.E. mæ ̄ re , gemæ ̄ re “limit, boundary, Gebiet ”, O.Ice.
landa-mæ ̄ ri “limit, boundary, Grenzland ”, etc.
mei-d(h)- in: M.Ir. mé(i)de m. “ nape “ (*mei-d-i̯o-); Ltv. mìet “einpfählen” , maĩdît
“bestecken ”.
With t extended mē[i]t - : mǝit- : with- in:
O.Ind. mēthí - m., mēthī́ f. (prakritisiert mēdhí -, mēdhī́ , mēd ̣ hī́ ) “Pfeiler, Pfost en”, mít- f. “
column, Pfosten ” (perhaps also in Av. bǝrǝzi -mita- , if “hochsäulig” ), Arm. moit” “Pfeiler”; Lat.
mēta “(*picket, pole), jede kegel- or pyramidenförmige Figur” ); M.Ir. methas “Grenzmark ”
(*mitostu- ); O.Ice. meiðr “tree, balk, beam, shaft, pole ”; Lith. miẽtas , Ltv. mìets “picket,
pole”; zero grade Lith. mita ‘stecken zum Netzestricken ”; probably also O.Bulg. město , Ser.-
Cr. mjȅsto , Cz. místo “place” from *mōitsto- or *mē[i]tsto-.
References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;
See also: compare mei-4 .
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mei-2
English meaning: to change, exchange
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wechseln, tauschen ”; out of it “gemeinsam, Tauschgabe, Leistung ”
and “tauschen, täuschen”
Material: O.Ind. máyatē “tauscht”, ni-maya- m. “Tausch”; Ltv. míju, mît “tauschen ”.
With n-formant: Lat. mūnis “dienstfertig ”, mūnus, -eris (arch. moenus ) “Leistung; Amt;
tribute, tax; gift, Liebesdienst ”, mūnia, -ium (old moenia) “Leistungen ”, immunis “free from
Leistungen ”, commūnis (aLat. comoin[em] ) “common ” (= Goth. etc. gamains ), Osc.
múínikad “communi ”, Umbr. muneklu “munus, Sporteln ”;
O.Ir. mōin , müin “ preciousness, treasure, tribute ”, dag-mōini “good Gaben, Wohltaten ”;
ablaut. Welsh mwyn “Wert” (*meino- );
Goth. gamains , O.E. gemæ ̄ ne , O.H.G. gimeini “gemein(sam) ”; as “vertauscht =
verfälscht” also O.H.G. mein “ incorrect, trũgerisch” (Ger. Meineid ), O.E. mün ds., O.Ice.
meinn ‘schädlich” , mein “damage, pity, damage, misfortune ”;
Lith. maĩnas m., Ltv. mains “Tausch”, Lith. mainaũ , -ūti, Ltv. maĩnît ‘swap, vary,
exchange, tauschen ”; O.Bulg. měna “variation, Veranderung ”, izměniti “διαμείβειν ,
διαλάττειν” . Here also O.Ind. mēní - f. “ revenge, vengeance “, Av. maēni - “ punishment “
(compare O.Bulg. mьstь “Rache” from the extension root form meit- ).
Maybe Alb.Gheg meni “anger”
extension root form see under mei-gʷ-, mei-k̂-, mei -t(h)-.
References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.
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mei-3
English meaning: to wander, go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wandern, gehen ”
Material: Lat. meō, -üre “go, wandeln ” (perhaps previous ü-verb =) Pol. mijam , mijać ,
Cz.míjím , míjeti “vorũbergehen, vergehen, avoid” ; auf this basis *mei̯ü - kann also das nü-
present *mi-nümi based on: O.Bulg. minǫ , -ǫti “vorũbergehen, vergehen” (also minujǫ ,
minovati “προβαίνειν” ) and M.Welsh mynet “go”; O.Bulg. mimo “vorũber, vorbei” ; (compare
Gk. μῖμος ‘schauspieler ”?)
here also die river names Gaul. Moenus “Main”, M.Ir. Moín (in Kerry), Pol. Mień , Mianka ;
*mein- in Pol. Minia , zero grade min- in Lith. Minija , Pol. Mnina , hispO.N. Minius (Galicien),
Etrurien Miniō.
Das relationship migrare : ἀμείβειν läßt old resemblance with mei- ‘swap, vary,
exchange ” as “Ortsveränderung” possible appear, seem.
maybe Alb. (*migrare ) mërgoj “migrate”.
References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.
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mei-4
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden, verknũpfen”
Material: O.Ind. mitrá - n. (secondary m.) “friend” (originally “ friendship ” from “*connection ”),
Av. miϑra- m. “friend; pact, covenant; name eines Gottes (Personifikation of Vertrages) ”,
O.Pers. MiÞra - “Gottesname ”;
Gk. Hom. μίτρη “ Gurt; head fascia, With ra”; doubtful μίτος “ Einschlagfaden ”;
Ltv. mìemuri , meimuri “Femerstricke ”.
References: WP. II 241 f., Gũntert Weltkönig 50 f.;
See also: compare mei-1 .
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mei-5 mi-neu -
English meaning: to lessen, small
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mindern”
Material: O.Ind. minü ́ ti , minō ́ ti “mindert, schädigt, hindert” , mī́yatē , mīya ́ tē “mindert sich ”,
participle perf. mīta ́-; manyu-mī- “den Groll mindernd, vernichtend ”;
Gk. μινύθω “mindere”, adj. *μινυ-ς in μινυ-ώριος “kurzlebig ”, μίνυνθα “ein small Weilchen,
only short time ” (acc. *μίνυν, extension after δη -θά); μείων, μεῖον “ geringer”, after πλείων for
*μείνων “ das still in ἀμείνων “ better” = “*not minder ” receive is ( *mei-no-);
Lat. ni-mis (“*not to wenig ” =) “allzusehr ” (*ne-mi-is), nimius Adj ( *ne-mi-os); Lat. minor , n.
and adv. minus ‘small”, minimus “the kleinste ” (*minu-mos ), minister “ subordinate, servant ”
(after magister ; Osc. minstreis “minoris”), minerrimus ( : minus after vet-errimus : -us),
minuō “vermindere ”, Osc. menvum “minuere” (probably with nachlässigem e for i);
Corn. minow “verkleinern, mindern ”, M.Bret. mynhuigenn , Bret. minvik “mie de pain ”;
N.Ger. minn, minne ‘small, little, lean ” is from dem comparative back formation; compar.
Goth. minniza , O.Ice. minni , O.H.G. minniro “geringer, minder ”, superl. Goth. minnistr ,
O.H.G. minnist , O.Ice. minnstr “kleinste, mindeste ” (-nn- from -nu̯-, IE *minu- with neuer
echter Steigerungsbildung through -izon- , -ista- ), adv. Goth. mins (*minniz ), O.Ice. minnr ,
O.H.G. O.E. min “geringer, less ”;
O.Bulg. mьníjь (f. mьńьši ) ‘small, geringer, jũnger” (*mьnvjь-jь);
here also Lith. máila “Kleinigkeit, small Fische ”, Ltv. maĩle ‘small fish ”, Slav. *mělъ -kъ in
altSerb. mioki ‘seicht”, Cz. mělkū ‘small, seicht ”, měliti “ crumb, spall, crumble “, and O.Ice.
mjōr, mjür, mæ ̄ r “ narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin ” from * maiwa- , *maiwi- ; Toch. В
maiwe ‘small, young “.
References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.

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mei-6, mei̯u -, min(u) -, mim(ei) -
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallnachahmungen for helle, dũnne Töne and Schreie
Material: O.Ind. mimüti “blökt, bellow, roar, shouts, howls” , mimüyat , ámīmēt “brũllte,
blökte” , müyu ́ - m. “das Blöken, shout” ; presumably maya- m. ‘steed” (“*wiehernd ”), mayū ́ ra
m. “peacock” (“*schreiend ”); miṇ-miṇa - “undeutlich through die Nase sprechend ”;
Gk. μιμίζω “wiehere”, μιμιχμός “das Wiehern ”, μιμάξασα χρεμετίσασα φωνήσασα Hes.,
μινυρός “wimmernd ”, μινύ̄ρομαι , μινυρίζω “winsle”; from Lat. minur(r)iō “zwitschere, girre ”
(Gk. Lw.?) reshaped mintriō, -īre “whistle, piepen, from the mouse “; O.Bulg. mъmati ,
mьmati ‘stammeln ”.
References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;
See also: s. also mū-.
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mei-no-
English meaning: wish, intention
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Meinung, Absicht ”
Material: O.Ir. mían n. “wish, desire ”, Welsh mwyn (*meino- ) “enjoyment ”, er mwyn “um -
willen”; O.H.G. meina f. ‘sense, mind, opinion, intention ”, O.Fris. mēne , O.E. mün f.
“opinion, Erwähnung, lament” ; O.H.G. meinen “mean, say ”, O.E. mæ ̄ nan ds., also “ wail “;
Slav. *maini̯ō “meine” in O.C.S. měnjǫ , měniti “erwähnen, halten for” , etc.
References: WP. II 302, Trautmann 165.
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meis-
English meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flimmern, blinzeln, dunkel (vor den Augen flimmernd), Nebel,
Wolke; also betrũgen, Trug”
Material: O.Ind. miṣáti ‘schlägt die Augen auf” , ni-miṣ f., ni-miṣa - m. “das Blinzeln,
Schließen of Auges” ; miṣa - n. “deceit, deception “; mīd ̣ am “leise” (*miz-do- “verstohlen ”?),
mīlati ‘schließt die Augen” ;
N.Ger. mis “nebliges weather “, miseln “fein rain”, Dutch (Flem. ) mijzelen, mīzelen “dust,
powder rain ”;
O.C.S. mьšelъ “turpis quaestus ”, Russ. mšel “profit, gain ”, ob-michnútьśa ‘sich irren”.
References: WP. II 248 f.;
See also: extension the also in meigh-, meik - present root.
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meit(h) -1
English meaning: staying (place)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Aufenthals(ort) ”, from which Balt also “Lebensunterhalt, Nahrung ”
Material: Av. maēϑanǝm n. “Aufenthaltsort for people and gods, dwelling, house ”, miϑnüiti “
stays, dwells, bleibt ”;
Lith. mintù , mìsti ‘sich nähren” , mìtas “Lebensunterhalt ”, maitìnti “nähren” , maĩstas
“nourishment, food ”, also Lith. maità , Ltv. màita “ carrion “; O.Pruss. maitü “ nourishes “; Ltv.
mitiât “abode, residence and nourishment, food give ”, mìtu, mist ‘stay, dwell, sich aufhalten,
seine nourishment, food have ”.
References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.
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mei-t(h)-2
English meaning: to exchange
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wechseln, tauschen ”
Material: O.Ind. mē ́ thati, mitháti “wechselt ab, zankt, gesellt sich to ”, mithá - adv.
“gegenseitig, abwechselnd, together ” = Av. miϑō adv. “ inverted, incorrect “; O.Ind. míthūṣ ,
míthus, mithuyü adv. ds., Av. miϑwa(na)- , miϑwara- adj. “gepaart”;
Gk. (Sicil. ) μοῖτος “Vergeltung, gratitude “ (Lw. from dem Italischen);
Lat. mūtō , -üre (*moitüi̯ō ) “ändern, verändern, tauschen” , mūtuus “wechselseitig ”;
O.Ir. Negativpräfix mí-, mis(s)- ; die vollere form in mis-cuis “hate”; compare under Gmc.
missa- ; here also O.Ir. messa ‘schlimmer ”?
Goth. maidjan “verändern, verfälschen” , in-maidjan “verwandeln ”; Goth. maiÞms “gift”,
O.Ice. pl. f. meiðmar , O.E. müðum , O.S. mēðom “gift, preciousness, jewel ”; participle
*mitsto- “verwechselt, incorrect “ in Goth. missō “wechselseitig, einander ”, O.Ice. (ü)miss ,
M.L.G. to misse “ inverted, ungũnstig” , O.H.G. missi “different(artig) ”, prefix Goth. missa- “
inverted, dis- ” (missa-dēds = Ger. Missetat, missa-leiks “different”, compare Ger. mißfarben
“ve-schiedenfarbig ”, perhaps also Goth. missa-qiss “Wortstreit ”), O.Ice. mis- (seldom missi-
), O.S. O.E. mis-, O.H.G. missa-, missi- , Ger. miss- ;
somewhat different O.H.G. O.E. missan “vermissen, entbehren, verfehlen ”, O.Ice. missa
“vermissen, lose ”, M.H.G. misse f. “lack”, O.E. miss n. “loss”, O.Ice. missir m. missa f. “loss,
damage”, to O.H.G. mīdan “avoid, entbehren ”, refl. ‘sich enthalten ”; intr. “wegbleiben, lack,
sich conceal ”, O.S. mīthan, mīdan ds., O.E. mīðan “verhehlen; avoid ”;
Bal.-Slav. *meitu- in Ltv. miêtus m. “Tausch, variation ”, in addition mituôt and mietuôt
“tauschen ”, mitêt “verändern” , refl. “cease”, adv. pa-mîšu “wechselweise ”;

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mek-
English meaning: to bleat (expr. root)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwort for “meckern ”
Material: O.Ind. makamaküyatē “meckert”, mēka ́ - m. “ he-goat; billy goat “; Arm. mak”i
‘sheep” ; Gk. Hom. μηκᾶσθαι “grouse, bleat, bleat ”; Lat. micciō, -īre “grouse, bleat ”; M.H.G.
meckatzen, mechzen , Ger. meckern , M.H.G. mecke “he-goat”; Lith. mekenù , -énti “grouse,
bleat, stammeln ”; Clr. mékaty “grouse, bleat, bleat ”, etc.
Maybe Alb. mek-sh (diminutive), meksh “buffalo-calf ”
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;
See also: compare mei-6.
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me-1
English meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)
Deutsche Übersetzung: oblique Form of Pers.-Pron. the 1. sg.
Grammatical information: nom. sg. eĝ(h)om “I” (see 291)
Material: gen. betont *me-me “from mir, meiner ” in O.Ind. máma ; dissimil. *me- ne in Av.
mana , O.Pers. manü ; Welsh fyn, Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv); Church Slavic mene ,
Lith. manè ; different dissimil. *eme in Arm. im, Gk. Hom. ἐμεῖο, etc.;
dat. betont me-ĝhi “mir” in O.Ind. máhy -a(m) , Lat. mihi, Umbr. mehe ; Arm. inj from
*emeĝh -; enkLith. moi (also as gen.) in O.Ind. mē ́, me, Av. me, gthAv. moi; Gk. μοι; O.Ir.
infig. and suffig. Pron. -m-; O.Lith. mi, O.Pruss. maiy ; Hitt. -mi;
acc. mē ̆ in O.Ind. Av. mü (enkLith.), Arm. is (*eme- ge?), Lat. mē(d) , Gk. ἐμέ, με; O.Ir. me-
sse, mé (“I”), infig. and suffig. Pron. - m- (Welsh mi “I” with i after ti “du”); mē-m in O.Ind.
betont mü ́ m , Av. mąm , Alb. mua, mue, O.Pruss. mien , O.C.S. mę; with -ge erweit. Gk. ἐμέ-
γε, Ven. meχo, Goth. mik “mich”, etc., Hitt. am-mu-uk (аmuk) “mich, mir ” (above S. 291),
enkLith. -mu;
ablative mē-d in O.Ind. mát, Av. mat̲, Lat. mē(d) ;
locative moi in O.Ind. mē;
Possessiv mo- in O.Ind. ma, Av. ma m. n., mü f., Arm. im, Gk. ἐμός, Alb. im (article i +
em);-mo-i̯o- in O.Bulg. moj, O.Pruss. mais , f. maia ; me-i̯o- in Lat. meus , Hitt. mi-iš(mes) ;
secondary Goth. meins , O.H.G. etc. mīn (*mei- no-); Lith. manas , Toch. А В ñi (*män ̃ i ).
References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 599 ff.
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me-2
English meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with
Deutsche Übersetzung: as Grundlage von Adverbien (Präpositionen) “ mitten in, mitten
hinein”
Material: A. me-dhi (also basic form me-ti possible) in Goth. miÞ “with”, asäch. mid(i) , O.E.
mið, O.Ice. með(e) , O.H.G. with(i), etc.; compare under S. 706 f.
B. me-ta in Gk. μετά (ending as in κατά , above S. 613), Alb. mjet “Withtel”, Illyr. Met-
aurus “Withtelfluß” (Brutt., Umbr. ), ligur. Os Metapīnum (Rhônemũndung ) “ between den
Wassern ”; compare Illyr. locative Metu-barbis “ between Sũmpfen” (in the Save) ; in A ̈ tolien
VN Μετάπιοι (hellenisiert Μεσσάπιοι) etc., O.Ice. með(r) “with, between “, Goth. miÞ, O.E.
mið, O.H.G. with(i ).
C. me-ĝhri-(s) in Arm. merj “by” (the final sound receive in merjenam “nähere mich”) =
Gk. μέχρι(ς) “ bis”; contains den locative of words for “hand” (see above S. 447); zero grade
IE*m̥-ĝhri-(s) in Gk. ἄχρι(ς) ds.
D. Unclear are Gk. arkad. μέστε, Cret. kyren. μέστα “ bis”, Hom. μέσφα, Thess. μέσποδι
etc.
Maybe Alb. (*me-) me “with”.
References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f.
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meldh -1
English meaning: to pronounce ritual words
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rituelle words an die Gottheit richten ”
Material: Arm. malt”em “I bitte”; asächs. meldōn “angeben, tell ”, O.H.G. melda “Angeberei,
slander “, meldōn, -ēn “melden, angeben, verraten ”, O.E. meld “Bekanntmachung ”; Lith.
meldžiu ̀ , mel̃sti “bid, beg, ask, pray ”, maldà f. “request; prayer ”, Iterat. maldaũ , maldūti ;
O.Pruss. maddla “request, prayer ”; due to from dissimilation from *mold-lü to *modlü
“request”: Cz. modla “Götzenbild, temple” and Pol. modɫa f. “prayer”; with -dl- to -l-: O.C.S.
moljǫ , moliti “bid, beg, ask ”, refl. “pray”, etc.; from “weihen and schlachten ” then “to certain
Zeit schlachten ” in Russ. molítь , etc.;
Hitt. ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di (mald- ) “betet”.
References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 33, 133
ff., Mudge Lg. 7, 252.
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meldh -2
English meaning: lightning
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Blitz, Hammer of Donnergottes ”
Material: Welsh pl. mellt , sg. -en “lightning”, with secondary t;
O.Ice. mjǫllnir “Thors hammer ” (*melð [u]nii̯az); in addition O.Ice. poet. myln “fire”;
O.Pruss. mealde (*meldi̯ü ) “lightning”, zero grade Ltv. milna (*mildna ) “the hammer of
Donnerers ”; wRuss. maladńa “lightning” (*meldьńa), zero grade O.Bulg. mlъnьji , Russ.
mólnija ds. (*mьldnьji ).
References: WP. II 300, Trautmann 177.
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meli-t
English meaning: honey
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Honig”
Grammatical information: n., gen. mel-nés
Note:
Root meli-t : “honey” : Root médhu : “honey” derived from a truncated Root mel-1 (auch
smel -), melǝ - : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ -k- : mlü-k-, mlēu - : mlū ̆- : “to
grind, hit; fine, ground ”.
Material:
Arm. meɫr “honey”, gen. melu (to u-stem probably after *medhu geworden), meɫu, gen.
meɫui “bee”; skyth. μελίτιον πόμα τι ΢κυθικόν Hes.; Gk. μέλι, -τος “honey”, μέλισσα, Att. -ττα
“ a bee, one of the priestesses of Delphi, honey “ (*μελιτι̯α or *μελι-λιχι̯α “ honey- luscious “),
βλίττω “ cut out the comb of bees, take the honey “ (*mlit-i̯ō); compare μείλιχος, Att. μῑλίχιος
“ gentle, soothing, mild, gracious; propitiatory offerings, as referring to honey mixed in the
drink-offerings “;
Alb. mjal, mjaltë (*melitom ) “honey”; common Alb.-celtic -kh > -ht, -t : Gk. -kh > - tt
phonetic mutatIon.
Note:
Common Alb. phonetic mutation m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbleita ) bleta f. “bee” while Alb.
Arbëresh uses mizë (fly, insect) bletje “ (*honey insect) “ = “bee” : Gk. βλίττω “ cut out the
comb of bees, take the honey ”.
Lat. mel, mellis (*melnés ) “honey”, mulsus “ mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honey-
sweet; stirred or cooked with honey “ (*melsos ; old imitation from *saldtos , salsus ); O.Ir. mil
“honey” (*melit to *meli , whereupon gen. mela ), Welsh Corn. Bret. mel ds.; Ir. milis, Welsh
melys ‘sweet”, Gaul. PN Meliððus, Melissus ; also Welsh etc. melyn “yellowish ” is probably

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melk -1
English meaning: to rub (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “worũber streichen”
Note: parallel root to melĝ -.
Material: Lat. mulceō, -ēre, mulsī, -sum “ to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle
through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate “, mulcetra “
a plant, called also heliotropium, App. Herb. 9. “ (plant with giftlindernder Wirkung), mulcēdo
“ pleasantness, agreeableness “, Mulciber (WH. II 120); ‘streiche versetzen ” in mulcō, -üre “
to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage “.
References: WP. II 297.
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melk -2, melg -
English meaning: wet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “naß, Nässe”
Material: Gk. μέλκιον κρήνη Hes.; Goth. milhma m. “cloud”; M.H.G. milgen “ corn, grain to
Viehfutter steep “; Slav. *melko- in O.Bulg. mlěko , Russ. molokó etc. “milk”; ablaut. Slav.
*malka- in aRuss. molokita probably ‘swamp, marsh, Gewässer” , Serb. mlȁka “wässeriger
bottom”, mlâkva “puddle”, Pol. pa-mɫoka “fog”, etc.; Cz. mlklū “humid, wet ”, Lith. malkas m.,
màlka f. “gulp, Zug beim Trinken ”, Ltv. màlks , màlka ds.
melg - in Slav. * molžiti , Russ. dial. molžítь, za -molaživatь “trũbe become” (of weather).
References: WP. II 297, Trautmann 177.
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mel-1 (also smel -), melǝ- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-,
ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu - : mlū ̆-
English meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zermalmen, schlagen, mahlen ”, speziell Korn; from “zerrieben ”
also “fein, tender, soft ” and “aufgerieben, schwach ”
Material: A. O.Ind. mr̥ṇüti, mr̥ṇati “zermalmt, mahlt ”, mūrn ̣ a ́ - “verwelkt, slack ” and
“zermalmt ” (also partly with 3. mer- vermischt), mlü- ‘soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,
slack become ”, mlüta ́ - ‘soft gegerbt ”, Av. mrüta - ds., perhaps O.Ind. malvá - “crazy,
läppisch” (“*weak” in geistigem sense); compare Goth. ga-malwjan , O.H.G. molawēn , Lith.
mal̃vinti ; from the i-basis O.Ind. mrityati “zerfällt, löst sich auf” ;
Arm. malem “zerstoße” (*mel-), ml-ml-em “rub”, meɫm ‘soft, slack ”, ma-mul “presses”;
Gk. μύλη f., late μύλος m. “mill”, μύλλω “mahle, grind, pulverize, crunch “ (also as Lat.
molō “beschlafe ”: Sicil. μυλλός “pudendum muliebre ”); μαλερός “zermalmend ”; μάλευρον
“meal, flour ” is hybridization from ἄλευρον and μύλη ; ἀμαλός “weak, tender ”, ἀμβλύς
“feeble, weak ”; from the i-basis Gk. βλίτον “Melde” (compare to meaning Ger. Melde under
mel-dh-), βλιτο -μάμμας “Dummkopf ”, βλιτάς “wertlose wife, woman ”;
Alb. mjel “meal, flour ” (*melu̯o - = Ger. Mehl );
Lat. molō, -ere “mahlen” (= O.Ir. melid ), molīna “mill”, mola “Mũhlstein” ; Umbr. kumaltu ,
kumultu , comultu “commolitō” , kumates, comatir “commolitīs” , maletu “molito” (IE *melō ́);
Lat. mulier “woman” (from *muli̯ési , IE *ml̥-i̯ésī “die zartere ”, compar. to mollis [S. 718]);
marcus “hammer”, back-formation to marculus , martellus (*mal-tl-os), das a as in Lat.
palma : Gk. παλάμη; Lat. malleus “hammer, beetle, hammer ” from * mal-ni- “Zermalmung ”;
O.Ir. melim “molō” (with com- “ grind “, with to- “consume ”); Welsh malu (*mel-), Bret.
malaf “mahlen”, meil “mill” (*meli̯ü ); O.Ir. mlith dat. “to mahlen, ( *ml̥-t-), mol “Mũhlstange” ;

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*malǝu ̯ o - ‘soft” in Bret. divalo “(not tender =) raw, ugly ”, Welsh malwoden ‘slime, mud ”; from
schwerer basis Gaul. *blüto - (Fr. blé), M.Welsh blawt , Welsh blawd , O.Corn. blot, Bret.
bleud “meal, flour” (ml̥̄-tó- = Lith. mìltai ) O.Ir. mlüith , M.Ir. blüith “gentle, smooth “, M.Bret.
blot ‘soft, tender ” (*ml̥̄-ti-; Welsh mwlwg “rubbish” (*molu-ko- ); Celt. *molto- in Welsh mollt ,
Corn. mols , Bret. maout , M.Ir. molt, Gaul.-rom. multo, -ōne “(verschnittener) aries, ram ”;
Goth. O.H.G. malan , O.Ice. mala “mahlen” (Gmc. a-present); O.H.G. muljan “ crunch “,
O.Ice. mylia ds., O.H.G. gimulli “Gemũll” (but O.H.G. mulī, -īn, O.E. myln , O.Ice. mylna “mill”
from late Lat. molīna ); Goth. mulda , O.E. molda , O.Ice. mold , O.H.G. molta f. “dust, powder,
earth” (*ml̥-tü); Goth. malma m. ‘sand”, O.Ice. malmr “Erz”, ablaut. O.E. mealm-stün
‘sandstein ”, M.H.G. malmen “ crunch “, O.S. O.H.G. melm “dust, powder, sand ” (: Lith.
melmuõ “Nierenstein, Steinkrankheit ”); Ger. dial. mulm “zerfallene earth, dust, powder,
vermodertes wood ”; O.H.G. O.S. mëlo , gen. -wes , O.E. melu- , gen. -wes , O.Ice. mjǫl “meal,
flour” (*melu̯o - = Alb. miel);
maybe Alb. (*malma ) miellma ‘swan, white ”, mal “mountain, snow white mountain ” from
Goth. malma m. “ white sand, dust, earth ”, Molossi “Illyr. TN”, perhaps Gk Molokh f. Heb.
molek , a Canaanite idol to whom children were sacrificed as burnt offerings ( Lev. 18:21),
held to be old. of melek king.
Note:
Illyrian and Albanian prove that Ven. FlN Mal- ont-īna “Maltein” (Kärnten), sũd Illyr. PN
Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wũrzburger Jahrb. 1, 214); are related to Lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis ,
mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru “mount in India ”
obviously Root mel-8, melǝ - : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root mel-1 (also
smel -), melǝ - : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ -k- : mlü-k-, mlēu - : mlū ̆- : (to
grind, hit; fine, ground).

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O.H.G. mil(i)wa “Milbe” (*melwjō ); Goth. malō n., O.Ice. mǫlr (*molu- ) “Motte
(mehlmachendes Tierchen ”); O.Bulg. molь (*moli- ) ds., Arm. dial. mǝɣmóɣ (from * moɫmoɫ)
“Motte”; very doubtful is affiliation from O.Ind. malūka - m. “kind of worm ”, Arm. mlukn
“bedbug”, and die from O.S. M.L.G. mol m., M.H.G. n. “Eidechse ”, O.H.G. mol, molm, molt
“Eidechse ”, Ger. Molch , das an Arm. moɫēz “Eidechse ” reminds; rather to 6. mel- S. 721;
Goth. ga-malwjan “ crunch, zerstoßen” , O.Ice. mølva “in Stũcke break, rupture” , O.H.G.
molawēn “tabere”; O.Ice. mjǫll “fine snow ”, schw. dial. mjäl(l)a “kind of fine Sanderde ”
(*melnü ); Goth. mulda , O.E. molde , O.H.G. molta “dust, powder, earth ” (participle *ml̥-tü ́
“die zerriebene ”);
Lith. malù , málti (Akzent the heavy basis) “mahlen”, malũnas , O.Pruss. malunis “mill”,
mìltai , Ltv. mil̃ti “meal, flour ” (= Welsh blawd ), O.Pruss. meltan “meal, flour ”; Lith. malinỹs ,
milinỹs , Ltv. mìlna “Quirlstange ”; Lith. mal̃vinti , mulvinti “plague”; with formants - to-: Ltv.
màltît , miltît “hit”; Lith. melmuõ see above;
O.C.S. meljǫ , mlětь , Russ. molótь , Ser.-Cr. mljȅti (heavy basis) “mahlen”; Pol. mlon
“handle, grasp an the Handmũhle” (*melnъ ), Russ. mélenъ (*mel-eno), Ser.-Cr. čak. mlán
(*molnъ ) ds.; Ser. -Cr. mlêvo , mlijevo “Mahlgut, corn, grain ” (= O.H.G. melo , Alb. mjeɫ;
besides Serb. ml-î-vo, Russ. mél-i-vo “Mahlgut”); Clr. móɫot m. “ grape marc, Hũlsen from
malt “, Sloven. mláto n., mláta f. “Malztreber ”, Cz. mláto ds., O.Pruss. piva-maltan
“Biermalz ” (Gmc.? s. mel-d- ) etc.; probably also (light basis) O.C.S. mlatъ , Russ. mólotъ
etc. “hammer” as *mol- to- “Zermalm-ung, - er”; Church Slavic mlatiti (*moltiti ) “hit”;
lengthened grade mělъkъ ‘small” and O.C.S. mělъ “Kalk” etc.;
Toch. A malywët “du drũckst, zertrittst” , В melye ‘sie zertreten ”;
Hitt. ma-al-la-i “zermalmt ”;
maybe Alb. mbllaçit “chew” [common Alb. m > mb shift].

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with anl. s-: Nor. smola “ crunch “; M.H.G. smoln “Brotkrũmchen ablösen” , aschw. smola ,
smula , smule “ gobbet “ (besides O.Ice. moli ds., mǫl f. “heap from Steinen ”); Ltv. smelis,
smēlis “Wassersand in Felde ”, Lith. smėlỹs , gen. sme ̃lio ‘sand”, smiltìs ds.
B. basis m(e)lēi - : mlī- in: Welsh blin “ tired “ (*mlī-no-), abr. pl. blinion “inertes”; Ltv. blīnis
“mũder person” , blĩnêt ‘siechen”; Serb. mlȉtüm , -ati “faul become, amble ” (compare with ĭ:
O.Ind. mrityati , Gk. βλίτον), R.C.S. mlinъ “ cake”, Russ. blin “Pfannkuchen ”, Serb. mlȉnac
“gewalkter dough, Matze ”; Clr. mlity “vergehen ”, Kaus. mloity “nausea erregen ”;
doubtful Serb. mlédan “lean, weak ”, dial. “fade, flau ” (in Slavonien mlídan ), etc.
here probably (as “Mahlfrucht ”) Gk. μελίνη, Lat. milium (*melii̯o-), Lith. f. pl. malnos “millet,
sorghum ”; originally inflection *mél-i-, -n-és.
C. Von an u-basis (compare Gk. ἀμβλύς, O.Ind. malvá -, Ger. Mehl etc.): Av. mruta-
“aufgerieben, weak ”, mrūra “aufreibend, ruinous “.
mel-d- (perhaps zuerst in d-present); m(e)le -d-; ml̥du -, m(e)ldu̯i- ‘soft”.
O.Ind. márdati , mr̥dnüti “zerdrũckt, reibt, reibt auf” , Av. marǝd - (mardaite ; morǝnda -t̃ from
*mr̥nda -) “zuschanden make ”, Kaus. O.Ind. mardayati “zerdrũckt, zerbricht, bedrängt,
afflicts” (diese ar. words can and become partly also IE mer-d- same meaning fortsetzen);
O.Ind. mr̥dú - (= Gk. βλαδύς ) “welch, tender ”, fem. mr̥dvī́ , compar. mradīyün , superl.
mradiṣṭha -; vi-mradati “erweicht”; O.Ind. mr̥t- (mr̥d-) “earth, loam, clay ”, mr̥tsná - m. n. “dust,
powder, Pulver ”, mr̥tsnǘ ‘schöne earth, good loam, clay ” (: Mod.Ice. mylsna “dust, powder ”);
Arm. meɫk “ mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack ” (*meldu̯ -i-);
Gk. ἀμαλδύ̄νω ‘schwäche, destroy, smash” (to *[ἀ]μαλδύ -ς = O.Ind. mr̥dú -); βλαδύς,
βλαδαρό ς ‘slack” (*μλαδ -, *ml̥d-); μέλδω ‘schmelze” (tr., med. intr. = O.E. meltan etc.); with
the Vokalstellung and meaning from O.Ind. vimradati , mradīyün also βλέννα f., βλέννος n.
“mucus, Rotz ”, βλέννος “ langsam from Verstand, verdummt ” (*mled-sno- , compare O.Ind.
mr̥t-sná-);

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Lat. mollis ‘soft, ductile, pliable ” (*ml̥du̯ -is, compare O.Ind. fem. mr̥dvī́ ); blandus
‘schmeichelnd, liebkosend, friendly ” from *mlǝndo -?;
Welsh blydd “gentle, tender ”, Bret. ble “weak” (*ml̥do -), O.Ir. meldach “pleasant ” (can
also to mel-dh- belong; also:) schott.-Gael. moll m. “chaff”;
M.Ir. blind, blinn “eines toten Mannes Speichel ” (probably *ml̥d-sno- ?);
O.E. meltan “melt, verbrennen, verdauen ”, O.Ice. melta “(in stomach) disband,
verdauen ”, Nor. molten “mũrbe, soft” , Kaus. O.E. mieltan “melt, clean, verdauen ”; Goth. gа-
malteins f. “Auflösung” , O.Ice. maltr “ decayed, spoil ”, O.H.G. malz “hinschmelzend, feeble ”;
O.H.G. malz , O.E. mealt , O.S. O.Ice. malt “ malt “ (Slav. *molto , Cz. mláto etc. ds. borrowed
from dem Gmc.);
with O.Ind. mr̥d-, mr̥tsnǘ - compare Mod.Ice. mylsna “dust, powder ”, O.E. formolsnian “to
dust, powder become ” (see above);
with anl. s-: O.H.G. smē ̆ lzan “ deliquesce, melt ”, smalz “ausgelassenes fat or butter ”,
O.E. smolt, smylte “quiet, from the sea ”, O.S. smultna “ peaceful become ”; here perhaps
O.H.G. milzi, O.E. milte f., milt m., O.Ice. milti “Milz” (läßt sich leicht ausstreichen,
gleichsam zerschmelzen);
maybe Alb. (*milzi) mëlçi “the spleen (that of a domestic animal) ”.
O.Bulg. mladъ , Russ. mólodъ etc. “ young, tender ” (*moldo- ); O.Pruss. maldai nom. pl.
m. “Jungen”, maldū -ni-n acc. sg. “Jugend”, maldian “foals”; O.Pruss. maldenikis “kid, child ”,
O.Bulg. mladenьcь , mladьnǝcǝ “ youngling “ (*molden- , *moldin- );
mel-dh- (perhaps zuerst in dh-present *mel-dh-ō):
O.Ind. márdhati , mr̥dháti “läßt after, vernachlässigt, vergißt” (“*wird soft, slack =
aufgerieben ”);
Gk. μαλθακός ‘soft, tender, mild ” (after μαλακός extended from:) μάλθη “Wachs”,
μαλθώσω μαλακώσωHes., μάλθων “Weichling ”, μαλθαίνω “erweiche ”;

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here (or to mel-d- ) Welsh blydd etc.;
Goth. unmildjai nom. pl. “lieblos”, mildiÞa “Milde”, O.Ice. mildr “gracious, barmherzig ”,
O.E. milde , O.H.G. milti “milde, kind, gracious, friendly ”;
O.H.G. melta , O.E. melde , O.S. mæld, molda , O.H.G. malta, multa “Melde” (compare Gk.
βλίτον “ Melde” from * mli-to-, from the Mehlbestäubung the leaves).
(s)mel -k-
O.Ice. melr “ sand-hill “ (*melha- ), Swe. dial. mjåg (*melga- ) ds.
Ltv. smelknes “Mehlabfall ”, smalknes “Feilstaub, Sägespäne” , smalks “fine”, smulksne
“mote, speck, Kleinigkeit ”;
Lith. smulkùs “fine”, smùlkti “fein become ”, smulkmė “Kleinigkeit ”;
Lith. smiltìs , Ltv. smìlts , smil̂kts ‘sand”.
melǝ -k-, mlük - ‘soft, weak, faint, languid, clownish “.
Gk. μαλακός ‘soft”, βλά̄ξ, -κός ‘slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy ”;
βληχρός, Hom. ἀβληχρό ς “weak, gentle ” (*μλᾱκ -σρός); μάλκη “ das solidification vor
coldness, Erfrieren ”, μαλκί̄ω “habe vor Kälte steife Glieder” weicht in the meaning to weit
ab;
M.Ir. malcad “Verfaulen ”; presumably M.Ir. blēn (O.Ir. *mlēn ) “the groin “ from *mlaknü ;
O.C.S. mlьčati , Russ. molča ́ tь ‘schweigen ” (*milkē-), O.C.S. u-mlьčiti “bezähmen” , u-
mlьknąti “verstummen ” (: Ir. malcaim “verfaule”); Bulg. Serb. mlâk “ lukewarm “, etc. in
addition Lith. mùlkis (*ml̥̄ki̯os ) “Dummkopf ”.
With -sko-: Goth. un-tila-malsks “unbesonnen ”, O.S. malsc ‘stout, proud ”, Ger. mulsch
‘soft”, mulschen dial. ‘sleep”.
References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.
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mel-2
English meaning: to fail; to deceive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verfehlen, trũgen”
Material: Av. mairya- “ deceitful, schurkisch ”; Arm. meɫ, pl. meɫk” ‘sũnde” ; Gk. μέλεος “
futile, nichtig, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable “ (seems as *μελε[σ]ος auf dem -es-
stem *meles- to based on, dessen schwächste grade *ml̥s-, βλασ - perhaps in βλάσ -φημος
as “Verfehltes, Unpassendes sagend ”);perhaps μύλη “Mißgebur t”? to ἀμβλίσκω, ἀμβλόω
“tue eine Fehlgeburt ”; M.Ir. mell “error, fault, error ” (*mel-s-os, of es-stem), mellaim
“betrũge” , maile “evil, harm” ; Welsh mall “verderbt” (*ml̥so -); Lith. mẽlas “lie, falsity ”, Ltv. pl.
męli ds., màldît “err, sich versehen ”, mùldêt “herumirren, fantasize, sich plagen ”, mèlst “
baffle talk ”.
References: WP. II 291.
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mel-3
English meaning: to hesitate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zögern”
Material: Gk. μέλλω , Fut. μελλήσω “zögere, bin in Begriffe” (μόλις “barely”?); μέλει μοι “es
liegt mir am Herzen ”, μέλω , -ομαι, -ήσω, μέμηλα (Dor. μέμᾱλα ), μέμβλεται “am Herzen, in
sense lie, besorgtsein ”, μελέδη, μελεδών , μελέδημα “ care “, μελέτη ds., μελέτωρ
“Fũrsorger” ; Lat. prō-mellere(- ll- = -ln-) “lītem prōmovēre” , re-melīgō “ remoratrix ”, re-mulcum
‘schlepptau ”, prō -mulcum ds.; O.Ir. mall (*ml̥-so-) ‘slow”.
References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.
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mel-4
English meaning: strong, big
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stark, groß”
Material: Gk. μάλα “very” , μᾶλλον “more” (for *μέλλον = Lat. melius eingetreten after
θᾶσσον , θᾶττον : τάχα), μάλιστα “am meisten ”; Lat. melior “better” (originally “*stronger ”);
multus “much, a lot of ” (*ml̥to-); here multa, older molta “ punishment, penance, atonement ”,
multō, -üre “ bestrafe”, Dialektwort, compare Osc. moltam “multam” , moltaum “moltare”,
multasikad “multaticia ”, Umbr. motar “multae”, mutu “multa” (*ml̥tü “Vergũtung,
replacement ”; compare Gmc. *bōtō “ penance, atonement ”: *bata- “better”); Ltv. milns “very
much, a lot of ”.
References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.
See also: A through g ̂ (h) extension root form is perhaps melg ̂ h - “to swell” , see there.
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mel-5
English meaning: member; to join
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Glied; zusammenfũgen”
Material: O.Ind. márman - n. “limb, member, offene, ungeschũtzte Körperstelle” , Arm.
marmin “body, Fleisch ” (from dem Iran.?), Lith. mélmenys “ Fleisch an den kidneys
“, Ltv. mēlmen ́ i “ groin, loins ”; different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S.
718);
Gk. μέλος n. “limb, member ” and “gegliederte Weise, song, Melodie ”, hence μελίζω
“besinge”; Bret. mell m., Corn. mel, pl. mellow “ankle”, Welsh cym-mal “articulus, junctura,
commissura ” (Proto-Celt. *melso- : μέλος = Lith. tamsiá : O.Ind. támas n .); Toch. AB mälk -
“zusammenfũgen” .
References: WP. II 292.
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mel-6, melǝ -
English meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Farbbezeichnungen, especially von dunkeln, unreinen,
schmutzigen Farbentonen; ‘schmutz, beschmutzen ”
Material: O.Ind. maliná - “dirty, filthy, schwarz ”, mlü -na- “black, swart “, mála - m. n. ‘smut,
ordure, Sũnde” ;
Gk. μέλᾱς , -αινα, -ᾰν “black” (probably for * μέλανος after dem Fem. μέλαινα = O.Ind.
malinī), μίλτος “Rötel”, μολύνω “besmirch ” (maybe from * μαλύνω ), μύλλος “Rotbarbe ”
(ablaut as Lat. mulleus, Lith. mulvas), with ō -grade μώλωψ ‘striemen, blutunterlaufene
place”;
Alb. mel- еnë (Kollekt. *mel-inio- ) “elm” (from der paint , color of Holzes ) , mel-ézë ds .,
mjerë “ unlucky “ (*mel- ro- “black”), etc.;
vorrom. *melix, -ice (Fr. mélèze ) “Lärche” ;
Lat. mulleus “reddish, purpurfarben ” (*mulnei̯os ); compare O.H.G. mol S. 717;
Goth. mēla nom. pl. ‘schriftzeichen ”, mēljan ‘schreiben ”, O.H.G. ana-malī “ Fleck, scar ”,
M.H.G. mül n. “ Fleck”, O.H.G. mülōn, -ēn “malen, draw, sign “, aNor. mæ ̄ la “färben, malen”
(originally “with schwarzer Farbe malen ”);
Balt *mēlna - (*melǝ -no-) in Ltv. męlns “ black”, O.Pruss. melne “blauer Fleck ”, Lith.
mel̃svas “bläulich” (also Lith. meletà , -atà “Grũnspecht; Hasel -, Waldhuhn ”, O.Pruss. melato
“Grũnspecht” ?); Lith. me ́las , me ́lynas “ blue”, me ́lynė “ blauer Fleck infolge eines Schlages ”,
Ltv. mẽl̨š “ dunkelblau ” (*mēli̯as ); O.Pruss. mīlinan acc. fem. “Fleck”; Lith. mólis , Ltv. mâls “
loam, clay “;
with u-colored reduplication-grade: Lith. mul̃vas “ reddish, yellowish ”, mul̃v -yti, -inti
“besmear ”, mul̃vė ‘slime, mud, swamp, marsh ”;

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mel-8, melǝ - : mlō -
English meaning: to appear, come up
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hervorkommen, erscheinen, hochkommen; Erhöhung, Wölbung”
Material: Perhaps O.Ind. maṇi - “ pearl “, maṇika - m. “(round) Wassertopf ”; Gk. μολεῖν “go,
come” (Aor.), present βλώσκω , perf. μέμβλωκα ; ἔβλω ἐφάνη; αὐτό-μολος “Überlaufer” , προ-
μολή “Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses ”, μολεύω “beschneide die Pflanzenschößlinge” ;
Ven. FlN Mal- ont-īna “Maltein” (Kärnten), sũd Illyr. PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Wũrzburger
Jahrb. 1, 214);
maybe Lat. *mal-ont-īna, montis , mons, m. a mountain; a mass; a great rock. Also Meru
“mount in India ”
Alb. mal “mountain ” (*mol- no-); Tosc maje “cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit “ (*moli̯ü );
Alb. mol “wood, forest ” (“Bergwald ”) from *mēlo -; Gheg moje “hochgelegener Ort ” (*mēl-i̯ü);
vorrom. malga “Alpenwirtschaft ” (*mal-ikü);
Alb. malësi “ highland ”, Illyr. Molossii Illyr. TN
obviously Root mel-8, melǝ - : mlō- : (to appear, come up) derived from Root mel-1 (also
smel -), melǝ - : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melǝ -k- : mlü-k-, mlēu - : mlū ̆- : (to
grind, hit; fine, ground).
O.Ir. acc. pl. mailgea (*mal- ik-), M.Ir. nom. sg. mala “Augenwimper ”; mell “clump, Hũgel”
(*mel- no-) = Bret. mell “großer ball “; M.Ir. mul “ball, clump ” (*molu-), mul-lach “ acme, apex ,
Scheitel”; O.Brit. Inselname Μαλαιος , later Malea Insula ( Adamnán ), neugael. Muile “Mull”;
Ltv. mala f. “edge, bank, border, shore, region ”; Lith. lūg-mala “height of Randes ”;
Serb. ìz-molīm , iz-mòlīti “ hervorzeigen ” (d. h. kausatives “hervorkommen lassen ”), Slov.
molíti “ hinstrecken, hinhalten ”, mole ́ti “ ragen, hervorragen ”, etc.;
References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k -U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161 f.

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melōdh - (molǝdh -, m olǝdh-)
English meaning: elevation; head
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erhöhung, Kopf”
Material: O.Ind. mūrdha ́ n - m. “head”, Av. ka-mǝrǝδ a- “Kopf daēvischer Wesen” (actually
“was for ein Kopf); Gk. βλωθρός (*mlodh-rós or *molǝdhro ́ s with idg- ḹ) “high aufschießend,
high gewachsen ”, also βλαστός ‘scion, shoot, Trieb ” (*mlǝdh -tos); μέλαθρον ‘stubendecke,
roof” (*melǝdhrom ); O.E. molda “the top of the head ”, O.Fris. meldke (*muldi-kō);
Toch. A malto “zuerst”.
References: WP. II 295.
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mendh -
English meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘seinen Sinn worauf richten, lebhaft sein ”
Material: O.Ind. mēdhü ́ “Weisheit, discernment, Verstand ”, Av. mazdü, mazdüh - n.
“Gedachtnis, Erinnerung ”, mazdüh - m. name of höchsten Gottes ( *mazdhü from *mn̥dh -tü);
Gk. μανθάνω (secondary present to) μαθήσομαι , μαθεῖν “learn”, Dor.-Eol. μάθη, Ion.
μάθος n., Ion.-Att. μάθησις “Lernen, Unterricht ”; μενθήρη “forehead; φροντίς” ; perhaps
Μοῦσα (*μονθι̯α ) “Muse”;
Alb. mund “ can, win “;
Maybe (* mundi ) Muji “ Heracles of Albanians “, mundje “ struggle, defeat “
Welsh mynnu “wollen”, Corn. mennaf “I will”, mynnes, mynnas “wollen, volition ”, Welsh
go-fin(n) “long, want, bid, beg, ask, fragen ”, Corn. govyn ds.;
Goth. mundōn “ look up “, mundrei “ purpose “, O.Ice. munda “aim, strive ”, O.H.G. muntar
“keen, eager, munter”, muntarī “ eagerness “; O.H.G. mendī “pleasure, joy ”, menden , O.S.
mendian “ be glad “;
Lith. mañdras, mandrùs “alert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton ”; Ltv. muôdrs and muôžs
ds. (*mandus ), muôstiês “aufwachen ”; O.Bulg. mǫdrъ “wise”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg men(d)-të “brains”, Alb. mend- im “thought”, (*mentsur ) mençur “ smart “ :
Lith. mandrùs “alert, smart ”.
IE men- dh- through compression from * men-dhē- “ sense, mind whereupon place “,
compare O.Ind. man[*z]-dhüta ́ r - “the thinking, the pious “, Av. mąz-dü- “ commit to memory,
memorize “ (therefrom mązdra - ‘sensible, smart, wise ”). - From Gk. προ-μηθής “ vorsorglich
“ (Dor. -ü-) to be closed in IE *mü-dh- besides *men- dh- (as gʷü- : gʷem -), seems possible .
References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.

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mend -, mond - (mn̥d-?)
English meaning: to suck (brost), to feed; brost
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘säugen, saugen; Brust” ; also “junge, saugende Tiere ”
Material: Alb. ment “ suckle, suck ”, mezej “ suckle “; mes, mezi m. “Fũllen” , mezat “young
bull, Tierjunges ”, mezore “young cow ” (*mondi̯o -); Illyr. PN Menda f. “mare”, ablaut. PN
Mandeta ; mandos ‘small horse ”, out of it dial. mannus: Lat. ‘small Gaul. horse ”; Messap.
Juppiter Menzana (*mendi̯o -no-) “god, dem Pferde geopfert wurden ”; from dem Illyr. derives
rom. mandius “Fũllen, rother, cattle” (Rom. minz “Fũllen” , manzat “young cow ”, Ger. Tirol
Manz, Menz “unfruchtbare cow ”, rheinländ. Minzekalb , Basque mando “mulus”, etc.); M.Ir.
menn (*mendo- ), mennán “young animal, calf, Fũllen” , secondary bennán “Kälbchen, kid,
Hirschlein ”, Ir. binnseach , gael. minnseach “young goat, kid ”, Welsh mynnan “kid”, Corn.
min “haedus”, Bret. menn “young animal ”, menn gavr “young goat, kid ”; Gaul. PN Epo-
manduo-durum , Brit. PN Mandu-essedum (Illyr. Lw.?); probably also the bO.Ir. FlN Mindel ;
O.H.G. manzon m. pl. “teat, udder ”; Illyr. Gaul. mand- could also IE ablaut mn̥d- contain.
References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Wũrzburg. Jb.
1, 189, 202.
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mend(ā, -om)
English meaning: defect, flaw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fehler, Körperfehler, Gebrechen” (also “Makel, Fleck ”?)
Material: O.Ind. mindü ́ “Körperfehler” (for *mandü ́ after nindü ́ “reprimand ”);
Lat. mendum, menda “fault, error, Gebrechen ”, ē-mendüre “ausbessern; heal, cure ”,
whereof mendīcus “ beggar” and mendüx, -ücis “ fallacious “ (*fehlerhaft);
perhaps O.Ir. mennar “macula”, zero grade O.Ir. mind “mark, token, sign, Merkmal ”
(*mn̥du n.; also in the meaning “diadema ” = “insigne” dass. word), Welsh mann “place”,
mann geni “ birthmark “.
References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f.
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men(e)gh-, mon(e)gh-, mn̥gh -
English meaning: abundant, excessive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reichlich, viel; reichlich geben ”
Material: O.Ind. maghá - n. “gift, present ”, maghávan (t)- “gabenreich, generous “; m.
‘spender”, maṁhatē ‘schenkt, spendet ”, maṁhiṣṭha - “in höchsten Maße freigebig, ũberaus
rich”, maṃhánü “gern, bereitwillig ”;
O.Ir. menicc “frequent, often, rich, frequent ”, Welsh mynych “frequenter ”, Corn. menough
ds. (*meneggi- , expressive); Goth. manags , O.H.G. O.S. manag , O.E. manig, menig “much,
a lot of, manch”, O.Ice. mengi n. “bulk, mass ”; mangr, margr “manch, much, a lot of,
freundschaftlich ”; O.C.S. mъnogъ “much, a lot of ” (*monogo- ), compare also Lith. minià
“bulk, mass ” (*meni̯ü).
References: WP. II 268 f., Trautmann 189.
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men(ǝ)k -
English meaning: to knead
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kneten (quetschen, zermalmen) ”
Material: O.Ind. mácatē , mañcatē “zermalmt, betrũgt, is minxish, wanton (?)” (Dhütup.; with
probably apposition also from:) O.Ind. maṅkú - “weak, fluctuating “;
Alb. mekem “make humid, wet, werde senseless, unconscious, erstarre ”, i mekan “faint,
languid, weak ”, mekë “Dummkopf ”(*mn̥k-);
Gk. Ion. μάσσω ( *mn̥k-i̯ō), Att. μάττω “ push, press, knead, streiche, wische ”
(paradigmatic combined with Aor. pass. μαγ῅ναι, to μαγεύς etc., root maĝ-, see there; in
Gutt. ambiguous μάκτρα “ kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch “), μακαρία βρ ῵μα
ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων Hes.;
O.E. mengan , O.S. mengian , M.H.G. mengen , Ger. mengen (actually
“durcheinanderkneten ”), O.S. gi-mang , O.E. (ge)-mang n., M.H.G. ge-manc , -ges m.
“Mischung, Gemenge ”;
Lith. mìnkau , -yti “(dough) knead ”, mìnkštas ‘soft”, ablaut. mánkau , -yti (= Gmc.
*mangjan ), Ltv. mîcît “tread”, mîksts ‘soft”;
O.C.S. mękъ-kъ ‘soft”, *męknǫti ‘soft become ”, o-mę-čiti “erweichen ”, Russ. mjákiš “das
Weiche of bread ”, ablaut. O.C.S. mǫka “meal, flour ” (Ser. -Cr. múka , Russ. muká ds.), mǫka
“agony” (Ser.-Cr. mȕka ds.) etc.;
References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.
See also: compare die similar roots mük- and maĝ-.
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meng -
English meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schöner machen, schwindelhaft verschönern”
Note: only nominal
Material: O.Ind. mañjú -, mañjulá - “already, mellifluous ”, maṅgalá - n. “good Omen, luck” ;
Osset. mäng “deceit”; Gk. μάγγανον n. “ magical cure, magic potion; philtre,
Kriegsmaschine ” etc. (out of it borrowed Lat. manganum “Maschine ”, Alb. mangë
“Hanfbreche ” etc., M.H.G. mange “Wurfmaschine ”, Ger. Mange(l) “Wäscherolle” ),
gr*μάγγων (out of it Lat. mangō “betrugerischer Händler” ), μαγγανεύω “betrũge” etc.; M.Ir.
meng “ deception, artifice ”, mengach “verräterisch” ; from Ger. mange derives O.Pruss.
manga “Hure”, Lith. mánga “ungezogene person ”; Toch. A maṅk “blame, fault, error ”.
References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.
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men-1
English meaning: to tower
Deutsche Übersetzung: “emporragen ”
Material: Av. framanyente (:Lat. prō-minēre ) ‘sie gewinnen protrusion ”, mati- (*mṇti-) “
protrusion of mountain range ”;
Lat. ē-mineō, -ēre “heraus-, hervorragen ”, im-minēre “ threatening about etwas
hereinragen ”, prō-minēre “hervorragen ”; from diesen compounds is probably also das i
folgender words to define: minae “die hervorraffenden Zinnen ( murorum ); Drohungen ”,
minor, -ürī “emporragen, ũberragen, threaten” , minüx “ragend, ũberragend, threatening “ ;
mōns, -tis “mountain ” (hybridization from *montos and *mṇti- ); mentum “chin,
Gebäudevorsprung” , with Welsh mant “ maxilla, mouth ” as *mṇto - equatable (out of it M.Ir.
mant “die Stelle eines ausgefallenen Zahnes, gums ”); O.Bret. -monid , umgelautet
Welsh mynydd , Corn. meneth , Bret. menez “mountain ” (*monii̯o -), Welsh gor-fynydd
“Aufstieg” (formal = O.Ir. formna ‘shoulder”); s. also under menth -2;
O.Ice. mø ̄ nir “ridge of the roof ” (lengthened grade besides Celt. * mŏnii̯o -), mø ̄ na
“emporragen ”;
related is probably *mono - “ nape, neck “.
References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.
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men-2
English meaning: to step, tread over, press
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treten, zertreten, zusammendrũcken”
Material: O.Ind. carma-mnüs nom. pl. “Gerber”; Eol. μάτεισαι “tretende” (*μάτημι ), ματεῖ
πατεῖ Hes., Denom. from a mn̥-tós “getreten”; Welsh mathru “with Fũßen treten” , Bret.
mantra ds. ( *mn̥tr-), Gaul. -mantalon (*gestampfter) “way” in Petro-mantalon “vierfache road ”
(= Petru- ), Mantalo-magus ‘straßenfeld” , Phryg. PN Μανταλος ; also M.Ir. men f. “meal, flour,
dust, powder ”; Lith. minù , mìnti “tread, Flachs brechen, Felle gerben ”, Ltv. minu, mīt “tread,
tan, convert hide into leather ”; O.Bulg. *mьnǫ, męti “ to press together “, Russ. mnu, mjat ь
“break, rupture (Flachs or Hanf), knead, tread (loam, clay ), zerknittern, zerknũllen” ;
Gk. μνίον “Moos, Meergras ” (μνιαρός , μνιόεις “moosig”), μνόος, μνοῦς (*μνόFος) “weicher
Flaum”, μνοῖον μαλακόν Hes., Lith. mìniava “Flachsseide, Filzgras ”.
References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.
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men-3
English meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity
Deutsche Übersetzung: “denken, geistig erregt sein ”
Note: extended menǝ - : mnü- and mnē-, menēi- : menī-
Material: O.Ind. mányatē “denkt”, Av. mainyeite ds., ap. mainyühay (IE *men-i̯-o-, = Gk.
μαίνομαι “ rase”, O.Ir. -muiniur , Slav. mьnjǫ “meine”, see under), O.Ind. perf. ma-mnē,
mēnē ; manüy -ati “is keen, eager ”, manü -уú- “keen, eager, godly, pious ”, manī -sǘ “Weisheit,
Verstand; devotion, prayer ” (*menēi- : menī-); O.Ind. manutē “denkt”; mánati “erwähnt” (=
Lith. menù , Pol. -mionę , Cz. -menu ); O.Ind. müna ́ yati “ehrt”, (: Lith. ìš-monis “Verstand ”),
Av. mąnayǝn “man could believe ”; Supin. O.Ind. mántum , participle perf. matá - “gedacht” (=
Gk. αὐτό-ματος, Lat. commentus , Lith. miñtas , O.Ir. dermat );
from the ü-basis (= Gk. μνᾱ-): O.Ind. mnüta ́ - “erwähnt” ; mnüya ́ tē “wird erwähnt” ;
O.Ind. mánas -, Av. manah- n. ‘sense, mind ” (= Gk. μένος); O.Ind. durmanü ́ s (=
δυσμενής); ap. Haxü -maniš ᾽Αχαιμένης “ from Freundessinn beseelt ”; O.Ind. mánman -
‘sense, mind, thought, notion ” (= O.Ir. menme ); mantár - “thinker” (= Gk. Μέντωρ, Lat.
commentor ); múni - m. “Begeisterter, seer (compare μάντις), Asket” ; mántra - m. “religiöse
formula “, Av. mąϑrō ds.;
O.Ind. su-mná- n. “Wohlwollen ”; O.Ind. matí-, máti-, Av. -maiti- ‘sense, mind, thought,
notion, opinion ” (= Lith. mintìs , O.Bulg. pa-mętь , Goth. ga-munds , Lat. mēns ), next to which
also O.Ind. manti- “think” (= Goth. ana-minds ); mántu - ds.; abhi-müti- f. “ pestering,
temptation; snare “ (*-mn̥̄t-i-);
Arm. i-manam “verstehe ” (*menü-mi, compare under O.H.G. manōn );
Gk. μέμονα (μέμᾰμεν ; μεμᾰώς , with metr . lengthening μεμᾱώς) “ gedenke, have lust,
demand “ (Präteritopräs. as Lat. meminī , unredupl. Goth. man), Imper. perf. μεμάτω (= Lat.

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mementō ); αὐτό -ματος “ from sich selber herausdenkend and handelnd ”; μαίνομαι “ bin
verzũckt, rase” (= mü ́ nyatē etc.), Aor. ἐμηνάμην, ἐμάνην, perf. μέμηνα; compare μανίᾱ
“fury”, μάντις “ seer “, μαινάς, -άδος “die Verzũckte”, μαιν όλης, -ολίς “ frenzied “;
from the basis auf ü-: perf. μέμνημαι ( Dor. -ü-) “bin eingedenk ”, present μιμνῄσκω ( Eol.
μιμναίσκω) “ erinnere”, Med. “erinnere mich ”, Fut. μν ήσω; μνάομαι “ erinnere mich ” in
Hom.μνωόμενος, μνώοντο; μν῅σις f. “ Erinnerung ”, μνήμων “ eingedenk ”, μν῅μα, Dor. μνᾶμα
“Erinnerungszeichen, Grabmal ”; μένος n. (= O.Ind. mánas -) “ courage, rage, fury ”; μενοινάω
“have in sense, mind, have vor ”, μενοινή “wish”, due to eines Subst. *μενώ(ι) (compare den
woman’s name n Μενωί, Μενώ and die derivative Μενοίτης, Μενοίτιος); μ῅νις, Dor. μᾶνις
“Groll” (*μνᾶνις?); compare above S. 693;
Alb. mund , mënd “kann” (*mn̥-dh-);
Lat. meminī “erinnere mich, bin eingedenk ” (: Gk. μέμονα ; compare Osc. memnim
“monumentum, memoriam ”); from the basis auf - ī (: -ēi) minīscitur ds., comminīscor
“erinnere mich ”; mēns, -tis ‘sinnesart, Gemũt, Denkvermögen, reason” (from *mn̥ti-, see
above O.Ind. matí- etc.), mentiō “Erwähnung” (= air air-mitiu ), Denom. mentior, - īrī “lie”
(compare O.Pruss. mēntimai “wir lie” i.e. “Ersonnenes vorbringen ”, compare z. meaning still
commentum “Erdichtung, plan ”, to participle commentus “ersonnen ”, and Lith. pra-manūtas
“erdichtet, incorrect “); Kaus. moneō “mahne” (= Lith. iš-manūti , lengthened grade
O.Ind.müna ́ yati ), monitor m. “Mahner”, monumentum “Erinnerungszeichen ”, mōnstrum
“Mahnzeichen, Ungeheuer ” (*mone-strom ), mōn-strüre “ indicate “, etc.;
O.Ir. do-moiniur “glaube, meine ” (= μαίνομαι , O.Ind. mányate , with -mo- from -ma-) and
viele other compounds; Simplex in ro-mēnair “er hat ũberlegt” , dia-ru-muinestar “for die er
bestimmt hat ”; mito-grade (compare moneō ) O.Bret. guo-monim gl. “pollicēri” ; O.Ir. cuman ,
cuimne (= M.Welsh covein ) “Erinnerung ”, Welsh co-f (*kom-men ) ds.; O.Ir. menme (=

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O.Ind. manman- ) “ghost, sense, mind ”; O.Ir. dermat “ oblivion “ (*-mn̥to -), airmitiu (*are-
menti̯ō ) “honor”, etc.;
Maybe Alb. dërrmoj “destroy”.
Goth. *man, munum (Inf. munan , preterit munda ) “mean, believe ” (preterit-present as
μέμονα, meminī, μέμνημαι), ga-munan ‘sich a thing remind ”, O.Ice. muna “gedenken, sich
remind”, munu, mono “intend, mean, aim, become ”, O.E. mon, man “(ge)denke ”, O.S. far-
munan (preterit -munsta ) “not gedenken, verleugnen ”; Goth. schw. V. munan (3. Sg
munaiÞ , preterit munaida ) “gedenken (to do), μέλλειν” (munaiÞ from * menēi̯-eti = O.Ind.
manüy -ati, compare menē- in:) O.H.G. firmonēn “ despise “ (and Slav. moněti , Lith. mine ́ti ,
as well as - if old - Gk. μαν῅ναι); o-stuf. O.H.G. O.S. manōn , O.E. manian “mahnen”
(O.H.G. manōt 3. sg. = Lith. mãno “understands ”, compare reduced grade Arm. i-manam
“verstehe ” from *menümi ); Goth. muns m. “thought, notion, opinion ”, O.Ice. munr ‘sense,
mind, desire, lust ”, O.E. myne “Erinnerung, desire, love ”, O.S. muni-līk “ mellifluous ” (=
O.Ind. múni -); Goth. ana-minds “ suspicion “ (= O.Ind. mantí -), ga-minÞi n. “Andenken ”,
O.Ice. minne “Erinnerung ”, O.H.G. O.S. minn(e)a “love, Minne ” (*minÞjü , *mindjü ); Goth.
ga-munds , O.E. ge-mynd , O.H.G. gi-munt “Andenken, Gedachtnis ” (= O.Ind. matí- etc.);
Lith. menù (= wSlav. *-menǫ , O.Ind. mánati ), miñti “gedenken ”, red.-stuf. miniù , mine ́ti ( :
O.H.G. firmonēt etc.) “ds., erwähnen” , Ltv. minêt ds., ablaut. Lith. manūti “ understand,
comprehend “; lengthened grade ìš-monis “Verstand ”; Lith. mintìs “thought, notion ” (=
O.Ind. matí- etc.); mẽnas m. “Kunst”; prà-mintas “benannt”; O.Pruss. mēntimai “wir lie”;
O.C.S. mьnjǫ (mьniši ), mьněti “mean”, ро-mьněti “gedenken, sich remind ”, pamętь
“Gedenken ”; Toch. A mnu “Denken”, В mañu “desire”;
Hitt. me-im-ma-i (memmüi ) ‘sagt”, whether from * memn- or *men- ? compare Benveniste
BAL.-SLAV. 33, 140, Pedersen Hitt. 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.
References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.

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men-4
English meaning: small, to diminish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klein, verkleinern; vereinzelt ”
Note: partly with u-, u̯o-, partly with k-formant
Material: u-, u̯o-stem: Arm. manr , gen. manu ‘small, thin, fine ”, manuk “kid, child, knave,
boy, servant ”; Gk. μάνυ -ζα μονοκέφαλον σκόροδον Hes., μάνυ μικρόν (Hs. πικρόν)
᾽Αθαμᾶνες Hes., μᾱνός, Att. μᾰνός (*μανFός) “ thin, lax, sparse “, diss. βανόν (= μανόν)
λεπτόν Hes.; in addition as “ isoliert sich ” after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lith. ) μαναύεται
παρέλκεται Hes.; i.e. “drũckt sich, slinks sichweg” and with Diss. possibly Att. βάναυσος
“(*wer sich abseits, from other fernhält” =) “the small Mann with beschränktem
Gesichtskreis ”; o-grade Ion. μοῦνος, Dor. μ῵νος, Att. μόνος (*μόνFος) “ allein, occasionally
“; O.Ir. mīn (*mēni -) “ smooth, gentle ”; menb ‘small”, old Menueh gen. , Welsh di-fanw
“unbedeutend ”, di-fenwi (*mn̥u̯-) “verkleiner n, vilify, scold ”.
With k-formants: O.Ind. manü ́ k “ein wenig ”; O.H.G. mengen (*mangjan ) and mangolōn
“entbehren ”, Ger. mangeln , M.H.G. manc (-g-) “lack, Gebrechen ”; Lith. meñkas ‘small,
unbedeutend ”, ménkė “codfish, Aalquappe ”, etc.;
Maybe Alb. mungonj “lack” also Ital. mancare “be lacking, missing ”
Toch. В menki “minder”; Hitt. ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-eš nom. pl. ‘short”.
References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.
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men-5
English meaning: to stay, stand still
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bleiben, (sinnend) stillstehen ”
Note: (= men- “think”?)
Material: O.Ind. man- (parimamandhi , ámaman ) “hesitate, stillstehen ”, Av. ap. man-
“bleiben, wait, hold on ”, Av. fra-man- “ausharren ”; Arm. mnam “bleibe, erwarte ” (*mēnü -);
Gk. μένω , μίμνω (μεμένηκα ) “bleibe”, μονή f. “das Bleiben ”, μόνιμος “ausharrend ”, μέμνων “
donkey “ (“persistent “); Lat. maneō, -ēre (compare μεμένη -κα) “bleiben” (*menei̯ō),
Denomin. mantüre ‘saepe manēre” ; O.Ir. ainmne , Welsh amynedd , M.Welsh anmynedd
“Geduld” (*an-meni̯ü );
Toch. А В mäsk - ‘sein”; Hitt. mi-im-ma-i “refuse”.
References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hitt. 121.
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menth -1, meth -
English meaning: to mix up, stir
Deutsche Übersetzung: “quirlen, drehend bewegen ”
Material: O.Ind. mánthati, mathnü ́ ti “quirlt, rũhrt, schũttelt” , mántha - m. “ gyration,
Rũhrlöffel” , Av. mant- “ bestir “;
Gk. μόθος m. ‘schlachtgetũmmel” , μόθουρα (*μοθορ Fα) f. “Heft of Ruders ”, Dor. μόθων
m. “Metökenkind” ; Att. “Frechling ”, lak. μόθαξ ds.;
Lat. (Osc. ) mamphur , better manfur “ein Stũck the Drehbank” ;
O.Ice. mǫndull m. “Drehholz an the Handmũhle” , Ger. Mandel, Mandelholz “Rollholz,
walzenförmiges wood” ;
Lith. mentùris, -ùrė (Ltv. mieturis ) “Quirl, Rũhrstock” , menčiu ̀ , mę̃sti ‘stir (meal, flour) ”,
Lith. mente ̃ ‘spatel”, meñtė f. ‘scapula”; O.Bulg. mętǫ , męsti “ταράττειν, turbare ”, Iter. mǫtiti ,
*sъ-metana (Russ. smetána etc.) “cream, Milchrahm ”, dissimil. from * sъ-mętana ;
O.Bulg. motati se ̨ “agitari” , Russ. motátь “aufwickeln, shake; verschwenden ”, etc.
References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.
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menth -2
English meaning: to chew, mouth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kauen; Gebiß, Mund”
Material: O.Ind. math- “ devour “:
Gk. μάθυιαι γνάθοι Hes. (compare ματτύνη “ Maced. Fleischgericht ”), μασάομαι “ chew,
bite” (from *μαθια -, IE *mn̥th -i̯ü), μαστάζω “ chew “, μάσταξ f. “ mouth” and “ mouthful “,
μαστιχάω “knirsche with den Zähnen”, μοσσύνειν μασᾶσθαι βραδέως Hes. (probably with ο
from α before υ, from *μασ(σ)ύνειν “ assumed from Att. Μασυντίας, παραμασύντης m.
“parasita”); e-grade μέστακα την μεμασημένηντροφήν Hes. ( *menth- to-);
Lat. mandō, -ere, -i, mansum “chew” (*menthō);
Ir. méadal “belly, Gedarme ” (*menth-lü or *mn̥th -lü);
O.H.G. mindil, gamindel n. “Gebiß am bridle, rein” , O.E. mīðl ds., O.Ice. mēl (*minÞl ),
O.S. mīl ds.; O.Ice. minna-sk “kiss”; zero grade Goth. munÞs , O.Ice. muðr , munne , O.E.
mūð, O.H.G. mund “mouth”; or to Welsh mant , see above men-1.
References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht IE Decl. 253 f.
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meregh -
English meaning: to soak, drizzle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “benetzen, rieseln ”
Material: Gk. βρέχω “benetze, regne, ũberströme” , βροχή , βροχετός “rain”; Ltv. merguôt
“gentle rain ”, męr̂ga, mürgü ‘sanfter rain ”; Cz. mrholiti “nieseln”, mrhu lka “fine rain”, Russ.
morgatь “trũbe become” (*mъrgatь), moroch , morozgá “fine rain” (*morgh-s -), morositь “fein
rain”.
References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.
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mereĝ -
English meaning: edge, border
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rand, Grenze ”
Material: Pers. marz “Landstrich, Mark ”; Lat. margō, -inis “edge, limit, boundary ” (*merĝ-ōn-,
-en-); O.Ir. mruig , M.Ir. bruig (*mrogi -) “Mark, Landstrich ”, Welsh Corn. Bret. bro “ district,
region, area “, brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to Juvenal VIII 234), Gaul. PN Brogi-
müros , VN Allobroges (= Run. alja-markiR “Ausländer” ) under likewise; Goth. marka f. “limit,
boundary ”, O.H.G. marc(h)a “limit, boundary, Grenzland ”, O.E. mearcds ., O.Ice. mǫrk f.
“Grenzland, wood, forest ” (*morĝü ), O.Ice. landa-mark n., O.E. gemearc n. “limit, boundary,
Grenzstrich, Abgrenzung, Definitio ” (*morĝom ), probably also O.N. mark n. “mark, token,
sign, Kennzeichen ”, M.H.G. marc(h) n. “Marke, Kennzeichen ”, Ger. merken (also Mark as
Geld, actually probably “Merkstrich am Gewicht ”).
References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.
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merǝdh -, mrādh -
English meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufsprudeln, aufschũtteln” ?
Material: Gk. βράσσω, Att. βράττω (*μρᾱθ -ι̯ω), Aor. ἔβρᾰσα , Ion. ἐκ-βρήσσω ‘simmer,
seethe, roar, foam auf, worfle ”, βρασμ ός “das Sieden ”; Ltv. mùrdêt “ to bubble up “, murdi
‘sprudel”, Lith. mùrdau , -yti “hineinstoßend versenken” .
References: WP. II 280.
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merĝ -1
English meaning: to strip off, to wipe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abstreifen, abwischen ”
Note: (partly also East IE merg- )
Material: O.Ind. mr̥-ṇa-j-üni (1. sg. Konj .), mr̥ṇ̃jata (3. pl. ) “whisk, abstreifen ” (compare
ὀμόργνυμι ); s. also under melg ̂ -; Arm. meržem ‘scaccio, espello ”; Gk. ἀμέργω ‘streife ab
(leaves, Frũchte)” , ἀμοργός “ausdrũckend” , ἀμόργη “mulsche mass der ausgepreßten
Oliven” (out of it Lat. amurca); ὀμόργνῡμι “ wische ab; push, press from ” (-ορ- probably from
-er- under Einwirkung of consecutive υ); Lat. mergae, - ürum “Mähgabel” , merges, -itis f. “
fascicle, sheaf “ (“Zusammengestreiftes ”).
References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.
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meri̯o -
English meaning: young man, woman
Deutsche Übersetzung: “junger Mann ” and zugehörige or ähnliche Femininbildungen
Material: 1. O.Ind. márya - m. “man, young man, lover, suitor “, maryaká - m. “Männchen” (=
M.Pers. mērak ), Gk. μεῖραξ m. f. “knave, boy, girl ”, μειράκιον “knave, boy ” (the vowel the 2.
syllable probably after πάλλαξ ); Alb. shemërë f. “Nebenfrau, Rivalin ” (*sm̥-merī), compare
mërkosh “Männchen, Wöchner” (of Männerkindbett), perhaps also martoj “I verheirate ”
(*mër-ëtonj ), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.;
ein fem. *merī̆ “young woman ” kann vorliegen in Lat. marī-tus “beweibt, verheiratet (of
Manne)”.
2. With g-formant: Lith. mergà , O.Pruss. mergo “girl, Dienstmädchen, bondmaid “ ;
presumably also with Brit. -ch- from - kk- (consonant-Doppelung in Kosewort): Welsh merch ,
Bret. merc”h, Corn. myrgh “daughter, woman ”; with -gn- behind formant i: Celt. *morignü ,
O.Corn. moroin “virgo, puella, ancilla ”, Welsh mor-forwyn ‘seejungfer, Sirene ” (from dem
Brit. derives O.Ir. muir- moru ds.).
3. Auf -tī̆: Lith. martì “bride, Jungfer ”, O.Pruss. mürtin acc. sg. “bride”, Ltv. mü ̀ rša “of
brother woman ”, krimGoth. marzus “nuptiae” (i.e. marÞus ? or from * marÞjōs assibiliert),
Gk. probably (?) in Βριτόμαρτις, dem Cret. names the Artemis.
References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.
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merk -1, merĝ -, merǝk -, merǝg ̂ -
English meaning: to rot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “morschen, faulen, einweichen ”
Note: originally = ( mer-), merk - “aufreiben ” (see 737), though already grundsprachlich
through die relationship auf die dampness verselbständigt
Material: Lat. marceō, -ēre “ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, slack sein ”, marcidus “ wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered, slack ”, marcor “Welkheit, Morschheit, Schlaffheit ”; Gaul. bracis
‘species of grain zur Malzbereitung ”; M.Ir. mraich, braich , Welsh Corn. brag “ malt “, i.e.
“eingeweichtes, gequollenes corn, grain “; gallorom. *bracu- (*mraku- ) “morass” (: Slav.
*morky ds.), Welsh brag-wellt ‘sumpfgras ”; Gaul. mercasius ‘swamp, marsh ”, aFr. marchais ;
Gaul. embrekton “eingetunkter morsel, mouthful ” (out of it Lat. imbractum ); M.Ir. brēn,
Welsh braen (*mrakno- ) “morsch, faul ”; M.H.G. mer(e)n , M.L.G. meren “bread in Wein or
Wasser eintunken ” (*merhen ), Lith. merkiù , mer̃kti “(Flachs) steep “, ablaut. mirkstù , mir̃kti
“in Wasser lie ”, markūti “ steep “, markà “Flachsröste” , Ltv. marks ds., mē ̨̀rka “ dampness “,
mē ̀ rce ̂ t “tunken”; Clr. morokvá “morass” (reshuffling from * morky ), wRuss. mjaréča ds.
(*merki̯ü ).
Note:
M.Ir. mraich, braich , Welsh Corn. brag “ malt “: Lat. bracchiüle “Armspange ”, bracchiolum
“Ärmchen” : Alb. Alb. bërryl “elbow” from abbreviated diminutive of Lat. bracchĭŏlum (brüch -
), i, n. dim. [bracchium] a small , delicate arm]
bracchĭum (less correctly brüchĭ -um ;
I. gen. bracchi, Lucr. 6, 434), ii, n. [perh. kindr. with Gk. brachiôn; but cf. Sanscr. bühu;
Albanian krahu, krahi “arm” (ph- > h- in Arm.) : Rom. craců branch, branching, limb, arm,
bough, roost

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like frango, Sanscr. bhang, Bopp, GlO.S.S. p. 239 a] , the arm; particularly,
I. Lith., the forearm, from the hand to the elbow (while lacertus is the upper arm, from the
elbow to the shoulder)
Greek: βραχίων, -ονος
Grammatical information: m.
English meaning: “Oberarm, Arm ” im Ghegensatz zu πη̃χυς = “(Unter)arm ” (seit Il.).
Derivatives: Davon βραχιόνιον “Armspange ” (Delos IIa), βραχιονιστήρ “ds.” (Plu. u. a.); vgl.
ποδιστήρ (πέπλος A.), ἑλικτη̃ρες “Ohrgehänge” (Ar., Lys.), σωφρονιστη̃ρες
“Weisheitszähne” (Hp. u. a.) und andere Geräte - und Körperteilnamen bei Chantraine
Formation 327f. Außerdem βραχιάλιον , -άριον (Sm., Th., Aq.) und βραχιόλιον (Alex. Trall.)
im Anschluß an Lat. bracchiüle “Armspange ”, bracchiolum “Ärmchen” , s. unten.
Etymological information: Nach Pollux 2, 138 wird der Oberarm βραχίων genannt, ὅτι ἐστὶ
του̃ πήχεως βραχύτερος; vgl. Bechtel Lex. s. v. Wohlbegrũndete Bedenken bei Seiler
Steigerungsformen 42f. - Daraus als LW Lat. bracchium , woraus ferner kymr. braich usw.;
vgl. W.-Hofmann s. v.

merĝ - in same meaning (compare S. 736 mer-, merg- “aufreiben ”):
Alb. mardhem “fröstle, schauere” , marth m. “ strong frost ” (= Slav. *morzъ ); O.Ir. meirc
(Ir. meirg ) “Rost”, mergach “ corrugated “ (*mergi- ); Ir. meirgeall “ scabrousness “, Welsh
merydd “humid, wet, idle ”; merddwfr “Brakwasser ”, O.Bret. mergidhaam “hebesco ” (Bret.
mergl “Rost” is Ir. Lw.); M.H.G. murc “morsch, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “, Mod.Ice.
morkinn “morsch, mũrbe from decay “ , O.Ice. morkna “morsch become ”; Bulg. mrъzel
“Faulheit”, O.C.S. mrъzitь (*miržīti ) “βδελύττεσθαι” , Slov. mrziti “ disgust “ (basis *merǝg ̂ -),
compare O.H.G. bruoh “Moorboden, swamp, marsh ”, M.L.G. brōk, Dutch broek ; with it is as

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merk -2, mork-
English meaning: sullen
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verdrießlich”
Material: Corn. moreth “Ärger , distress “, Bret. morc”het ‘souci, malheur ”; Pol. markotь “
growl, growl ”, markotny “ querulous, sullen ” (out of it Lith. markatnus ‘sullen” and wRuss.
markocić “verdrießlich make” , markotnū “langweilig ”).
References: WP. II 282.
See also: relationship to ( mer-), merk - “aufreiben, consume ” (see 737) probably.
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merk̂ -
English meaning: to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, ergreifen ”
Material: O.Ind. mr̥śáti “berũhrt, faßt an” , Gk. βρακεῖν συνιέναι, δυσβράκανος “ heavy to
behandeln ” Hes., βράκετον πλ῅θος, βρ άττειν πληθύνειν βαρ ύνειν Hes.:
besides through assimilation from * marktō: Gk. μάρπτω, μάρψαι “ gripe “, μάρπτις
“Rauber”; through metathesis: βράψαι “ gripe “, βράπτειν ἐσθίειν under likewise, Hes.;
doubtful is affiliation from Lat. merx “Ware”, mercēs, -ēdis “Preis, earnings, Sold ”, mercürī
“handeln”, Osc. amiricadut “handelsmäßig” , amirikum “commercium ”.
References: WP. II 283, WH. II 78 f.
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mer-1
English meaning: to plait, bind; rope
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, binden; Schnur, Masche, Schlinge ”
Note: extended meregh -, merǝgh -
Material: Gk. μέρμῑς , -ῑθος f. “ filament “; lengthened grade μηρύομαι “wickle together, wickle
auf”, μήρινθος “ filament, cord ” (σμήρινθος Plato with secondary σ-), assumed, daß
μᾱρύεται Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus is; O.S. merÞi , O.Ice. merð “fish-Reuse ”.
meregh -, merǝgh -: Gk. βρόχος (*μρόχος ) m. “rope, loop, noose, snare, Masche ”, Dimin.
βροχίς f., μόροττον “basket from bark ” (from *μόραττον ?); M.Ir. braige, braga “captive”; Ltv.
mer̂ga , ablaut. marga “handrail”, perhaps Lith. márška “ linen, fishing net ”, whether from
*morǝgh -ska; O.C.S. mrěža “net, loop, noose, snare “, Russ. merëža “Netzsack,
Beutelnetz ”, Dimin. merëžka “Masche in net, feines Muster ” (out of it zurũckgebildet merëga
“Gewebe, netting, embroidery “), Serb. mrȅža “net”.
References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.
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mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-
English meaning: to shimmer, shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flimmern, funkeln ”
Material: O.Ind. márīci -, marīcī “Lichtstrahl, Luftspiegelung ” (marī-: Gk. μαῖρα, μαρί̄λη);
Gk. μαρμαίρω, μαρμαρίζω ‘schimmere ”, μαρί:-λη “Glutkohle ”, Μαῖρα “the funkelnde
Hundsstern ”; ἀμαρύσσω “funkle”, ἀμαρυγή “ radiance, Funkeln ” (-υ- through metrische
lengthening, compare:) μαρμαρῠγ ή “ radiance, schnelle Bewegung ”, μαρμαρύσσω (*-ki̯ō)
“funkle”, probably from a basis meru -; perhaps μορφή f. ‘shape , (*schimmerndes ) Äußer es”
(*mor-bhü), ἀ-μερφές αἰσχρόν Hes., μορφνός “ swart “ (rhyme word to ὀρφνός ds.);
Lat. merus “bare, pure, unvermischt ”, probably originally “clear, bright, bright ”;
O.E. ü-merian “läutern; prũfen, auf die Probe stellen” , O.E. mare f., ablaut. O.Ice. mura f.
‘silberkraut ”;
Russ. dial. marъ ‘sonnenglut; sleep ”, márevo “heat, by the die Luft trũb white is;
Höhenrauch, Luftspiegelung” (*mōreu ̯ om ) under likewise; with * mьr- Clr. mryj “ misty,
dismal, dank ”, mríju , mríty ‘shimmer, dämmern, misty become ”;
doubtful M.Ir. brī “Forelle” as previous Fem. *mrī to Lat. merus , as well as Gk. ( σ)μαρίς
“ein gewisser small fish ”.
guttural extensions:
mer(ǝ)k - “flicker, vor den Augen flimmern; sich verdunkeln ”, also of twilight.
O.Ir. mrecht- “buntscheckig ” (*mr̥kto - “varicolored ”), Ir. breachtach ds., Welsh brith, f.
braith ds., Corn. bruit “varius”, Bret. briz “fleckig”, Welsh brithyll “Forelle”, Corn. breithil
“mugil”, Bret. brezel “Makrele” (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) Ice.
murta ‘small Forelle ”, Nor. mort “Rotauge ”;

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Goth. maúrgins “ morning “, O.Ice. myrginn, morg-inn, -unn , O.E. mergen, morgen , O.S.
O.H.G. morgan “ morning “.
Lith. mérk -iu, - ti “die Augen shut, blink ”, mìrks -iu, -e ́ti “fortwährend blinzeln” , ablaut. ùž-
marka “ someone, the etwas anblinzelt ”, markstaũ , -ūti “blink”;
Slav. *mьrknoti in O.C.S. mrъknoti ‘sich verdunkeln ”, Aor. po-mrъče , Serb. mȑknuti “dark
become”, O.C.S. nemrьčemyjь “unzugänglich” , O.Cz. mrkati “dämmern” , Cz. “blink, drowse,
finster become ”; in addition Slav. *mьrkъ in Serb. mȑk “black”, slovak. mrk “cloud”, Clr.
smerk “dusk, twilight ”, ablaut. Slav. *morkъ in O.C.S. mrakъ “ darkness ”, Russ. mórok “
darkness, fog, clouds ”; Russ. mérek “Phantasieren, apparition; böser ghost”, Bulg. mrězgav
“trũb, unfreundlich (of weather)” , mrъ́ždъ , mrъ́štъ “werde trũb, finster” , mrъždole ̌́jъ
“flimmere ” (stimmhafter Wurzelauslaut through Fernassimilation), Cz. dial. mřižděti se
“dämmern” ;
mer(ǝ)gʷ -:
Gk. ἀμορβός “dark” (Eol. ορ for αρ); Alb. mje(r)gulë “ fog, darkness “;
Note:
Gk. ἀμορβός “dark” derived from Alb. mje(r)gulë “ fog, darkness “ [common Gk. β < gw , p <
kw phonetic mutation]; Alb. proves that from Root mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: “to shimmer,
shine” derived the truncated Root meigh -, also meik - : “to glimmer, twinkle; mist ”.
O.Ice. myrkr (*mirkwa- ), acc. myrkvan “dark”, mjǫrkvi , myrkvi m. “ darkness “, O.S. mirki ,
O.E. mierce “dark”;
Lith. mìrgu , -e ́ti “flicker”, Ltv. mir̂dzêt “flicker, blink, glitter, flash ”, mir̃gas “ abrupt
Hervorblinken ”, Lith. márgas “varicolored ”, mar̃guoti “bunt shimmer ”, Ltv. marga ‘schimmer ”,
mùrgi “Phantasiebilder, Nordlicht ”; Russ. morgatь “blink, winken ”;
perhaps here die family of O.Ind. mr̥gá - “ gazelle “ etc. as ‘scheckiges animal ” (whereof
mr̥gáyati “hunts, scuds, chases ”)?

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(mer-3), mor -(u)-
English meaning: to blacken, dark spot
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwärzen, dunkle Farbe, Schmutzfleck”
Material: Gk. μόρυχος “σκοτεινός”, μεμορυχμένος “(rauch)geschwärzt” ; Lith. moraĩ pl. “
mildew “; Russ. maráju , -tь ‘schmieren, slander ”, marúška “Fleck, Mal ”, Cz. morous
“aschfarbig gestreiftes rother, cattle ”, moratū “black gestreift ”, Pol. morus ‘schmutzfink ”; n-
stem in Pol. morąg “bunt gestreift ” under likewise; here also Gk. μόρνον εἶδος ἀετοῦ καὶ
ξανθός Hes. (‘schmutziggelb ”). μορτός μέλας φαιός Hes., perhaps also with s-extension
Arm. mṙayl “ darkness, fog, cloud; finster, dark ” (*muṙayl due to from *mor-so- ), maṙaxul
“thick vapor, darkness ” (mr̥so -) and Lith. mùršinu “besmirch ”, mùr(k)šlinu “wash, sudle ”.
References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht IE Decl. 119.
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mer-4, merǝ -
English meaning: to die
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sterben”
Note: (= mer-5 “aufgerieben become ”)
Material: O.Ind. marati , máratē ‘stirbt”, Arm. meṙanim “die”, Gk. ἔμορτεν ‘starb” Hes.
(compare Lith. mèris m., mìre f. “death”, mérdėti “in Sterben lie ”); causative O.Ind. müra ́ yati
“ slays “, Osset. müryn ‘slay”, Lith. marìnti , Serb. mòriti ds., etc.; zero grade O.Ind. mriyátē
‘stirbt”, Av. miryeite (= mǝiryeitе) ds., O.Pers. a-mariyatü “er starb”, Lat. morior (*mr̥-i̯ōr) “I
die”; Bal.-Slav. *mirē - in Lith.mìrštu , mir̃ti “die”, Ltv. mir̃stu , mir̃t ds. (in addition Lith. mìrė
“the Tote ”, Ltv. mirējs m. ‘sterbender ”); O.C.S. mьrǫ, mrěti and -mьrěti ds., Hitt. me-ir-ta
(mert) ‘starb”.
participle mr̥-tó- “ dead “ in O.Ind. mr̥tá- = Av. mǝrǝta - “gestorben ”, Arm. mard “person”
(“mortal, human being ”), Lat. Morta , “Death goddess ”, Bal.-Slav. *mirta- “ dead “ in Lith.
mirtóji dienà “Todestag ”, O.C.S. u-mrъtije n. “death”, etc.; n̥-mr̥-to- “immortal, lebendig ” in
O.Ind. amŕ̥ta -, Av. amǝšа -, Gk. ἄμβροτος ( Eol. ρο for ρα), therefrom ἀ μβρόσιος “ belonging
to the immortal “; from ἄμβροτος abstracted βροτό ς “ perishable “ and βρότος “ blood that
has run from a wound, gore, coagulated blood “ (M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 126 ff.).
mr̥-tó-m “death” in O.Ind. mr̥tá- n. “death”, O.H.G. mord , O.E. O.Ice. morð n. “murder”
(besides *mr̥-tro-m in Goth. maurÞr n., O.E. morðor n. “murder”).
Maybe Alb. mort “funeral”, mortje “death”
mr̥-ti- “death” in O.Ind. mr̥ti-, Av. mǝrǝti -, Lat. mors , -tis, Lith. mirtìs , O.C.S. sъ-mrъtь
(from * -mrьtь ), Serb. smȑt, etc.
mr̥-tú “death” in Arm. mah, older marh ; with - ti- contaminated: O.Ind. mr̥tyú -, Av.
mǝrǝϑ yu- ds.

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mór-to- “ perishable “ in O.Ind. márta -, Av. maša - “person”, with Tonwechsel marǝta - “
perishable, mortal, human being ”, Gk. μορτός “person, mortal, human being ” Hes. (for
*μόρτος); derived *mor-ti̯o- in O.Ind. martya- , Av. mašya -, O.Pers. martiya- “ perishable,
mortal, human being ”.
mr̥-u̯ó- “ dead “ in O.Ir. marb , Welsh etc. marw , Gaul. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear
Gaul. (?) Mori-marusa “mortuum mare ”; through influence of mr̥-tu- to *mr̥-tu̯-o- in Lat.
mortuus “ dead “, O.C.S. mrьtvъ (mrъtvъ ) ds.
móro -s “death” in O.Ind. mü ̆ ra - “death”, Lith. mãras “Pest”, O.C.S. morъ ds.
After Thieme Studien 55 here (?) Gk. μάρτυς (* -ρς), -ρος, Hom. μάρτυρος “ Zeuge”
(‘schwörender” ) from *mr̥t-tur- (??) “the death griping “ (root tu̯er- “catch”).
References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.
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mer-5, merǝ -
English meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufreiben, reiben ” and “packen, rauben ”
Material: O.Ind. mr̥ṇüti, mr̥ṇati “raubt”, ü-marī-tár- “Rauber”, ámr̥ṇat “raubte”, malí-mlu-
“Rauber; but mr̥ṇǘti “zermalmt, zerdrũckt, zerschlägt” , mūrn ̣ a ́ - “zermalmt, aufgerieben ”
belong rather to mel-1 ; also marú - m. ‘sand, desert, waste, wasteland, Fels ”;
Gk. μαραίνω “reibe auf, consume, entkräfte” , pass. “verzehre mich, verschwinde
allmählich, ermatte” , μαρασμός “Hinschwinden, Kräfteverfall” ; μάρναμαι “kämpfe” ;
μάρμαρος “ stone, Felsblock ” (compare Lat. rūpēs : rumpō ), later (after μαρμαίρω) “white
stone, Marmor ” (out of it Lat. marmor );
Lat. mortürium “mortar” (due to from *mr̥-tós “zerrieben ”); about morētum “Mörsergericht”
s. WH. II 112; morbus “disease, malady ” (*mor- bhos );
O.Ir. meirb “leblos”, M.Ir. meirb , Welsh merw ‘slack, weak ” (mer-u̯i-); M.Ir. meirle f. “
robbery, theft “, meirlech “ robber “; O.Ir. mrath “ betrayal “, Welsh brad ds. (*mrǝ -to-) to
O.Ir.*marnaid “verrät” , subjunctive -mera ;
O.Ice. merja (preterit marða ) “hit, zerstoßen” ; O.H.G. maro, marawi and mur(u)wi “mũrbe ,
tender, reif ”, O.E. mearo “mũrbe, tender” , O.Ice. morna “hinwelken ”, Nor. moren, maren
“morsch”; Mod.Ice. mor n. “dust, powder ”, O.S. morÞ “bröckelige mass, offal” ;
Serb. mȑva “ crumbs “; O.Bulg. iz-mrъmьrati “roden”, aRuss. -moromradi “ gnaw,
zerkrũmmeln” ;
Hitt. marriattari “wird zerschmettert ”.
morü f. “Alp”: O.Ir. mor-(r)īgain “lamia”, actually “Alpkönigin” (mōrrīgain angelehnt an mōr
“big, large ”), O.Ice. mara , O.H.G. mara , O.E. mare (Ger. Mahr, Nachtmahr m.)

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“ũbernatũrliches female creature, das sich in the night den Schlafenden auf die Brust
places “, skR.C.S. mora “ witch “, Clr. mora “Alp, Drude, Nachtmännchen” etc.
mer-g-:
M.L.G. morken “crush”, O.E. murc(n)ian ‘sich grämen” , murc “drũckend, nagend (of
hunger)”; s. further under ( merk- ), merg- “morschen, faulen ” etc.
mer-d-:
O.Ind. mr̥dnüti (mr̥dnīta -, mr̥ditá -), márdati , mardáyati “zerreibt, zerdrũckt, zermalmt, reibt
auf”, Av. 3. sg. mōrǝndat̃ (= mr̥nd -) “vernichtet ” (diese ar. words become also IE meld-
fortsetzen, s. mel-1 ; O.Ind. mr̥dnǘti perhaps instead of *mr̥ṇátti (*mr̥-n-ed-ti) through
influence of mr̥ṇǘti (see above S. 735);
Arm. mart “fight, struggle ”;
Gk. βαρδ῅ν τὸ βιάζεσθαι γυναῖκας ᾽Αμπρακι῵ται Hes. (*mr̥d-); ἀμέρδω “rob” and “ blind,
verdunkle ” (“rob of Glanzes, of Augenlichtes ”), μέρδει κωλύει βλάπτει Hes.; to Aor. ἀμέρσαι
neologism ἀμείρω;
E.Fris. murt “brockelige mass, dust, powder ”, nd. murten “zerfallen ”, M.H.G. murz
‘stump”, Swiss murz , morz ‘small shred ”;
Ltv. mẽrdêt “abmergeln, starve lassen; eines people Tode beiwohnen ” (latter meaning
näher zu Lith. mérdėti , present mérdmi , mérdžiu “die”, das auf do- or dho-present to *mer-
“die” based on, as also mer-d- “rub” in letzten Grund auf ein solches do-present go back
wird; is Ltv. mẽrdêt likewise to mer- “die” to pull, drag?);
Lat. mordeō, -ēre, momordī “bite” (= O.Ind. mardáyati , mamr̥dḗ), also from Gefũhlen and
Geschmacksempfindungen;
compare die s-forms:

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Gk. σμερδνός , σμερδαλέ ος “terrible, dreadful ” (“*aufreibend ”), O.H.G. smerzan “ache”,
smerzo “pain”, M.L.G. smerten , nd. Dutch smarten , O.E. smeortan “ache”, Eng. smart
“biting, sharp, witzig ” and “nett, dainty ”; compare also smerd - ‘stink”.
mer-k-:
O.Ind. marcáyati “gefährdet, injures, hurts, disables, damages “ , mr̥ktá - “injures, hurts,
disables”, marká - m. “Hinsterben, death ” = Av. mahrka- “death”, conservative stem O.Ind.
instr. sg. mrc-ǘ, Av. mǝrǝxš “ruin, destruction “, Av. mǝrǝnčaiti “injures, hurts, disables,
destructs “; Arm. morč ̣ “ young, tender ” (*morki̯o -); perhaps Alb. morr “louse”(*mōrko - “die
Kratzende or likewise ”? compare φθείρ ds.: φθείρω); Lat. murcus “mutilated ” (out of it Sicil.
μύρκος “ dumb “) and murcidus “idle, slack ”; M.H.G. morgen ‘slack”.
With anl. s- Lith. smer̃kti “in Not to versetzen suchen ”, smarkùs “cruel, savage ”, pa-
smer̃kti ‘spoil”, Ger. dial. schmorgen “darben, notleiden ”.
Here (as “Häcksel” ) O.E. mearg “ sausage “ = O.Ice. mǫrr “ds., Eingeweidefett ” (*marhu-
), redupl. Gk. μίμαρκυς “Blutwurst ”; Hitt. mar-kán-zi “zerschneidet ”.
see also merk-2 ‘sullen” and 1. merk- “morschen, faulen etc. ”.
mer-s-:
O.Ind. maṣam , maṣī̆m kar - “pulverisieren ”, maṣi -, maṣī “Pulver”;
O.H.G. morsüri “mortar” (reshaped from Lat. mortürium , s. S. 736), M.H.G. zermũrsen
“crush, zerquetschen ”, md. zermorschen ds., Swiss morsen , mũrsen “ crunch, kleinstoßen” ,
M.H.G. nd. mursch, murs , Ger. morsch , Dutch morzelen “ grind “.
References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;
See also: identical with mer-4 .
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mer-6, mer -s-
English meaning: to bother, anger, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stören, ärgern, vernachlässigen, vergessen”
Material: O.Ind. mŕ̥ṣyate “vergißt, vernachlässigt, verzeiht” , marṣa - m. “Geduld”, mŕ̥ṣü “free,
irrig”, Kaus. marṣayati “duldet, verzeiht ”; Arm. moṙanam “vergesse ” (Meillet, Esquisse2 40);
Goth. marzjan “anger”, O.E. mierran , O.S. merrian , O.Fris. meria , O.H.G. marren, merren
“hinder, stören” ;
Maybe Alb. i marrë “crazy, angry, mad ”, marrëzi “madness ”
O.E. ü-mierran ‘spoil”, O.Fris. mēre “band, strap, manacle ”; Lith. mar̃šas “ oblivion “, in
addition maršu ̀ s “vergeßlich” , Ltv. àiz-màrša f. “Vergeßlichkeit” ; Lith. mirštu ̀ , mir̃šti (only with
už-, pa-) and Ltv. àiz-mìrstu , àiz-mìrst “forgotten ”, Lith. Kaus. maršìnti “vergessen make ”.
Maybe Alb. mërzi “boredom ”, mërzej “rest at noon (livestock) ”
References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.
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meug -1
English meaning: to take by surprise, wily
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heimlich and tũckisch lauern”
Material: Lat. muger “the Falschspieler beim Wũrfelspiel” (*mug- ro-s “lauernd”);
O.H.G. mūhhari, mūhh(e)o “Wegelagerer, Straßenräuber” , muhhōn “ clandestine lauern,
anfallen”, M.H.G.vermūchen “ clandestine auf die Seite make ”, late-O.H.G. mūhhilüri (to
*mūchilōn ), Ger. Meuchler , M.H.G. miuchel “ clandestine “, O.H.G. mūh-heimo “ cricket “,
ablaut. M.H.G. mocken “versteckt lie ”, M.Eng. micher “thief”, Eng. dial. to mich “versteckt
sein, steal ”.
References: WP. II 255, Wissmann nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem.
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meug -2, meuk -
English meaning: to slide, slip
Deutsche Übersetzung: A. ‘schlũpfen, schlũpfrig” , out of it ‘schleimig, Schleim ”;
andererseits B. “darũber streichen, gleiten, entgleiten”
Note: also with anlaut. s-
Material: A. Lat. mūcus “mucus”, mūcor “ mildew “, ē-mungō, -ere “ausschneuzen ”
(figurative “um Geld prellen ”); mūgil m. ‘schleimfisch ”;
Gk. ἀπο-μύσσω ‘schneuze; betrũge” , ἀπό-μυξις “das Schneuzen ” (: Lat. ē-munctiō ),
μυκτήρ “nose, nostril “, μύξα “mucus, nose ” (based on auf * μυκ-σ-ός ‘schleimig”, as also:)
μύξος , μυξῖνος , μύξων ‘schleimfisch ” (also σμύξων with anl. s-, as by Hes. also σμύσσεται ,
σμυκτήρ ), μύσκος μίασμα Hes. (*μυκ-σ-κος), ἀμυσχρός , ἀμυχνός “unbefleckt, pure, holy ”;
μύκης , -ητος “ fungus “;
Welsh mign (*mūkino -) ‘swamp, marsh ”; with anl. s- gael. smùc , smug “Rotz”
(expressive); M.Ir. mocht ‘soft”, Welsh mwyth ds. ( *muk- to-);
O.Ice. mygla f. “ mildew “, mugga “fine rain”, M.Eng. mugen “nebelig become ”, Ger. dial.
maugel “nebelig, bewölkt, dämmerig” , O.E. for-mogod “ decayed “; with IE g: O.Ice. mykr
and myki f. (*mukī ) “ manure ”, M.H.G. mucheln, mũcheln ‘schimmelig smell ”, O.Ice. mjūkr
(out of it Eng. meek ) ‘soft”, changing through ablaut Goth. mūka -mōdei ‘sanftmut”, mnl.
muik ‘soft”, Ger. dial. maukig “ decayed “, Swiss mauch “morsch, faint, languid, hungry ” (as
Swiss mucht “faint, languid, hungry ”); M.H.G. mūche “Pferdefußkrankheit” , Goth. *maukō in
prov. mauca “Gedärm” ;
Ltv. mukls , muklaîns “paludōsus” , mùku (*munku ), mukt “in einen Sumpf sink in “;
Ser. -Cr. mukljiv “humid, wet ”.

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B. O.Ind. *munákti , muñcáti , mucáti “befreit, läßt los” (“*streift ab ”), múkti - “Lösung,
Befreiung, Aufgeben ”; Av. fra-muxti- “Losbinden ”; compare O.Ind. muṇṭhate “flieht”, O.Pers.
amu(n)ϑa “er floh” from * mu-n-eth- mi;
Lith. munkù , mùkti “ escape; to get away “ = Ltv. mùku , mukt ‘sich losmachen, flee ” (and
“in einen Sumpf einsinken ” see above); Lith. (s)maũkti “gleitend stripe ”, Ltv. maukt
“abstreifen ”, Lith. (s)munkù , (s)mùkti “gleitend sinken, entgleiten ”;
Slav. *(s)mъknǫti “(ent)glide, slide ” in Cz. smeknouti “abziehen ”, O.C.S. Refl. smyčo ̨ ,
smykati se ̨ “ grovel, truckle, creep “ (modern Slav. also ‘schlũpfen, glide, slide, abstreifen” ),
R.C.S. mъknuti sja “transire”, O.C.S. mъčati (mъkē-) “jactare”, etc.
A root form meukh - with the specific meaning “hineinschlũpfen” probably in Arm. mxem
(*muxam ) ‘stecke hinein, tauche ein, bade ”, mux “dyeing”, mxim “enrare, insinuarsi,
ingolfarsi” , at first to Gk. μυχός m. “innerster angle “ (perhaps “*hiding place, nook, bolt-
hole”), μύχιος “innerst”.
Auf (s)meugh - based on die Gmc. family of:
O.Ice. smjūga “hinein- or durchkriechen ”, O.E. smūgan ‘schlũpfen, grovel, truckle, creep
“, M.H.G. smiegen ‘sich ducken ”, Ger. schmiegen , Kaus. O.Ice. smeygia ‘schmiegen,
anziehen ”, M.H.G. sich smougen ‘sich ducken ”, O.E. smēag ‘smart, sharp witted, shrewd ”,
smēagan “think, suchen ”, sméagol “eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin “, O.Ice. smuga f.
‘schlupfloch ”, further Swe. i mjugg , Nor. i mugg “verstohlen ”, with s- Dan. Nor. i smug ,
Dutch ter smuig (and ter smuik ) ds., Dan. Nor. smughandel ‘schleichhandel ”, N.Ger.
smuggeln , Ger. (out of it) schmuggeln (with kl Dutch smokkelen ds.); probably also Ger.
mogeln , nd. mogelen, muggelen “heimliches, betrũgerisches Spiel drive, push ”; with Gmc.
k(k): Nor. dial. smokla, smukla “lurk, sich vorwärts schleichen” , Swiss schmauchen “
clandestine entwenden, naschen ”; in the meaning ‘schmiegen, hineinschliefen ” M.H.G.
smuck “das Anschmiegen, jewellery ” (originally anstreifbarer), smũcken , M.L.G. smucken

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“anschmiegen, kleiden, adorn ”, O.H.G. smocco ; O.E. smock “Hemd”, O.Ice. smokkr m.
“Frauenbrustlatz ”, M.L.G. smuk (-ck-) “ ductile, schmuck ”, M.H.G. gesmũcket “ slim “;
-g- or -gh- in Ltv. smaugs “ slim “, Lith. smáugti “erdrosseln ”, Ltv. smudži, smūdzi
“Mũcken, small Fliegen” , Pol. smug, smuga (besides smuk ) “Engpaß, schmaler stripe” .
References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 124 f.,
129.
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meuk̂ -
English meaning: to scratch, tear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kratzen, ritzen ”
Material: Gk. ἀμυκάλαι αἱ ἀκίδες τ῵ν βελ῵ν, παρὰ τὸ ἀμύσσειν Hes., ἀμύσσω, Att. ἀμύττω
“ritze, zerkratze ”, ἅ᾽μυχή “crack, scratch “, etc.; Lat. mucrō “ sharp cusp, peak, spear,
javelin, sword ”; perhaps to O.E. ge-myscan “plague, deform ” (*muhskjan ) and Lith. mùšti
“hit”; perhaps also O.Ind. muṣtí f., Av. mušti - “fist”?
References: WP. II 255, WH. II 117 f.
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meu-1, meu̯ǝ - : mū ̆-
English meaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, moderig, netzen, unreine Flũssigkeit (also Harn),
beschmutzen ”, also “waschen, reinigen ”
Material: A. O.Ind. mū ́ tra - n. “urine”, Av. mūϑra- n. “ filth, smut ” (: M.L.G. modder etc.);
Maybe Alb. mut, mutra (pl) “excrement, dirt ”
Arm. -moyn “plongé dans” (*mou- no-);
Gk. Cypr. μυλάσασθαι ‘sich wash ”, Hes. (*mū-dlo-);
maybe Alb.Gheg (*mū-d) mys, myt, Tosc mbys , mbyt “drown” [the shift M > MB]
M.Ir. mūn m. “urine”; mūr ‘slime, mud ”;
perhaps (?) Dutch mooi , mnl. moy, nd. moi(e) “beautiful ” (*mou-i̯o- “gewaschen ”);
Ltv. maût “ submerge, swim, swig “, O.Pruss. aumūsnan “Abwaschung ”, causative
(Iterat.) Lith. máudyti , Ltv. maudât “jemanden bathe ”, Lith. máustyti ds.; Ltv. mudêt ‘soft,
schimmligwerden ”;
O.Bulg. myjǫ , myti “wash, spũlen” , mylo (Proto-Slav. . Cz. etc. mūdlo -) ‘seife”;
with. anl. s- Ltv. smaũlis “ein schmutzig gewordener ”, smulêt “ befoul “, smulis “ein
Schmutzfink ”;
Pol. Clr. muɫ ‘slime, mud ”, Russ. dial. múlitь (vódu ) “(water) trũben” (mou- lo-); forms with
r-suffix, respectively r-extension see under;
from * mu-n-d- os (-d- to root extension meu-d- ) in the meaning “gewaschen ” also Lat.
mundus ‘schmuck, sauber, pure, nett ”, Subst. “Putz the Frauen; Weltordnung, Weltall ” (after
Gk. κόσμος);
B. extensions:
1. meu-d-; mud-ro- “alert, awake, smart ” (compare “humid, wet-cheerful ”).

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O.Ind. mudirá - m. “cloud”, lex. also “frog”; in addition O.Ind. mō ́ datē “is funny”, mō ́ da - m.,
mōdana - n. “lust, Fröhlichkeit” , Av. maoδanō -karana- “Wollust bereitend ”, O.Ind. mudita
“blithe, glad ”, Av. a-hǝ ̄ musta - (*a-sam-musta- ) “dessen man nicht froh become kann,
unsavory, distasteful ”, O.Ind. mud-, mudü “lust, pleasure, joy ”, mudrá - “ funny “;
Gk. μύζw ( *mudi̯ō ) ‘suck”, μύδος m. “Nässe, decay “, μυδά ω “bin humid, wet, faul ”,
μυδαλέος “ humid, wet ” (Hom. υ: through metr . lengthening , whereupon newer μῡδαίνω
“bewässere” );
Lat. mundus (see above meu- );
M.Ir. muad (*moudo- ) “pure, stout, proud ”;
M.L.G. mūten “das Gesicht wash ”, O.H.G. muzzan “putzen”, Swe. dial. muta “fein rain”,
Dutch mot “fine rain”; with anl. s- Eng. smut “ smirch, stain, splotch “, M.H.G. smuz , Ger.
Schmutz , M.Eng. smotten, smoteren “ befoul “;
Maybe Alb. mot “weather” : Dutch mot “fine rain” [common Alb. sm- > m- shift]
Lith. mudrùs , Ltv. mudrs “alert, awake, smart ” (: O.Ind. mudrá -), Lith. mùdrinti , Ltv. mudît
“antreiben ”.
From in -es-stem m(e)udes - have derived:
Lat. mustus (*muds- to-s) “ young, fresh, neu ” (originally “damp, humid, wet ”); Gk. μύσος
(*μυδσος) n. “ Befleckung, Makel ”; μυσαρό ς “ehrlos”; O.Ir. mossach “impure, unclean ”
(*mud-s -üko-), Welsh mws, Bret. mous ds.; N.Ger. mussig “dirty, filthy ”; Russ. múslitь
“begeifern, besabbern ”, musljákъ ‘sabberer, unsauberer person ”.
Maybe Alb. musht “must, new wine ” a Lat. loanword.
2. meug -, meuk - ‘schlũpfrig” see under esp. Schlagworte.
3. meu-r(o)- etc.:
Arm. mōr ‘smut, swamp, marsh ” (*mǝu -ri-?), mrur “ residuum “ (*murur ); Gk. μύ̄ρω
(*μυρι̯ω ), μύ̄ρομαι “fließen lassen, weep, cry” , ἁλι-μῡρήεις “ins sea flowing “; whether here

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μῡρίος “unendlich ”, μύριοι “10.000”? Lat. muria ‘salzlake”? Lith. murstu , mùrti “durchweicht
become”, m. pl. mauraĩ “Entengrũn” , Ltv. maũrs m. “lawn”, Lith. máuras ‘slime, mud ”,
ablaut. mùras m. ‘smut”, Ltv. murît “ befoul “; Russ. mur m. muráva f. “Wiesengras ”, dial. “
mildew “, múryj “ dark grey “, etc.; compare S. 741 M.Ir. mūr ‘slime, mud ”.
4. meus -, musós , from which mūs, musós , root nouns “Moos, mildew “.
O.H.G. O.E. mos n. “Moos, swamp, marsh ”, O.Ice. mosi m. ds., zero grade O.H.G. mios ,
O.E. mēos “Moos, Mies ”, O.Ice. mȳr-r f. (*meuz-ī-) “moor, fen, swamp, marsh ”; Lith. mūsaĩ
m. pl. “ mildew auf sour milk ”, ablaut. mùsos f. pl. ; O.Bulg. mъchъ “Moos” (*musos ), nBulg.
muchъl “ mildew “; in addition presumably Arm. mamur “ red or purple dye; red or purple
color; rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, situs ” (*memus- ro-).
5. With formant guttural: Lat. muscus m. “Moos”; Nor. dial. musk “dust, powder, fine rain,
darkness ”, Dan. dial. musk “ mildew “, M.Du. mosch, mosse ds.; O.C.S. ; muzga (*mouz -gü)
“Lake, Weiher ”, Russ. mzgnutь ‘spoil”, mozgnutь “abmagern ”, O.Bulg. mъžditi ‘schwächen” ,
Russ. mozgъ “ rainy weather “, možšitь “ steep “.
Maybe Alb. muzg “darkness, *fog, dusk ”, mys “clod (of earth); bread crust ” similar to Alb.
mut “dirt, excrement ”.
6. meut -:
Arm. mut” “dark; darkness, fog ”, mt”ar “dark”; M.Ir. mothar “ thicket, dichte mass ”, Ir.
‘swamp, marsh ” (*mutró - =)
Maybe Alb. mut, mutra pl. “faeces, dirt ”
M.L.G. modder ‘slime, mud ” = md. moder “verfaulender Stoff, swamp, marsh ” (Ger.
Moder , genuine Ger. Essig- , Weinmutter ), Eng. mother “yeast” (*mutro- ); Eng. mud ‘slime,
mud”, M.L.G. mudde “thick slime, mud ” (Du. modde ), md. mot (-tt-) “Torferde, morass ”
(Swiss mott “turf”), E.Fris. mudden ‘smudge”, muddig “dirty, filthy ”, Swe. modd
‘schneeschmutz ”, dial. muddig “dirty, filthy ”;

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maybe Alb. (*mott) mot “ (bad) weather, dark, wet “
with anl. s- M.L.G. O.Fris. smudden ‘smudge”, N.Ger. smudden “fein rain ”, wFlem.
smodder “morass”, M.Eng. smod ‘smut”, smudderen , Dutch smodderen ‘schmutzen ”, older
Dutch also “to feast” (originally “unreinlich eat and drink ”; so also E.Fris. smūs , Ger.
Schmaus , older Dutch smuisteren “to feast” and “besmear ”, nd. Dutch smullen “to feast”
and “ pollute, smudge ” probably from * smuð -lō ́ n; Lith. smũtnas ‘sad” derives from Pol.
smutny ds. (Vasmer brieflich).
Maybe abbreviated Alb.Gheg ( *smutny ) s(ë)mun , Alb. sëmur ‘sad, ill, sick ”, Alb.Gheg
smundje “illness, sadness ”.
References: WP. II 249 ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff.,
Specht Indog. Decl. 65, 257 f.
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meu̯-2, meu̯ǝ -
English meaning: to move
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fortschieben ”
Note: (Aryan partly also mi̯eu̯ǝ - : mīu ̯-)
Material: O.Ind. mīvati ‘schiebt, throngs, moves ” = Av. ava-mivümahi “wir beseitigen,
nehmen weg ”, Av. a-muyamnō “unbeweglich, whereof nicht abzubringen ”, O.Ind. káma -
mūta - “from love bewegt ”, mūra ́ - “drängend, hurrying” ;
Gk. ἀμεύσασθαι “vorankommen, ũbertreffen” (probably from ‘sich vorschieben ”), gortyn.
ἀμεFύσασθαι “ trade drive, push ”, ἀμύ̄νω “wehre ab ”, Med. “verteidige mich (*schiebe weg) ”,
ἀμύντωρ “Abwehrer, Rächer” , μύ̄νασθαι “vorschũtzen” , μύ̄νη “Vorwand, Ausflucht ”;
compare O.Ir. mūn- “unterrichten ” (E. Lewy);
Lat. moveō, -ēre “in Bewegung place, move (originally through Fortschieben) ”, participle
mōtus (*movi- to-s) = Umbr. comohota abl. sg. f. “commota ”;
Lith. máuju , máuti “aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. einen ring an einen Finger) ”, ùžmovü “all,
was aufgestreift wird ”, rañktų ùžmova “Muff”; M.L.G. mouwe f. “Muff”, Ger. hemds-mauen
“Hemdärmel” .
A s-extension seems *meu -s- in O.Ind. muṣṇǘti, móṣati ‘stiehlt”, móṣa - “ robber, thief ”,
fränk. (Lex salica) chrēo -mōsido “Leichenberaubung ”; see under S. 753 under mūs.
References: WP. II 252 f., WH. II 116, Trautmann 172.
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mezg -1
English meaning: to plunge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “untertauchen ”
Material: O.Ind. májjati “taucht under, sinkt under ” (particle perf. pass. magná - from
*mazgná -), Kaus. majjayati “versenkt ”; Lat. mergō, -ere “tauche ein, sink, verberge ”,
therefrom mergus m. “ aquanaut (Wasservogel); Rebsenker ”: Balt iterative *mazgüiō
“tauche mehrfach ein, wash ” in Lith. mazgóti , Ltv. mazgât “wash”. compare estn. mõskma ,
mordw. muśkǝms , samojed. masu ungar. mosni “wash”, etc.; doubtful, whether here Gk.
μίσγω “mix, mingle ” from * mi-mzgō ; different above S. 714.
References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Gũntert Kalypso 51.
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mezg -2
English meaning: to bind, attach
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stricken, knũpfen”
Material: O.H.G. O.S. mü ̆ sca , O.E. max, mæ ̄ scr “Masche”, O.Ice. mǫskvi ds.;
Lith. mezgù , mē ̀ gsti “ tie, bind, knot, knit “, mãzgas , Ltv. mazgs “knot”, Lith. mazgūti Iter. “
knit “, makstūti “flax, wattle, braid ”, Ltv. mežg ́ e ̂ t , mižg ́ e ̂ t “ dislocate, luxate, crick “, mežg ́ ît
“ranken” (Russ. mázgarь “ spider”? s. Berneker II 28).
References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.
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mē ̆ gh -
English meaning: well-disposed, friendly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wohlgesinnt, freundlich, vergnũgt”
Material: Gk. περι-ημεκτέω “bin unwilling “ (from *ἄ-μεκτος “ unwilling “?); Goth. mēgs , Swe.
måg “Eidam” (compare Fr. belle-mère ), O.Ice. mügr “kinsman, relative through Heirat ”, O.E.
mæ ̄ g , O.S. O.H.G. müg “kinsman, relative ”, etc.; Lith. me ́gstu and me ́gmi , me ́gti “gern
have”, mėgìnti “prũfen” , Ltv. mêgt “taugen”.
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.
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mēi-7 : mōi - : mī-
English meaning: mild, soft
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mild, weich, lieblich ”
Note: often with l-, n-, r-, t- extended
Material: O.Ind. máyas - n. “Labsal, pleasure, joy, lust ”, in addition *m(i)i̯es dh(ē) in O.Ind.
miyē ́ dha - m. “Opferspeise ”, Av. myazda- m. ‘sacrificial meal ”; as *mei- dho- O.Ind. mēdha -
m. “Fettbrũhe” , mē ́ dhas - n. ‘sacrifice, oblation ”;
with l-: Welsh mul “bescheiden ”, di-ful “bold” (*mōi-lo-); O.Pruss. mijls, Lith. míelas
undmūlas “lieb, pleasant ”, méilė f. “love”, meilùs “liebreich”, mūliu , myle ́ti “lieben”, pa-mìlstu ,
pa-mìlti “liebgewinnen ”; Ltv. mīl̨š (older u-stem) and mils (from * mielas ) “lieb”, mĩlêt “lieben”,
miẽluõt “ host “; O.C.S. milъ “erbarmenswert ”, Russ. mílyj “lieb”, etc.;
with n-: Welsh mwyn “friendly”, O.Corn. muin , moin “dainty”, Bret. moan “thin,
winzig”(*mēi- no-); O.Ir. mīn “ smooth, gentle ” (*mī-no-);
with r-: Alb. mirë “good, beautiful ”; O.C.S. mirъ “peace”; ablaut. aSerb. mijer (*moiro- ),
O.Pol. mier “peace” (O.Lith. mieras , Ltv. miêrs ds. are Slav. Lw.);
with t-: Lat. mītis “mild, soft ” (*mēit -); O.Ir. mōith , mōeth (*mōit -) ds., also (?) pl. mē(i)th
“fat, fertile ”; Welsh mwydo (*mēit -) “erweichen ”, mwydion “Weichteile ”; Ltv. at-mist ‘soft
become”, at-míetêt “erweichen ”.
References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.
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mē-1
English meaning: prohibitive particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(daß) nicht”
Grammatical information: prohibitiv
Material: O.Ind. Av. O.Pers. mü, Gk. μή, Arm. mi ds., Alb. mos ds. (from * mo = IE *mē + s,
that perhaps goes back to IE kʷe).
From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ma
English meaning: a negative particle
Turkic protoform: *-ma-
Tungus protoform: *-me
Korean protoform: *mō-t
Japanese protoform: *-ma-
Note: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative
particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it
was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to
NOTE Mong. *bũi, *bu “neg. particle ” - which may be originally the same morpheme, but
functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

References: WP. II 236 f.
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mē-2, m-e-t-
English meaning: to reap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “mähen”
Material: Lat. metō, -ere, messum “mähen, reap” (messor “reaper, mower ”); Welsh medi
ds., O.Corn. midil “messor” , O.Ir. meithleōrai “messōrēs” , M.Ir. meithel “a party of reapers ”,
O.Welsh medel ds., anter-metelic ‘semiputata ”, M.Ir. de-mess ‘scissors” (“Doppelmesser ”);
O.H.G. müd “Mahd”, O.E. mæ ̄ ð “das Mähen, das gemähte Heu” (= Gk. ἄμητος “ das
Ernten”, originally * ἄμᾱτος ).
IE *met- steht besides *mē- (or *amē -) in Gk. ἀμάω “mähe, cut, bite” , O.H.G. müen
“mähen” , O.E. müwan ds.; O.H.G. mato-screch “Wiesenhũpfer, locust, grasshopper “, Ger.
Matte “meadow, die gemäht wird” , O.E. mæ ̄ d f. “meadow, willow “ (*mæ ̄ dwu ), Eng.
meadow , O.S. maÞ ds.
References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.
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mē ̆ lg ̂ - (or melǝg ̂ -?) (*melǝg ̂ h -)
English meaning: to pluck; to milk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abstreifen, wischen ”, europ. “melken”
Grammatical information: present mēlg ̂ -mi, pl. melĝ-més, participle perf. pass. ml̥ĝ-tó-
Material: O.Ind. mü ́ ršṭi, mü ́ rjati , mr̥játi “wischt, reibt ab, purifies, cleans ”, participle perf.
mr̥ṣṭá -, s-present mr̥kṣáti ‘streicht, reibt, striegelt ”, mr̥kṣáyati , mrakṣáyati “bestreicht ”;
common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation
Av. marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti “berũhrt streifend ”, zastü -maršta - “ through Handschlag (i.e.
Berũhrung the hands) geschlossen (pact, covenant)” ; d-present O.Ind. mr̥ḍáti , mr̥ḍáyati “is
gracious, verzeiht, verschont ”, Av. mǝrǝždü - “verzeihen ” (mǝrǝždika -, marždika - ‘sich
erbarmend ”, n. “Barmherzigkeit ”); diese ar. words can also *merĝ - contain; nichtpalatalen
guttural shows O.Ind. nir-mürga ́ -ḥ) “Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, offal ”, ni-mr̥gra - ‘sich
anschmiegend ”, vi-mr̥gvarī f. “reinlich”, apümarga ́ h ̣ - “Achyranthesaspera ” (J. Schmidt KZ.
25, 114);
Gk. ἀμέλγω “ melke”, Hom. ἐν νυκτὸς ἀμολγῶ “in instant, eye blink of nächtlichen
Melkens”; ἱππημολγός, βουμολγό ς ‘steed-, Kuhmelker ”, ἀμολγεύς, ἀμελκτ ήρ “Melkkũbel” ;
Lat. mulgeō, -ēre, mulsi, mulctus (= O.Ind. mr̥ṣṭá - “abgewischt ”) “milk” (from *molĝei̯ō :
Lith. málžau , málžyti ), also prō-mulgüre legem “ein law announce, declare “
(“*hervorziehen ”); mulctra “Melkkũbel” ;
M.Ir. bligim “I melke” (from * mligim ), perf. do-om-malg “mulxi”, mlegun “das Melken ”,
melg n. ( es-stem) “milk”, gen. bō-milge “the Kuhmilch ”, mlicht, blicht “milk” (*ml̥g-tu-s);
besides bō-mlacht (from * bō-mlicht “Kuhmilch ”): O.Ir. *to-in-uss-mlig- “prōmulgüre” ;
causative M.Ir. bluigid “milks, erpreßt” ; Welsh blith m. “milk; milchgebend ” (*ml̥ĝ-ti-);
gallorom. *bligicüre “milk”;

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Alb. miel, mil “melke” (*melĝ -);
maybe attribute Alb.Gheg (*të mel ) taml “milk”.
O.H.G. milchu, melchan , O.E. melcan “milk” (st. V.; against it O.E. meolcian , O.Ice.
mjolka Denominative from *meluk- “milk” see under), O.H.G. chumelktra “Melkkũbel”
(perhaps Lat. mulctra replicated), O.N. mjaltr “milchgebend ” (*melkta- ); with zero grade
O.E. molcen , M.H.G. molchen, molken “ thick milk ”, Ger. Molken , and O.Ice. schw. V. molka
“milk”, mylkja “ suckle “;
because of second Vokals strittig is die original affiliation from Goth. miluks , O.H.G.
miluh , O.E. meolc, mioluc , O.Ice. mjǫlk “milk”; eine i-extension in O.E. milc and Ger. hess.
melχ (*mili-k -); after Specht ( IE Decl. 126) is generally eine dissyllabic root must be
assumed; from dem WestGmc. probably Lat. melca f. ‘sauermilch ”;
Lith. mélžu , mìlžti , participle mìlžtas (= O.Ind. mr̥ṣṭá -, Lat. mulctus ) “milk”; Iterat. málžyti ;
R.C.S. mъlzu , mlěsti “milk”, Slav. *melzivo in slovak. mle ́zivo , Russ. molózivo (etc.) “
beestings “; with o-grade: Serb. mlâz m. “Milchstrahl ” beim Melken (the glottal stop from
Serb. mȕsti = *ml̥z-ti is from the älteren Dehnstufenform of Inf. mlěsti = Lith. mélžti
ũbernommen);
Toch. A mülklune “das Melken ”; Amalke , В malk-wer “milk”.
References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht IE Decl. 147
f.;
See also: compare also melk- and merĝ -.
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mēlo -, smēlo -
English meaning: small animal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kleineres Tier ”
Material: Gk. μ῅λον n. ‘small cattle, sheep ”; O.Ir. mīl n. “(small) animal ”, Welsh mil, O.Corn.
Bret. mil “animal”; Gmc. in müla (Lex Salica), Dutch maal “young cow ”, aGmc. Μηλί -βοκον
ὄρος “ the resin ”; changing through ablaut Arm. mal ‘sheep, aries, ram ”.
Da ‘small cattle ” eine old Substantivierung eines adj. the meaning ‘small” sein kann, one
compares further O.Bulg. malъ (*mōlo -) ‘small, little ” (whereof Clr. mal” f. collective “young
sheep”, etc.), Lat. malus “evil, bad ” (as small” ), Osc. mallom, mallud “malum” (with
expressive ll?); with anl. s- Goth. smals (*smǝ -lo-), O.H.G. O.S. smal , O.E. smæl ‘small,
little, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin “, O.Ice. smale n. ‘small animal ”, O.H.G. smala-nōz,
smalaz fihu , M.H.G. smal-nōz, smal -vihe “ds., Schmaltier ”, M.H.G. smal-hirte “herdsman,
shepherd for small cattle ”.
Maybe Alb. * maal, müll “longing, missing, suffering (of love) ” [common Alb. shift li, lu > ll ]
probably from the same root as Dutch maal “young cow ” as ‘small and lovely animal,
human”.
References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20.
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mē-3, m-e-t-
English meaning: to measure
Deutsche Übersetzung: “etwas abstecken, messen, abmessen ”
Material: O.Ind. mü ́ ti, mímüti “mißt” , mitá- “gemessen ”, mütrü f., mütrü - n. “Maß”, müna - n.
“das Messen, Maß” (: Cz. měn), müti- f. “Maß, richtige cognition “ (= Gk. μ῅τις, O.E. mæ ̄ ð ),
úpa-müti- “Zuteilung ”, miti- “Maß, Gewicht, cognition “, prükr. mettam ds. (= O.Ind. *mitram );
about müyü s. 1. mü-;
Av. ap. mü- “messen”, participle -mī̆ta-, -müta -, ap. fra-mütar - “lord, master ”, Av. miti-
“Maß, Gewicht, Wert” ;
Gk. μέτρον “Maß” (after Brugmann Grundr. II2 1, 342 as O.Ind. d-á-tra-m “gift” to *dō-);
μ῅τις “plan, artifice ”, μητιάω “beschließe” , μητιάομαι “ersinne”;
Alb. mat, mas (*mati̯ō ) “messe”, matë “Maß”, mōt (*mēto -) “year, weather ”, matem
“erhebe die Hand zum Schlage, throw, cast ” (“abmessen = aim ”);
Ir. to-math- (e.g. 3. sg. do-mathi ) “threaten”;
Lat. mētior , -īrī, mēnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pēnsus ) “messen, abmessen ”, whereof
probably mēnsa “table, desk, Eßtisch; die Speisen selbst” = Umbr. mefe “mēnsae” , mefa
“lībum” as subst. Fem. of participle perf. pass. ;
M.Welsh medru “ein Ziel treffen, to be able “, to medr “ dexterity “ (: Gk. μέτρον?); Gaul.
mataris ‘spear, lance ”; perhaps here O.Welsh maut , M.Bret. meut (*mō-tü), Welsh bawd
“Daumen ” (as Maß?);
O.E. mæ ̄ ð f. “Maß”; Goth. mēla m. “ bushel “; O.Ice. mæ ̄ lir m. ds., O.E. mæ ̄ le , mēle “
paten “; O.Ice. mæ ̄ la “messen”; Goth. mēl n. “time”, O.Ice. mül “Maß, Zeitpunkt, repast,
meal”, O.E. mæ ̄ l ds., O.H.G. mül “Zeitpunkt, repast, meal ”, Ger. mal “meal”;

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Lith. mẽtas “year, time, Maß” , O.Pruss. mettan “year”, Ltv. męts ‘stretch of time ”
(vokalisch as Gk. μέτρον to beurteilen); in addition (*abmessen > *aim > throw) Lith. metù ,
mèsti , Ltv. metu , mest “throw”, Iterat. Lith. me ́tyt , Ltv. mẽtãt “hin and her throw ”; O.Pruss.
metis = Lith. me ̃tis m. “Wurf”; mãstas m. “Maß” , mãtas m. ds., matúoti “messen”, pãmatas “
foundation “ etc.;
O.C.S. metǫ , mesti “throw”, Slov. motáti “aufwinden ”, R.C.S. Iterat. vъmětati “throw”,
Slov. mèt “Wurf”, etc.; O.C.S. měra “Maß”, měriti “messen”; Cz. old měn “Maß” (: O.Ind.
müna -), Russ. mě́titь “aim; trachten ”, etc.;
Toch. A me-, В mai- “messen”.
References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-.
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mē-4, mō-
English meaning: big, important
Deutsche Übersetzung: “groß, ansehnlich”
Material: Positiv mē-ro-s, mō-ro-s: Gk. -μωρος in ἐγχεσί -μωρος “ big, large (?) in
Speerwerfen ” under likewise, O.Ir. mōr (das ō from dem comparative), mür “big, large ”,
Welsh mawr “big, large ”, Bret. meur ds., Gaul. -müros in Eigennamen as Nerto-müros (“big,
large in power “); with ē O.H.G. - mür in names as Volk-mür etc., further das denominative
Gmc. *mērjan “*as groß darstellen, vaunt “ , from which “kũnden” : Goth. mērjan , O.S.
mürian , O.H.G. müren , O.N. mæ ̄ ra “ announce, declare “, wherefore Ger. Mär, Märchen
under likewise, as well as das post-verbal adj. O.H.G. O.S. müri “illustrious, gleaming ”, O.E.
mæ ̄ re , O.N. mæ ̄ rr ds., Goth. waila-mēreis “from gutem shout, call ”;
Slav. -měrъ in names as Vladi -měrъ ;
mō-lo- in Welsh mawl “Lob”, moli “praise, laud ” (out of it O.Ir. molur “praise”), Bret. meuliff
ds.;
comparative *mē-i̯es, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of Superlativs) mǝ-i̯es, mǝ-is:
O.Ir. müu, out of it móu, mó (from *mǝ-i̯ōs); Welsh mwy, Corn. moy, Bret. mui “more” from
*mēis ; eine Abstraktbildung auf Proto-Celt. -antī (*mantī from ma-antī) in O.Ir. mēit
“greatness, bulk, extent ”, O.Welsh pamint gl. “quam”, Welsh maint “greatness, bulk, extent ”,
Corn. myns , M.Bret. Bret. ment ; perhaps Osc. mais (*mǝ-is-) adv. “more”, maimas
“maximae ” (probably from * mais[e]mo- ), GN Maesius “Maius”, Umbr. mestru f. “maior” (from
*maisterü ); Goth. mais “magis”, maiza “maior”, maists “maximus ”, O.Ice. meir(i) “more”,
O.E. mü, müra , mæ ̄ st , O.S. mēr, mēro , mēst , O.H.G. mēr, mēro, meist ; O.Pruss. muisieson
adv. “more” (muis from*mü-is-); Toch. A mǝnt “as”, В mantǝ ‘so” (= O.Ir. méit?).
References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.

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mēmso -, mē(m)s -ro-
English meaning: flesh
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fleisch”
Grammatical information: n. conservative stem mēs n. (from * mēms )
Material: O.Ind. müm sa ́ - n. “Fleisch”, müm s -pacana- “Fleisch cooking ”; mü ́ s n. “Fleisch”;
Arm. mis, gen. msoy “Fleisch”;
Gk. μ῅νιγξ ‘skin, Fleischhaut, Hirnhaut ” (*mēsno - or *mēmsno -); μηρός ‘schenkelstũck” ,
μηροί “einzelne Schenkelstũcke” , μ῅ρα, μηρία “die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen ”
(μηρός = O.Ir. mīr, IE *mē(m)s-ro-);
Alb. mish “Fleisch” (at first from * minsa );
Lat. membrum “limb, member ” (*mēms -ro- “fleischiges ”), membrüna “dũnne, zarte skin” ;
O.Ir. mīr “morsel, mouthful ” (“*Stũck Fleisch”; = μηρός);
Goth. mimz n. “Fleisch”;
O.Pruss. mensü “Fleisch”, Ltv. mìesa ds.; Lith. žem. meisa , Lith. mėsà ds. (slav Lw.?);
O.Bulg. męso “Fleisch”; Slav. *męzdra in R.C.S. męzdrica ‘skin of Eies ”, Russ. mjazdrá
(*memzdhrü ) “Fleischseite of Fells ” etc.; probably also Clr. ḿáznúty “dick become ”, ḿaz “
muscle; Beleibtheit, mass ” etc.;
Toch. В misa n. pl. “Fleisch”.
References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht IE Decl. 50.
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mē-5, mō-, mǝ -
English meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heftigen and kräftigen Willens sein, heftig streben”
Material: Gk. μαίομαι (Eol. μάομαι ) ‘strebe, trachte ”, wherefore die names Εὔμαιος,
Οἰνόμαος , Μαίων (*mǝ-i̯o-); with Intensivredupl. μαιμάω “ demand violent ” (-μᾰω with
reduplication-grade the root as δαι-δάλλω etc.), Infin. μ῵σθαι ‘strive”, participle μώμενος ;
μ῵ται (Epich.) ζητεῖ, τεχνάζεται Hes. (and other Glossen), from o-grade perf. grown; Μοῦσα
“Muse” here or to mendh -?
auf a participle *ματός based on ματεύ ω ‘search, seek, suche auf; strebe ”; participle
*μαστός, where after also μαστεύω = ματεύω; ματεῖ ζητεῖ Hes.;
Lat. mōs, mōris “die jedem eigene kind of; custom; through consuetude festgewordener
custom “, mōrōsus “eigensinnig ”;
Goth. mōÞs (-d-) “ courage, rage, fury ” (mōdags “angry, irate ”), O.H.G. M.H.G. muot “
power of Empfindens; ghost, courage, rage, fury, Begehren, Entsc hluß” , Ger. Mut, Gemũt ,
O.E. mōd ds., O.Ice. mōðr “rage, fury ”;
Bal.-Slav. *matō “take wahr ” in Ltv. matu, mast “wahrnehmen, feel “, originally iterative
Lith. mataũ , matūti ‘see”, Ltv. matu , matît “feel”, Lith. matrùs “ careful “; auf a Subst. *motro-
based on Church Slavic moštrjo ̨ , motriti ‘spectare”, etc.; in addition probably O.Bulg. sъ-
mějo , -měti “venture, risk ”.
References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to mō-, mō-lo-.
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mēnōt, gen. mēneses, from which mēnes -, mēns -, mēs -,
mēn-
English meaning: month; crescent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Monat” and “Mond”
Grammatical information: m.
Note: probably as personified “Zeitmessung ” to mē- “messen”
Material: O.Ind. mü ́ s, mü ́ sa - m., Av. mü ̊, gen. mü ̊ ŋhō , Pers. müh “moon, Monat ”; Arm. amis ,
gen. amsoy “Monat” (*mēnsos ); Gk. Att. neologism μήν, to gen. μηνός ( Lesb. μ῅ννος), nom.
Ion. μείς, Dor. μής m. “ Monat” (*mēns), μήνη (*μηνσᾱ ) “moon”; Alb. muai “Monat” (*mōn -
from IE *mēn -); lat mēnsis m. “Monat” (conservative gen. pl. mens- um), mēnstruus
“monatlich ” (GN Mēna is Gk. Lw.), sēmē(n)stris ‘sechsmonatig, halbjährig” , Umbr. mēnzne
“mense”; O.Ir. mī (*mēns ), gen. mīs (*mēnsos ), Welsh O.Corn. mis, Bret. miz “Monat”;
Goth. mēna , O.Ice. müni , O.E. mōna , O.S. O.H.G. müno “moon” (-en-stem); Goth. mēnōÞs ,
O.Ice. münaðr , O.E. mōnað , O.S. münuth , O.H.G. münōt , Ger. Monat (*mēnōt -), Lith.
me ́nuo (*mēnōt ), me ́nesis m. “moon, Monat ”, Ltv. mênes (i)s “moon, Monat ” (dial. Lith.
me ́nas from a neutr. *mēnos ), O.Pruss. menins “moon”; O.Bulg. měsęcь m. “moon, Monat ”
(*mēs-n̥-ko-);
Toch. A mañ “Monat”, mañ ñkät “moon” (= “god Monat ”), В meñe “Monat”, meṃ “moon”.
References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.
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mēudh -, mǝudh -, mūdh -
English meaning: to complain or care about smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “worauf bedacht sein, sehnlich verlangen ”
Material: Pers. mōja “ lament” (-j- from - d-, compare:) must “klage” (-st- from -dhst ); Gk.
μῦθος m. “ discourse “, μῡθέομαι “rede, ũberlege” ; Goth. maudjan, ga-maudjan “jemanden
remind”; Lith. maudžiu ̀ , maũsti ‘sehnlich long, want ”, ãpmaudas “ displeasure, care “;
O.Bulg. myslь “thought, notion ” (*mūd-sli̯o-); perhaps Ir. smúainidh “denkt”.
References: WP. II 255 f., Trautmann 171 f.
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mǝ-r, gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós
English meaning: hand
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hand”
Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-stem
Material: Auf dem r- nominative based on: Gk. μάρη f. “hand”, εὐμαρής “light to
handhaben ”, μάρις , -εως m. “Flũssigkeitsmaß” ; Alb. marr “take, empfange, hold, catch ”
(*marnō , n-present as Denominativbildung from *mar- “in die Hand bekommen ”).
Auf dem *mǝ-n- the case oblique based on: Lat. manus, - ūs f. “hand” (the u-stem), Umbr.
můnuv -e “in manu”, abl. mani , Osc. acc. manim , consonant-stem still in Umbr. manf acc.
pl.; Lat. mancus “mutilated ” (originally “an the hand ”); here Lat. mandō, -üre “entrust, order ”,
Osc. aama-naffed “mandüvit” , manafum “mandavi ”? from manus and -dere (root dhē-),
wörtl. “ in die Hand lay, place ”; M.Ir. montar, muinter “rechtmäßige wife” ;
Maybe Ital. manca “left hand, left ” : Alb. majta “left hand, left ”
with a similar meaning as Lat. manipulus “bundle” (*mani-plos “eine Hand fũllend” ) also
Celt. *manatlo- in Corn. manal “ fascicle, sheaf “, M.Bret. malazn (for *manazl ), Bret. malan
ds.;
perhaps Goth. manwus “willing, ready ” (“zur Hand ”?), manwjan “willing, ready- ,
zurechtmachen ”;
Hitt. manii̯aḫḫ- “einhändigen, verwalten ”.
Auf mn̥-t- based on O.Ice. mund f. “hand”, mundr m. “Kaufpreis the Braut and die through
den Kauf erworbene Vormundschaft about diese ”, Goth. PN Mundila , O.E. mund f. “hand,
protection, Bevormundung ”, O.H.G. munt f. ds. Ger. Vormund.
References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.
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mizdhó -
English meaning: fee
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lohn, Sold ”
Material: O.Ind. mīd ̣ ha ́ - n. “Kampfpreis, contest “, Av. mī̆žda - n., Osset. mizd , myzd
“earnings ”, Pers. muzd “earnings ”; Gk. μισθός ‘sold”; Goth. mizdō “earnings ”, O.E. meord
ds. and O.E. mēd, O.S. mēda , O.H.G. mēta, miata ds., Ger. Miete ; O.C.S. mьzda, mъzda
“earnings ”.
References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 188.
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moiso -s or maiso -s
English meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schaf; Fell, out of it gefertigte Schläuche, Säcke”
Material: O.Ind. mēša ́ - m. “aries, ram ”, mēs ̣ ī - ‘schaffell”, Av. maēša - “aries, ram, sheep ”;
O.Ice. meiss m. “basket”, O.H.G. meis(s)a “Gepäck” , M.L.G. mēse “barrel”.
O.Bulg. měchъ “hose”, Russ. měch “fell, fur, hose; sack, bag ” (etc.); Lith. máišas , máiše
“Heunetz under likewise ”, Ltv. máiss , máikss ‘sack, bag ”, O.Pruss. moasis “bellows”;
References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht IE Decl. 52 f.
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mok̂s , Aryan *mok̂sū̆
English meaning: soon
Deutsche Übersetzung: (Lokativ Plur.?) “bald”
Material: O.Ind. adv. makṣū̆́ “rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal ”, makṣū́makṣu “right bald ”;
instr. pl. makṣū́bhiḥ , superl. makṣū́tama -; with nasal: O.Ind. maŋks ̣ u “bald”; Av. mošu
“alsbald, immediately, right away ”; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lat. mox “bald” = M.Welsh moch “bald” (out of it M.Ir. moch ds.), O.Ir. mó “bald”, as
preverb mos- , mus- : mos-riccub- sa “bald werde I come ”, mus-creitfet “bald become sie
glauben”.
References: WP. II 303 f., WH. II 117.
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molko -
English meaning: leather pouch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ledersack, Ledertasche ”
Material: O.H.G. malaha , M.H.G. malhe “Ledertasche ”, O.Ice. malr ‘sack, bag ”, Gk. tarent.
μολγός ‘sack, bag from Rindsleder ”; die Unstimmigkeit in Gutt. expounded sich probably
through borrowing from μολγός from an other language (Thrak. ?) and Einsatz from Gk. g
for deren k.
References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BAL.-SLAV. 41. 134 ff.
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mono -
English meaning: neck
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nacken, Hals ”
Note: in derivatives (esp. with formants -ī, -i̯o-) also “ necklace, Halsschmuck ”
Material: O.Ind. mányü f. “ nape “; Av. minu- “Halsgeschmeide ” (i from avest. ǝ) and with
lengthened grade manaoϑrī “ neck, nape “ (*mon- eu-tro-); päon. μόν -απος , -ωπος “Wisent”
(“mähnenartig” ); Gaul.-Gk. μανιάκης , μάννος , μαννάκιον “collar, neckband keltischer Völker”
(μόννος dorisch?); Lat. monīle “collar, neckband as jewellery ” (from *monī - as O.Bulg. moni-
sto); O.Ir. muin- “ neck “ in muin-torc “ necklace “, muinēl “ neck “(*moniklo- ), Welsh mwn,
mwnwgl “ neck “; O.Ir. formnae ‘shoulder” (*for-moni̯o -); O.Ir. muince “collarium ”, Lw. from
O.Welsh minci “monile” (from mwng “Mähne” + ci, see above S. 518); from * monii̯o - “ neck
“: Welsh mynydd “mountain ”, Corn. meneth , abr. -monid , Bret. menez ds.; O.Ice. men, O.E.
mene , O.H.G. menni (*mani̯an ) “Halsgeschmeide ”, O.Ice. mǫn, O.E. manu , O.H.G. mana
(Gmc. *manō ) “Mähne” ; O.C.S. monisto “collar, neckband ”, polab. mimeístia “Koralle”; with
formant g: M.Ir. mong “Mähne, hair” , Welsh mwng “Mähne” , O.Ice. makke “ upper part of
Pferdehalses ”, Dan. manke “Mähne” ; perhaps here Illyr. (paeon.) μόναπος , -ωπος “Wisent”
(“mähnenartig” );
References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.
See also: compare above S. 726 men- “emporragen ”.
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mori, mōri
English meaning: sea
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Meer”; Gmc. also ‘stehendes Wasser ”
Material: Lat. mare, - is n. (i-stem; gen. pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); O.Ir. muir gen.
mora n., Welsh Corn. Bret. mor ‘sea”, Gaul. Mor-inī, Aremori -cī VN “Meeranwohner ”, mori-
marusa “mare mortum ”; PN Mori-dūnum “Murten”; Goth. marei f. ‘sea”, O.S. meri, O.H.G.
marī, merī ds. ( -īn-stem); Goth. mari-saiws m. ‘sea”, O.Ice. marr, gen. marar m. ‘sea, sea”,
O.H.G. mari, meri (gen. meres ) m. n. ‘sea”, O.E. mere m. ‘sea, sea, pond, pool ”, O.S. meri
m. “ditch, trench, channel, pond, pool ”; with -sk-Suff. O.E. merisc m. ‘swamp, marsh ”
(compare M.Lat. marisca ds., Gmc. Lw.), O.S. mersc , M.N.Ger. mersch, marsch, “Marsch”;
with -g-Suff. O.E. merece m., O.Ice. merki ; lengthened grade O.E. mōr m., O.S. mōr n.,
O.H.G. muor n. “moor, fen , sea”, O.Ice. mørr f. ‘sumpfland ”, O.H.G. salz-muorra ‘salzsumpf ”
(*mōri̯ō ); O.Pruss. mary “Haff” (*marē ); Lith. mãrė , mostly f. pl. mãrės , mãrios ‘sea, ostsee,
kurisches Haff ”; O.C.S. morje ‘sea”;Bal.-Slav. *pa-marii̯a - n. “Meeresgegend ” in Lith. pa-
marỹs m., pa-mãrė f. ‘seekũste” , O.C.S. po-morije “Meeresgebiet ”, Ger. Pommern.
References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht IE Decl. 119 to mer-
3.
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mormor -, murmur-
English meaning: to murmur
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwort “murmeln, dumpf rauschen ”
Material: O.Ind. marmara- “ soughing “ m. “das Rauschen ”, murmura- m. “knisterndes fire ”,
murmurü “name eines Flusses ”; Arm. mrmram , mrmrim (*murmur- am, -im) “grumble,
murmle, brũlle” ; Gk. μορμύ̄ρω (*μορμυρι̯ω ) “murmle, rausche ”; Lat. murmurō “murmle”,
murmur n. “murmur, Gemurr ”; O.H.G. murmurōn, murmulōn , Ger. murmeln , short form O.N.
murra , M.H.G. Ger. murren ; further formations O.E. murc(n)ian “ wail, murmur ”; changing
through ablaut Nor. dial. marma “roar (of sea) ”; Lith. murmlénti, murménti “mumble,
murmur”, murme ́ti , marme ́ti “murmur, drone, grumble ”; ablaut. marmalaĩ “big, giant
Bremsen ” (eine short form with Dissim. m - m to m - v seems marvà , mervà “gadfly, brake ”);
O.C.S. *mrъmrati “mumble, murmur ”.
Maybe Alb. mërmërij “murmur”.
Unredupl. with n-suffix Ir. muirn (*murni- ) f. “Lärmen, Sausen” .
References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;
See also: to consecutive ( mormo(ro) - )?
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mormo(ro) -
English meaning: fear, terror
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Grausen, grausig, especially von Gespensterfurcht ”?
Material: Gk. μορμώ , μορμών f. “bugbear, spectre, bogeyman ”, μόρμορος “fear”, μορμο -
λυκεῖον ‘schreckbild ”, μορμο -λύττομαι , μορμύνω “put in fear ”, μύρμος φόβος Hes.,
Μυρμιδόνες actually “das people the Schreckgespenster ”;
Lat. formidō “das Grausen, peinigende fear; esp. religiöse Ehrfurcht” ; form- diss. from
*morm- (as by formīca : μύρμηξ ).
References: WP. II 308, WH. I 532.
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moro -
English meaning: blackberry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Brombeere ” (dann sũdeurop. auf die Maulbeere ũbertragen)
Material: Arm. mor, mori, moreni “ blackberry “;
Gk. μόρον (μ῵ρον Hes.) “ Maulbeere; blackberry “; Welsh merwydden “Maulbeere ”, is but
with e as umlaut from. о also as eine further formations eines Celtic moro- deutbar; Lat.
mōrum “Maulbeere, blackberry “ Gk. Lw., Lat. ō as replacement of geschlossenen Gk. o-
good from borrowing explicable; is also perhaps ein *mŏrum “ blackberry “ through das
borrowed mōrum from μόρον phonetically absorbiert worden? from to mer-3 S. 734?
From dem Lat. derive O.H.G. mūr-, mōrbere , M.H.G. mūlber “Maulbeere ” and Lith. mõras
ds.
References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht IE Decl. 119.
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moru̯ī̆ -
English meaning: ant
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ameise”
Note: distorted taboo u̯ormo -, mormo -, mouro - (Gmc. also meuro -)
Material: Auf moru̯ī̆ - are zurũckfũhrbar: Av. maoirī - (secondary m. maurvay- ), sogd. “m”wrč
f., Pers. mōr “Ameise”;
O.Ir. moirb , pl. Welsh myrion , Bret. merien , Corn. muryon ; O.Bulg. mravi (out of it
reshaped Russ. muravéj , Slov. mrâv , Bulg. mravijá ).
Auf morm -: Lat. formica (compare to phonetically above Lat. formīdō: Gk. μορμώ ); Gk.
μύρμος (Lycophr.), μύρμηξ , Dor. μύρμᾱξ (k-extension to ü-stem, as ὅρμῑκας Lat. formica ,
O.Ind. valmī -ka- to ī-stem, and O.Ind. vamra-ká to o-stem); unclear Arm. mrjiun (*murjimno-
), gen. mrjmO.N.
Auf u̯orm -; Gk. βύρμᾱξ , βόρμᾱξ Hes. (β- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also ὅρμικας
μύρμηξ Hes.); O.Ind. valmīka - m. “Ameisenhaufen ”; besides with ganz alleinstehender
Lautfolge vamrá - m., vamrī́ f. “Ameise”.
Auf mouro -: O.Ice. maurr , besides *meur- in Dan. myre , Swe. myra (*meuriōn -), M.Du. pl.
mure (once covered) miere , nDutch mier, M.L.G. mīre (to ī s. van Wijk), M.Eng. mire, mȳre
(skand. Lw.), O.E. mȳre , Eng. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (of Ausspritzen ihrer
Säure), krim Goth. miera.
References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht IE Decl. 45.
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mo[u]- lo- : mū-lo-
English meaning: root, plant
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wurzel, Pflanze ”
Note: as “mouth of the plant ” to mū- S. 751.
Material: O.Ind. mūla - n. “root”, mūla -karman- n. “Zauberei with roots ”;
Gk. μ῵λυ “ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom. ); gelbblũhende Knoblauchart (Theophr.
Dioscor.)” , μώλυζα “Knoblauchart ”.
References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.
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moz-g-o-, moz -g-en-, mos -k-o-
English meaning: brain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mark, Hirn ”
Material: O.Ind. majján , majjü ́ , majjas- “Mark” , mastíṣka - “Gehirn”, mástaka - “head,
cranium”; Av. mazga- “Mark, Hirn ”; O.H.G. mar(a)g, mar(a)k , O.S. marg , O.E. mearg , O.Ice.
mergr (gen. mergjar ) “Mark”, O.S. miærgher ; Church Slavic mozgъ “Gehirn”, moždanъ
(*mozgěnъ ), acc. pl. moždeni “Mark”, O. Pruss. musgeno “Mark” , wherefore (with
rearrangement from * mazgenės ) Lith. f. pl. smãgenės , Ltv. smadenes “Gehirn”; Toch. A
mäs ́ s ́ unt “Mark”.
References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht IE Decl. 78 f.
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mōd- : mǝd - or mād- : mǝd -
English meaning: to meet, approach
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begegnen, herbeikommen ”
Material: Arm. matčim “nähere mich” , Aor. mateay, matucanem “bringe nahe ” (maut “nahe”
after Pedersen with Arm. u-Epenthese);
O.Ice. mōt n. “Begegnung, Zusammenkunft, öffentliche congregation, meeting” , O.E.
(ge)mōt , O.S. mōt, M.H.G. muoz ds., Goth. ga-mōtjan , O.Ice. mø ̄ ta , O.S. mōtian , O.E.
mētan , Eng. meet “meet”; auf IE*mǝ[d] -tlo-m based on Goth. maÞl “Versammlungsort,
market “, O.E. mæðel “Ratsversammlung, discourse “ and (as *maðla ́ -) O.E. mæ ̄ l “
discourse, fight ”, M.L.G. mül “congregation, meeting ”, O.S. O.H.G. mahal n. “Gerichtsstätte,
court, pact, covenant ” (Ger. Mahlstatt ), O.Ice. mül ‘sprechvermögen, discourse,
Verhandlung, Rechtssache ”, M.Lat. (Gmc. ) mallum, mallus “Gerichtsstätte, gerichtlicher
Termin”, whereof Goth. maÞljan , O.E. maðelian , mæðlan and mæ ̄ lan , O.H.G. mahelen ,
O.Ice. mæla “talk” and (from dem öffentlichen promise) O.H.G. gi-mahalo “ husband,
Gemahl , bridegroom “, gi-mahala “wife, Gemahlin, bride ”, Ger. vermählen.
References: WP. II 304 f., Feist3 349 f.
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mō-, mo -lo-
English meaning: to strain oneself
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich mũhen”
Material: Gk. μ῵λος “Anstrengung, toil ”, μωλέω , Cret. μωλίω “prozessiere ”, μ῵λυς
“ermattet”, perhaps μόλις “barely” (ο for ω after μόγις ); ἄ-μοτος “ fatigueless “; Lat. mōlēs f.
“load, mass ”, Denom. mōlior, -īrī “with Anstrengung wegschaffen ”, mŏlestus ‘sullen,
grievous, troublesome, annoying, beschwerlich ” (analogy to modestus ); Goth. af-mauiÞs
“ermũdet” , O.H.G. muoan , M.H.G. mũen, mũejen “beunruhigen, beschweren ”, Dutch
moeijen “belästigen, bemũhen” ; O.H.G. muodi , O.S. mōði “ tired “, O.E. mēðe “ tired,
grieving “, O.Ice. mōðr “ tired “; Lith. pri-si-muolėti ‘sich abmũhen” ; Russ. máj-u, -atь
“exhaust, plague ”, majá , majetá “plague, hard Anstrengung ”, etc.
References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;
See also: probably to mē-5.
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mreĝhu -, mr̥ĝhu -
English meaning: short
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kurz”
Material: Prükr. múhu -, Av. mǝrǝzu -jīti-, -jva- “βραχύβιος ”, sogd. murzak ‘short”;
Gk. βραχύς ‘short”, βράχεα ‘seichte Stellen ”; in addition βραχί̄ων “ upper arm “,
comparative besides βράσσων ;
Lat. brevis (at first from dem Fem. *bre(χ)u̯ī) ‘short”, brūma “Wintersonnenwende, winter,
coldness ” (*brevi -mü, *breu- ma “time the kũrzesten days” );
maybe Alb. bryma “hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost ”, murriz “haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier,
whitethorn, short shrub ”, mbrëmja “night, longest night ” [related to Lat. bruma - ae f. “the
winter solstice; in gen., winter, wintry cold ”.] when night is the longest.
Goth. gamaúrgjan “verkũrzen” , O.H.G. murg(i) ‘short”, murgfüri “frail, breakable ”, O.E.
myrge “pleasant ”, Eng. merry.
References: WP. II 314, WH. I 115.
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mrk-
English meaning: edible root, carrot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eßbare Wurzel, Mohrrũbe, Möhre” ?
Material: Gk. βράκανα “wild vegetables “ Hes.; O.H.G. mor(a)ha “Daucus carota ”, Ger.
Mohr-rũbe, Möhre , O.E. more , moru ds., LateO.H.G. Dimin. morhila “Morchel”
(möhrenähnlicher fungus); against it seems Russ. morkóvь, morkva “Möhre” , Serb. mrkva
from dem Gmc. borrowed to sein.
References: WP. II 313.
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mut-o-s
English meaning: circumcised
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gestutzt”?
Material: Lat. mutilus, mutidus “mutilated ”, *muticus “ truncated, chopped down, cut down,
cut off, circumcised “, mūtō , muttō “penis”, GN Mutunus , rom. mutt- “abgestumpft ”; Ir. mut,
gael. mutach ‘short” (with expressive tt); perhaps also Ir. moth “penis” as ‘stummel”.

References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to Lat. mūtus S. 751, compare “
dumb “: “verstũmmeln” .
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mū ̆ k-
English meaning: heap, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haufe” and Zubehör?
Material: Gk. μύκων σωρός θημών Hes.; Proto-Gaul. *mukina ‘steinhaufe ” (Jokl V. Rom. 8,
193); O.Ice. mūgi , mūgr “heap, bulk, mass ”, O.E. mūga m. “(corn, grain-)heap ”, mūha ds.
(also mūwa ), compare further Swe. dial. moa “zusammenhäufen” (*mūhōn ), O.H.G. mū-
werf “Maulwurf ”, with -k(k)- : M.L.G. mūke , Dutch muik , M.H.G. mūche , Ger. (half nd.)
Mauke f., bO.Ir. (genuine hochd.) Mauche “ hunch, outgrowth , Fußgeschwulst the Pferde;
mallenders “, Swiss mauch m. “ hunch, outgrowth an Rebholz, u N.entlicher heap ” and with
ū: Nor. dial. mukka “heap, bulk, mass ”, M.H.G. mocke m. “clump, gobbet “ (with it identical
is M.H.G. mocke “Zuchtsau ”); O.Ice. mostr “big, giant bulk, mass ” (*muh-stra- ); einzige
lengthened grade form in O.E. mēagol “(*lumpy, massig ” =) “tight, firm, strong ”.
maybe Alb. (*urif), urith “mole” [common Alb. f > th shift] from O.H.G. mū-werf “mole” or
maybe a contamination from Gmc. Maulwurf “mole”.
References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. nicht IE
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mū ̆-1
English meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallnachahmung for den with gepreßten Lippen erzeugten
dumpfen Laut: “undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln (hence also words for ‘stumm” );
mouth, muzzle; den Mund geschlossen halten or schließen”
Material: 1. Gk. μύ, μῦ “Ausruf gepreßten Schmerzes” , Lat. mū facere, mutmut facere
“mucksen ”.
2. O.Ind. mū ́ ka - “ dumb “, Arm. munj “ dumb “, Gk. μῡκός , μύτις, μυττός , μύδος , μυναρός,
Hes. μυνδός “ dumb “, Lat. mūtus “ dumb “; compare also older Dan. mue, Nor. mua
‘schweigen, not mucksen ”; O.H.G. müwen “cry”, Ltv. maunu , müwu , maût “roar, bellow ”,
Cz. myjati “muhen”; here also Ger. Möwe , O.E. mæ ̄ w, mēw , O.Ice. mür (pl. müvar ), O.S.
mēu ds.
3. [O.Ind. mukhá - n. “mouth” derives from dem Dravidischen]; Gk. μύλλον “lip”; μυλλαίνω
“verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter ” (μύσταξ “Oberlippe, whisker, moustache ”, s.
Boisacq m. Lith.), O.H.G. mūla f., M.H.G. mūl n. “muzzle”, M.L.G. mūle “muzzle, snout ”,
O.Ice. mūli “muzzle, esp. Oberlippe an animals, hervorragende crag “, Goth. faúrmūljan
“das Maul zubinden ” (whether with anl. s- in addition Nor. smaul , Ltv. smaule “muzzle”??);
s. also under mōu-lo- S. 750.
4. With dental formant:
Lat. muttiō, -īre “mucksen ”, muttum nullum “keinen Muckser ” (compare above mutmut );
O.H.G. mutilōn “mumble, murmur, trickle “, musse “wellspring ”, O.Ice. muðla “mumble,
murmur”, besides with Gmc. t: Nor. dial. mutra , M.Eng. muteren , Eng. mutter ds.; Lith. mùtė
“muzzle”.
5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):

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With k: Gk. μῡκάομαι “brũlle” , μυχθίζω ‘snort, spotte ”, M.H.G. mūhen, mūgen, mūwen
“roar, bellow ”, O.Bulg. mykъ “ bellowing, braying, roar “, Russ. myčatь “roar, bellow ”, Ser.-
Cr. Slov. Cz. mukati “roar, bellow ”.
With g: O.Ind. múñjati , mō ́ jati “gives einen Ton from sich ” (Dhütup.); mucchanü
‘schwellender sound, tone ”; Gk. μύζω “bringe with geschlossenen Lippen einen sound
hervor, stöhne” (out of it Lat. mussüre ), μυγμός ‘sigh”;
Lat. mūgiō, -īre “roar, bellow ”, conmūgentō “convocantō” , mūgīnor “murmele loud, roar,
foam” (also “nūgürī et quasi tardē cōnüri” ), Umbr. muieto “muttītum” , mugatu “muttītō” , Lat.
mūgilüre of Naturlaut of Esels; O.H.G. muckazzen “leise talk, mucksen ”, Ger. M.L.G.
mucken “with halboffenem Munde talk ” (kk is expressive), E.Fris. muk “kiss”.
6. s-extension: Gk. μύ̄ω ‘sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen ” (hence μύωψ “die
Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted “; μυάω “bite die Lippen together ”; from *μυστός
“verschwiegen ”: μύστης “in die Mysterien Eingeweihter ”, μυστικός “die Mysterien
betreffend ”, μυστήριον “ mystery, geheime Zeremonie ”, compare also μυεῖν “in die
Mysterien einweihen ”; Nor. mȳsa “die Augen zukneifen ”; from dem Gmc. here also M.L.G.
mummelen , Eng. mumble “mumble, murmur ”, mump , Nor. mumpa ds.; M.H.G. mupf, muff
“Verziehung of Mundes ”, mupfen, muffen , M.L.G. mopen , Eng. mope “gawk”, Eng. mop
“Fratze”; perhaps Ger. bO.Ir. mäuen “wiederkauen ” under likewise;
Ltv. musinât “flustern, mumble, murmur ”; Hitt. mu-u-ga-ü-mi (mūgümi ) ‘spreche
Klagegebete ”.
References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.
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mū-2, mus -
English meaning: fly n.
Deutsche Übersetzung: schallnachahmend for “Mũcke, Fliege”
Material: Arm. mun, gen. mnoy “a mosquito, gnat “ (*mus- or *mu- no-); Alb. mũ-zë, mi-zë
(zë Diminutivsuffix) “ mosquito “; Gk. μυῖα (*μυσι̯α ) “fly”; Lat. musca ; O.Ice. mȳ n. (*mūja -) “
mosquito “; Swe. mygg, mygga , O.E. mycg , O.S. muggia , O.H.G. mucka “ mosquito “
(*muki̯ǘ ); with -s- gotländ. mausa (*mūsa ), Flem. meuzie (*musī ); Lith. muse ̃ , O.Pruss.
muso , Ltv. mũsa, muša “fly”; O.Bulg. mucha “fly” (*mousü ), mъšica “ mosquito “.
References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht IE Decl. 43.
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mūs
English meaning: mouse
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Maus” also “Muskel”
Note: (older *mŭs, musós from * meus , musós )
Material: O.Ind. mū ́ s ̣- m. “ mouse, Ratte ”, Pers. mūš “ mouse “;
Arm. mu-kn “ mouse, muscle “; Gk. μῦς (μῠὸς, μῦν after ὗς, Ώῠὸς, ὗν) “ mouse “, also “
muscle “; Alb. mī “ mouse “, Lat. mūs m. “ mouse “ (mūrīnus : M.H.G. miusīn “from
Mausen”); O.H.G. M.H.G. O.S. M.L.G. O.Ice. O.E. mūs “ mouse, muscle “ (consonant-
stem); O.Bulg. myšь f. “ mouse “.
Vielfach auf Körperteile angewendet: Arm. mukn “ muscle “, Gk. μῦς “ muscle “, μυών
“muskelreiche region of Leibes ” (from which also “wollũstiges woman” in Gk. μυωνία), μύαξ,
-ακος m. “ Miesmuschel, spoon ”: Lat. mūrex “Purpurschnecke ”; Lat. musculus ds., “ muscle
“, O.H.G. etc. mūs “ muscle, esp. of Oberarms ”, M.L.G. mūs esp. “the Fleischballen of
Daumens ”, Ger. Maus, Mäuschen , O.Bulg. myšьса “βραχίων”; on the other hand O.Ind.
muṣká - m. “testicle, vulva ”, Pers. mušk “Bibergeil ” (from dem Pers. derives Gk. μόσχος,
Ger. Moschus ); Gk. μύσχον “ Geschlechtsorgan ”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg muskul “muscle”, mushk ‘shoulder”, mushkëni “lungs, *chest ”.
probably to O.Ind. muṣṇǘti ‘stiehlt, raubt ” etc., see under meu-2 “fortschieben ”.
References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht IE Decl. 40 f.
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meni-
English meaning: a kind of fish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fischname ”?
Material: Gk. μαίνη (out of it Lat. maena), μαινίς “ein small Seefisch ”, Slav. *mъnь , Russ.
menь etc. “Aalraupe ”; but O.Ind. mīna ́ - m. “fish” (whereof müinika ́ -, müinala ́ - “ fisherman “)
is dravid. origin; perhaps here O.H.G. muniwa , O.E. myne , Eng. minnow “Elritze, ein fish ”.
References: WP. II 267 f.;
See also: belongs probably to men-4 .
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nak-
English meaning: fur
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fell”
Material: Gk. νάκος n., νάκη f. “ wolliges fell, fur, Vlies ”, ἀρνακίς f. (for *ἀρνο -νακίς)
‘schaffell”, νακύ(δ)ριον δέρμα Hes.; O.E. næsc “weiches leather as e.g. Hirschleder ” (*nak-
s-ko- , -kü; compare den -es-stem νάκος); O.Pruss. nognan (from * noknan ) n. “leather”
(*nük-no-); in addition after E. Lewy O.Ind. nü ́ ka - “Himmelsgewölbe” .
References: WP. II 316.
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nana, nena etc.
English meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Lallwort
Material: O.Ind. nanü ́ “mother, Mũtterchen” , *nanünü reshaped (after svasü : svasr -) to
nanündar “of Mannes sister “, Pers. nana “mother”; Gk. νάννα, νίννη “ Base, aunt ”, νέννος,
νάννας “ uncle”; Alb. nanë “mother, wet nurse “; Lat. nonnus m., nonna f. late “Mönch,
Nonne”, also “Pflegerin eines Kindes ”; Welsh nain (*nanī ) “grandmother ”; Russ. njanja
“Kinderwärterin” (dial. also “older sister “), Bulg. neni “the A ̈ ltere” , Ser.-Cr. nena , nana
“mother”, sorb. nan “father”; compare also Ger. Nenne , Kinderwort for “milk”.
References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.
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nant-
English meaning: to dare, risk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wagen, sich erkũhnen”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: O.Ir. néit m. “fight, struggle (* nanti -); Goth. ana-nanÞjan “venture, risk ”, O.Ice.
nenna “ũbers heart bringen” , O.H.G. preterit ginand “ courage wherefore have ”, ginenden ,
O.S. nüthian , O.E. nēÞan “venture, risk ”, O.Ice. nenninn “tätig, strebsam ” (“*wagefroh ”)
M.H.G. genende(c) “keen, eager ”, O.H.G. nand (also in names as Ferdinand ), O.E. nōð f. “
courage “.
References: WP. II 317.
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nas- (*ḫenaḫ-)
English meaning: nose
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nase”
Note: (nüs- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally nom. sg.),
originally probably “ nostril “
Root nas- : “nose” derived from a zero grade of Root an(ǝ) -3 (*ḫenaḫ-): “to breathe ”
Material: O.Ind. nas-ǘ, -í, -ṓḥ instr. loc. sg. , gen. Du.; nü ́ sü nom. Du. “nose” (originally “
nostril “), secondary nü ́ sü f. “nose”, nas-táḥ adv. “of the nose ”, nasya- “an the Nase
situated”, etc., nü ́ sikü “ nostril , nose”; Av. nüh-, nü ̊ ŋhan - “nose”, ap. nüham acc. sg. (= Lat.
nürem ) “nose”; Lat. nüris , mostly. pl. -ēs, -ium “ nostril “ (i-stem geworden; acc. sg. pl. still
conservative form); nüsum n. (aLat.) and nüs(s)us m. “nose” (expressives ss);
Note:
Lat. (*nüsus ) naris f. “the nostrils, nose ” reflect common Lat. s > r rhotacism.
O.E. nōse f. “ foreland, promontory “, O.S. Nor. nōs ‘snout”, O.Fris. nōsi ds. (*nüs-); ablaut.
O.H.G. nasa “nose”, O.N. nǫs f. “ nostril, nose, projecting cliff ”, O.E. nasu “nose”
(presumably Dual “ both nostrils “); næs- in compound, O.N. nes n., gen. pl. nesja “
foreland, promontory, Landzunge ”, M.L.G. nes (-ss-) m. ds., O.E. næss m. ds. ( Gmc.
*nasja- ); O.Pruss. nozy , Lith. nósis f. “nose”, nasraĩ m. pl. “Rachen” (old nãsras “mouth”),
O.C.S. nozdri “Nasenlöcher” (from - sr-), поsъ “nose” (Russ. “foreland, promontory ”).
Maybe zero grade of attribute noun in Alb. (*ḫnasu-táḥ) hunda “nose” [the old laryneal ḫ-] :
O.Ind. nas-táḥ adv. “of the nose ” : Hittite titita “nose” see Alb. numbers. Also O.Ind. ŕ̥jūnas -
[m] PN (RV .052.02); urūn ̣ asa ́ - [adj] “with a broad nose ” (RV 10.014.12); Also nasy-otá-
[adj] “grabbed at the nose ” (TS+); pavīnasa ́ - [adj] “with a nose like a felloe ” (AV); nasvánt -
[adj] “nosed” (AV)

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nā-1
English meaning: to help, be of use
Deutsche Übersetzung: “helfen, nũtzen”
Material: O.Ind. nü ́-tha- n. “help”, m. ‘schũtzer” , nü-tha-tē “fleht”; Gk. ὀ-νί-νη-μι, -νᾰ-μεν
“nũtze” , Fut. ὀ-νή-σω, Med. ὀ -νί-νᾰ-μαι, Aor. ὠν ήμην “ have benefit ”, ὄνειαρ n., more
properly ὄνηαρ, -ατος “ benefit” (*o-nü-u̯r̥), etc.
References: WP. II 315.
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nāu-2 : nǝu - : nū -
English meaning: death; corpse
Deutsche Übersetzung: A. “Tod, Leiche ”, B. “bis zur Erschöpfung abquälen; ermattet
zusammensinken ”
Material: A. Goth. naus “ corpse “ (ga-nawistrōn “bury”), O.Ice. nür ds., O.E. nē(o) m. ds.;
aRuss. navь “ corpse “, аčесh. náv, -i m. “Jenseits, hell ”, Ltv. nâwe “death”, therefrom
nâwêt ‘slay”, nâwîtiês ‘sich mũhen, sich slay” ; O.Pruss. nowis “trunk”.
B. O.Ir. nūne (older naunae ) f., Welsh newyn m. “Hungersnot ” (*nǝu ̯ eni̯o-), Bret. naoun
(*nǝu eno-) ds.; M.Welsh neued ‘sehnsucht, need ” (*nüu ̯-itü); Ltv. nâwîtiês (see above), Lith.
nõvyti “torment, smite, slay ”, iš-nôvyti “destroy”; causative O.C.S. Cz. unaviti “exhaust”,
POstverbal Cz. únava “Ermũdung” , Russ. dial. onáva “ tiredness “, zero grade O.C.S. unyti
‘slack sein, erschlaffen ”, Cz. nūti “dahinschmachten ”, Russ. nūtь “ elegiac become ”.
nǝu-ti- in Goth. nauÞs f. “need, Zwang ”, O.Ice. nauð, nauðr f. “Zwang, tribulation,
Notwendigkeit ”, O.S. nōd, O.H.G. nōt “ crowdedness, tribulation, need ”, O.E. nēad -, nīed f.
“need, obligation, tribulation ”; O.Pruss. nautin (*nüuti -) (acc. ) “need”; in Slav. forms with u
and ǫ, t and d (see Meillet, Slave commun2 61 f.): O.C.S. nǫžda “Zwang, force, might,
Notwendigkeit ”, Pol. nędza “need”, O.Bulg. nǫditi “nötigen” , but also O.C.S. nužda “Zwang,
need”, nuditi “nötigen” , Pol. nuda “Langeweile ”; with t Pol. nęt “Lockung ”, Bulg. nut “Zwang”,
Pol. nucić (16. Jhdt.) “constrain, oblige ”; das -d- steht as IEextension besides -t-, das ǫ is
through secondary nasalization originated.
References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.
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nāus-1
English meaning: boat
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schiff” (ausgehöhlter Einbaum)
Grammatical information: f. acc. nüu ̯ m ̥
Material: O.Ind. nüu- (nom. nü ́ uh ̣ ) ‘ship, boat ” (nüvya - ‘schiffbar”); ap. nüviyü “fleet” (: Gk.
νήιος “zumSchiff gehörig” ); nüvüja - m. ‘schiffer”, Av. navüza - ds (: Gk. ναυ-ηγός ds.,
compare also Lat. nüvig -üre, -ium); Av. nüvaya - ‘schiffbar” (about O.Ind. ati-nu s. Brugrnann
II1 137 Anm. 2); Arm. nav ‘ship” (from dem Pers.?); Gk. Hom. νηῦς, νηός (*νᾱFός), Att.
ναῦς , νεώς ‘ship”; Lat. nüvis ds. (originally conservative stem, compare acc. nüvem = O.Ind.
nü ́ vam , Gk. ν῅α; O.Ir. náu (gen. nōe ̈, dat. pl. nōib) ‘ship”; Welsh noe “flaches vessel,
kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch “, Bret. neo ds. ( *nüu ̯ i̯ü ); here Gaul. (vorrom.)
nüvü “Talschlucht ”, also FlN; Gaul. nausum ‘ship”; O.Ice. nōr m. ‘ship”, nau-st
‘schiffsschuppen ”, nōa-tūn (nōa = Gk. νη῵ν ) ‘schiffsburg ”, O.E. nōwend ‘schiffer”, (but
M.H.G.nüwe , næwe ‘small ship ”, Ger. dial. Naue from dem Lat.); Nor. nō “trough from a
ausgehöhlten tree truck” , nøla (*nōwilōn -) “großer trough, schweres boat” O.H.G. nuosc ,
M.H.G. nuosch m. “trough, gully ”, O.Fris. nōst “trough”, M.L.G. nōste “Viehtrog,
Wassertrog ”; here the Lith. FlN Nóva , polonis. Nawa.

Maybe Alb. * nüviyü, anija ‘ship”
References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d ”Onom. 4, 3 ff.
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ned-1 : n ed-
English meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammendrehen, knũpfen”
Material: 1. Lat. nōdus “knot” (IE *nōdos ); presumably nassa (*nad-s -ü) “fish snaring net,
geflochtener Korbmit engem Halse ”; nectō , -ere, nexī, nectum “ tie, bind, knot, bind ” is
neologism after plectō ; with the meaning “nahe” from “eng joined ”: Osc. nessimas nom. pl.
f. “proximae ”, Umbr. nesimei “proxime”;
O.Ir. compar. nessa , Sup. nessam “propior, proximus ”, Welsh nes, nessaf , Corn. nes,
M.Bret. nes, nessaff ds.; O.Ir. nascim “bind, verpflichte ” (*ned-skō), arnenas “I will bind ”
(etc.), naidm “das Binden, pact, covenant ”, for-naidm “band, strap ”, nasc “ring” (compare
zur -sk-formation O.H.G. nusca , das also im u = e “ũbereinstimmt, further Av. naska-
“Textsammlung ”, probably eig. “bundle”); Bret. naska “anbinden ”;
Goth. nati, O.H.G. nezzi , O.S. nẹt, nẹtti, O.E. O.Ice. net “net”, lengthened grade (as Lat.
nōdus ), O.Ice. nōt f. “big net”;
with formant -s-k-, -s-t-: O.H.G. nuska , M.H.G. nũsche “Mantelschnalle ”, O.S. nusk (i)a
‘spange” (see above); O.Ice. nist, nisti n. ‘spange am Kleid ”, nista “zusammenheften ”; nesta
“festheften, festnageln ”, M.H.G. nesten (nesteln ) “festbinden, lace, tie “, O.H.G. nestilo,
nestila “loop, Schnũrriemen, Binde” , Ger. Nestel , O.S. nestila “Binde, Haarband ”, agutn.
nast, nestli ; reduced grade O.E. nos(t)le “band, strap ”;
daß ned- eine extension from (s)nē - “zusammendrehen ” sei, wird besides through die
meaning also through die s-anlaut. forms O.Ir. snaidm “knot” (compare above naidm ) and
Ger. hess. Schnatz “das geflochtene and um die Haarnadel gewickelte Haar the Frauen,
Kopfputz the Bräute” (*snatta- with Gmc. - tt-) probably.
2. Here presumably die appellation the nettle (as older Gespinstpflanze):

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Gk. ἀδίκη ( *n̥d-ikü); O.H.G. nazza , O.Ice. nǫtr, O.H.G. nezzila (Gmc. * natilōn ), O.E.
netele ; besides with IE -t- (also *nǝ-t-, nō-t- as t-extension zur vermutlichen root ( s)nē-)
O.Pruss. noatis , Lith. nõterė , notre ̃ “nettle”, nõtrynė “Taubnessel ”, Ltv. nâtre , nâtra “nettle”,
Slav. *natь “Krautblätter” in Slov. nât (gen. natî), Pol. nać ds. and at most (as redupl. Proto-
Celt.*ni-nati- ?) M.Ir. nenaid , Ir. neantóg “nettle”, dissimil. Bret. linad ds.
References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier
under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;
See also: see under (s)nē -.
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ned-2
English meaning: to sound, roar, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tönen, brũllen, rauschen”
Note:
Root ned-2 : “to sound, roar, etc…” : Root neid-2 : nid- : “to flow, stream ” derived from Root
neigʷ - : “to wash”.
Material: O.Ind. nádati “ sounds, bellow, roar, soughs ”, nada - m. “Brũller, bull, river” , nadī́- f.
“river, flood ”, nadī-na- m., nadī-śa- m. ‘sea”, etc.; Av. nad- “vilify, scold ”; Gk. (Illyr. ) FlN Νέδα
(Arkad.), Νέδων (Messen.); Thrac. FlN Νέστος; Illyr. FlN Νέστος (Dalm.) from * ned-to-.
Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river
Note:
Again Illyr. displays satem characteristics the same as Alb.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*nádati ) deti ‘sea” : O.Ind. nadī-śa- m. ‘sea”.
References: A. Mayer Me ́ l . Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.
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neĝh -
English meaning: to pierce, stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “durchbohren, stechen ”
Material: M.Ir. ness “wound” (*neĝh -s-); reduced grade O.C.S. vъ-nьzǫ ‘stecke hinein ”,
Infin. vъ-nьznǫti , Kaus. R.C.S. vъ-noziti “hineinstechen ”; O.C.S. nožь “knife”; whether here
O.Ind. ákṣu - “ shaft, pole ” (*n̥ĝh-su-)? common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- :
Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.
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neid-1
English meaning: to scold, put to shame
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heruntermachen, schmähen”
Material: O.Ind. níndati , pass. nidyá -tē “vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise “, ánēdya -
“not to vilify, scold ”, níd-, nid́ü, nidü ́, nindü ́ ‘schmähung, reprimand, disdain, contempt ”; Av.
naēd - (nüismī ) “vilify, scold ”; Arm. anicanem , Aor. 3. sg. anēc “fluche” (*oneid-s -et);
Gk. ὄνειδος “ Vorwurf, disgrace, shame ”, ὀνειδίζω ‘schmähe” (o-prefix “be-schimpfe ”, as
also Arm. anicanem ); Goth. ga-naitjan “vilify, scold ”, naiteins “Lästerung” , O.H.G. neizzen
“torment, smite, plague ”, O.E. næ ̄ tan ds.; Lith. níedėti , Ltv. nîst “ despise “, naîds , naîdus
“hate, enmity ”.
References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 130, Trautmann 193;
See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.
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neid-2 : nid -
English meaning: to flow, stream
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließen, strömen”
Note:
Root ned-2 : “to sound, roar, etc…” : Root neid-2 : nid- : “to flow, stream ” derived from Root
neigʷ - : “to wash”.
Material: O.Ind. nēdati “ flows, streams ”; Gaul. FlN Nida “Nidda” and “Nied”, Brit. FlN Nida,
Welsh Nedd “Neath”; full grade Pol. FlN Nida, Lith. FlN Niedà , O.Pruss. FlN Nyda “Neide”.
References: J. Löwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.
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neigʷ -
English meaning: to wash
Deutsche Übersetzung: “waschen ”
Grammatical information: pass. participle nigʷ-to-
Material: O.Ind. nē ́ nēkti “wascht, purifies, cleans ”, Aor. anüikšīt , pass. nijyatē , participle
niktá -, ninikta Imper. “waschet”, Kaus. nēja ́ yati ; Aor. naēnižaiti Intens. “wäscht ab, swills
weg”; Gk. νίζω (*nigʷi̯ō = Ir. nigim ) “wash”, Fut. νίψω, Aor. ἔνιψα , νίπτρον “Waschwasser ”,
χέρ-νιψ ds., ἄ-νιπτος “ungewaschen ” (= O.Ind. niktá -, Ir. necht ); Gk. ἀνιγρός “ἀκάθαρτος” ;
Lat. noegeum (*noigʷ -i̯o-) ‘schweißtuch” ; common O.Ind. ĝh- > kṣ- : ĝh- > ž- : Gk. ĝh- > z-
phonetic mutation
O.Ir. nigid “wäscht” (*nigʷi̯eti , loss the Labialisieruug before i̯), Fut. -ninus = O.Ind.
(Gramm.) ninikṣati ; necht “pure”; M.Welsh enneint ‘spa, bath ” (*an-nig-antio- ; das g from
dem present figurative);
Gmc. *nikwes, - us- in O.Ice. nykr (gen. nyks) “Wassergeist, Flußpferd” , O.E. nicor
“Wasseruntier, Krokodil ”, O.H.G. nihhus, nichus “Flußuntier, Wassergeist” , Ger. Nix, O.H.G.
nichussa “ female Wassergeist, Nixe”, M.Du. nicker , M.L.G. necker “Wassergeist ”.
References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gk. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.
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neik-
English meaning: to winnow grain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Getreide schwingen ”
Material: Gk. λικμάω “handhabe die Getreideschwinge ”, λικμητήρ “the das corn schwingt ”,
λικμός, λίκνον “ Getreideschwinge ”, diss. from *νικμός, *νίκνον, compare νεῖκλον, νίκλον,
νικᾳ λικμᾳ Hes., as also ἰκμᾶν λικμᾶν Hes. (or haplology behind ανᾱ ἀνικμώμεθα); M.Ir.
cruth-necht “roter wheat ”, Welsh nithio , Bret. niza “winnow, fan” (also probably Welsh
gwenith , Bret. gwiniz , Corn. gwaneth “wheat”); Lith. niekóti , Ltv. niekât “ corn, grain through
Schwingen clean ”; besides Lith. liekúoti ds., Ltv. liekša “winnowing shovel ”; das Balt l- läßt
sich not through dissimilation define.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.
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nei-1, neiǝ - : nī-
English meaning: to lead
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũhren”
Material: O.Ind. náyati (participle nīta ́-), Av. nayeiti “leads”, M.Pers. nītan “guide, lead, drive,
push”, O.Ind. nīthü f. “ direction, way ”, nītho , netü “guide, leader ”, nē ́ tar -, nēta ́ r - m. ds.,
nētra ́ - n. “ direction, eye ”; M.Ir. nē, nīa “warrior, Held ” (*neit-s ), gen. sg. urIr. nētas , O.Ir.
nīath (*nei-t- os; s. also nei-2); Hitt. nüi- “lenken, guide, lead ”.
References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hitt. p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales - th- 5 f.
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nei-2, neiǝ - : nī-
English meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lebhaft bewegt sein, erregt sein, glänzen”
Material: Lat. niteō, -ēre “gleams, strahle ”, nitidus “gleaming ”, nitor “ radiance “ (from a
participle *ni-tó-); perhaps re-nīdeō “erglänzen” (with präsensbildendem -d(h)- ); *nei-bho- in
M.Ir. nīab “ vitality “, Welsh nwyf ds.; noi-bho- in O.Pers. naiba- , Pers. nēw “beautiful, good ”,
O.Ir. noīb “holy”; *nei-mü in M.Ir. nīam “ radiance, beauty ”; *nei-ko- in M.Ir. nīach m. “Held”,
nīachus m. “Tapferkeit ”; *nei-to- in Welsh nwyd “ferventness, passion ”, hispO.N. Kriegsgott
Nētō ; O.Ir. PN Nīall (gen.Nēill) from * neit-s -lo-s; placed perhaps also in O.Ir. nīa “Held” (see
nei-1); Gmc. *nīÞa - in Goth. neiÞ n. “ envy “, O.E. nīð m. “fight, struggle, hate, enmity ”, O.S.
O.Fris. nīth “ eagerness, hate, envy “, O.Ice. nīð “ derision, ridicule , disgrace, shame ”; could
also to O.Ir. nīth n. (IE *nītu-) “fight, struggle ” belong; dubious O.Ind. nīla- “bluish black ”,
nayanü ̆ - n. f. “eye”, nētra - n. ds.
References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.
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nek̂-
English meaning: death, dying; dead person
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leibliche Todesvernichtung ”
Material: O.Ind. naśyati, naśati “geht verloren, verschwindet, vergeht ”, nüs ́ a ́ yati “makes
disappear, richtet zugrunde ” (lengthened grade compared with Lat. noceō ), Av. nasyeiti
“verschwindet ”, participle O.Ind. naṣṭá - “verlorengegangen ”, Av. našta - ds. (= Lat. ē-
nectus ), nasišta - “verderblichst ”, nas- f. “need, misfortune ” (= Lat. nex, Gk. νέκ-ταρ, νέκες;
O.Ind. -naś adj.), nasu - “corpse, carrion “ (= Gk. νέκῡς, Lat. nequ-ülia; compare *n̥k̂u- in
O.Ir. éc etc.), lengthened grade O.Ind. nüs ́ a - m. “das Zunichtewerden ”; Gk. νέκες νεκροί
Hes. (therefrom νεκά ς “heap Leichen ”, example δεκάς), ν έκῡς, νεκρό ς “corpse”, νω̃καρ n. “
sluggishness, Todesschlaf ”; about νένταρ “Göttertrank” s. Kretschmer Anz . Österr . Akad.
1947, Nr. 4 (to Toch. В ñäkt “god”?) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. ( “about den Tod
hinwegrettend ”?); Lat. nex, necis f. “death, murder ”, therefrom dēnicüles fēriae “de nece
purgantes ”, necō , -üre ‘slay”, ē-nectus “erschöpft” , whereof ēnectüre “umbringen, torment,
smite”; perniciēs “ruin, Untergang ”, interneciēs, -necium ds.; noceō ‘schade”, s-Konj. noxit ;
noxa f. “damage, punishment, blame ”; nequülia “dētrīmenta” (due to of stem nek̂u -); O.Ir.
ēc, Bret. ankou , Corn. ancow , Welsh angeu “death” (*n̥k̂u-); Bret. (Vannes) negein ‘slay”,
O.Ice. Nagl-far “Totenschiff ”; Toch. A näk- “vergehen ”, В “ destroy”, Med. “vergehen ”; about
Lat. necesse see under sed-.
References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;
See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.
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nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ -t-s
English meaning: night
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nacht”
Grammatical information: stem nokʷt - f. (originally neutr.??), nokʷti -, nokʷtu - f., nokʷt(e)r n.
Note: about Ablautformen see under
Root nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s : night” derived from zero grade of Root ongʷ- : to anoint, dark
ointment ” : O.Ind. aktü ́- [f] “night” (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktú- [m] “flowing; ointment; (light or
dark) color; (final part of the) night ” (RV+) {3}.
Material: O.Ind. nák (*nákt) nom. “night” (nag jihītē), naktü f. Du., naktam adv. solidified acc.
“nachts”, instr. pl. naktábhiḥ ds. (imitation from áhabhiḥ ), acc. pl. náktīḥ “Nächte” ;
Gk. νύξ, νῡκτός f. “ night”, in compound νυκτι -, νυκτο -, νύκτωρ adv. “nachts” (*acc. shaped
as ὕδωρ), νυκτερός, νυκτερινό ς “nächtlich” (: Lat. nocturnus ); unclear are νύχα νύκτωρ
Hes., Hom. εἰνάνυχες “neun Nächte hindurch” , ἔννυχος “nächtlich”, παννύχιος “ die ganze
night lasting “, αὐτονυχί “in the same night ”;
Alb. natë “night”;
Note:
Clearly Alb.Gheg notë, Tosc natë, net pl. “night” derived from O.Ice. nōtt, nütt “night”.
Lat. nox, noctis “night” (gen. pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in adv. nox
“nachts” from gen. *nokt- es, -os); nocturnus “nächtlich” (: νυκτερινός, νύκτωρ); of stem
*noktu- : Lat.noctū “by night”, noctua “Nachteule ”;
O.Ir. i-nnocht “hac nocte ”, M.Welsh peu-noeth “jede night ”, trannoeth “am consecutive
Tage”, O.Welsh henoid , Welsh he-no “hac nocte ”, Corn. haneth , M.Bret. henoz ds.; Welsh
Corn. nos, Bret. noz “night”, probably from * nokt-s u- Welsh neithiwyr, neithwyr (contains
hwyr “evening”) “last night ”, Corn. nehues M.Bret. neyzor , Mod.Bret. neizeur ds.;

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Goth. nahts (dat. pl. nahtam after dagam ), O.Ice. nōtt, nütt , O.H.G. O.S. naht, O.E.
neaht , niht “night” (conservative stem), O.E. nihterne “nächtlich” ;
Lith. naktìs (conservative gen. pl. naktū ), Ltv. nakts , O.Pruss. naktin (acc. sg. ) “night”,
nak(t)v-ūnė “Nachtherberge ”, nak(t)vóti “ũbernachten” , nãkvinas “zur night herbergend ”,
O.Bulg. noštь “night”, Russ. netopūŕ “Nachtschmetterling, Fledermaus ”;
Hitt. neku- “dämmern” ; gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz ) “night”; Toch. A n[a]ktim “nächtlich” , В
nekciye “abends”;
zero grade: O.Ind. aktü ́ “night” (perhaps n-stem), aktú- m. “ darkness, night, light, ray ”
(actually “dawn, twilight ”), compare in latter meaning Goth. ūhtwō (: Lat. noctū etc.), O.Ice.
ōtta, O.H.G.ūhta (uohta ), M.H.G. ūhte (uohte ), O.S. ūtha f., O.E. ūth(a) m. “frũhe
Morgenzeit ”, Goth. ūhteigs “zeitig”;
eine other ablaut grade *onkʷt - seems Lith. ankstì “frũhe” , ìš añksto “from frũh an” ,
ankstùs adj. “early, matutinal ”, O.Pruss. angstainai, angsteina adv. “frũhmorgens” .
References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht IE Decl. 11.
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nĕ1, nē, nei
English meaning: negative particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: Satznegation der reinen Verneigung
Note: (ne einzelsprachlich also Wortnegation geworden)
Material: nĕ: O.Ind. ná “not”, néd (náid) ds., Av. ap. na- “not”, Av. nōit̃ (= O.Ind. néd), O.Ind.
ná-vü = Av. na-va “or not” (compare Lat. nē-ve, and genauer O.Ir. nō see under); O.Ind.
naca “and not” (= Lat. neque etc.); = Alb. nuk “or not”
about ne- in Arm. ( nuaɫ “languissant ” from * ne-val- , etc.) s . Dumézil BAL.-SLAV. 40, 48
f.;
Gk. νε- only (as replacement from n̥-) before verbalen, then also other adj. with dem
anlaut ü̆, ē̆, ō̆, with denen es contracted is, e.g. νήκεστος, νηλεής, νώνυμ(ν)ος (thereafter
secondary νη - in νήποινος “ungerächt” , Dor. νά̄ποινος, etc.);
Lat. nĕ- in ne-füs, ne-sciō (ne-sciens , ne-scius ), ne-cesse , ne-uter , n”unquam , nusquam ,
nūllus , nōn (*n”oin[om] , compare O.H.G. Ger. nein), ne-que “ not; and not, nor; rarely not
even “ (= Osc. nep, Goth. nih, O.Ir. na[ch] “not”, O.Ind. na-ca), osk ne “non, nē” ; compare
also Lat. neg[üre, -ōtium] above S. 418; Lat. neu, nē-ve , old neive, nīve “or not”;
O.Ir. ne-ch “aliquis”, Welsh nep “quispiam ” (= O.Ind. nakis “niemand ”, but with
Abstreifung of negativen Sinnes in Sätzen with wiederholter, but einander nicht
aufhebender negation; the same Vorgang in Lith. ne ̃kas “irgend somewhat ”, nekurìs “ a
certain, a kind of, as one might say “, etc.; similarly gelangte ne-u̯e “or not” zur positive
meaning “or” in:) O.Ir. nō ̆, nū ̆, Welsh neu, O.Bret. nou “or”, also verbal Stũtzpartikeln (for
pronoun infixa and das relative -n-) O.Ir. no-, nu- , M.Welsh neu- as originally formelhaft
prefixed “or not?”: proklitisches *ne ergab *na (as e.g. Ir. ass- “ex”) in Vorton in the

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connection O.Ir. na[ch] , M.Welsh nac (etc.) “not” from ne-kʷe with Proto-Celt. Apokope (?)
of auslaut -e;
Goth. ni, O.H.G. O.S. ni, ne, O.E. ne “not”; O.Ice. nē ̆ in the only poet. meaning “non”,
during nē in the meaning “neque” = Goth. nih (equal meaning with ni geworden) from * ne-
kʷe = O.H.G. nih-ein , O.S. (with gramm. variation) nig-ēn “not” (but O.S. nec “and not” =
Lat. neg-, see above S. 418); O.H.G. Konjunktion noh “yet” from * neh (*ne-kʷe) or from ne +
O.H.G. ouch “also”; O.H.G. nein, O.S. nēn “no” from * ne + oinom “nicht einer ” (see above
Lat. nōn, nūllus ); O.E. nü “nie, not, no ”, Eng. nō “no” (also O.Ice. nei “no” from * ni + aiw =
O.S. O.H.G. nio “nie”);
maybe Alb. ( *nio) jo “no”
O.Pruss. ni, Lith. ne “not”, ne ̃kas , nekurìs (see above); O.C.S. ne “not”;
maybe Alb. *(*ne-kʷe), nuk “not” = Lat. ne-que “not; and not, nor; rarely not even ” a
compound of Root nĕ1, nē, nei : negative particle + Root kʷe 1 : and (encl.)
Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of Proto-Illyr. origin.
Hitt. natta “not”, nüwi “noch nicht ”.
nē: O.Ind. (ved.) nü “not”; Lat. nē “not” in nē-quidem , nēquüquam , nēquīquam , nēquam ,
gekũrzt probably in nĕutiquam (but né-uter with old *nĕ, see above), nē Konj. “daß nicht” ,
Osc. ni “ne” (ni-p “nēve” ), marruc. ni “nē”; O.Ir. nī̆, M.Welsh ny, Welsh ni, Corn. ny, Bret. ne
“not” (partly with secondary abridgement); O.Ir. nī “is not” is das gewöhnliche nī with
ausgelassener copula;
Goth. nē “no”.
nei accentuated “not”: Av. naē-čiš “keiner”, adv. naēčiš intensified negation; Lat. nī,
altLat. nei adv. and Konj. 1. older “not, daß nicht” , 2. ‘si non”, quid-nī; Osc. nei “not” (nei-p
“neque”); Goth. nei (ἅπ.λεγ.) “not”, O.Ice. nī “no”, O.H.G. nī emphatisches “not”; Lith. niẽ-
kas “niemand ”, neĩ “also not, nicht einmal ”; O.C.S. ni “neque”, ni-kъto “niemand ”; die Gmc.

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forms perhaps but = O.Ind. nēd “absolutely not, with it nicht ”, Av. nōit, ap. nay from IE *ne id
“das nicht ”; perhaps is IE nei from * ne + ī (compare οὑτοσ -ί:) to deuten.
n̥- Verneinungspartikel as erstes part: O.Ind. Av. ap. a-, before Vokalen (also i̯, u̯) an-;
Gk.ἀ-, before vowel ἀν-; Lat. in-, oldest en- (die vorkonsonantische form); Osc. Umbr. an-;
O.Ir. in- (before Med.), ē- (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), Welsh Corn. Bret. an-; Goth.
O.H.G. O.S. un-, O.Ice. ō-, ū-; in Bal.-Slav. absolutely through ne- verdrängt; about Church
Slavic ne-ję-věrъ “ungläubig” , ne-ję-sytь “unersättlich = Pelikan” s. Berneker 429; Toch. AB
a(n)- , am-, e(n)- , em-, on-; through mehrereSprachen durchgehende equivalent are e.g.:
O.Ind. amŕ̥ta -, ἄμβροτος, immortülis ; O.Ind. ájñüta -, ἄγνωτος, Arm. ancanaut ”, ignōtus , O.Ir.
ingnad , Goth. unkunÞs ; O.Ind. anudrá -, ἄνυδρος, etc.
References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 431
f., 2, 590 ff.
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ne-3, nō-, Plur. nē ̆ s-, nŏs-
English meaning: we
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wir”
Note: (originally out of Nominativs; nom. see under *u̯e)
Material: 1. O.Ind. Du. acc. dat. gen. nüu, gthAv. gen. nü, O.C.S. nü, Gk. νώ, Hom. ν῵ι from
*νω-Fι (dessen 2. part the Nominativst. * u̯e-, *u̯i- is); O.Ir. nü(tha)r gen., Goth. ugkis , O.S.
unc, O.N. okkr “uns both(n) ” (unc = *n̥-ge, compare mik from * me-ge).
2. Pluralisch: O.Ind. naḥ enkLith., Av. nǝ ̄, nü ̊ , nō , Lat. nōs, Alb. na nom. ( *nŏs), ne gen.
dat. acc. ( *nōs); Ir. ni etc. (seems *s-nēs), gen. ar n- (*n̥s-rō-m), Welsh Corn. Bret. ni, ny
“wir” (*nēs), Goth. O.H.G. uns, O.S. ūs, O.N. oss “uns” (*n̥s), O.C.S. nasъ gen. (*nōs-sōm),
O.Pruss. nōuson (also);
auf *n̥sme (probably n̥s + particle *sm-, related with dem -sm- the Pron.-Decl., e.g. O.Ind.
tá-sm-üt) based on Av. ahma (O.Ind. asmün , ap. gen. amüxam ) = Eol. ἄμμ-, Dor. ἁ̄μ-, Ion.-
Att. ἡμ-; PO.S.S. Lesb. ἄμμος, Dor. ἁ̄μός = Av. ahma -, Ion.-Att. ἡμέτερος) etc.; Hitt. dat. acc.
anzüš , enkl. naš “uns”.
References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 600 f.
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nem-1
English meaning: to take; to put in order, count
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zuteilen, nehmen ” (von the Vorstellung der hingestreckten Hand);
von “zuteilen” from “O.N.nen, rechnen, zählen (Geldwesen)”
Material: Av. nǝmah - n. “Darlehen ”;
Gk. νέμω “divide from, lasse weiden ”; later “beherrsche ”, Med. “teile mir to, devour,
weide”, Herod. ἀνα-νέμεσθαι “allot, aufrechnen ”, νομή “distribution; Weideplatz ”, νομάς, -
άδος “weidend, after willow wandering “, νομεύς “herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler ”, νομός “
willow, Wohnsitz ”, νόμος “ alignment, order ”, νομίζω ‘see, observe as geltend an ”, νόμισμα “
custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebräuchliche Geldwährung” ; lengthened grade νωμάω
“divide to ”; νέμεσις “Unwille, göttliche revenge, vengeance “ (*νεμετις , eig. “das
Zurechnen ”), νεμεσ (σ)άω, -άομαι , -ίζομαι “be angry with, rebuke, reproach ”, νεμέτωρ
“Rächer” ; Alb. namë , nëme “curse, oath, malediction, imprecation ”, formal = νόμος ; nëmës
“the Fluchende, Gotteslästerer” ; here also O.Ir. nümae , gen. nümait “fiend”?
Daß νέμος n. “ Weideplatz ” here gehöre, is not ganz certainly; see under nem-2;
Lat. numerus “number” (*nomes-o- ), nummus “Geld, Mũnze” (from Gk. νόμιμος
“gesetzmäßig, ordinary “ );
O.Ir. nem f., M.Ir. neim “Gift” (compare Ger. Gift : geben “give”);
Goth. O.S. O.E. niman , O.H.G. nëman , O.Ice. nëma “take”;
maybe Alb. causative nem “give”
lengthened grade Goth. anda-nēm n. “Empfang ”, O.H.G. nüma “gewaltsames Nehmen,
robbery “; O.E. nüm f. “ the griping “ from O.Ice. nüm m. “das Nehmen, Lernen ”; Goth.
anda-nēms “pleasant ”, O.H.G. nümi “genehm”; Ltv. n̨emt (contaminated from nemt
undjemt) “nehmen”; Lith. nãmas , mostly pl. namaĩ “dwelling, house ”, Ltv. nams m. “house”;

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nem-2
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: O.Ind. námas - n. = Av. nǝmah - n. “ bowing, bending = worship, veneration,
Huldigung ”, O.Ind. námati “beugt sich, neigt sich, beugt, bends ” (Kaus. nümayati ), Av.
nǝmaiti “beugt sich (weg) ” (nümaiti , Kaus. nümayeiti ), with apa-, frü- “escape, flee ”;
participle O.Ind. natá- “ bent, curved “;
Gk. νέμος n. “Weideplatz ” = Lat. nemus, -oris “Hain”, etc.; Gaul. νεμητον “ sacred Hain ”,
PN Nemeto- brigü , VN Nemetes , O.Ir. nemed “Heiligtum ”, then “Privileg, privilegierte
person”; asächs. nimidas ‘sacra silvürum” ; Lith. FlN Nẽmunas “Niemen” (= ‘sumpfiger
stream”), nẽmuogė “Heidelbeere ”; Gaul. nanto “valle”, trinanto “drei Täler” , VN Nantuates ,
Welsh nant “valley, stream, brook ” (*nṃ-tu-, compare participle O.Ind. natá- from nm̥tó-);
savoy. nã ‘stream, brook ”; perhaps here O.Ir. nem ‘sky, heaven ”; different above S. 315.
References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Fränkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.
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nepōt - (*nepotis)
English meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Enkel; Neffe ”
Grammatical information: fem. neptī -
Material: O.Ind. nápüt (secondary náptr̥ -) “ grandson, descendant “, Av. napüt -, naptar- , ар.
napüt - ds., O.Ind. apüm napüt , Av. apąm napå - n. name of a divinity ( “ primeval offspring of
the waters “); Hom. νέποδες (δηοη ) “ young ones, children “ from a N. sg. * νέπωτς ; perhaps
here lemnisch-tyrsenisch ναφοθ “offspring, descendant, son ” (Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266);
Alb. nip “ grandson, nephew “; Lat. nepōs, -tis “ grandchild, grandson “, later also “ nephew
“; O.Lith. nepotis, nepuotis “grandchild, grandson ”; O.H.G. nevo “ nephew, kinsman,
relative”, O.E. nefa “grandchild, grandson, nephew “, O.Ice. nefe “ nephew, kinsman,
relative” (*nepōts ); M.Ir. nïæ, gen. nïath “ sister’s son “ (for the form in the end Pokorny
ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), Welsh nei, nai ds., Corn. noi “grandchild, grandson ”, M.Bret. ni “
nephew “.
Fem. O.Ind. naptī́ - “granddaughter, female descendant “, Av. naptī - “granddaughter ”;
Lat. neptis (for -ti(s) after the ĭ-stem) “granddaughter ”, later “niece”; O.Ir. necht , Welsh
O.Bret. nith, M.Bret. niz, Corn. noith “niece”; O.H.G. nift “neptis, privigna ”, Ger. (actually
nd.) Nichte , O.N. nipt “ sister’s daughter, niece ”; O.Lith. neptė “granddaughter ”; R.C.S.
nestera “niece” (*nept-terü).
further formations *nepti̯o -: Av. naptya- “ offspring, descendant “; Alb. mbesë “niece” from
*nepōtiü ;
Note:
Alb.Gheg mesa , Tosc mbesa “niece (sister ’s daughter) ” derived from Hittite Luwian *ḫnosa -
(a descendant); Luwian ḫnsa “grandson ” : Hittite ḫamša - hašša (a grandson) : Latvian

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ner-1(t)-, aner - (ǝner -?)
English meaning: vital energy; man
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. (“magische) Lebenskraft ”; 2. “Mann”
Material: O.Ind. nár- (nü ́) “man, person ”, Av. nar- (nü) ds. ( O.Ind. nara-ḥ, Av. nara- after
acc. náram , narǝm neologism); O.Ind. nárī, Av. nüirī “wife, woman ” (previously ar. feminine
formation); O.Ind. nárya -, Av. nairya- “ manly, virile “: probably also O.Ind. sūna ́ ra - “voll from
vitality, jugendlich ”, Av. hunara- m. “Wundermacht ”, O.Ind. nr̥tú- m. “Held”, sūnŕ̥tü “ vitality “
(su- bietet also das Celt. : O.Ir. so-nirt, Welsh hy-nerth “valiant, strong ”); Osset.-kaukas VN
Nart- (Iran. *nar-ϑra-);
Arm. air, gen. aṙn “man, person ” (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse2 83), aru “virile”,
whereof arvest, arhest “Kunst”; neuPhryg. αναρ “man”; luw. annar ds.;
Gk. νωρεῖ ἐνεργεῖ Hes. (: Lith. nóras , see under), ἀνήρ, -έρα, ἀνδρός “man”, ἠνορέη
“Mannhaftigkeit ” (Hom. ; ἠ- metr. lengthening), ἀνδρεῖος “ manly, gamy ”, εὐ-ήνωρ “rich an
vitality “, ἀγ-ήνωρ “gamy”, δρ-ώψ ἄνθρωπος (*νρ-ωψ “Mannesantlitz habend ”); about
ἄνθρωπος “person” (*ἄνδρ -ωπος with secondary Aspiration [?]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246,
Schwyzer Gk. 1, 4264;
Alb. njer “man, person ”;
Note:
Probably Alb. cognate njeriu “man” derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified Alb. pl.
njerëz “men, people ”, njerëzim “humanity ” where -os, - us ending has been solidified.
Lat. neriōsus “resistens, fortis ”, Neriō, -iēnis “eine with Mars in Kultverbindung stehende
goddess ” (“*die Starke ”), Nerō , Sabine = “fortis ac strenuus ” (Schulze Eigenn. 315, 363,
485; sabin. Nerius stimmt to O.Ind. nárya -), Osc. gen. pl. nerum “vir, procer ”, Umbr. nerf
acc. pl. “proceres, principes ”;

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Welsh ner “Held”, O.Ir. ner “boar” (also PN), Gaul. GN Nerios , O.Ir. nert (*ner- to-), Welsh
Corn. nerth “Mannhaftigkeit, Heer ”, Bret. nerz “ power “, Gaul. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus etc.,
O.Ir. nertaim “I stärke” , Welsh nerthu ‘stärken, support “, Bret. nerza “festigen”; O.Ir. nür
(*nōro -) “edel, großherzig” , Gaul. GN Nüria f.; about O.Ir. nür “bescheiden ” s. S. 754;
aGmc. Nerthus , eine goddess, O.Ice. Njǫrðr m. Göttername; Lith. nóras m. “volition”,
nóriu , nore ́ti “wollen”, O.Pruss. PN Nor-mans , ablaut. Ner-man ; Lith. nértėti , ablaut. nartìnti
“be angry with ”, į-nir̃tęs “ergrimmt ”, nar̃tsas m. ( *nar̃-sa-s ) “boldness, rage, fury ”, narsùs
“fierce, grim ”; O.Pruss. nertien acc. “rage, fury ”, er-nertimai “wir enrage “; Slav. *norvъ m. in
O.C.S. nravъ “custom”, etc.;
Gk. Hom. ν῵ροψ χαλκός after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. “ Erz from Noricum ”, also not here;
after Kuiper “voll from vitality “.
References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl.
Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.
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ner-2
English meaning: under
Deutsche Übersetzung: “under”
Material: Gk. νέρτερος “unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer ” (through hybridization with ἔνεροι
“die Unterirdischen ”, s. S. 312 *en “in”, also ἐνέρτερος ); νέρθε(ν) (and again ἔνερθε (ν), Dor.
Eol. ἔνερθα ) “from under ”; νειρός “the Unterste ” (*neri̯o -); Osc. nertrak “a sinistra ”, Umbr.
nertru ‘sinistro” (= νέρτερος ); zero grade O.Ice. norðr n. “Norden”, O.E. norðerra “more
nördlich” , O.H.G. N.rōni “nördlich” (Nord is by the Richtung of Betenden nach O sten =
links);
possible kinship from n-er- with * n-ei- “low, base ” (see 312).
Maybe Alb.Gheg nër, Alb. ndër “under” [common Alb. n > nd shift]
References: WP. II 333 f.
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ner-3
English meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eindringen, untertauchen, Versteck, Höhle”
Material: Gesichert only for the Balt-Slav. : Lith. neriù , nérti “(under)tauchen,
durchschwimmen, flee, einschlũpfen” , nerìs m. “beaver”, nãras m. “Taucherente ”, narvà “
cell the Bienenkönigin” , Ltv. nìrt, nirdât “ submerge “; O.C.S. nьrǫ, nrěti “penetrate ”, Sloven.
po-ndrẹ́ti “ submerge “, Clr. po-nerty “dive”, O.C.S. nora “φωλεός , latibulum ”, Russ. norá
“hole, cave, pit, pothole ”, aRuss. po-norov ъ “Erdwurm ”, Serb. nòrac “ aquanaut “; auf a zero
grade *nъr- (*nor- to IE *nor-) based on Slav. nyr-, nur- in Russ.-O.C.S. nyrjati , ‘se
immergere ”, nura “janua” (etc.); here probably die FlN O.Pruss. Narus , Lith. Nar̃-upe, Illyr.
Νάρων “Narenta” = schott.-gael. Abhainn Narunn “Nairn”; Lith. Nerìs , Nerỹs , Neretà ,
O.Pruss. Neria “Nehrung ”, Russ. Neretva (to Bug).
References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;
See also: perhaps to ner-2 .
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nes-
English meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich vereinigen, geborgen sein ”
Material: O.Ind. násatē “gesellt sich to, combined sich with jemand ”, redupl. not thematic
níṁsatē 3. pl. ‘sie berũhren nahe with dem body, kiss” (*ni-ns-atē), participle níṁs -üna- (old
Deponentien); GN Nü ́ satyau m. Dual. “die beiden Nothelfer ”, urind. Našattia , Av.
Nü ̊ ŋhaiϑ ya-, compare H. Gũntert, Weltkönig 259;
zero grade O.Ind. ásta-, Av. asta- n. “homeland, domicile ”; Gk. νέομαι , Ion. νεῦμαι “come
lucky an, kehre heim ”, Νέστωρ eig. “the always Wiederkehrende ”, νόστος m. “Heimkehr ”,
redupl. ep. νί̄σομαι “νέομαι” (*νι-νσ-ομαι with preservation of - σ- after unthematic forms as
2. 3. sg. * νι-νσ-σαι, -ται); reduced grade ναίω, Fut. νάσσομαι ‘stay, dwell, bewohne ”,
ναιετάω ‘stay, dwell, bewohne; bewohnt sein ”; *νασ-Fός: Dor. Thess. νᾱός , lak. νᾱFος,
Lesb. ναῦος (i.e. νάFFος), Ion. νηός , Att. νεώς m. “(Götterwohnung =) temple, Heiligtum” ;
zero grade ἄσμενος “gerettet, geborgen ”; Alb. knelem “ recover, be living again “ (prefix k- +
*nes- lo-); Goth. ga-nisan “gerettet become, recover, recuperate “, O.H.G. O.S. gi-nesan ds.,
O.E. ge-nesan “gerettet become, entkommen, ũberleben” , Goth. ga-nists , O.H.G. O.S. gi-
nist “Genesung, salvation ”; Kaus. Goth. nasjan “fit, healthy make ”, O.H.G. nerian , nerren
“retten, heal, cure, nähren”, O.S. nerian , O.E. nerian “retten, shield “ (besides with ē, ō:
O.Ice. næ ̄ ra and nø ̄ ra “beleben, erfrischen, nähren” , Swe. dial. nöra “fire anmachen ”);
O.Ice. aldr-nari m. “( life preserver =) fire ”, O.S. līf-nara f. “nourishment, food ”, O.E. neru f.
“Rettung, nourishment, food ”, O.H.G. nerī, nara f. “Rettung, nourishment, food ”; latter
meaning also in O.H.G. wega-nest, -nist n. “ trip food “, O.E. nest n. “nourishment, food ”,
O.Ice. nest n. “ viaticum, nourishment, food ”; Toch. A nas-, В nes- ‘sein”; A naṣu - “friend”.
References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wörter, 191 ff.

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neu-dh-
English meaning: to yearn for smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “begehren, gelũsten”
Material: O.H.G. niot “ eagerness “, M.H.G. nietlīche “with desire, with eagerness “, Ger.
niedlich , O.S. niud m. “desire, Begier ”, O.E. nīed, nēod f. “wish, Sehnsucht, eagerness “;
Goth. PN Neudis (*Niudeis ); Lith. pa-nústu , -núdau , -nústi “whereupon Gelũste have, sich
whereupon sehnen ”.

References: WP. II 326.
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neu-d-
English meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erstrebtes ergreifen, in Nutzung nehmen ”
Material: Goth. niutan “τυχεῖν , reach”, ga-niutan “ gripe, catch ”, nuta “Fänger, fisherman “ ,
O.Ice. njōta “benutzen, genießen” , O.H.G. niozan ‘somewhat an sich nehmen, benutzen,
genießen” , O.S. niotan , O.E. nēotan ds.; Goth. un-nuts “unnũtz” , O.H.G. nuzzi , O.S. nutti,
O.E. nytt “wherefore nũtze” (zero grade O.Ice. nȳtr); O.E. nyttian “need, lack, genießen” ,
O.H.G. nuzzen, nuzzōn , Ger. nũtzen , nutzen ; O.Ice. nyt f. “benefit, milk ” (nytja “milk”), O.E.
nytt f., M.L.G. nutte, nut “benefit”, O.H.G. nuz, -zzes m. “Nutz”, O.E. notu f. “yield”; O.Ice.
naut n. ‘stũck Vieh” , nautr m. “ valuable possession “, O.E. nēat n. ‘stũck Rindvieh, animal” ,
O.H.G. nōz m. “(Nutz)vieh ”, O.S. notil n. ‘small cattle ” (Church Slavic nuta “Vieh” from dem
Gmc.); O.H.G. ganōz , -o “comrade ”, O.S. genōt , O.E. genēat , O.Ice. nautr ds.;
Lith. naudà “benefit, profit, gain, property ”, naũdyti “lust, crave ”, Ltv. nàûda “Geld”;
perhaps O.Ir. Nuado , gen. Nuadat GN, Welsh Nudd GN, O.Brit.-Lat. dat. Nōdonti,
Nōdenti GN (participle *neudont-s , -os), actually “Angler, fisherman “ after Vendryes RC.
39, 384.
References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 3379;
See also: to consecutive ( neu-dh-)
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neu-ks-, neu -s-
English meaning: to sniff, smell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wittern, schnũffeln” , from which “aufspũren, auskundschaften”
Material: Goth. bi-niuhsian “auskundschaften ”, niuhseins “Heimsuchung ”, perhaps to O.Ice.
nȳsa “wittern, snuffle, sniff, peer “, njōsn f. “ tidings, Suche ”, O.H.G. niusen “versuchen ” (to
alteration from - hs- to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;
neus - in: O.E. nēosian, nīosan , O.S. niusian, niusōn “untersuchen, nachspũren” ; in
addition O.E. nosu , Eng. nose , Dutch neus “nose”, Nor. nosa “wittern”, nūs ‘smell, odor,
Witterung ”, nuska ‘suchen”, Ger. nũschen “with the Schnauze wũhlen” , Eng. nuzzle , Dutch
neuzelen ‘snuffle, sniff ”, M.L.G. nOster(en) , nũster(en) “Nũster” ; Russ. njúchatь ‘snuffle,
sniff, smell ”, Serb. njušiti ‘snuffle, sniff ”.
Maybe Alb. (*njúchatь ) nuhat , nuhas ‘snuffle, sniff, smell ”, through metathesis derived
Alb.Gheg (*nuhas ) huna , Tosc hunda “nose” [common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutation]
Clearly Root nas- : “nose” derived from Root neu-ks-, neu-s- : “to sniff, smell ” while both
nas- : “nose”, neu-ks-, neu-s- : “to sniff, smell ” are zero grade of Root an(ǝ) -3 : “to breathe ”

References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.
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neuk -
English meaning: dark, indistinct
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dunkel, undeutlich, von Gesichts- and Gehörseindrũcken” ?
Material: Lat. nuscitiōsus “qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret ”, next to which with l-
(after lux, lūcēre? ) luscus “blinzelnd; blödsichtig; einäugig” , luscīnus “geblendet ”, lusciōsus,
luscītiōsus “nachtblind ”; Lith. niūkso ́ ti “dark emporragen ”, niūkiu ̀ , niũkti “din, drone, dull
sound, clink ”, apsi-niáukti ‘sich bewölken” , Ltv. apn̨auktiês ds.
References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.
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neu-2
English meaning: to make a push; to nod
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einen Ruck machen or Stoß geben” , especially (europ.) “nicken,
winken”
Material: O.Ind. návatē , nüuti “wendet sich, bewegt sich ”, nüvayati “wendet, kehrt ”, as d-
present probably nudáti ‘stößt fort, rũckt” ; Gk. νεύω “nicke, winke ” (*νεύσω), νεῦμα “Wink”,
νευστάζω “nicke”; Lat. nuō, -ere “nicken, winken, sich neigen ”, nūtō, -üre ‘sich hin and her
neigen, waver, wobble ”, nūtus, -ūs “das sich Neigen, Wink, command, order ”, nūmen
“Wink, volition, Geheiß, esp. göttliches” (*neu-men , or as *neu-smen = Gk. νευμα from
*νευσ -μα with here indeed wurzelhaftem σ); O.Ir. nóïd “makes bekannt ”, *ate- no- “entrust”,
verbal noun aithne “depositum ” = Welsh adnau ds.;
with formant. -r(o)- Russ. (etc.) ponúryj (*neu- ro-) “gesenkt (of Kopfe), niedergeschlagen
(from den Augen) ”; with the meaning ‘stupfen” presumably Gk. νυρεῖ νύσσει, νυρ῵ν
νύσσων, ξύων Hes., and (?) Lith. niùrkyti “press, squeeze ”;
with g- further formations: Gk. νύσσω, Att. νύττω “ prick, pricke ”, νύγω Hes., pass. perf.
νένυγμαι, participle present νυγείς; with intensive intensification νυκχάζω νύσσω Hes.,
M.L.G. nuck (e) “plötzlicher shove, Tũcke” , md. nucken “einnicken ”, M.H.G. ent-nucken ds.,
perhaps also O.C.S. n(j)ukati “ermuntern ”.
References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 7174.
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neu̯os , -i̯os
English meaning: new
Deutsche Übersetzung: “neu”
Material: O.Ind. náva -, Av. nava- “neu”, compar. navatara- (: Gk. νεώτερος), Gk. νέ(F)ος,
Lat. novus , Osc. Núvlanúis “Nōlünīs” (from *Núvelü = Lat. Nōla), O.Lith. navas , O.Pruss.
neuwenen certain nom. sg. n. ( *nawanjan ; O.Pruss. nauns probably after jauns “ young “),
O.Bulg. novъ “neu”; -i̯o-form O.Ind. návya -, Ion. νεῖος, Gaul. Nevio- , Novio-dūnum (“Neuen-
burg”), O.Ir. nūe ̈, Welsh newydd , O.Bret. nouuid, neuued , Bret. neuez , Goth. niujis , O.Ice.
nȳr, O.H.G. O.S. niuwi , O.E. nīwe, nēowe , Lith. naũjas “neu”; Toch. А ñu, В ñune ds., Hitt.
neu̯a - ds.; with -ro-forms Gk. νε(F)αρός, Arm. nor “neu” (*nou̯ero -), Lat. nover -ca
‘stiefmutter” ;
Maybe truncated Alb. ( *nou̯ero -) re (fem.) , ri (masc.) “new”.
Gk. νεάω = Lat. novüre “erneuen” (therefrom novülis “ein farmland, the zum ersten Male or
after one-year- old Ruhe gepflũgt wird” ; forms as in aequülis , also “junges Alter habend ”);
νεότης = Lat. novitüs “Neuheit”; Feminina with ī- besides ü-suffix (see Specht IE Decl.323 f.)
lie consecutive formations the basic: Lat. novīcius “neu, Neuling ”; Russ. novíkъ “Neuling”;
Gk. νέᾱξ “young Kerl ”; Church Slavic novakъ “Neuling”; but νεᾱνίᾱς “ youngling “ from νεFο -
αν- “young Atmender ”; νεοχμό ς “neu” see above S. 414.

References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.
See also: Changing through ablaut nū̆ “nun” see there; s. also *e-neu̯en “ nine “.
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nēik- : nīk- : nik -
English meaning: to attack; to fight, rail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anfallen, losstũrzen, heftig beginnen”
Material: Gk. νεῖκος n. “quarrel, fight ”, νεικέω “zanke, streite, schelte ”, perhaps also νί̄κη,
Dor. νῑκᾱ f. “victory”, νῑκάω ‘siege”; Celt. (?) FlN Nicros “Neckar” ; O.E. ge-næ ̄ stan
“quarrel”(*naihstian? ); Bal.-Slav. *ninkō “begins violent ” in Lith. -ninkù , -nìkti ds., Ltv. nikns
“angry, irate ”, ablaut. naîks “violent”, Lith. dial. neikom “very”, O.Pruss. neikaut “wandeln”,
Slav. *niknǫ , *niknǫti in O.C.S. vъz-niknǫti “again to sich come ”, R.C.S. niknuti
“hervorwachsen ”, etc.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 186 f., Hofmann Gk. etym. Wb.
213.
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nē-tr..., nǝ -tr...
English meaning: snake
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlange, Natter ”
Material: Lat. natrix, -icis m. f. “water snake, penis ” = O.Ir. nathir , gen. nathrach “natrix,
serpens”; Welsh neidr ‘snake” (*natrī ), pl. , nadroedd , Corn. nader , mbr. azr, br. aer ds.,
O.Bret. natrol-ion “Basilisken ” (pl. eines adj. ‘sich auf die Schlange beziehend ”); Goth.
nadrē gen. pl. , O.Ice. naðr m., naðra f. “Natter” ; with ē O.E. næ ̄ ddre , O.S. nüdra , O.H.G.
nütara , nütra f. “Natter” (*nē-trü).
References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;
See also: probably as “die sich Windende ”, zur root (s)nē -.
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nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o -, nogʷ -no-
English meaning: naked
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nackt”
Note: often distorted taboo
Material: O.N. nøkkva “naked make ”; lengthened grade Lith. núogas , Ltv. dial. nuôgs ,
O.C.S. nagъ “naked”;
with Dentalformantien: Lat. nūdus “naked” from *nogʷed(h)os or *nogʷod(h)os = Goth.
naqaÞs (-d-), O.N. nøkkuiðr (also nǫktr ), next to which O.S. nakuÞer , O.E. nacod , O.H.G.
nackut, nachut , Ger. nackt ; O.Ir. nocht , Welsh etc. noeth “naked” (*nogʷ -to-s);
with formants -no-: O.Ind. nagná - “naked”, Av. maɣna- ds. ( m- through dissimilation, die
Vorstufe from WestOsset. bäɣnäɣ); Arm. merk “naked”; hieher also Gk. γυμνός, by Hes.
λυμνός (for *νυμνός) and ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι; O.Ice. nakinn , O.Fris. naken
“naked” (k instead of N.. ku̯ point at auf rearrangement from * nak(u̯)-na- after den participle
auf -inn); Hitt. neku-manza “naked”.
References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht IE Decl. 251.
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nū ̆-
English meaning: now
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nun” and ähnliche Formen
Material: O.Ind. nú, nū ́, Av. nū “nun”, O.Ind. nū ́ tana - “jetzig, young, neu ”, nūna ́ m “now, yet,
nun” (as Lith. nūnaĩ , O.C.S. nyně probably adv. solidified case eines adj. *nū-no- “jetzig”),
Av. nūrǝm, nūra ̨ m , ap. nūram ds. (after üparǝm “ prospectively “ shaped?); Gk. νῦ, νῠ̄ν, νῦν
“now, yet ” (latter probably from * nū ̆-m =) Lat. num “nun noch, noch jetzt ”, then pad for
Fragen, etiamnum “noch always ”, nunc “now, yet, nun ” (*num-ce ) = Hitt. ki-nun ds., nū-per
“neulich, before kurzem; before Zeiten ”, next to which nu- still in nu-diūs tertius “*nun is the
dritte day ” (about O.Ir. nu-, no- , M.Welsh neu Verbal-particle, see under ne “not”); Goth. nu
(nū?), O.Ice. O.H.G. O.E. nū ̆ “now, yet, nun ”, M.H.G. Ger. nū ̆, previously seit LateM.H.G.
time also nū ̆ n; Lith. nù, Ltv. nu “nun”, O.Pruss. in tei-nu “nunmehr ”, Lith. nūnaĩ “nun” (see
above); O.Bulg. nъ “but”, nyně “nun” (see above); Toch. А nu В no enkl. “but, because ”;
Hitt. nu (satzeinleitende particle); ki-nun “now, yet ”, nū-wa ‘still”, nu-kwit “numquid ”; Goth.
naúh ‘still”, O.Fris. noch , O.S. O.H.G. noh Adverb ‘still, also now, yet ” from * nu-kʷe; about
die Konjunktion “( neither - ) noch” see above S. 757 under ne1.
IE nū ̆ is probably zero grade to neu̯o - “neu”, compare O.Ind. nūtane - “jetzig” and “neu”,
Gk. νέον τι “eben, neulich ”, O.H.G. niwes (adv. gen.), Lith. naujaĩ “fresh, neulich ”.
Maybe Alb. ta-ni “now” [ta- (atë ) “this, that ” + *ni “now”] : O.Pruss. in tei-nu : Skt. nú “now,
just, but” [adv]; Go. nu “now” [adv]
References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.
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n̥dhos , n̥dheri
English meaning: under
Deutsche Übersetzung: “under”
Material: O.Ind. adháḥ “under” (as preposition m. acc. under gen.), Av. adǝ ̄ “under”, Arm.
ǝnd (m. instr. ) “under”, O.Ice. and ds., Toch. А añč “under, after under ” (?);
Av. aδairi “under, below ”, Goth. undar etc., O.H.G. untar and untari “under”, neologism
after IE *uperi (O.Ind. upari etc. “about”);
O.Ind. ádhara -, Av. aδara - “the untere ”, Lat. īnferus ds. ( *enferos , IE *n̥dheros ), īnfernus
ds.(after supernus ), infrü “below” (*inferüd ) with Anlautsbehandlung of - dh-; Gk. ἀθερο -
placed perhaps in ἀθερίζω “ verachte ” (compare O.Ind. adharīn ̣ a - “verachtet ”); Goth. undaro
preposition “under” (abl. auf - ōd) = O.Ind. adv. ádharüt “under”;
O.Ind. adhamá - “the unterste ” = Lat. īnfimus ds.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht IE Decl. 2591.
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obhel -
English meaning: to sweep; to multiply
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fegen” and “vermehren ”
Note: only Arm. and Gk.
Material: Arm. avelum “I sweep” (aṙ-avelum “I vermehre ”: aveli “more”), Gk. ὀφέλλω ‘sweep”
and “vermehre ”, ὄφελμα “ besom “ and “benefit, advantage ”, ὄφελτρον “ besom “ Hes.,
ὀφελτρέυω ‘sweep”; ὄφελος “ benefit”, ὠφελέω “nũtze” .
References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wörter 120 ff.
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od-1 (*had -)
English meaning: to smell, *have repulsive smell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “riechen”
Material: Arm. hot “Duft, smell, odor ” (sek. o-stem), hotim “rieche”, hototim “wittere”;
Gk. ὄζω “rieche, dufte ” (*ὄδι̯-ω, with Lat. olēre under an extension basis *odēi -
compatible), ὄδωδα , Hom. etc. ὀδμή, Dor. ὀδμά:, Att. ὀσμή “Duft, smell, odor ” (*οδ-μᾱ), δυς-
, εὐ-ώδης “evil-, wohlriechend ”, ὀσ-φραίνομαι “rieche, wittere ” with *οδσ- (: Lat. odor) as
erstem part; Alb. amë “ unpleasant smell, odor ” (*odmü = ὀδμή); Lat. odor ‘smell, odor ”,
odefaciō, ol(e)faciō “rieche, wittere ”, oleō, -ēre ‘smell, stink ” (‘sabin” l = d perhaps tight, firm
geworden through support in oleum ); Swe. os ‘smell, odor, erstickendes Gas ”, Nor. Dan. os
(*ōd-s-o-) “haze, mist, erstickender vapor ”, O.Ice. spün -ōsa “neu, neu hergestellt ” (of ship
etc.), actually: “after chip, splinter smelling “;
Lith. úodžiu , úosti ‘smell” (*ōdi̯ō), Ltv. uôžu , uôst ‘smell”, Lith. úostyti “herumriechen,
snuffle, sniff ” = Ltv. uôstît (and uôkstît ds.; with the same parasitischen k Lith. úoksauti
“unaufhörlich lauern” under likewise); O.Cz. jadati “forschen, untersuchen ”
(“*ausschnũffeln” ).
References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.
See also: see also od-2 “ repulsion ”; about Gaul. odocos s. S. 289.
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od-2 (*had -)
English meaning: disgust, hate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Widerwille, Haß”
Note:
Root od-2 (*had-): “disgust, hate ” derived from Root od-1 (*had-): “to smell, *have repulsive
smell”
Material: Arm. ateam “I hasse”, ateli “ detested, hostile “;
Gk. ὀδυς - (as *οδ -υδ- das participle perf. enthaltend) in οὐδύεται ἐρίζεται Hes. (οὐ - metr.
lengthening for ὀ-), ὀδώδυσται, ὠδυσάμην, ὀδύσσασθαι, ὀδυσθ῅ναι “ be angry with,
grumble, rumble “; Lat. ōdī “empfinde Widerwillen, hasse ”, ŏdium “natũrlicher repulsion,
hate”; O.E. atol, O.Ice. atall “dirus, atrox ”; Hitt. ḫatukiš “terrible, dreadful ”;
as “ repulsion infolge Geruches ” perhaps to od-1 ‘smell”.
References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.
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oid- (*gʷheid-)
English meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”
Note:
Considering Phryg. βεδυ “water” : nasalized Illyr. Bindus “water god ”, Root band- (*gʷheid- ):
“drop” : Root oid- (*gʷheid- ): “to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water ” derived from a
zero grade of Root au̯(e)-9, au̯ed -, au̯er- (*aku̯ent -): “to flow, to wet; water, etc. ”
Material: O.Ind. índra - ‘strong”, also GN “Indra- , urind. (mitanni) Indar = Av. GN Indra- ;
O.Ind. indriyám n. “ power, fortune ”; perhaps also índu- m. “drip” (originally ‘sehwellung,
ball”);
Arm. ait (i-stem) “cheek”, aitnum “I swell” (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn ‘swelling, lump, growth ”;
Gk. οἰδάω, οἰδέ ω ‘swell”, οἶδος n. ‘swelling, lump, growth ”, οἴδᾱξ “ unripe Feige ”, oἶδμα “
swelling, tumescence, Schwall of Meeres ”, Οἰδί -πους ‘schwellfuß” ;
O.H.G. eiz, Ger. dial. Eis “Eiterbeule, ulcer ”, and as Bezeichnung from deren giftigem
Inhalt O.H.G. eitar, O.E. üt(t)or , O.Ice. eitr “pus” (O.Ice. also figurative “fury, bitter sense,
mind”, E.Fris. eitel “angry, irate, frenzied “); O.Ice. eitill m. “Einschluß in a stone “ , Nor. eitel
“gland, knag am tree, knot, bud ” (= M.H.G. eizel ‘small pustulating ulcer ”); O.Ice. eista
“testicle” (*oid-s -to(n)- , from the zero grade of es-stem: Gk. οἶδος ); perhaps also O.E. üte,
Eng. oat “Hafer”; Ltv. idra “das faule Mark eines Baumes ”; with Slav. *ĕ-, *ja- from oi-
probably O.Bulg. -ědro, jadro (etc.) ‘sinus; velum, sail ”, Pol. kaschub. also “net” (basic
meaning ‘swelling”);
O.C.S. jadъ “ poison “ (*oidos ), Slov. jàditi “anger”, Serb. ijèditi “ enrage “; Lith. aidinti
‘stir, tease, irritate ” and O.C.S. isto, pl. istesa “testicle, kidney ” from schwundstufigem *id-s-
to-, next to which *oid-s- to- (: O.Ice. eista ) perhaps in aRuss. jestesě n. Du. “testicles”, if with

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it *ěstesě gemeint is; nasalized *ind-ro to *ęd- (jęd-) in Slav. *jędro , *jędrъ: O.C.S. jędro
“quick, fast ” (from “*strong” = “*swollen”), Serb. jédar “full, strong, fresh, strong ” and R.C.S.
jadro “nucleus, testiculus ”, Russ. jadrovítyj “kernig, strong ”, jádrica “Gersten- , Hafergrũtze” ,
Pol. jądro “Kern; pl. testicles ”, jędrny “kernig, strong, lively “;
in addition Balt FlN Indus , Indura , Indra , Indrajà and Indrica , also die Innerste , NFl the
Leine (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably Ven.-Illyr.).
Maybe Alb. gjendra “(*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland ” : Church Slavic jadro “nucleus,
testiculus ”.
References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Gũntert Weltkönig 13 f., Machek
KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.
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ok-
English meaning: to think over, *understand, see
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ũberlegen”
Note:
Root ok- : “to think over, *understand, see ” derived from a reduced Root okʷ- : “to see; eye ”.
Material: Gk. ὄκνος “ dubiousness, hesitating “, ὀκνέω “ hesitate “, ὀκνηρός “ dilatorily “;
Goth. aha ‘sense, mind, understanding “, ahjan “believe, mean ”, ahma m. “ghost”; ahaks
“dove” (as spirit bird); O.H.G. ahta “ observance, paying attention “ (Ger. achtgeben ), O.E.
eaht f. “ calculation, consultation, estimate “, O.H.G. O.S. ahtōn , O.E. eahtian “consider,
observe, appraise “, Ger. achten, beachten , O.Ice. ǣtla (*ahtilōn ) “mean, think, intend,
mean, aim ”.
References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to okʷ-.
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ok̂tō(u)
English meaning: eight
Deutsche Übersetzung: “acht”
Note:
Root ok̂tō(u) : eight derived from the extended Root ok- : “to think over, *understand, see,
count” + -ta formant modelled after Illyr. attribute nouns, adjectives. Hence PIE numbers
derived from previously ordinal numbers.
Material: O.Ind. aṣṭǘ, aṣṭǘu (besides aśītí- f. “achtzig”), Av. ašta to Av. ašti- “Breite from vier
Fingern” (to sg. *ašta -), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; Arm. ut” (probably from * optō with
from the Sieben ũbernommenem p); Gk. ὀκτώ; Alb. tetë (*ok̂tō-t-);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb.
teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” : Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven” later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute
formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute -ta formant
(used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb.-Anatolian languages alone.
Therefore Alb. teta “eight” is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight”. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuügintü “80”].
Therefore Gk. Greek: θη̃τα n. “the eighth letter of he Greek alphabet (Ar.) ”, gen. θήτατος
Demokr. 20, Lat. pl. tetates from θήτατες ; further uninflected. Origin (see intro): LW Sem.
Etymology: from Semitic, cf. Hebr. ṭēth; cf. Schwyzer 140. is of Anatolian origin.

compare Maced. Otto-lobus “8 hũglig” ; Lat. octō;O.Ir. ocht n- (Nasalwirkung after secht n -
and nōi n -); Welsh wyth, nCor n. eath, Bret. eiz (*ochtī , older -ū from -ō); Goth. ahtau , O.Ice.

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ütta, O.H.G. O.S. ahto, O.E. eahta ; Lith. aštuo -nì; O.C.S. osmь (after dem ordinals оsmъ
reshaped); Toch. В okt, A okät.
ordinals: Lat. octüvus (compare also Osc. Uhtavis “Oktavius ”) probably from * octōu ̯ os ;
aPhryg. οτυFοι Fετει “ in 8. years ” (*ok̂tōu̯oi u̯etesi ); Gk. Ion. Att. ὄγδο(F)ος ( ὁ after
ἕβδομος), obstructed in ὀγδοήκοντα ( Hom. to ὀγδώκοντα reshaped after ὀ κτώ), compare
Lat. octuügintü “80”, das earlier example from septuügint a and in very later time after latter
again neu aufgekommen; after dem ordinals to septm̥ (and dek̂m̥ ) gerichtet have sich
O.Ind. aṣṭamá -, Av. aštǝma -, Gaul. oxtumetos , O.Ir.ochtmad , Welsh wythfed , Lith. ãšmas ,
O.Pruss. asman (acc.), O.C.S. osmъ (ok̂tmo -); compare Toch. A oktänt, В oktante “the
achte”.
An other congruities are to name ved. aṣṭǘdaśa - 18, Av. aštadase - “the 18.”, Gk.
ὀκτω(καί)δεκα, Lat. octōdecim , O.H.G. ahtozehan 18; Gk. ὀκτακόσιοι, Lat. octingentī “800”.
References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.
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okʷ- , (*he ĝʷh- )
English meaning: to see; eye
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sehen”
Note: besides ok-, see there
Note:
Root okʷ- : to see; eye derived from Root deik̂- : to show ” : Root dek̂-1 : “to take, *offer a
sacrifice, observe a custom ” [common Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutation]. The drop of
initial d- in Proto-Aryan languages caused the birth of old laryngeal ḫ-.
One of the oldest cognates is Gk. δοκεύω “ to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,
suppose, imagine, expect “, then Marathi dola (*dokula ) “eye”.
Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *okʷÞ - (whereupon partly the i-
and n-stem is layered):
O.Ind. ákṣi n. “eye” (this i-stem ved. only nom. acc. sg. and in compounds, akṣi-pát “a
little, a bit ”, after ved. also in bh-case and in loc. pl.), gen. sg. akṣ-ṇ-áḥ etc., nom. Du. akṣī́ =
Av. aši “ (both) eyes “
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation
(compare *okʷī ds. in Lith. akì, O.Bulg. oči and as base from Arm. ač ̣-k” and Gk. ὄσσε),
formation of conservative stem *akṣ-; this stem akṣ- also in ved. an-ák “blind”; Av. aši for
*axšī after uši “ears”, compare Av. aiwy-üxšayeinti “ they supervise “, aiwyüxštar -
‘supervisor, custodian, keeper ”; redupl. O.Ind. ī́kṣatē “ sees “ (IE *īkʷ- from * i-okʷ-); akṣá- m.
“dice, cube ”, i.e. “ provide with eyes “;kṣaṇa - m. n. “instant, eye blink ” (seems grown from a
loc. *[a]kṣán ); is not overgrown the Þ-stem in the darkened compounds O.Ind. prátīka - “
turned, opposite “, n. “face (with the eyes and mouth) ” (: πρόσ -ωπον), ánīka - n. “ the
turned, front “, Av. ainīka - m. “face (with the eyes and mouth) ” (*proti , *eni + okʷ-; compare

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Slav. nicь under *ni- “low, mean ”), ghr̥tǘcī f. “ greasy (looking); sacrificial spoon “, śvitīcī́ f.
“gleaming ”;
Arm. (with expressive gemination) akn, gen. akan “eye, aperture, hole ” (n-stem), nom. pl.
ač ̣-k” pluralized from dem nom. Du. *okʷi;
Gk. (*oksi) ὄσσε nom. Du. “Augen”
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -ss- phonetic mutation
(*okʷi̯e for *okʷī), Att. *ὄττε, whereof τριοττί ς “ necklace with three glass eyes “; ὄσσομαι
‘see, observe (spiritually), foresee, predict ”, Att. ὀττεύομαι “ foresee, predict, dread ”;
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -ss-: -tt- phonetic mutation
ὄψομαι “ I will see “, common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation
ὄπωπα “ have seen ”; ὀπῑπεύω “ gawk at, look after “, παρθενοπί̄ πης “ overseer of girls “ with
redupliz. root ὀπ (ι + οπ > ῑπ-); ὄμμα “ eye” (*ὄπ-μn̥),
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation
ὀφθ-αλ-μός “eye” (*okʷÞh - with expressive Aspirata?);
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -ph-, -f- phonetic mutation
without Aspirata böot. ὄκταλλος; with (after ὀπός etc.) analogical π;
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Anatolian – Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt- phonetic mutation
see Root ĝhðem -, ĝhðom -, gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : “earth”
lak. ὀπτίλος, epidaur. ὀ πτίλλος; similarly behaves ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν to Lesb. ὄππατα
“ὄμματα” (probably with expressive gemination); ὀπή “ opening, aperture “ (ἐνόπαι f. pl. “
earrings “ under likewise, πολυ -ωπός “ nets with a lot of openings or meshes “);
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation
lengthened grade ὤψ “face”; πρόσωπον “ face (with the eyes and mouth) ”, μέτωπον
“forehead ”, Κύκλ-ωψ, βο -῵πις under likewise; μύ -ωψ “ shortsighted “; besides αἶθ -οψ under

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likewise with abbreviation (comparable Lat. atr-ōx, fer-ōx); common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk.
-ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation
perhaps Gk. ὄπις “ the vengeance or visitation, aWestruck fear; punishment, retribution “,
eig. “ investigation, inquiry “?; common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic
mutation
ἴψαο “ you have reprimanded, have punished, pressed hard, oppressed “, common O.Ind. -
ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs- phonetic mutation
ἐν-ιπή “ rebuking, reproving appellation “, common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p-
phonetic mutation
ἐνί̄σσω (changed ἐν ί̄πτω), Aor. ἠνί̄ παπον and ἐν ένῑπον “ rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish,
avenge, scold “ (IE *īkʷ- from redupl. *i-okʷ, compare O.Ind. ī́kṣatē ); common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- >
kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p- phonetic mutation
Alb. sũ “eye”;
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)], hence Alb. geg
sũni “eye” : Old Irish (* sūli-) sūil “ eye “ : Root sü ́ u ̯ el -, süu ̯ ol -, suu̯él -, su̯el-, sūl- : ‘sun”.
Finally zero grade Alb. geg sũni “eye” : Old Irish (* sūli-) sūil “ eye “ : Lat. oculus “eye” : Lith.
akūlas “ attentive “.
Hitt. šakuu ̯ a - n. pl. “eyes”, šakuu ̯ üi - ‘see” it seems that Root okʷ- : “to see; eye ” derived from
Root sekʷ-2 : “to see, show; to speak ”.
Lat. oculus “eye” (ōkʷelo -s); atr-ōx “ grisly” (to üter, above S. 69), fer-ōx “wild” (to Lat.
ferus , above S. 493), etc. (: Gk. μύ-ωψ “ shortsighted “, etc.);
O.Ir. enech , M.Welsh enep “face, face (with the eyes and mouth) ”, M.Bret. enep ds. and
preposition “against”, and Welsh wyneb “face (with the eyes and mouth) ”, O.Welsh let-

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einepp “halbe Seite ” are unclear; common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Celtic -ĝʷ > -b : -kʷ > -p
phonetic mutation
in Gmc. finden wir besides dem stem *aʒw- (*ókʷ-, O.H.G. ac-siuni f. ‘species”, auc-siuno
“evidenter ”) : *awi- (*okʷí-) in O.H.G. awi-zoraht “augenscheinlich ”, O.E. ēawis (*ēaw-wis)
“apparent, manifest, obvious ”, ēawan ‘show, offenbaren ”, O.Fris. üwia, auwia ds. ( *awjan ),
M.H.G. z-ounen , M.Du. t-ōnen ‘show” (with abbreviated prefix); besides Gmc. *aun- (*okʷ-
én-); through Ausgleich and influence of *ausō “ear” entstand ein stem *auʒan-: krimGoth.
pl. oeghene (oe = ö), then Goth. augō , O.Ice. auga , O.H.G. ouga , O.E. ēage n. “eye”; stem
*augja- in Goth. and-augi n. “face (with the eyes and mouth) ”, O.E. and-ēages , amd. and-
ouge “angesichts ”, O.Ice. -eygr , O.H.G. -ougi, O.E. -ēaged “-äugig” ;
maybe Alb.Gheg ( aug-) agu “dawn, sunshine, dark ”, agull “blindness ”
Lith. akìs “eye”, akì (= O.Bulg. oči) “die beiden Augen ”, Ltv. acs “eye”, O.Pruss. ackis
nom. pl. “Augen”, O.Bulg. oko (Russ. óko), gen. očese , Du. oči “eye”; Lith. akūlas “ attentive
“, Pol. obaczyć (lengthened grade) ‘see, bemerken, behold “, from which durcb
Suffixverkennung ( ob : o): baczyć “look out, aufpassen, wahrnehmen, see ”; of n-stem
Serb.-Church Slavic okno “window”; compare Eng. (O.Ice.Lw.) wind- ow ds., eig.
“Windauge ”;
affiliation from Lith. ükas “Wuhne, hole in Eise ”, Ltv. aka “gegrabener stream, brook ”,
Russ. river name Oká (different above S. 23), Lith. ekete ̃ (akete ̃ , akytė ) “in das ice
gehauenes hole zumWasserschöpfen, Wuhne” , Ltv. akate “with Wasser gefũllte pit, pothole
in morass ” probably: “Wasserauge ”, compare “Meeraugen ” as Bezeichnung the Tatraseen;
Toch. A ak, Du. aśäṃ, В ek, Du. eśane n. “eye”; A ak-mal “face” (“eye + nose ”); compare
W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248.
Maybe Sumerian ig[~]2i: noun , eye(s); face; front.

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ol-(e)-
English meaning: to destroy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “vernichten ”
Material: Gk. ὄλλῡμι (*ὀλ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλ έσω ‘spoil”, ὀλετής “Vernichter ”, ὀλέκω “ destroy”,
ὀλοός (*ὀλοF ός) “verhängnisvoll” ;
Lat. ab-oleō “destroy”; perhaps with sek. h- Umbr. hondu, holtu “prosternito ”;
Hitt. hullüi -, hulliya- “fight, struggle ”, etc.
References: WH. I 4 f. (the die Zusammenstellung bestreitet) , Couvreur H ̯ 143.
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om(e)so -s
English meaning: shoulder
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schulter”
Material: O.Ind. áṃsa - m. ‘shoulder”; Arm. us, gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade Gk. ὠμός
ds. from * ōmsos , compare ἐπ-ομμάδιος by Theokr.; Lat. umerus from * omesos ds., Umbr.
uze, onse “in umero ”; Goth. ams ds. (Gmc. *amsa- ), O.Ice. áss “ ridge “; Toch. A es
‘shoulder” (*omso- ), B üntse (*omeso- ).
References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Toch. 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.
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omǝ-
English meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “energisch vorgehen ”; out of it “fest worauf bestehen, festmachen =
eidlich bekräftigen” and “zusetzen, quälen, schädigen”
Material: O.Ind. ámīti “bedrängt, versichert eindringlich, swears”, themat. sam-amantē ‘sie
geloben” (: συν-ομόσαι), abhy-amīti “plagues, schädigt” , ámīvü “tribulation, affliction,
disease, malady ” (: Gk. ἀνί̄η), with themat. Gestaltung the 2. syllable ámatē “bedrängt” ,
ámatra - “tight, firm ”, ámavün - “ boisterous, strong ” =Av. amavant- ‘strong, mighty, vast,
grand”, O.Ind. áma- m. “rush, Ungestũm” = Av. ama- “ power, männliche Potenz,
Angriffskraft ”, adj. ‘strong”, O.Ind. üma ́ yati ‘schädigt; is schadhaft, sick “ , ümaya - m.
“disease, malady ”; Av. amáyavü “affliction, tribulation ”;
Gk. ὄμνῡμι, ὀμνύω ‘schwöre” (ὀμόσαι , ὀμώμοκα ; Fut. ὀμεῖται neologism), συνομόσαι (:
O.Ind. sam-amantē ), Hom. ὀμοίιος “plagend, leidvoll ” (probably metr. lengthening from
ὀμοFιος, to *ὀμο-Fᾱ); ἀνί̄ᾱ, Ion. ἀνί̄η “ distress “ (dissimil. from * ἀμί̄Fᾱ, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 259,
309);
O.Ice. ama “plague, belästigen” , amask “Anstoß nehmen, Unwillen feel, sich wherewith
abplagen ”, Mod.Ice. ami “plague”, amstr “rastlose work, Anstrengung ”, aml n.
“unaufhörliche, esp. erfolglose Beschäftigung with a thing” , Nor. amla ‘sich abmũhen, work,
esp. without Erfolg ”, O.Ice. PN Ǫmlungr ; Amali the name of ost gotischen Königshauses, die
Amalunge , Amulinge the deutschen undO.E. Heldensage, O.H.G. Amal -olf under likewise;
O.H.G. emiz “beständig, fortwährend” , emizzīg , emazzīg “beständig, beharrlich” , Ger.
emsig .
Toch. A. amiśkäññe “Unzufriedenheit ”, B omäskem ̣ “evil, bad”.
References: WP. I 178 f.

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om- (*ḫamel)
English meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “roh, bitter ”
Note: reduced grade om-
Root om- (*ḫamel ): “raw, bitter, *sweet ” : Root sem-1 : “to pour” : Root sem-3 : ‘summer”,
O.Ind. amlá -, amblá - ‘sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella “ : Gaul. samon [ios] ‘summer months ”,
samolus “ sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella “.
Material: O.Ind. amlá -, amblá - ‘sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella “ (= Maced. ἀβρο -, Gmc.
*ampra- ), zero grade ümra ́ - m. “Mangobaum ”, üma ́- “raw, unreif ” (= Gk. ὠμός ), ümüd - “
eating raw flesh “; skyth. VN ᾽Αμάδοκοι from Iran. *ümüd -aka- “Rohfleischesser ”;
Note:
Phonetically the closest cognate to O.Ind. amlá -, amblá - ‘sour” is Alb.Gheg amla , Tosc
ëmb(ë)la ‘sweet” common Alb. shift m > mb . Clearly the cognate of O.Ind. amlá - ‘sour”
derived from Alb.Gheg ama “mother”, t”amlë “ sour milk (of the mother), brost milk “.
Arm. zero grade hum “raw, cruel, savage ”;
Maced. ἀβρο - “zusammenziehend ”, ἀβαρύ ὀρίγανον Hes.;
Gk. ὠμός “raw, cruel, savage ”, ὠμηστής “rohes Fleisch fressend ” etc. (= O.Ind. ümüd -
with already IE contraction from ōmo- and ed- “eat”);
Alb. tamlë “(sour) milk ”, ambëlë , ëmblë ‘sweet”, tëmblë “Galle” (article t-);
Lat. amürus “bitter”; O.Ir. om “raw”, Welsh of ds., in addition O.Ir. um(a)e “ copper, Erz ” =
Welsh efydd “ copper, bronze “ (*omii̯o -);
Gmc. *ampra- (from * ambra- < *am- ro-) in Dutch amper ‘sharp, bitter, unreif ”, O.Ice. apr
(*ampraR ) ‘sharp”, Subst. O.E. ampre , O.H.G. ampfaro “(Sauer)ampfer ”; doubtful O.E. ōm

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oner-
English meaning: dream
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Traum”
Grammatical information: older r/n-stem
Material: Arm. anurj “dream” (*onōr-i̯o-, compare Gk. τέκμωρ : τέκμαρ “ mark, token, sign ”);
Gk. ὄναρ nom. acc. n. “dream” and adv. “in dream ”; ὄνειρος, -ον, Eol. ὄνοιρος, Cret.
ἄναιρος (probably through influence der preposition ἀν -) “dream”, gen. Att. Ion. ὀνείρατος
(originally * ὄνατος); Alb. gegh. âdërrë , Toscëndërrë “dream” (onri̯o -).
Note:
Common Alb. n > nd phonetic mutation

References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l ”Arm.2 150.
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ong- (better ang-) (*heng -)
English meaning: coal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kohle”
Note:
Root egnis : ognis : “fire” derived from Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng- ): coal < Root okʷ- :
“to see; eye ”
Material: O.Ind. áṅgüra - m. “coal”, Pers. angišt ds.; gael. Ir. aingeal “light, fire ”;
Balt-sl. *angli- : O.Pruss. anglis , Lith. anglìs , Ltv. ùogle “coal” (Ltv. ùogle is neologism);
O.C.S. ǫglь m. ds., but Russ. ugolь , Ser.-Cr. ȕgalj , Pol. węgiel ds. etc. ( i̯o-stem).
Maybe Alb. thëngjill “(*coal) ash ”
References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3,
134.
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ongʷ- (*ongʷh -)
English meaning: to anoint, dark ointment
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘salben”
Material: O.Ind. añj-, anákti (3. pl. añjánti ) ‘salbt, bestreicht, schmũckt” , participle perf. aktá-,
pass. ajyáte ; añjanam “das Salben, ointment “, áñjas - n. “ ointment “, añjí- ‘salbend”; m. n. “
ointment, jewellery ”, ǘjyam n. “Opferschmalz ” (ü + ajya- < *n̥gʷi̯o -);
Arm. aucanem “anoint, smear, rub ” (compare Meillet Esquisse de l ”Arm.2 37);
Lat. unguō , unctus ; Umbr. umtu “unguito”; O.Pruss. anctan , ancte “ butter”.
ongʷen - “ ointment, Schmiere ”.
Lat. unguen , unguen-tum “fat, ointment “, Umbr. umen ds., O.H.G. ancho , anco m.,
M.H.G. anke “ butter”, Alem.-sũdschwäb. Anke (m., seldom f.) “ butter”.
n̥gʷ-en-: Ir. imb (gen. imbe ) “ butter”, O.Corn. amen- en, Bret. amann , aman-enn , Welsh
ymen-yn (from umgelautetem *emen-yn ); compare above O.Ind. ǘjyam .
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*n̥gʷh-en) ngjyenj “to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue ”.
References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 122.
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onogh - (: ongh -, nogh -; Celt. n̥gh-), ongh -li- (*henegh -)
English meaning: fingernail, claw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nagel an Fingern and Zehen, Kralle ”
Note: partly with formants -u- (extended -ut-) and -lo-
Material: O.Ind. áṅghri - f. “foot” (presumably with r from l, *oŋgh -li-); with ar. kh O.Ind.
nakhá m., n., nakhára - m. n., “nail, claw, talon “, Pers. nüxun ds. (ar. kh- an innovation);
perhaps Arm. eɫungn ds. ( *e-nungn ):
Gk. ὄνυξ, -υχος “ nail, claw, talon “ (from *ὀνχυ -?);
Lat. ungu- is “the nail an Fingern and Zehen ”, ungula “ claw , nail, hoof ”, later also “nail”
(*ongh-(e)lü);
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*honus ) thoi, thua , pl. thonj “ nail “ : Gk. ὄνυξ, -υχος “ nail, claw,
talon “, also Alb. (*hunghula ) thundla, thundra “ hoof “ : Lat. ungula “ claw , nail, hoof ”
common Alb. h- > k- > th- phonetic mutation, preservation of the old laryngeal; also
common Alb. -n- > -nd- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Note: Alb. thoi, thua , pl. thonj “ nail “ : Alb. thëngjill “(*coal) ash ”; Root onogh - (: ongh- , nogh -
; Celt. n̥gh-), ongh- li- (*henegh -): “fingernail, claw ” : Root ong- (better ang-) (*heng- ): “coal”;
Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.
O.Ir. ingen f. dat. pl. ingnib , nom. pl. ingnea , O.Welsh eguin , Welsh ewin f., Corn. euuin ,
Bret. ivin (m. geworden) “nail” (*n̥ghu̯ -īnü); O.H.G. nagal , O.E. nægel “nail”, O.Ice. nagl ds.
(conservative stem geworden, pl. negl); negl perhaps originally sg. i-stem, compare O.Ind.
áṅghri -, and to pl. umgedeutet, whereof sich die additional conservative Decl. angliederte),
Goth. ga-nagljan “annageln ”; Lith. nãgas m. “nail an Fingern and Zehen; claw , nail bei bird
of prey”, Ltv. nags ds.; Lith. nagà “hoof”, O.Pruss. nage “foot”, O.Bulg. noga , Russ. nogá

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ono- and onǝ-, also (o)no -d-
English meaning: to scold
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmähen”
Material: Gk. ὄνομαι ‘schelte, tadle ”, ὀνοτός “getadelt, tadelnswert ”, ὀνοτάζω ‘schelte,
tadle”; with -ǝ- the second syllable Hom. ὤνατο and ὄναται ἀτιμάζεται . μέμφεται Hes.; M.Ir.
on ‘schande”; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the ersten syllable M.Ir. anim (i-stem)
“Makel, fault, error ”, O.Welsh anamou “mendae”, Welsh anaf, M.Bret. anaff “Makel, fault,
error”.
extension (o)no -d- in: Av. nadǝntō ‘schmähende, lästernde” , Gk. ὀνόσσασθαι “rebuke,
reproach ” etc., ὀνοστός “tadelnswert ”.
References: WP. I 180.
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op-1
English meaning: to work, perform
Deutsche Übersetzung: “arbeiten, zustande bringen; Ertrag der Arbeit, Reichtum ”
Material: O.Ind. ápas - n. “work” (= Lat. opus ), Av. hv-apah- “good work (verrichtend) ”; ǘpas -
n. “work, religiöse action” ; ápnas - n. “yield, property, possession “, Av. afnah-vant- “rich an
Besitz”;
Gk. ὄμπνη f. “ nourishment, food, Brotfrucht ”, ὄμπνιος “ nourishing “;
Lat. opus , -eris “work, Beschäftigung, action, work” , opus est “es is nötig” (“*is
Mußarbeit” ), whereof operō, -üre “work”, Osc. úpsannam “operandam ”, upsatuh sent (“factī
sunt”), perf. upsed “fecit”, uupsens “fēcērunt” , (lengthened gradees perf. as in Lat. ōdī),
Umbr. osatu “facitō”, pälign. upsaseter “fieret”; Lat. ops, opis “fortune, richness, power;
help, Beistand ”, by Ennius also “Bemũhung, Dienst” , officium “ obligation “ < *opi-ficium
“Arbeitsverrichtung ”, Ops “goddess of Erntesegens ”, inops , cōpia (*co-opia ), opulentus “rich
an Vermögen, mighty” , probably also optimus “the best ” (eig. “the Wohlhabendste ”) ;
perhaps the name the Oscī, Opscī , ᾽Οπικοί as “die Verehrer the Ops ” and Lat. omnis “all,
whole, jeder ” (*op-ni-s); perhaps O.Ir. somme “rich”, domme “arm” (su-, dus-op-smi̯o -);
O.E. efnan , O.Ice. efna “wirken, do ”; lengthened grade O.H.G. uobo “Landbauer ”, uoben
“ins work place, ausũben, worship “ , Ger. ũben , O.H.G. uoba m. pl. “Feier”, M.H.G. uop
“das U ̈ ben , Landbau ”, O.S. ōƀian “hold festivities ”, O.Ice. ø̄fa “ train, practice “, ø̄fr “vast,
grand, violent ”, O.Ice. efna “ commit “, efni ‘stoff, Zeug for etwas ”; about O.Ice. afl “ power “
etc. see above S. 52; Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- “rich make ”.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*ḫappinaḫḫ-) puna “work, labor ” not from Lat. opus “work”.
Note: Lat. opus , -eris (*opines )”work” is a truncated cognate of older Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ-
“become rich ”, Alb. punoj “work, gain ealth ”. The shift i > u is common in Alb. m. ending Alb.

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ahi, ahu “beech, oak ”. In Lat. the same as in Alb. the definite form was primary hence Lat.
operis (definite) > opus (indefinite), also rhotacism in Lat. n/r is regular.
Not only Lat. opulentus - a -um, also opulens -entis , adj. “rich, wealthy ” derived from Hitt.
cognate but Lat. also displayed common Alb. n > nt phonetic mutatIon. Also O.Ind. ápas - n.
“work”, ǘpas - n. “work” derived from Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- “become rich ” which has preserved
the old laryngeals. Hence we are dealing with historic developments and not word roots.
Clearly Hitt. is the oldest language of IE family. Phonetically Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- “become rich ”
is a real treasure as it shows that Proto-Indo European and initially Hittite not only used
laryngeals at the begging of the word but also at the end of it. The reason for that was the
common sandhi or agglutination of the end of the first word with the laryngeal of the
subsequent word in the sentence. In Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- “become rich ” was the first part of a
compound clearly marked by -ḫḫ- gemination of laryngeals.
In Lat. initial laryngeals disappeared while in Gk. and partly in Alb. they were preserved. In
Lat. and Gk. ending laryngeals became spirants: Proto-IE aḫ > Gk. -os, Lat. -es, - us. Illyr.
and Alb. dropped the ending laryngeals to give f. -aḫ > -a, m -uḫ > -u, -iḫ > -i endings.
Grammatically speaking Illyr. and later Alb. derived from Hittite. In Indic and Avestan the
ending laryngeals were preserved as in Av. hv-apah- “good work “ while in O.Ind. initial
laryngeals were frequently dropped.
References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.
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op-2
English meaning: to choose; to suggest
Deutsche Übersetzung: “auswählen, den Vorzug geben, vermuten”
Material: Gk. ἐπιόψομαι to ἐπι-οπ- “wählen, auslesen” ; Lat. *opere is through *praed-opiont
(Festus p. 205 praedotiont ) “praeoptant ” covered; derived *opiō(n) “ expectation, opinion ”,
wherefore Denominativum opīnor, -üri “ assume, wähnen, mean” opīnio “opinion,
expectation “; Frequentativum to *opiō , -ere is Lat. optō, -üre “wish”, wherefore optiō f. “freie
Wahl”, m. “Gehilfe”;
Umbr. upetu “optütō” , opeter gen. “lēctī” , Osc. ufteis “optütī” ;
O.C.S. za-(j)apъ “Vermutung ”, ne-vъz-apьnъ “unvermutet ” (compare Lat. in-, nec-opīnus
“unvermutet ”, welche Rũckbildungen from inopīnatus are);
Toch. A opyüc , В еруас “Verstand ” (Iran. Lw.?).
References: WP. I 176 f., WH. II 212 f.
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orbho -
English meaning: orphan; servant; work
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verwaist, Waise ”; out of it (Arm. Gk. with -ano-, Celt. Gmc. with i̯o-
derivative) “Waisengut = Erbe ”, whereof “the Erbe ”; “Waise” = ‘small kid, child, klein,
schwach, hilflos ” (O.Ind. , Slav.); “verwaistes, schutzloses kid, child, das fũrs Gnadenbrot
alle niedrige Arbeit to verrichten hat, Knecht, Sklave ” (Slav. , Arm.), whereof
“Knechtesarbeit ”
Material: O.Ind. árbha - ‘small, weak; kid, child ”; Arm. orb, - oy “Waise”; arbaneak ‘servant,
Gehilfe”?;
Gk. ὀρφο -βόται ἐπίτροποι ὀρφαν῵ν Hes., ὤρφωσεν ὠ ρφάνισεν Hes., ὀρφανό ς “verwaist”
(compare Arm. arbaneak ), Lat. orbus “a thing stolen; looted, verwaist ”;
maybe Alb.Gheg verbonj “I blind “ from Lat. orbus - a -um through Fr. mur orbe “blind wall ” a
contamination from Gmc. verblenden “blind”.
also Alb.Gheg (*ὀρφανός) vorfën “poor”; initial Alb. prosthetic v- proves the presence of old
laryngeals in archaic alb hence it si not a loanword.
O.Ir. orb(b)e, orpe m. n. “the, das Erbe ” (*orbhi̯o -), comarbe “Witherbe ”, Gaul. Orbius MN
(in addition das verb O.Ir. no-m-erpimm “committo me ”, ro-eirpset ‘sie ũbergaben” etc.,
maybe from *air-orb- );
Goth. arbi n. “das Erbe ”, O.H.G. arbi, erbi n. ds., O.E. ierfe, yrfe n. ds. (O.Ice. arfr m. “das
Erbe” is to arfi, arfa “the Erbe, die Erbin ” neologism), O.Ice. erfi (Run. arƀija ) n.
“Leichenmahl ”; Goth. arbja , O.Ice. arfi (f. arfa), O.H.G. arpeo, erbo “the Erbe ”, O.E. ierfe n.
“das Erbe ”; die Gmc. words derive because of consecutive barely from dem Keltischen;
from ein intr. verb *arƀē-i̯ō “bin verwaistes, zur harten Arbeit verdingtes kid, child? ” one
leads back Goth. arbaiÞs f. “ hardship, work ”, O.Ice. erfiði n. ds., O.S. araƀēd f., arƀēdi n.,

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O.E. earfoÞ f., earfeÞe n. “toil, work ”, O.H.G. arabeit “work” (O.Ice. erfiðr , O.E. earfeÞe
“beschwerlich ”), basic form *arƀēi̯iðiz ; very doubtful is formation from * arƀ-ma- for Goth.
arms “ woeful, wretched, miserable “, O.Ice. armr “ woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky “,
O.H.G. O.S. ar(a)m , O.E. earm “arm, poor ”; basic meaning wäre perhaps “ armes
Waisenkind ”;
O.Bulg. rabъ “Knecht”, rabota ‘servitus”, Cz. rob ‘slave”, robě ‘small kid, child ”, Russ.
rebjáta “Kinder” , rebënok “kid, child ”; die Russ. forms go auf rob-, Proto-Slav. . *orb- back
(Vasmer brieflich);
maybe Alb. rob ‘slave of war, captive ”
perhaps Hitt. arpa- “Ungunst, Mißerfolg” .
Alb. jetim “orphan” (non IE) from turk. YETİM “orphan”
References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.
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orĝhi -, r̥ĝhi -
English meaning: testicle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hode”
Grammatical information: m.
Note:
From Root ergh- : “to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful ” derived Root orĝhi -, r̥ĝhi- : “testicle”
(hence a taboo word)
Material: Av. ǝrǝzi - m. “Hodensack ”, Du. ǝrǝzi “testicles”;
Arm. orji-k” pl. “testicles”, orji “not kastriert ” (*orĝhi -i̯os), mi-orji “μόνορχις” ;
Gk. ὄρχις m. “ testicle”; Alb. herdhe f. “testicle” (*orĝhi -ü); M.Ir. uirgge f. “testicle”
(*orĝhiü ), Ir. uirghe with secondary gh; Lith. aržu ̀ s “ lascivious “, er̃žilas ‘stallion”, Ltv. ḕrzelis
ds.
Note:
Common Alb. - ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal
Alb. herdhe f. “testicle”.
References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.
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ort-
English meaning: vine, *grape
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rebe”?
Material: Arm. ort” “Rebe”; Alb. hardi “ grapevine “.

Alb. hardhi “vine, *grape, round fruit ” and herdhe “testicle” prove that from Root orĝhi -, r̥ĝhi-
: “(testicle) ” derived Root ort- : “(vine, *grape) ”.
Note:
Common Alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d- phonetic mutation, also Alb. has preserved the old laryngeal
in Alb. herdhe f. “testicle”, hardhi “vine, *grape, round fruit ”. consequently Arm. cognates
derived from Alb.
References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.
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ost(h)-; ost (h)i, ost (h)r(g), obl. ost(h)-(e)n -
English meaning: bone
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Knochen ”
Material: O.Ind. ásthi n., gen. asth-n-áḥ “leg, bone ”, Av. ast-, asti- n. “bone”, gen. pl. astąm ,
instr. pl. azdbīš, asti -aojah- “Knochenkraft ”, astǝn -tüt “ vitality “; püli aṭṭhitaco “Krebs”
(*asthi-tvacas “knochenhäutig” , compare to meaning Gk. ὀστακός “Meerkrebs ”); Gk. ὀστέον
“bone” (probably * οστέι̯-ον “*Beinernes ” = Lat. osseum ds.), Lat. оssu, ossua probably as
innovation after genu , genua ; ὀστακός (hellenist. to ἀστακός assimil.) “Meerkrebs ” from
*ὀστ-τFακο- “dessen skin bone are ”, next to which of r-stem ὄστρακον “hard bowl, sha rd”,
ὄστρεον “Auster” (probably also ὀστρύς , ὀστρύα , ὀστρυΐς “tree with hartem, weißem wood”
through dissimilation from * ὀστρο -δρυς ), ἀστράγαλος “ankle” (assimil. from * ὀστράγαλος ;
places einen nom. *ost(h)r̥g ahead); wenat. ostũakon “ossuürium ”;
Alb. asht, ashtë “bone”; Lat. os, more properly oss, gen. ossis n. “leg, bone ” (oss am
ehesten Auslautentwicklung from * ost); aLat. also ossum ;
unclear is das a- in O.Ir. asil “limb, member ” (O.Corn. esel, Bret. ezel ds.), M.Ir. asna m.
“Rippe” (*astoni̯o -?), M.Welsh ass-en, pl. eis (*astī), asseu “Rippe, lath, shaft, pole ”, Welsh
asgwrn (see under), wherefore probably Lat. asser “lath, shaft, stake, pole ”; perhaps here
O.Ir. odb m. “knot, hunch, outgrowth “, Welsh oddf ds. from * ozbho- , older *ost-bho- , welter
to Gk. ὀσφύς “hip, haunch ” (different S. 773);
Hitt. ḫastüi- “bone, Widerstandskraft ”.
Note:
Hitt. ḫastüi- “bone” : Alb.Gheg ashti “bone” prove the common origin of those two cognates.
A ko-derivative *ost-ko- lies the basic in: Av. asća - ‘shinbone, calf ”, Arm. oskr “bone”;
Welsh asgwrn “bone”, pl. esgyrn , Corn. ascorn , Bret. askourn ds. (Celt. forms -rno- ).

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oug-, ou-?
English meaning: cold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kalt”
Material: Arm. oic “cold” (*oug- );
Gaul. Monat Ōgron ...; M.Ir. ūar “cold” = Welsh oer ds. ( *ougro- ); O.Ir. ōcht, ūacht m.
“coldness ” (*ougtu -);
Ltv. aũksts “cold”; Lith. áušti “cold become ” (*aug-sk̂e-ti?); causative Ltv. ausît , Lith.
áušyti “abkũhlen” ; after Pedersen KGk. I 103 wäre Lith. áušti from * au-s- ti to define and to
O.Ind. ō-man- “coldness ”, Av. aota- “cold”, ao-dar- “coldness ”, also to a root au- (ou-) “cold”
to stellen.
References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin 1, 222 f.
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óu̯i-s
English meaning: sheep
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schaf”
Grammatical information: m. f. gen. sg. óu̯i̯os ; f. ou̯ikü ds.
Material: O.Ind. ávi- m. f. ‘sheep”, avika- m. ds., avikü ́ “ female sheep (= O.Bulg. оvьca),
ávya - “of sheep ”, compare Gk. οἴα; Arm. hov-iw (*ou̯i-pü-) ‘schäfer”; Gk. οἴς, οἶς (argiv. acc.
pl. ὄFινς) ‘sheep”, οἴεος “of sheep ”, οἴα, ὄα ‘schaffell”, lengthened grade ᾤα ‘schaffell, hem ”
(as O.Ind. üvika - n.); Lat. ovis, Umbr. oui, uvef acc. pl. “oves” (au-bubulcus “pastor bovum ”,
also avillus “lamb”, see below agʷhnos ); O.Ir. ōi ‘sheep” ; Welsh ewig, O.Corn. euhic “cerva”
(*ou̯īkü ); O.Ice. ǣr, O.E. ēowu, ēowe , O.S. ewi, O.H.G. ouwi, ou ‘sheep (*awī, gen. *awjōz ),
Goth. awistr “ sheepfold “, O.E. ēoWest re ds., O.H.G. awist, ewist (with to stü- ‘stand”
gehörigem 2. part -sto-, -st[ǝ]tro -), Goth. awēÞi , O.E. ēowde , O.H.G. ewit ‘schafherde ”; Lith.
avìs, Ltv. avs f. ‘sheep”; Lith. ãvinas , Ltv. avins , àuns , O.Pruss. awins “aries, ram ” = O.Bulg.
ovь-nъ ds.; O.Bulg. ovь-ca ‘sheep” .
Maybe Alb. zero grade in Alb.Gheg (*ovь-ca) voc, voca pl. “young boy, child ”.
References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.
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ozdo -s
English meaning: branch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ast”
Note:
Root ozdo -s : branch” derived from Root ozgho - : bud, sprout, branch ” common Illyr. - Gk.
Dor. gh- > z- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Arm. ost “twig, branch, bough ”, Gk. ὄζος ds., Goth. asts, O.H.G. ast “bough”; with
Vriddhi *ōzdos in O.E. ōst, M.L.G. ōst “knot in wood, knag ” (= “die Stelle, where ein Ast of
stem ausgegangen is ”); probably (?) -ozdo-s “(am stem) ansitzend ”, s. prefix ē̆-, ō̆- and sed-
‘sit”.
References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.
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ozgho -
English meaning: bud, sprout, branch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Knospe, Pflanzentrieb, Zweig ”??
Material: Pehl. azg “bough”, Pers. azaɣ “twig, branch, bud ”: Gk. ὄσχος , ὄσχη , ὤσχη “twig,
branch, sprout ”;
die Gk. words possibly also eine dem IE *o-zdos “ὄζος” parallel composition ō̆-zgho- (:
ἔχω, σχεῖν ) ‘sich (am stem) festhaltend ”?
References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 491.
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ōg-, ǝg-
English meaning: to grow; fruit, berries
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen; Frucht, Beere ”
Material: Lith. úoga “berry, Kirsche ”, Ltv. uôga “berry; blister, bubble, Pocke ”; O.C.S. agoda ,
jagoda “καρπός , fruit”, Russ. jágoda “berry”, Church Slavic vin-jaga , Slov. vin-jága “wild
Weinrebe ”;
reduced grade: Goth. akran n. “fruit, partly from Bäumen, partly of corn, grain “ , O.Ice.
akarn , O.E. æcern , M.H.G. ackeran, eckern “wild Baumfrucht, esp. acorn, Buchecker ”, Ger.
Ecker , wherefore keltorom. *agraniō , Ir. üirne (*agrīni̯ü ) ‘schlehe”, Welsh aeron
“Baumfrũchte” , eirin- en “plum” (umlaut), M.Bret. irin, Bret. hirin ‘schlehe”; perhaps here
Arm. ačem “grow” (*ǝgi̯ō); here also O.Ir. üru “kidney” (sek. from * ürann < *agrīnü ), Welsh
aren f. “kidney, testicle ” (Neubild. to pl. eirin “testicles, plums ”).
Maybe Tokharian: A, B oko “fruit” (Adams 109)
References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.
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ōk ̂ u ́-s
English meaning: quick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnell”
Grammatical information: compar. ōk ̂ i̯ōs , superl. ōk ̂ isto -
Material: O.Ind. üs ́ u ́- “quick, fast ”, compar. ǘśīyün , superl. ǘśiṣṭha -, Av. üsu- “quick, fast ”,
compar. üsyü ̊ , superl. üsištō ; Gk. ὠκύς , ὤκιστος , poet. ὠκύτατος, Lat. ōcior ‘schneller”,
superl. ōcissimus (Positiv lacks), O.Welsh di-auc, Welsh di-og, Corn. di-oc, Bret. di-ec
“idle”, actually “unschnell ”;
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*assu-pedis ) shpejt “ (*swift footed) quick, fast “ : Lat. acu-pedius
‘swift-footed ” : zero grade Alb.
perhaps in ablaut to ak̂-, ok̂- ‘sharp” (above S. 18 f.); then Lat. acu-pedius ‘swift-footed ”
and accipiter “ hawk, falcon ” (above S. 19) could also belong here;
[see Root pē ̆ d-2, pō ̆ d- : “foot, *genitalia ”]
maybe zero grade in rom. (* accipiter ) şoim “hawk” [-p- > -m- phonetic mutation] : Alb.
(*accipiter ) skiptar “eagle man ”, shqipe “eagle”, skifter “hawk, flying fast ”, probably Illyr.
*ük̂ú-pedios, *ük̂ú-(pe)-lios > Achilles ‘swift footed ”.
Note:
Illyrian Albanian frequently abbreviated long IE root words. Hence the abbreviation of Proto-
Gk. *ük̂ú-(pe)-lios > Achilles ‘swift footed ” could have taken place only in IllyriO.N. The shift
-d- > -l- is characteristic of Italic IllyriO.N. That means Greeks translated the Illyrian myth
and the name of Achilles ‘swift footed ”. Clearly Greeks translated wrongly the compound as
Root ōk ̂ u ́-s English meaning: quick + Root pē ̆ d-2, pō ̆ d- : “foot”. While the true meaning was
the compound of Root ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-) English meaning: ‘sharp; stone, edge, painful ” +

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ōr-, ǝr-
English meaning: to speak; to call
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reden, rufen ”
Material: O.Ind. ǘryati “preist” (?);
Gk. Att. ἀρά: (*αραFᾱ), Hom. ἀρή “prayer” (*αρFά̄, compare ark. κάταρ Fος “verflucht ”),
whereof ἀράομαι “bete, fluche ”; ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει , βοᾳ; ἀρύουσαι λέγουσαι , κελεύουσαι ;
ἀρύσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι Hes., Lat. ōrō, -üre ‘spreche eine Ritualformel, verhandle vor
Gericht, rede, bete ”; Osc. urust “ōrüverit” ; Russ. orú, orátь “cry”, Serb. oriti se “widerhallen”
(perhaps also Ltv. urdēt “antreiben, scold, chide ”?); Hitt. aruu̯üi - ‘sich prostrate, anbeten ”
(also arii̯a- “eine Orakelfrage stellen ”?).
maybe Alb. uroj “wish, pray ”, urtë ‘sage”.
References: WP. I 182, WH. II 224.
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ōus-1 : ǝus -
English meaning: mouth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mund, Mũndung, Rand”
Material: Auf IE *ōus go back: O.Ind. ǘ-ḥ n. “mouth” (compare üs-án- sd., üsya ́ m n. “mouth,
aperture “), Av. üh-, ü̊ŋhan - ds.; Lat. ōs, ōris “mouth, face (with the eyes and mouth), edge,
bank, border, shore ”; but M.Ir. ü gen. sg. “mouth” from *ōsos ;
in addition ü-derivative: ved. üsayü ́ “from mouth to mouth ” (instr.); Lat. ōra “edge, hem,
limit, boundary, esp. Meereskũste” , in addition cōram adv. (under preposition) “angesichts,
in present, before ”, Nachbildung from palam, clam from * co-ōro- “vor dem front situated ”;
aureae (ōreae ) “Gebiß am bridle, rein” , therefrom aurīga (ōriga ) “Wagenlenker ” (-igü to
agō); ōsculum “kiss” is Dimin. from ōs;
O.Ice. ōss m. “Flußmũndung” (Gmc. *ōsaz ), moreover O.E. ōr n., ōra m. “edge, Anfang ”;
from O.E. ōr is M.Ir. or “ora, margo, linea ”, O.Welsh ōr ds. borrowed.
The reduced grade IE *ǝus- proves: Alb. anë ‘seite, hem, bank, border, shore, Borte ”
(*ausnü ); possibly also Hitt. aiš, gen. iššaš n. “mouth” (*ai̯es, *aisos )? s. Pedersen Hitt. 47 f.
t- derivatives are O.Ind. ṓṣṭha - m. n. “lip”, Av. aošta -, aoštra - ds. (*ǝus-), Lat. ōstium “
entrance, Flußmũndung” (= Slav. *ustьje ); O.C.S. usta pl. “mouth”; Slav. *ustьje n. “ estuary
“ is must be assumed after Bulg. ústije , Russ. ústьje etc.; compare O.C.S. ustьna , Slov.
ûstna “lip”; O.C.S. ustiti (naustiti ) “move, anregen, ũberreden” ; probably O.C.S. uzda etc.
“bridle, rein ”; Ltv. ap-aûši (*-austi̯ -) “ halter “; O.Pruss. austo “mouth” (nom. Plur.?; acc. sg.
üustin ), Lith. áuščioti “ babble, chatter , rumor, gossip “, Ltv. aũšât “ babble, chatter “;
changing through ablaut Lith. uostà f., úostas m. “ embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river ,
lagoon “, Ltv. uosts m., uōsta f. “ harbor “.
References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.

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ōus2 : ǝus - : us-
English meaning: ear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ohr”
Note: extended with -i (ǝusi-s), -es (ǝusos - n.) and -en
Note:
Root ōus2 : ǝus- : us- : “ear”, derived from zero grade of Root ghous - : “to sound; hear ”.
Only Indo Iranian: O.Ind. ghō ́ s ̣ ati “ sounds, announces aloud, hears “, Av. gaoš - “hear”,
O.Pers. gauša -, Av. gaoša - m. “ear”, Pers. gōš “ear”
Material: Av. uši nom. Du. “ both ears, understanding, mind, sense ”, instr. Du. uši-bya,
Pers. hoš (Iran.*auš-) “ear”;
Arm. unkn “ear” (*us-on-ko-m ); kn after akn “eye”;
Maybe Gk. ὤFατα “ auricular, ears “ : Luwian (* gh(o)umata ) tumman - (an ear) Breton
skouarn “ear” : Arm. unkn “ear” (*us-on-ko-m );
Gk. Dor. ὦς (*ōus) “ear”; ōu also in ὤFατα “ auricular, ears “ Alkm., ἀμφ-῵ες Theokr. “
with two handles “, Dor. ἐξ-ωβάδια “ earrings “, ὑπερ -ώιη “ palate “, Att. λαγ-ώς, Hom. λαγ-
ωός n. “ hare “ (*slǝg -ōusos ) “with loose ears ”; ǝus- in Gk. lak. αὖς “ear”, pl. ἄανθα (*αυσ -
ανθα) Alkm., tarent. ἆτα (*αυσατα); Ion. παρ-ήιον, Att. παρ-εία, Lesb. παρ-αύα ‘schläfe” (:
O.Ir. arae); Gk. ous- (hybridization of nominative ōus- with ǝus-) in Att. οὖς (*οὖσος) “ ear”,
Hom. gen. οὔατος (*ουσ n̥τος), ὠκίδες “ earrings “ Hes. ( *ous-n̥-ko-); about ἀκούω see
above S. 18, 587; about Att. ἀκροᾶσθαι (*ακρ -ους-)s. Schwyzer Gk. 1, 348;
Alb. vesh m. “ear” (*ōus-, ōs-);
Note:
This seems erroneous etymology. Alb. cognate proves that Illyr. used a prothetic v- before
bare initial vowels, while Gk. preserved the old laryngeal H-.
Also Alb. (*ves) vath “earring”, vathë “loop, sheepfold, pen ”, [the common Alb. -s > -th shift].

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The trail of the Alb. cognate goes back to the loss of the old laryngeal in IE:
Baluchi gosh , Tadzik gus, Afghan gvaz , Albanian veshi , Greek Cretan hous , Byelorussian
vuchi, vuxa , Lusatian L hucho , Lusatian U wucho , Ukrainian vucho, vuxo , Macedonian uvo,
usi “ear”
Phonetic mutation were sk- > h- from Celtic to Greek while Illyrian dialects introduced
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels.
Lat. auris f. “ear” (*ausi-s ); from-cultō “horche” see above S. 552;
O.Ir. üu, ō n. “ear” (*ǝusos -); O.Ir. arae m. ‘schläfe” (*par-ausi̯os ), Plur. in PN Arai; Gaul.
PN Arausiō “Orange” (Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiü f. “with nice, beautiful ears ”;
Goth. ausō n. “ear” (Gmc. *ausan- ); with gramm. variation ( *auzan- ): O.Ice. eyra, O.E.
eare, O.Fris. are, O.S. O.H.G. ōra n. “ear”; therefrom O.H.G. ōri, M.H.G. ære “Öhr” ;
Lith. ausìs f. (older also m.), gen. pl. ausų̃ (konson. stem), Ltv. àuss f.; O.Pruss. acc. pl.
üusins “the ears”, besides ausins voc. m.;
O.C.S. ucho , gen. ušese (s-stem).
References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 348, 520.
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ō(u̯)i̯-om
English meaning: egg
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ei”, d. h. “das zum Vogel gehörige”
Grammatical information: reduced form ǝióm
Material: Av. ap-üvaya - “entmannt ” (?), whether from apa-üvaya - “ without testicle ”,
compare O.Pers. xüya “egg”;
Gk. Att. ὠιόν ( *ōu ̯ i̯-om), Eol. ὤιον ( *ōu ̯ ii̯-om), Dor. ὤεον ( *ōu ̯ ei-om) “egg”;
Welsh wy, O.Corn. uy “egg” (*üu ̯ i̯on from *ōu ̯ i̯om );
without u̯, das probably in langdiphthong. *ōu ̯ i̯om dwindled war:
Arm. ju, gen. jvoj “egg” (*i̯ōi̯o-, through assimilation from * ōi̯o-); Lat. ōvum “egg” after
Szemerényi KZ . 70, 64 f. from Lat. *oom , IE *ōi̯om ;
O.C.S. ajьce , Slov. jájce, O.Cz. vajce , Cz. vejce (*ōi̯a- n.) “egg”;
difficult are krimGoth. ada (Goth. *addja ); O.Ice. egg, O.H.G. ei, O.E. ǣg “egg” (Gmc.
*ajjaz- ; O.H.G. pl. eigir, O.E. ǣgru prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from * ǝi̯óm , not
abbreviated from Proto-Gmc. *üii̯am , IE *ōi̯om .
This is wrong etymology. The evolution of the egg cognate in IE followed a phonetic
pattern: Persian tokhm , Tadzik tuxm “egg”, the Balt-Illyr. d- > zero phonetic mutation
created old laryngeals in IE: Greek Cretan hoon , Armenian havgit , Baluchi haikh , Afghan
hagej , Irish ubh (*ukʷh), Spanish huevo , Frisian eike, Danish aeg, Swedish agg (*(t)okhm )
“egg”; then Illyr.-Slav. -kh- > -d-, -z- phonetic mutation reflected in satem languages:
Gujarati indu, Lahnda enda , Panjabi anda , Hindi enda , Bengali anda , Marathi ende ,
Albanian vezë , Slovak vajce , Czech vejce, vayco , “egg”.

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ō 2
English meaning: vocative particle
Deutsche Übersetzung: Ausruf
Material: O.Ind. a (partly also from IE ü, s. d.).
Gk. ὦ, ὤ Ausruf esp. of Erstaunens, Vokativpartikel (therefrom ὤζειν “ oh; call, shout,
cry”, ὠή “heda!”, compare also ὠόπ, ὄπ “ermunternder Zuruf the oarsman ”! after
Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in Gk. ὠ-ρύομαι “ howl, r oar, bellow ”).
Lat. ō Ausruf verschiedenster Stimmung.
Maybe Alb. ō “vocative particle ”.
Ir. ü, a = Welsh Corn. Bret. a Vokativpartikel.
Goth. ō (dreimal “ὦ”, once = “οὐα, fie!” ), M.H.G. ō esp. beim vocative, and (nowadays oh
inscribed) Ausruf the amazement, Rũhrung, lament (see also Weigand -Hirt; Gmc. ō might
partly also phonetically development from IE ü sein, s. d.).
Lith. о “Ausruf of Tadels, the amazement, Vokativpartikel ”; Ltv. a “Vokativpartikel ”.
O.C.S. о “ὦ” (neologism).
References: WP. I 165, WH. II 192.
See also: s. also ē S. 281.
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pank -, pang -
English meaning: to swell
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”
Note: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with baxmb-, paxmp-, bu-, pu- etc. (above S. 94
f.) “inflate, bloat, schwellen ”
Material: Lat. pünus (*pank- no-) “entzũndliche tumefaction, tussock of the millet, sorghum” ,
rom. püna ; therefrom pünīcum “plant with a tussock “; panceps “ἕλκος κτήνους ἐπὶ
τραχηλίου” GlO.S.S. (from * püno-caps ), pantex “paunch, Gedärme (due to eines participle
*panc- to-s ‘swollen, aufgeblasen ”);
O.C.S. počiti sę “inflüri” , pǫčina “mare”, Pol. pąk “bud”, pęk “bundle”, Russ. puk “bundle,
tussock, bunch “, púc̀a “Blähung” etc.; with voiced-nonaspirated O.C.S. pǫgy “corymbus ”,
pǫgvica “globulus”.
References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.
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pap(p)a
English meaning: Daddy; meal
Deutsche Übersetzung: Kinderlallwort for “Vater; Speise ”
Material: Gk. πάππα voc. , -ου gen. “Papa”, πάπας πατρὸς ὑποκόρισμα , πάππος
“grandfather ” (out of it Lat. pappus ), παππίᾱς “Väterchen” , παππάζειν “Papa say ”; skyth.
Ζεῦς Παπαῖος; Lat. püpa , pappa Kinderlallwort for “dish, food; father ”, pappō -üre “eat”; Ger.
pappen “eat” (with faltering consonant shift through nebenhergehende neologism).
References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;
See also: compare appa above S. 52.
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paus-
English meaning: to let go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “los-, ablassen ”
Material: Gk. παύω “make cease ”, Med. “hear auf, lasse ab ”, παῦλα “ tranquility “, παυσωλή
“rest”;
O.Pruss. pausto “wild”, O.C.S. pustъ “ deserted, abandoned, forsaken , waste, desolate “;
pustiti , Russ. рustítь , puskátь “(los)lassen ”, Sloven. delo-pust “Feierabend ” etc.
maybe Alb. pushtoj “hug, not let go ”, Alb.Gheg p(ë)shtoj , Alb. shpëtoj “escape, save,
rescue”.
Maybe Alb. bosh “empty”
References: WP. II 1, Trautmann 208 f.
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pā ̆ k ̂- and pā ̆ g ̂-
English meaning: to repair, strengthen
Deutsche Übersetzung: “festmachen ”, teils durch Einrammen (Pflock, Pfosten), teils durch
Zusammenfũgen (Fuge; festgefũgt, kompakt, fest: partly also Fessel, Strick)
Grammatical information: present *püg ̂-mi, pük ̂-si, pük ̂-ti
Material: O.Ind. páś- (instr. pl. paḍbhíḥ ) “ loop, noose, snare, rope ”, pü ́ s ́ a - m. ds., pajrá - “
thickset, strong ”;
Av. pas- “aneinander befestigen, zusammenfũgen” , fšǝ ̄ biš “with Fesseln ” (about
pourupaxšta - “much, a lot of, reich gefaltet ” s. Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 29, 106 f.);
Gk. πάσσαλος , Att. πάτταλος m. “peg, plug, nail ” (-κι̯-), πήσσω , Att. πήττω “πήγνυμι” ;
πήγνῡμι (Dor. - ᾱ-) “befestige through Hineinschlagen, Hineinstecken; lasse erstarren ”
(ἐπάγην , πέπηγα , πηκτός ), π῅γμα n. “plant, Gestell ”, πηγός “tight, firm, strong ”, πήγανον n.
“Raute”, ναυ-πήγος ‘schiffbaumeister ”, πηγυλίς adj. f. “reifig, icy ”, πάγος m. “ice, hoarfrost “
(also dat. pl. πάγεσι “frost”), Hom. “ crag cliff “; πάχνη (*παξνᾱ ) “ hoarfrost, frost ”, πάγη “
loop, noose, snare, Falle ”, πακτόω “make tight, firm, verschließe, verstopfe” , ἅ-παξ ‘simple,
just”; πάξ adv. “enough!”; here πηγή , Dor. πᾱγά̄ “ueulle”;
Lat. pacīscō (sek. -or) “einen pact, covenant or comparison moor, abschließen” , aLat.
paciō “pactiō” , pacunt “paciscuntur ”, püx, -cis f. “peace; freundliche Gesinnung ” (Umbr.
pase tua “püce tuü” in the appellation an Gottheiten), pülus “picket, pole ” (from * pak-slos ,
compare Dimin. paxillus ); pangō (pepigī ; geneuert = renamed, has changed?? pēgi after
frēgi, and panxi ) “befestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfũgen, schriftlich verfassen,
festsetzen ” (zur nasalization of present compare Gmc. *faŋχ an), compügēs “Fuge”, pügina
(*die zum leaf gefũgten Papyrusstreifen) “ leaf Papier, Seite, Kolumne ”, pügus
“Landgemeinde, village, Bau ”, prōpügō , prō ̆ pügēs ‘setzlinge”, prō ̆ pügüre “einen seedling in

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the Erde festmachen, hence fortpflanzen ”; Umbr. pase (see above), paca adv. “causü” ,
Osc. prupukid “ex antepacto? ”, Umbr. päl. marruc. pacri - “propitius, plücütus” ; M.Ir. üge
“limb, member, Pfeiler ” (*pügi̯o -), üil “pleasant ” (*pügli -; or as * pōkli- to O.Ice. fæ ̄ giligr ds., s.
*pek̂-1?); Welsh aelod “limb, member ” (*paglütu -);
Gmc. Nasalpräs. *faŋχ an (: Lat. pangō ) in Goth. fühan , O.Ice. fü, O.E. fōn, O.H.G. fühan ,
O.S. fühan and fangan “ capture “, Goth. gafüh n., O.Ice. fengr , O.E. feng m., O.H.G. fang
m. “Fang, booty ”; O.H.G. fuoga “Fuge”, gafuogi “ fitting”, hī-fuoge “Ehestifterin ”, O.H.G.
fuogen , O.S. fōgian “fũgen” , O.E. gefēgan “passen, connect “, M.H.G. vagen “fũgen” ; from
*pag-: O.S. fac “Umfassung, Umzäunung” , M.L.G. vak m. ds. and “dividing off, partitioning
off”, O.H.G. fah “moenia”, Ger. Fach, einfach ; from zeitlicher dividing off, partitioning off
O.E. fæc ‘stretch of time ”, M.L.G. vaken, vake , LateM.H.G. gevach “often”, M.H.G. drīer
vacher “dreimal” ;
Slav. *püža - m. in Sloven. pâz “Fuge”, pâž “Bretterwand ”.
References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.
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pā ̆ n-
English meaning: fabric
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Gewebe”
Material: Gk. πη̃νος n., πήνη f. “ Gewebe” Hes., πηνίον “ aufgewickelter filament, Gewebe,
garment “, πηνίζομαι “ weave “ (Dor. πᾱνίσδεται Theokr.); ablaut. Lat. pannus “ a piece of
cloth, garment of cloth “ (expressives nn); Goth. fana m. “rag, Schweißtuch” , O.H.G. fano
‘stuff, kerchief, cloth ”, Ger. Fahne , O.E. fana m. “banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris ”,
fane, fanu f. “banner, ensign, flag, Schwertlilie ”; unclear. M.Ir. an-art “leinernes kerchief,
cloth”; dũrfte man das Gk. and Lat. ů as expressive auffassen (compare above S. 211 to
Gaul. drappus ), could relationship to (s)pen- ‘spannen, spinnen ” angenommen become.
References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.
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pā ̆ r-
English meaning: to show; be visible
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zeigen; sichtbar sein ”
Material: Gk. πεπαρεῖν “vorzeigen ”, πεπαρεύσιμον εὔφραστον , σαφές Hes.; Lat. püreō , -ēre
“appear, seem, be visible, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, obey “, appüreō, compüreō
“erscheine ” (parret , after Festus for püret , as büca : bacca etc.).
References: WP. II 6, WH. II 252 f.
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pāuson - : pūson -
English meaning: name of a deity
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Göttername”
Material: O.Ind. Pūs ̣ a ́ n ̣ - m. “ vedischer Gott, Hũter und Mehrer der Herden und des
menschlichen Besitzes ũberhaupt “ , Gk. Πά̄ν, ark. Πά̄ων (*Πᾱυσων ); Illyr. (Messap.) PN
Pausō, -onos , Gaul. (Ven.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, whether to O.Ind. puṣyati , puṣṇǘti , póṣati
“ prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished “, pō ́ s ̣ a - m. “ prospering;
flourishing, growth “;
References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier IE Jb. 19, 90.
See also: see under pū ̆-1.
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pā- : pǝ - and pā-t- : pǝ-t-
English meaning: to feed, graze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũttern, nähren, weiden”
Material: Arm. hauran “herd” (*pü-tro-), hoviv “herdsman, shepherd ” (*ou̯i-pü-); Gk. Dor.
πανία πλησμονή , πάνια τὰπλήσμια ; Lat. püscō, -ere, püvi, püstum “lasse weiden, fũttere” ,
Dep. “ devour, weide ” (*püs-scō), püstor “herdsman, shepherd ”, pübulum “food” (*pü-
dhlom ), pünis “bread” (because of pastillus “ pellet, globule from meal, flour ” from * pa-st-
nis); Messap. πανός “bread” is Lat. Lw.; O.Ir. ain-chess “Brotkorb ”; perhaps as Ven.-Illyr.
element in Keltischen *pü-ro- “ willow “ in Welsh pawr “ willow “, pl. porion , therefrom
Verbalnom. pori, M.Bret. peuriff , Bret. peuri “Weiden”; with -tro- suffix O.Ice. fōðr n., O.E.
fōðor n., O.H.G. fuotar “food”; O.C.S. pasǫ , pasti “weiden” (*püsk ̂ ō ); Toch. A püs-, В püsk -
“beware, guard ”; Hitt. paḫš- (paḫḫaš -) “ shield “.
Maybe Alb.Gheg me pa, aor. pashë “to watch, protect ”.
With -t- further formations: Gk. πατέομαι “ eat and trinke ”; ἄπαστος “ without Speise and
Trank”; doubtful O.Ir. üs(a)id “wächst” (“es mehrt einen ”), M.Ir. üs “Wachsen ” (*püt-to-);
Goth. fōdjan “ernähren” , O.Ice. fø ̄ ða, O.E. fēdan , O.S. fōdian , O.H.G. fuoten ds., O.E. fōda,
Eng. food “nourishment, food ”, O.E. fōstor ds., O.Ice. fōstr “ upbringing, sustenance,
livelihood ” (*püt-tro-); ablaut. O.H.G. kauatot “pasta” (O.H.G. Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga
“nourishment, food ”, M.L.G. vedeme f. “Eichelmast ”.
References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;
See also: compare also pen-1 “feed”.
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(peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō ̆ k-s- (*peĝh -)
English meaning: shoulder, hip, side
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Achsel, Hũfte, Lende, Seite”
Material: O.Ind. pákṣa - m. ‘shoulder, Flũgel” and ‘seitenpfosten ”, pákṣas - n. ‘seite”;
common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation
Lat. pectus “brost”; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : lat -ĝh- > -ct- phonetic mutation
Ltv. paksis “Hausecke ”;
Toch. А päs ́ s ́ äm ̣, В päšcane “die beiden Brũste” ; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Toch. -ĝh- > -
śś- phonetic mutation
langvokalisch O.Ind. püjasya ́ - n. “Bauchgegend, groin “, Russ. (etc.) pach “ groin “, pacha
“armpit”, pachva “armpit, groin “; besides ein i̯o-stem *pōgi̯o - in Cz. paže “Arm” under
likewise
Note:
Root ( peg- :) pog- : pōg-, pō ̆ k-s- : ‘shoulder, hip, side ” is a reduced root of Balt Lith. pa-
žaste ̃ , pa-žastìs f. “place under the arm, armpit ”.
A common satem Root dous - : “arm” (see above) derived from an archaic root * ĝheus
“hand, arm ” (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique O.Pers. , Balt, celt., Illyr.-Alb.
phonetic mutatIon.
Two other roots, respectively Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - : “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 : “hand,
arm” derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the common PIE suffix
variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre . : O.Ind. hásta -ḥ m. “hand”, Av. zasta- , O.Pers. dasta- ds.;
The key link between Root dous - (*ĝheus -): “arm” derived from an archaic root * ĝheus
“hand, arm ” and Root ĝhesor -1, ĝhesr - (*ĝheus -): “hand” and Root ĝhesto -2 (*ĝheus -):

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peig-1 and peik -
English meaning: coloured, speckled
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kennzeichnen durch einritzen or färben; bunt, farbig” (besides
words for ‘stechen”
Material: A. O.Ind. piŋktē (unbel.) “malt”, piŋga -, piŋgala ́ - “reddish, brown ”, pinjára - “reddish,
golden “; Gk. πίγγαλος (Hes.) “Eidechse ”, πίγγαν “Kũcken” Hes.; Lat. pingō, -ere, pinxī,
pictum “malen; with the needle prick “, pictor “Maler”; O.Bulg. pěgъ “varicolored ”; Toch. A
pik-, pek- ‘schreiben, malen ” (pekant- “Maler”), В pink-, pai(y)k- ‘schreiben ”.
Maybe Alb. pikë “dot, stain ”, pis “dirty, stained”
B. O.Ind. piṃśáti “haut from (esp. Fleisch), cuts, slices zurecht, gestaltet, schmũkt” ,
pē ́ s ́ ah ̣ - n., pēs ́ a - m. ‘shape, form, paint, color ”, pēs ́ ala ́ - “verziert; mellifluous; skilful ”
(compare ποικίλος); piśáŋga - “reddish, reddish brown “, piśa- m. “Dammhirsch ” etc.;
perhaps śilpá- “varicolored ”, whether from *piślá- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);
Maybe Alb. pis “dirty, stained ”
Av. paēs - “farbig make, adorn ”, paēsa - m. paēsah - n. “jewellery, Zierat ”, O.Pers. ni-pištü
“niedergeschrieben ”, Av. fra-pixšta - “verziert”;
Gk. ποικίλος “ varicolored ”; πικρός ‘sharp (of Pfeil), bitter, shrilly, screaming, feindselig ”
(formal = O.Bulg. pьstrъ “varicolored ”); Lat. pignus, -oris “ pledge “ (if “festgestecktes ”?);
Goth. filu-faihs “very mannigfaltig ” (compare O.Ind. puru-pēs ́ a - “mannigfaltig ”), O.H.G. O.S.
fēh “varicolored ”, O.E. füh, füg “varicolored ”, whereof O.Ice. fü (*faihōn ) “färben, adorn” , fü
rūnar “Runen ritzen ” (originally “red färben” ), füinn “bunt dappled “, O.E. fügian , O.H.G.
fēhen “adorn”;
Lith. piẽšti “malen, schreiben ”, paĩšas , piẽšas “Rußfleck” , pieša ̀ ‘smut”, paĩšinas ,
puišinas , puišus “rußig, dirty, filthy” , išpaiša ̃ u “adumbrō” ; O.Pruss. peisüi ‘sie schreiben ”;

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peiĝ-1 and peik̂-
English meaning: hostile
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feindselig gesinnt ”, teils in aktiver animosity or Heimtũcke, teils in
passivem Widerwillen or Dummheit sich äußernd
Note: (Balt peik- probably with West IE guttural)
Material: A. Lat. piget “es verdrießt mich, excited, aroused Widerwillen ”, piger, -gra, -grum “
querulous, slow, faul ”; O.Ice. feikn n. “ruin”, O.E. fücen , O.S. fēcan n. “ betrayal, malice,
deceit” (O.E. fæ ̄ cne “ deceitful, mad, wicked, evil ”), O.H.G. feihhan n. “ guilefulness, deceit ”,
O.E. gefic “deceit”, ficol “arglistig, unzuverlässig” .
B. O.Ind. píśuna - “bösgesinnt, verräterisch, verläumderisch” , piśücá - “demon”; here the
Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) VN Pictones , Pictüvi (: Lith. pìktas ) “Poitou”; WestGmc. *faihiÞō in O.H.G.
fēhida “hate, fight ”, Ger. Fehde , O.E. fæhÞ(u) f. “enmity, Fehde ”; O.H.G. fēhan “zēlüre” and
“hate”, O.S. ü-fēhjan “feindlich behandeln ”, of adj. O.H.G. gifēh “ hostile “, O.E. füh, füg
“geächtet, verfemt” (Eng. foe “fiend”); in addition also O.H.G. feigi “dem Tode verfallen ”,
Ger. feige “timorous ” (dial. also “dem Tode verfallen ”, “fast reif”, or “faul”), O.S. fēgi “of
Todes”, O.E. fæ ̄ ge “dem Tode nahe, bang ” (Eng. fey), O.Ice. feigr “dem Tode verfallen ”
(*poiki̯ós , compare Lith. paĩkas ‘stupid”);
Lith. paĩkas ‘stupid”, peikiù , peĩkti “rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold” ; pìktas “mad, wicked,
evil, angry, irate ”, pykstù , pỹkti “rage against, mad, wicked, evil sein ”; Ltv. peiksts
“unzuverlässiger person” ; O.Pruss. paikemmai 1. pl. Konj., aupaickīt “cheat, deceive” ,
pickuls “devil”, Lith. pikùlas “devil”, Ltv. -pikìs, pikuls “devil”.
References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.
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pei-m(i)-
English meaning: quick, perky
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rasch, flink ”?
Note: Only Celt. and germO.N.
Material: O.Ir. ēim (*peimi -) “rash, hasty, agile ”; O.Ice. fimr ds., orð-fimi f. “ adroitness in
words”; but Nor. fimra “umhertappen ”, M.L.G. fimmelen, fimmeren ds., Eng. dial. fimble ds.;
Swe. famla, fumla , N.Ger. fummeln , Eng. fumble “umhertappen ” are distinct
lautnachahmend.
References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.
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peisk -, pisk -
English meaning: fish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fisch”
Material: Lat. piscis m. “fish”, piscīna “Fischteich ”, piscor , -üri “fischen”; Goth. fisks m.,
O.Ice. fiskr, O.H.G. O.E. fisk “fish” (*piskos ), Goth. fiskōn , Ger. fischen (: Lat. piscüri ;
compare M.H.G. vischīn : Lat. pis-cīna); full grade O.Ir. īasc (*peiskos ), gen. ēisc “fish”,
Kollekt. “Fische”; Pol. piskorz “Peißker” , Russ. piskárь “Grũndling” ; based on die
Übereinstimmung with M.Ir. esc “water”, schott. FlN Esk (Celt. *iskü ): O.Welsh FlN Uisc,
Welsh Wysg (Celt. *ēskü from *eiskü or*eidskü ) auf chance, luck? s. also above S. 794.
Note:
From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *púsa ( ˜ -i̯o-)
English meaning: a k. of fish
Mongolian protoform: *basiŋga
Tungus protoform: *puse-
Japanese protoform: *pansai
References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Förster Themse 840 f.
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(peis-1?) : pis -
English meaning: to grind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerstampfen, zermalmen ” (especially Getreide)
Material: O.Ind. pináṣṭi “zerreibt, zerstampft ” (3. pl. pįṣánti = Lat. pinsunt ), piṣṭá -
“gemahlen ”, n. “meal, flour ”, pēs ̣ ṭar - “Zerreiber ” (: Lat. pistor ), Av. pišant - “zerstampfend ”;
Gk. πτίσσω “ stamp, schrote ” (probably expressives σσ), πτίσμα, πτισάνη “enthũlste
barley”, πτίσις, πτισμός “das Stampfen ”, περιπίσματα “ausgepreßte Weintrauben” (diss.
from *περιπτίσματα ); Lat. pīnsō , -ere, pinsiō , pi(n)sō , -üre “zerstampfen, zerstoßen” (pīs-
with Nasalreduktion from pins- ), *pīstum , pīnsum , pinsitum ; pistor “Bäcker”, pīsō “mortar” ,
pīla ds., pīlum “Mörserkeule” (and ‘spear, lance ”), pistillum ‘stampfer”; Umbr. pistu “pistum”;
M.L.G. vīsel “mortar”, M.H.G. fisel “penis”; Lith. Iterat. paisūti “(barley) abklopfen, den
Gerstenkörnern die Grannen abschlagen”, primär pìsti “coire cum femina ”; O.C.S. pьsǫ and
pьchajǫ , pьchati “bump, poke ”, *pьšeno “meal, flour ”, Russ. pšeno ́ n. “enthũlste millet,
sorghum ”, Cz. Iterat. pěchovati ‘stomp”.
References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 692.
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peis-2, speis -
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blasen”
Material: With s-: Lat. spīrō , -üre “blow, breathe, breathe ” (*speis- ), spīritus , -ūs “breath,
breeze, breath, soul, ghost ”; spirüculum “Luftloch”;
without s-: O.Ind. piččhōrü “Pfeife, flute ”; M.H.G. vīsen , vī̆sten “einen wind streichen
lassen”, vī̆st “breaking wind, fart ”, O.E. fīsting ds., N.Ger. fīster “podex”, Dutch veest (*faist )
“breaking wind, fart ”, O.Ice. fīsa “furzen”, Nor. fīsa ds. and “blow”, Ger. fispern , fispeln
“hiss”; Bal.-Slav. *pīs ̣ keti “piept, pfeift ” in Lith. pyške ́ti “knallen”, Slav. *piščo ̨ , *piščati in
Russ. pišču ́ , pišča ́ tь “piepen, screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell “, Church
Slavic pištalь f. “Pfeife”, O.C.S. piskati “whistle” etc.;
maybe Alb. piskat “to srceam ”, piscamë ‘scream”
with n-formants: Welsh ffun (*spoi-nü) “breath”.
References: WP. II 11, WH. II 575 f., Trautmann 221.
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pei̯(ǝ)-, pī̆-
English meaning: fat; milk
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fett sein, strotzen ”
Material: O.Ind. páyatē ‘schwillt, strotzt, makes schwellen, strotzen ”, pipyúṣī ‘strotzend,
milchreich ”, Av. (a)-pipyūšī - “(keine) milk in the Brust habend, (not) säugend” (: Lith. pa-
pìjusi ), O.Ind. pīna ́- “fat, fat, obese, thick ”, pyü ́ yatē ‘schwillt, strotzt ”, pinvati “makes
schwellen ”, Av. fra-pinaoiti “bringt zum Gedeihen ”; O.Ind. páyas - n. “juice, sap, water, milk ”,
Av. payah- n. “milk”, Av. paēman - n. “Muttermilch ” (: O.E. fæ ̄ mne ); Pers. pīnū ‘sour milk,
fresh cheese ” (: Lith. píenas “milk”), O.Ind. pē ́ ru-, pēru ́- “anschwellend, tumescent making “
(probably with IE l, so that to Nor. fēl);
Nor. fēl “ skimmings, dickgemachte milk ”; O.E. fæ ̄ mne “virgin, young wife, woman ”, O.S.
fēmea ‘schwangere wife, woman ”, O.Ice. feima “girl” (: Av. paēman - “Muttermilch ”);
Lith. papìjusi kárvė “cow, die beim Melken die milk nicht zurũckhält” , pūdau , -dyti “zum
Milchen stir, tease, irritate ”, pūti “milk spenden ”, píenas “milk”;
pīmo -s “fat” in Gk. πῑμελή “fat”, Lat. opīmus “fat, wohlgenährt; fertile; rich” (probably
pīnguis “fat”: hybridization from *pīmos and *finguis , see above S. 128).
u̯-formations:
Att. πόα, ep. -Ion. ποίη, Dor. ποία “grass, Rasenplatz ”, from *ποιFᾱ = Lith. píeva
“meadow ” (*poiu̯ü );
pīu ̯ o-s- and pīu ̯-er/-en- “fat, fat”: O.Ind. pīvas - n., Av. pīvah - n. “fat, bacon ”; O.Ind. pī́van -,
f. pī́varī “tumescent, strotzend, fat, obese, fat ”, pīvara ́ - ds., newer formation of Fem. from,
with dem likewise not old Gk. πιερός , πῑαρός = Gk. πί̄ων, f. πί̄ ειρα “ fat, fertile, rich ”, πῖαρ
(only nom. acc. sg. *pī-u̯r̥) “fat”; O.Ir. īriu, gen. īrenn (*pī-u̯er-i̯ō) “Erdboden, land ”, if lit.
“πίειρα γ῅” ;

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tu-stem pei-tu-, pī̆-tu- “fat, juice, sap, Trank, nourishment, food ”: ei in Lith. piẽtūs
“Withtagsmahl ”; compare O.Ind. pē ́ tv-a- m. “ he-goat; billy goat, Hammel ” (eig. “fat, obese” ),
Av. pōiϑwa “fat, obese ”;
pī̆-tu- “Trank, dish, food ”: O.Ind. pitú- m., Av. pitu-š m. “juice, sap, Trank, nourishment,
food, dish, food ”, Av. arǝmpiϑwü, ra-piϑwü f. “ midday, Withtagszeit ”, eig. “die zum Mahle
passende time ”; O.Ir. ith “(*nourishment, food), corn, grain ”, O.Welsh it, Welsh yd (*pitu- )
etc. “ds.”; Lat. pītuīta “reiche dampness, catarrh ”; M.Ir. īth “tallow, suet ” (*pītu-); wherefore
as denominative O.C.S. pitěti, jũnger pitati “feed, ernähren, aufziehen” ; here from the
meaning “resin” from: O.Ind. pītu-düru “eine Fichtenart ”, eig. “Harzbaum ”, and as
Kurzformen eines solchen Kompositums pamird. pit “fir, spruce ”, Gk. πίτυς ds.; full grade
M.Ir. īath n. (“fette) meadow, land ” (*pei-tu-); die meaning “resin” also in the k-derivative *pi-
k-: Gk. πίσσα Att. πίττα f. “ tar”, πιττάκιον n. ‘schreibtäfelchen, Pflaster” , Lat. pix, picis f. “tar”
(out of it O.H.G. peh etc.), perhaps M.L.G. vī(g), vīhe ‘swamp, marsh, break ”; (Lith. pìkis
“tar” is Gmc. Lw.), O.C.S. pьcъlъ , R.C.S. pьkьlъ “tar”; but Lat. pīnus, -ūs and -ī “fir, spruce,
pine, pine tree ” because of Alb. pishë “fir, spruce, pinewood torch ” (*pit-s -i̯ü) probably from
*pit-s-nu-s;
extension poi-d-, pī̆-d-: Gk. πῑδήεις “ quellenreich ”, πῖδαξ “ wellspring ”, πῑδύω “lasse
durchsickern, quelle hervor ”, nom. pl. n. πί̄σεα “ damp Orte, Wiesen ” (*pī-d-s-es-); O.Ice. fita
f. “fat”, Gmc. *faitian “mästen” (O.H.G. feizen , O.E. fæ ̄ tan , O.Ice. feita), *faita- “fat”(O.H.G.
feiz, O.Ice. feitr), participle Gmc. *faitida-: O.H.G. feizzit , M.H.G. veiz(e)t , Ger. feist, O.E.
fæ ̄ ted , Eng. fat, M.L.G. vet “fat”; O.Ice. fit “meadow ”, E.Fris. “puddle, slop ”; Ltv. pìsa, pīse
“morass, Buschwald ”; about M.Ir. esc “water” (see above S. 45 about M.Ir. esc-ung “Aal”),
wherefore M.Ir. esca f. ‘swamp, marsh ”, see under peisk- “fish”; or esc from * pid-skü?
References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.
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pek̂-1, pēk ̂-, pōk ̂-
English meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “hũbsch machen, aufgeräumt or vergnũgt sein”
Material: O.H.G. gifehan , O.E. gefēon ‘sich freuen ”; O.S. O.H.G. fehōn “consume ”, O.H.G.
gi-fehōn ds. = O.E. ge-fēon, O.H.G. gi-fehan ‘sich erfreuen ”; Kaus. Goth. fulla-fahjan “
sufficiency leisten, satisfy, serve “, O.H.G. fagōn “beistehen ”; Goth. fahēÞs “pleasure, joy ”,
O.Ice. feginn , O.E. fægen “blithe, glad ”, Goth. O.H.G. faginōn , O.E. fægenian ‘sich freuen ”,
O.Ice. fagna ds., Goth. ga-fēhaba “ fitting, ehrbar ”, O.Ice.fæ ̄ giligr “pleasant ”; Goth. fagrs
“geeignet ”, O.Ice. fagr, O.E. fæ ̆ ̄ ger “beautiful ” etc.; Goth. ga-fahrian “prepare, concoct ”; in
materieller meaning M.H.G. vëgen “clean, scour, rub, clean, fegen ”, O.Ice. füga “adorn,
clean”, fæ ̄ gja “gleaming make, putzen ” and Lith. púošiu (*pōk ̂ ei̯ō ), púošti “adorn”, Ltv. pùost
“clean, säubern, adorn” , refl. ‘sich putzen ”; perhaps hieher M.Ir. üil “pleasant ” as *pōkli - (yet
s. also under pük ̂- “ moor “).
References: WP. II 16, Wissmann nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.
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pek̂-2
English meaning: to fleece; cattle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wolle or Haare rupfen, zausen ”
Material: O.Ind. páśu -, paśú - n., gen. paśváḥ ; paśú - m. “Vieh”; Av. pasu- m. “Vieh” (mostly
still ‘small cattle ”), in compound fśū̆-, -fśū̆-, wherewith O.Ind. kšu-mü ́ n- “nahrungsreich ”,
puru-kšu ́ ds. (twice also basic kśu) as Diss.-forms for pśu- identical; = Lat. pecū , -ūs n. “a
head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd ”, next to which pecus , -oris n. (formal =
Gk. τὸ πέκος ), pecus , -ŭdis f. ds.; derivatives pecūnia “property, riches, wealth ”, pecūlium
“property”; Umbr. pequo pl. n. “ pecua “; = Goth. faíhu “ possession, fortune ”, O.Ice. fē, O.E.
feoh, O.S. fehu, O.H.G. fihu “Vieh”; = Lith. pekus , O.Pruss. pecku “Vieh” (West IE Gutt.);
Goth. bi-, ga-faíhon “ũbervorteilen” are after W. Wissmann (The ältesten Postverbalia 79 ff.)
Denominativa from faíhu , and bi-faíh “deceit” is noun post-verbal;
Arm. asr, gen. asu ‘schafwolle, Fließ” , asveɫ “fleecy” (*pok̂u + r, with а from о in
offenerAnlautsilbe); Gk. πέκω (= Lith. pešu ̀ ), πέκτω (= Lat. pectō , O.H.G. fehtan ), πεκτέω
“comb, schere ”, πέκος n. “Fließ, wool” , πόκος m.; “Fließ” , κτείς, κτενός “comb” (from zero
grade *πκτεν -; Lat. pecten );
Alb. pilë “tool zum Flachskämmen, -hecheln ” (*pek̂lü ); Lat. pectō, -ere, pexī “comb”,
pecten , -inis “comb”, Umbr. petenata “ pectinatam “; O.H.G. O.S. fehtan , O.E. feohtan
“fechten”; O.H.G. O.S. fahs, O.E. feax “( head) -haar”, O.Ice. fax “Mähne” (*-pok̂-s-o-,
compare den es-stem πέκος ), O.Ice. fæ ̄ r, O.S. für ‘sheep” (*fahaz = πόκος ), O.S. fæ ̄ t
(*fahti- ) “wool, Fließ” , O.E. feht “Fließ”, Dutch vacht f. “wool, Schur ”, O.E. fihl “ a piece of
cloth, garment of cloth “; Lith. pešu ̀ , pèšti “pluck, an den Haaren zausen ”, Iter. pašy ́ ti ,
susipẽšti “to tear, rend ”.

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pekʷ- (*kʷekʷhō)
English meaning: to cook
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kochen”
Grammatical information: participle pekʷ-to- “cooked, boiled ”
Material: O.Ind. pácati , Av. pačaiti “kocht, bäckt, brät” (= Lat. coquō , Welsh pobi, Alb. pjek,
O.Bulg. pekǫ , compare also Lith. kepù ); Fut. pákṣyati : Gk. πέψω); common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -
kṣ- : Gk. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- : -kʷh- > -ps- phonetic mutation
Supin. paktum = Lat. coctum , O.C.S. peštь ; participle paktá - (= Gk. πεπτός, Lat. coctus ,
Welsh poeth ), O.Ind. pácyatē “reift”, pakvá - “cooked, boiled, reif ”, paktí - f. “das Kochen,
gekochtes Gericht ” (= Gk. πέψις, Lat. cocti-ō, O.Bulg. реštь , O.Pruss. pectis ), paktár - “the
Kochende ” (= Lat. coctor , fem. Gk. πέπτρια) püka ́ - m. “das Kochen, Backen, Reifen ”, Av.
nasu-püka - “Leichen(divide) cooking, verbrennend ”; Arm. probably hac̣ “bread” as *pokʷ -ti-;
Gk. πέσσω, Att. πέττω “ cook, verdaue ” (*pekʷi̯ō ), to-present πέπτω; πέψις f. “ Kochen”;
πέπων, -ονος “ reif” (f. πέπειρα after πίων : πίειρα), πόπανον “ pastry, cake ”; umgestelltes
*kʷopos in ἀρτο -κόπος (besides ἀρτο -πόπος) “Brotbäcker” ; Alb. pjek “I bake”; Lat. coquō, -
ere “cook” (Ital. Celt. Assim. from *pekʷō to *kʷekʷō ), coquus “Koch” (: ἀρτο -κόπος), coquīna
“Kũche” , as Osc.-Umbr. Lw. popīna ; Welsh pobi (o from e), Corn. pobas , Bret. pibi
“backen”, Bret. pobet “gebacken ”, Welsh poeth (*kʷekʷ -tos) “hot”, Bret. poaz “cooked,
boiled”, M.Welsh poburies “Bäckerin” , Corn. peber , Bret. pober “Bäcker” ;
common celt.-Illyr. kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation
O.Ir. cuchtar “Kũche” from Lat. coctūra ds.; O.E. ü-figen “roasted”; Lith. (reconverted) kepù ,
kèpti , Ltv. cepu, cept “backen, fry ”, ceplis “oven”; without rearrangement O.Pruss. pectis
“Ofenschaufel ” = O.C.S. peštь “oven, Нöhle” ; Lith. pèktas “roasted”, O.C.S. *pekǫ , *pešti

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pelǝ-, plā-
English meaning: wide and flat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “breit and flach, ausbreiten; durch Druck or Schlag flach formen,
breitschlagen, breitklatschen ”
Material: Arm. hoɫ “earth, dust, powder, bottom, land ”; Lat. palam “ open, öffentlich” (eig. “in
flat, open Hinbreitung ”), acc. as clam , from a *pelü ́- or рolü ́-; Alb. sh-pal “offenbare ”; O.Ir.
lüthar n. “plan, place, Lage ” (*plü-tro-), to Welsh llawdr “ britches “, O.Corn. loder “caliga”,
Bret. loer “bas, chaussure ” (originally “Unterlage ”); Ltv. plóti “breitschlagen ”, Ltv. plüt “thin
aufstreichen ”; Russ. pólyj “ open, free, unbedeckt, ausgetreten (of water) ”, O.C.S. polje
“field” (“ausgebreitete surface, plain, area ”, hence das Land Polen ); O.S.-Mod.Swe. fala f.
“Ebene, Heide ”; Hitt. palḫi- “breit”;
as dh-present probably here Gk. πλάσσω (*πλαθι̯ω , phonetically dem present from
Gutturalstämmen angeglichen), Aor. ἔπλασα , ἐπλάσθην “from weicher mass build,
gestalten ”, κατα-, εμ-πλάσσω ‘streiche auf ”, πλάσμα n. “Gebilde”, πλάστης m. “molder”,
ἔμπλαστρον n. > Lat. emplastrum > Ger. “Pflaster”; in addition πλάθανος m., πλαθάνη f.
“Kuchenbrett ”, πηλο -πλάθος “clay formend, a worker in clay, potter “; nominales dh in
παλάθη “flat Fruchtkuchen ”;
with formants -no-: Lat. plünus “platt, eben, flat ” (IE *plü-no-s) = Gaul. Medio-lünum eig.
“mitten in the Ebene? ”, Lith. plónas “thin”, Ltv. plãns “flat, eben, thin ”, plãns “threshing
floor”, O.Pruss. plonis (O.Lith. plünas ) “threshing floor ”:
Slav. *pol-no- in O.Sor. pɫoń “Ebene”, Clr. poɫonūna “Hochebene ”, Cz. plauū
“unfruchtbar, field-, wood, forest- ”, pláň “Ebene, Prärie” , Sloven. plân, f. plána “free from
Baumwuchs ”, plánja “offene, freie surface, plain, area ”, Ser.-Cr. planína “Bergwald ” etc.;

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here - perhaps of ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - Gk. πλάνος “ irrend,
wandering “, πλάνος m., πλάνη f. “ irrender run, flow ”, πλανᾶν “of rechten way abfũhren” , -
ᾶσθαι “ herumirren ”, πλάνης, -ητος f. “ herumirrend ”, O.Ice. flana “umherfahren ”, Fr. (from
dem Gmc. ) fláner ‘sich auf the road umhertreiben ”;
with n-formants: Gk. πέλανος “flat Opferkuchen, flat Mũnze” ;
with m- or n-forms, meaning esp. “flat hand ”: *pelǝmü (pl̥̄mü ): Gk. παλάμη f. “ flat hand ”;
maybe Alb. ( *pelǝmü ) pëllëmba “palm” [common Alb. m > mb shift].
Lat. palma “flat hand; also Gänsefuß, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders,
Palme”, palmus “die Hand as measurement of length, span ”, palmes, -itis “Rebenschoß” ,
O.Ir. lüm, O.Corn. lof, Welsh llaw “hand” (if in addition O.Ir. fo-laumur “wage”?); O.H.G.
folma “hand” , O.E. folm “flat hand ”; other ablaut in O.Ind. pün ̣ í- m. “hand” (mind. from
*parṇi -), Av. pǝrǝnü “hohle hand ”;
with r-formants: O.Ice. flōrr m. “Diele of Viehstalles; cattle shed ”, O.E. flōr “Diele”,
M.L.G.vlōr “Diele, meadow ”, M.H.G. vluor “bottom, meadow, sown field “, Ger. Flur; O.Ir.
lür, Welsh etc. llawr (*plü-ro-) ‘solum, pavimentum ”;
with dentalem forms *pél-tos n., *pel-tu-s m., *pl̥-tü ́ ‘surface, plain, area ”: O.H.G. O.S. feld
n. “field, bottom, Ebene ”, O.E. feld (u-stem) ds.; O.Ice. fold f. “earth, land ”, also “Fjord” and
FlN, O.E. folde , O.S. folda “earth” (O.Ind. pr̥thivī ), O.H.G. FlN Fuld- aha “Fulda”; finn. pelto
“farmland ” from dem Gmc. ; above examples belong actually to extension plet-.
References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222;
See also: extensions under plük-, plet -.
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peli-s-, pel-s-
English meaning: rock
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fels”
Material: O.Ind. püs ̣ ün ̣ a ́ - m., püs ̣ ya ́ - n. “ stone “, (from *parṣ- = IE *pels-); Gk. πέλλα λίθος
Hes. (*πέλσα); Pashto parša M.Ir. all n. (*pl̥so-) “cliff” (s-inflection after slīab “mountain ”);
Gmc. * falisa - ins Gallorom. as *falī̆siü borrowed (aFr. falise , faleise ); O.H.G. felis m., felisa
f., M.L.G. vels (*falis-), Ger. Fels, O.Ice. fjall, fell n. (*pelso- ) “Fels”; vorrom. (Illyr. ) *pella:
*palla ds.
References: WP. II 66 f., Specht IE Decl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.
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pelk̂- : polk̂-
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wenden, drehen ”
Material: O.H.G. O.S. felga , O.E. fielg “Radfelge ”, Gmc. *felgam , “wenden” in O.H.G.
ungifolgan “inflexus”; ablaut. Gaul. olca “Brachland ”, O.E. fealg , bO.Ir. falg ds., Russ.
polosá “dividing off, partitioning off eines Feldes, Streif ”.
addendum to S. 807:
Gaul. olca “Pflugland ” (Fr. ouche “good Ackerland ”) = O.E. fealg “Brachfeld ” (Gmc.
*falgō ), Eng. fallow , E.Fris. falge , bO.Ir. falg ds., M.H.G. falgen, felgen “umackern ”, Ger.
Felge “gepflũgtes Brachland” ; ablaut. Gmc. *felgō “Radfelge ” in O.E. fielg, Eng. felly,
O.H.G. felga “Felge, harrow ”; besides Gmc. *falgiz in mnl. felghe , O.E. felg(e) , Eng. felloe
ds.; Gmc. felgan “wenden” in O.H.G. un-gifolgan “ungewendet ”;
Russ. polosá etc. ‘stripe, Ackerfurche ”;
perhaps here pelĝ-, polĝ- in Slav. *ръlzо , *pelzti , R.C.S. plězetъ “crawls” etc. and Slav.
polzь in Russ. póloz “ Sledge skid “, Slov. plâz “Pflugsohle, stripe ”.
WP. I 516, Trautmann 218 f., Vasmer 2, 396, 397, Kluge- Götze 197 f.
References: WP. I 516.
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pel-1, pelǝ -, plē -
English meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gießen, fließen, aufschũtten, fũllen, einfũllen” ; also ‘schwimmen,
fließen machen, fliegen, flattern” and ‘schũtteln, schwingen, zittern (machen)”
Material: A. Arm. heɫum “I gieße from” (*pel-nu-mi), zeɫum (*z-heɫum) “lasse stream ”, pass.
“fließeũber” ;
Welsh llanw m. “flood”, Verbalnom. llanw, llenwi “Fũllen, Fließen” , M.Bret. lano, lanv
“flood”, Corn. lanwes “fullness, wealth ” (*plen-u̯o-);
Lith. trans. pilù, pìlti “pour, schũtten, aufschũtten, fũllen” , intrans. “flow”, Ltv. pilêt “drip,
trickle”, pile “drip”, pilt “drip, trickle ”, pali “ inundation “, Lith. am̃palas (*ant-palas )
“Aufwasser auf dem Eise ”; Russ. vodo- polъ(je), pol(n)o-vod ьje “Hochwasser ”, kSlov. polъ
‘schöpfgefäß” .
B. pel “castle” in O.Ind. pū ́ r, gen. purás “castle, town, city ”, pura- n., newer puri-, purī ds.,
compare Singapur “Löwenstadt” , Gk. (Eol. ) πόλις “ castle, town, city, Staat ” (*peli-s), Hom.
Cypr. πτόλις ds., Lith. pilìs, Ltv. pile “castle, Schloß” (see Schwyzer, Gk. 1, 325, 344,
Specht KZ 59, 65f., 11 f., Trautmann 217).
C. words for ‘swamp, marsh ” (pel-, pel-eu-), as Osset. farwe, färer “ alder “, O.H.G.
fel(a)wa , Ger. Felber “Weidenbaum ” (as ‘sumpfbaum ”), and Lat. palus , -ūdis f. ‘stehendes
water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop ” (*pel-ou-d- ), probably to O.Ind. palvalá - n. “pond, pool ”
and palvalya- ‘sumpfig”; in addition still pelǝk - : plük- in Gk. πάλκος πηλός Hes., παλάσσω
(*παλακι̯ω ) “bespritze ”, Lith. pélkė “Moorbruch ”, O.Pruss. pelky ds., Ltv. pel̃ce “puddle,
slop”: plücis “morass”; after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 112 alle originallyFarbenbezeichnungen,
also to pel-8.

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D. “fũllen, fullness, wealth” : O.Ind. píparti : pipr̥máḥ ; pr̥ṇǘti (pr̥ṇáti ) “fũllt, sättigt,
nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt ”, also pr̥ṇṓti ds., pū ́ ryatē , pūrya ́ tē “fũllt sich” , Aor.
áprüt (: πλ῅το), Imp. pūrdhí , perf. paprüu (: Lat. plēvī), participle prüta ́ - (= Lat. -plētus , Alb.
pĺot; compare also prütí- : Lat. com-plēti-ō), pūrta ́ - “full”, prün ̣ a - “full” (= Lat. plēnus , Av.
früna - “Fũllung” , O.Ir.līn-aim “fũlle” ), pūrn ̣ a ́ - “full” (= Goth. fulls, litt. pìlnas , O.Bulg. plъnъ ,
O.Ir. lün; from *pel- whereas Av. pǝrǝna - “gefũllt” ); parīn ̣ ah ̣ n. “fullness, wealth ” (: Av.
parǝnah -vant- “rich”), parī-man- “fullness, wealth, Spende ” (*pelǝ -); Av. par- “fũllen” ;
Arm. li, gen. liog “full” (from *plē-i̯o-s = Gk. πλέως? or from * plē-to-s = O.Ind. prüta ́ -?),
lnum “fũlle” (*linum , neologism), Aor. eli-c̣ “I fũllte” ; lir (i-stem) “fullness, wealth ”; presumably
holom , holonem “häufe auf, sammle an” ;
Gk. πίμπλημι “fũlle” (originally πίπλημι, the nasal from πίμπρημι), Fut. πλήσω, Aor. πλ῅το
“fũllte sich”, πλήθω “bin voll, fũlle mich”, πλ῅θος n., Ion. πληθύ̄ς “bulk, mass ”, πληθύ ω “bin
or werde voll, swell an ” (: Lat. plēbēs), πλήσμη “ flood”, πλησμονή “Anfũllung, Sättigung” ,
πλήσμιος “light fũllend, sättigend”, πλ῅μα “Fũllung” Hes. (: Lat. plēminüre “anfũllen” ); Hom.
πλεῖος, Att. πλέως, Ion. πλέος “ full” (*πλη-[ι̯]ο-ς; = Arm. li?), πλήρης “ full”, πληρό ω “make
voll” (from *πληρο -ς = Lat. plērus , compare Arm. lir “fullness, wealth ”, i-stem); πλή -μῡρα , -
μυρίς f. “ flood”, to μύ̄ρω S. 742;
Alb. plot “full” (*plē-t-os); also pjel “beget, gebäre” ? intrans. “full = pregnant sein ”?? with
formants -go- here plok, plogu “heap” (*plē-go-? compare O.H.G. folc “heap, Kriegshaufe,
people”, O.E. folc “troop, multitude, crowd, Heer, people ”, O.Ice. folk “troop, multitude,
crowd, people ” as *pl̥-go- or *рelǝ-go-);
Lat. pleō, -ēre mostly com-pleō, im -pleō “fũlle” , participle pass. (com)plētus ; plēnus “full”,
Umbr. plener “plenis”; plērus, -a, -um “zum größten parts” , plērusque, plērīque “eine big,
giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten ”; plēbēs, -ei and -ī, plēbs, -is “Volksmenge;
die mass of Volkes in contrast to den Adeligen ” (*plēdhu ̯ ēs ), manipulus “eine handful;

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bundle; Hanteln the Turner; Soldatenabteilung ” (*mani-plo-s ); plēminüre “anfũllen” to
*plēmen = Gk. πλ῅μα;
O.Ir. līn(a)im “I fũlle” (from an adj. *līn = *plēno -s), līn “numerus, pars ”; O.Ir. lün, O.Welsh
laun, Welsh llawn , Corn. luen, leun, len , Bret. leun “full” (= O.Ind. pūrn ̣ a - etc.), O.Ir.
comalnur “I fũlle” (Denom. from comlün “full”); u(i)le “whole”, pl. “alle” (*poli̯o -);
Goth. fulls, O.Ice. fullr, O.E. O.S. full, O.H.G. fol (-ll-) “full” (= O.Ind. pūrn ̣ a ́ - etc., see
above); = Lith. pìlnas , O.Bulg. plъnъ , Ser.-Cr. pȕn “full”; about O.E. folc etc. see above;
M.H.G. vlæ ̄ jen ‘spũlen” to πλή -μῡρα above S. 799.
pélu “bulk, mass ”, einzelsprachlich also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter “much, a lot of ”;
besides IE pelú- adj. “much, a lot of ”; compar. plē ́-i̯os, -is-, superl. plǝ-is-tó- “more, most ly”:
O.Ind. purú-, Av. pouru- , ap. paru “much, a lot of ” (= Gk. πολύς, if these from *παλύς,
Lith. pilus), compar. O.Ind. prüyas - adv. “meistens, usually “, Av. früyah -, superl. fraēšta -
“the meiste ”; here Iran. *pelu̯-, *polu̯- in Plejadennamen Pers. parv, Av. paoiryaēinī
(*paru̯ii̯ainī -), ablaut. Gk. Πλειάδες, Hom. Πληιάδες ( *pleu̯ii̯ -), originally ‘sternhaufen ”;
Gk. πολύς “much, a lot of ” (assimil. from *παλύς = O.Ind. purú-), ũbrige case of stem
πολλό -, πολλά̄ -, wohlausgegangen of f . *πολFι̯ᾱ O.Ind. pūrví ; compar. superl. originally
*πλη[ι̯]ων > πλέων ( *plēisōn) : πλαῖστος ( *plǝisto -), das through influence of *πλεῖ ς “more”
(*plēis = O.Ir. līa) and of compar. to πλεῖστος wurde; from a IE *pleu̯-es- “Überfluß , big,
giant bulk, mass ” wurde secondary the Gk. compar. n. πλέον, wherefore the achäische
nom. pl. πλέες neologism wurde; also wurde a Lat. plous , Lat. plūs to compar., and with plīs-
(older compar. *plē-i̯es- in aLat. pleores , and *plēis - in superl. plīsima ) to *plois-
contaminated, from which Lat. plūrimus “most ly” (old ploirume , plouruma , plusima );
compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 537 f., E.- M.2 783;
O.Ir. il “much, a lot of ” (= Goth. filu), līa “plus, plures ” (*plē-is); O.Welsh liaus, Welsh
lliaws “multitudo ” (plē-i̯ōs-tu-s or -to-);

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Goth. filu adv. neuter m. gen. (previous Subst.) as replacement from Gk. πολύς, also
“very; um vieles (beim compounds) ”, similarly in den other Gmc. Sprachen: O.H.G. O.S.
filu, filo, O.E. fela, feala , feola “much, a lot of, very ”, O.Ice. fiǫl- “much, a lot of ”, n. “bulk,
mass”; compounds Sup. O.Ice. fleiri, fleistr “more, most ” (*plǝ-is-, -isto- , Av. fraēšta -);
Lith. pilus “in U ̈ berfluß” .
E. pel-ed- in Gk. πλάδος n. “ dampness, decay “, πλαδαρός “humid, wet ”, πλαδάω , -ᾶν
“damp sein ”; O.H.G. fledirōn , Ger. flattern , O.H.G. fledar-mūs “Fledermaus ”; Ltv. peldêt
‘swim”, peldêtiês “bathe”, peldinât “bathe, schwemmen ”: pildinât (*pl̥d-) ds.; pledinât “with
den Flũgeln hit” , pledins “ butterfly ”; compare E . Fraenkel Me ́ l . Boisacq 1, 357 ff.
F. words for “ butterfly” : reduplicated Lat. püpiliō, -ōnis m. (*pü-pil-); Gmc.*fīfalðrōn - in
O.Ice. fīfrildi n., O.E. fīfealde , O.H.G. fīfaltra , M.H.G. fīfalter , Ger. Falter ; Lith. petelìškė ds.,
Ltv. petelîgs “flatterhaft ” (*pel-tel-);
from the same root die balto-Slav. words ( *paipalü -) for “Wachtel”: Lith. píepala f., Ltv.
paîpala , O.Pruss. penpalo (in addition O.Pruss. pepelis , pl. pippalins “bird”); Cz. přepel ,
křepel , Slov. prepelíca (also “ butterfly ”) etc.
G. words for ‘swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen ” etc.: Gk. πάλλω ( *pl̥-i̯ō), Aor.
ἔπηλα ‘swing, brandish, shake ”, Med. ‘spring, zapple ”, παλτός “geschwungen ”, παλμό ς
“Zucken, Vibrieren ”, πάλος m. “ lot, fate”, παλάσσομαι “ lose”; redupl. παιπάλλω Hes.
‘shake”; O.Ice. fæ ̄ la “frighten”, O.E. eal-fē ̆ lo “fũrchterlich” , M.H.G. vülant “devil”; perhaps to
O.C.S. plachъ “zitternd, ängstlich” (*polso-? ), plašiti “frighten” etc.;
die extension pelem - in Gk. πελεμίζω ‘swing, brandish, erschũttere” , pass. “erbebe”,
πόλεμος , πτόλεμος “battle, war, fight ” (PN Νεο-πτόλεμος , Πτολεμαῖ ος), Goth. us-filma
“erschrocken ”, O.Ice. felms-fullr ds., felmta “bange sein ” (*falmatjan ), O.H.G. bO.Ir. felm
“fright”;

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da O.Ice. falma likewise “ũberrascht become” , as “tap, feel “ stands for, could here Lat.
palpor, - üri (also palpō ) ‘streichle”, palpitō “zucke”, palpebrae “ eyelids “, Alb. palun
“fluttering, zitternd ” and “Ahorn” as well as WestGmc. *fōljan (O.H.G. fuolen , M.H.G. fũelen ,
O.E. fæ ̄ lan etc.) “ feel “ belong, also M.L.G. vlader “Ahorn”, vladarn “flutter”.
References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;
See also: die words under G. could also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- “flow”.
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pel-2a, pelǝ - : plā -
English meaning: to cause to move, drive
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung setzen, treiben”
Material: Lat. pellō (probably from * pel-nō), -ere, pepuli , *pultus (assumed from pultüre
“bump, poke ”), pulsus (after perculsus : percellō ) ‘stoßend or schlagend in Bewegung
place, drive away ”, pulsus, - ūs “blow, knock ”, Umbr. ař-peltu “appellitō, admovētō” , Lat.
ōpilio (*ou̯i-pili̯ō) ‘schafhirt” (‘schaftreiber ”), Palēs “Hirtengöttin” ; appellō, -üre “address,
speak to ”;
O.Ir. ad-ella (*pel-nü-t) “besucht” (= Lat. appellat ), di-ella “weicht ab ”; das Futur. to agid
“treibt” : eblaid (*pi-plüseti ) and die Brit. Konjunktive with el- (above S. 307); O.Ir. laë “day”
(*plüi̯om ), originally * ” turn “; about O.C.S. popelъ “ash” see under pel-2b;
probably auf d-present *pel-d-ō based on: O.H.G. anafalz m., O.E. anfilte n. “Ambos”,
O.E. felt, m., O.H.G. filz m. “Filz” (*”gestampfte Wollmasse ”), O.H.G. falzan “anfũgen,
anlegen”, Ger. falzen “ fold, plait, fold up, merge “;
eine specific Gk. meaning- development “anstoßen” = ‘sich nähern, nahe” probably in
πέλας “ nahe”, πελάζω ( Eol. πλά̄ζω), πελάσσαι ‘sich nähern” ; trans. “näherbringen,
heranbringen ” (πέλασε χθονί “warf to bottom ”), πελάτης “Nachbar, Taglöhner”; πίλναμαι
“nähere mich”, πλησιόν, Dor. πλᾱτίον “ nahe, by ”, Ion. ἄ-πλητος, Dor. ἄ-πλᾱτος “ dem man
nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich ”, πλᾶτις “wife” (Ar. Ach. 132), ἔμπλην “ ganz nahe ”, πλήν, Dor.
πλά̄ν preposition “ besides”.
References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.;
See also: hieher probably also pel-3 “meal, flour ”.
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pel-2b, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u̯-
English meaning: powder, flour
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for ‘staub, Mehl ”, weiter also “Mehlbrei ”
Material: O.Ind. pálala - n. “zerriebene Samenkörner, porridge, mash, smut” ; Gk. πάλη “dust,
powder, Staubmehl ”, παι-πάλη , ποι-σπάλη “feines meal, flour ”; παλύνω “bestreue ”; Lat.
palea f. “chaff, straw, Getreidehũlse” ;
with t-formants: πόλτος “porridge, mash from meal, flour ”, Dimin. πολτίον, πολτάριον ; Lat.
puls, -tis “thick Brei from Speltmehl ” (*poltos ); M.Ir. littiu (gen. litten ), Ir. lite, Welsh llith (i
instead of y after llith “bait”) “Mehlsuppe, pulmentum ” (*pl̥t-; with expressive Gemination);
with u̯-formants: Lat. pulvis, -eris “dust, powder ” (*polu̯i -; inflection after cinis); Gaul.
(rom.) *ulvos ds.;
maybe truncated Alb.Gheg (*pulvereum ) pluhun “dust, powder ” [M/N allophones] from Lat.
pulvereus -a -um, “full of dust, dusty ”
here (IE *pelō ́ us , pelu̯-ós) O.Ind. m. pl. palü ́ vüs “chaff”, Bal.-Slav. *pelū - and *pēlu ̯ ü - f.
“chaff” in Lith. pẽlūs f. pl., Ltv. pelus , pelavas f. pl. ds., O.Pruss. pelwo f. and Ltv. pelvas f.
pl. ds.; O.C.S. plěvy f. pl. “ἄχυρον” , Clr. poɫóva ds. etc.;
with n-formants: Lat. pollen, -inis “very feines meal, flour, Staubmehl ” (ll from n.
Ausgleichung an inflection *polen , *polnes ); pollenta f. “Gerstengraupen ”; here also
O.Pruss. pelanne f. “ash”, Lith. pelenaĩ m. pl. , Ltv. pę̀lni ds., wherefore O.Pruss. pelanno f.
‘stove, hearth ”, Lith. pelẽnė ‘stove, hearth ”; O.Pruss. plieynis ‘staubasche ”, Lith. ple ́nys f. pl.
“Flockasche ”, Ltv. plẽne “weiße Asche auf Kohlen” ; s. S. 805;
without n-forms, but with Redupl. Russ. pépel , O.C.S. etc. popelъ “ash”, am ehesten as
“zerstoßenes, zermalmtes” to pel-2a “pellens, pultüre” .
References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;

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pel-3a
English meaning: to fold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “falten”
Material: α. plo- as 2. composition part in adj. as Gk. ἁ-πλός ‘simple, just ”, δι-πλός, δίπλαξ “
twofold “ (compare Arm. haɫ “Mal”), Lat. simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex “ein-, two- ,
dreifach”, Umbr. dupla “ double, twice as large, twice as much “, tuplak acc. sg. n.
“duplicem ”, tripler “triplis”; M.Ir. dīabul “double” (*du̯ei-plo-); Goth. twei-fls “doubt”, O.H.G.
zvīfal “dubious”, m. “doubt”, probably also Av. bifra- n. “ comparison, Ähnlichkeit” , in Gk.
besides die Umbildungen of type ἁπλόος (to πλοῦς) and Ion. διπλήσιος; further with older t-
Ableitg. (see u nder) διπλάσιος, Dor. διπλάτιος etc. “double, double so groß” (*pl̥ti̯o-;
δίπαλτος “ twofold “ from *δίπλατος).
β. Alb. palë (*pol-nü) “ crease, row, Joch, pair ”; Gk. πέπλος m. “ Frauengewand ”; O.Ice.
fel f. (*falja- ) “furrow, stripe, crease “, Nor. fela f. “Faltenmagen ”.
γ. -to-nouns and verbs: O.Ind. puṭati “umhũllt with” , puṭa- m. n. “ crease, Tũte, pouch “
(*pulta- ), M.Ir. alt “junctura, artus ” (a Reduct. from IE о, as perhaps also O.Ind. puṭa-),
redupl. strong. V. Goth. falÞan “fall”, O.Ice. falda “den Kopf cover ”, O.E. fealdan , O.H.G.
faltan “fold”, weak. V O.Ice. falda “fold”, O.E. fealdian , O.H.G. faltōn ds., O.Ice. faldr m. “
crease, Zipfel, Kopfputz the Frau ”, feldr m. (* faldi-) “mantle”, M.H.G. valte “ crease,
convolution, angle “; Goth. ain-falÞs , O.H.G. einfald, -t , O.Ice. einfaldr , O.E. ünfeald ‘simple,
just” under likewise
References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;
See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.
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pel-3b, pelǝ -, plē -
English meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verdecken, verhũllen; Haut, Fell; Tuch, Kleid”
Material: Gk. πέλας ‘skin”, ἐρυσί-πελας “Hautentzũndung” , ἄ-πελος “nicht verheilte wound ”;
πέλμα n. ‘sohle am foot or shoe “, πάλμη “ light shield ” (*from Häuten), Lat. palea f.
“Läppchen am Hahnenschnabel” , palear n. “Wampe, dewlap “; O.Fris. filmene ‘skin”, O.E.
filmen “Häutchen” ; here with k-Erweit. Gmc. * felh- ‘save, store ” in Goth. filhan etc. “conceal,
bury”, O.Ice. fela “conceal, hand over “, O.E. fēolan “anhängen, eintreten” with gramm.
variation Goth. fulgins “hide, conceal ”, O.Ice. folgenn ds.; Gmc. bi-felhan “entrust, save,
store” in O.E. be-fēolan , O.H.G. bi-fel(a)han , M.H.G. bevelhan , Ger. befehlen.
With n-formant: Gk. πέλλᾱς acc. pl. “Häute”, πελλο -ράφος “pellürius” , Lat. pellis “fell, fur”,
O.H.G. fel, -lles , O.E. fell, O.Ice. fjall n. ‘skin”, Goth. Þrūts -fill “ leprosy “; (Lat. pellīnus “from
fell, fur” = O.H.G. fillīn, O.E. fellen “ledern”); with other Wurzelstufen O.C.S. pelena , Russ.
pelená “ diaper, kerchief, cloth, Hũlle” (compare without n-forms Russ. pélьka ds.) and
Russ. plená (for plěná ), Sloven. plẹ́na , Cz. pléna , plína ds., Lith. plėnė , plėnìs “Häutchen” ,
O.Pruss. pleynis “Hirnhaut ”;
Lat. palla “langes Obergewand the Frauen, curtain ”, pallium “ bedspread , esp. ein further
Überwurf the Griechen” , maybe from * par(u)lü (?), Lw. from Gk. φάρος “ mantle”?
With t-formants: O.Ind. paṭa- m. ‘stũck Zeug, linen, garment “ , paṭála n. “Hũlle, cover,
Schleier, Membrane ”, Gk. πέλτη “ light shield ”; O.C.S. platьno “canvas, fabric ”.
With u̯-formant: Gk. ἐπί-πλο[F]ος “die Netzhaut um die Gedärme” ; Lith. plėve ̃ f. “feine
dũnne skin” , Sloven. plẹ́va “eyelid”; perhaps O.Ice. fǫl, fǫlva f. “dũnne Schneeschicht ”
(*falwō ?), as Nor. folga ds. to Goth. filhan etc. “conceal”.
References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;

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pel-4
English meaning: a kind of vessel, dish
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Gefäßbezeichnungen
Material: O.Ind. pülavi “a kind of Geschirr ”; pürī “Melkeimer ”, püla- m. “Almosentopf, ein
bestimmtes measure of capacity “, pülikü “Kochtopf ” probably also pala- n. “ein bestimmtes
measure of capacity “ palya- n. “ein sack, bag for corn, grain “; Lat. pēluis “Becken, platter “,
(*pēlou ̯ i -s); Gk. πήληξ, -ηκος “ helmet” (from *πηλF -) and πέλλα “ Melkeimer” (from πελ(F)ια
or *peli̯ü , compare O.Ind. pürī “Melkeimer ”); from πέλλα is λλ for λ figurative auf πελλίς, -
ίδος “ platter, Becken”, compare πελίκη, πέλιξ, Dimin. πελίχνη (ending nachκύλιξ, -ίχνη)
“goblet”, die likewise * pelu̯-i- sein can (or * peli-);
O.Ice. O.E. O.S. full “goblet” (*pl̥-no-m ).
References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;
See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally “ container from skin ”.
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pel-5
English meaning: to sell; to make money
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verkaufen, verdienen ”
Material: Gk. πωλεῖν “ sell “, Dor. πωλά :, Att. (Gramm.) πωλή f. ‘sale”; O.H.G. füli
“verkäuflich, feil” (*pēlio -), O.Ice. falr ds. ( *polo- ); O.H.G. feili, M.L.G. veile, O.Fris. fēl “feil”
are not related;
Lith. pel̃nas “ earnings, pay ”, pelnaũ , -ūti “verdienen ”, pelde ́ti ‘spare”, Ltv. pe”lns, pel”na “
earnings, Gewinst ”, pe”lnīt “verdienen, gain, verschulden ”, O.C.S. plěnъ , Russ. polōn
“booty”.
References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.
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pel-6
English meaning: grey; pale
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Ausdrũcken for unscharfe Farben as “ grau, fahl ”, also ‘scheckig”
Material: O.Ind. palitá -, fem. páliknī (from * -tnī) “altersgrau, greis ” (: πελιτνός ), paruṣá -
“fleckig” = Av. pouruša -, paouruša - “gray, old ”; pers. pūr “gray” (*parya- );
Arm. alik” “die (weißen) waves, billows; white Bart, weißes hair” (*pl̥ii̯o-);
Gk. πελιτνός “gray” (for *πελιτός = O.Ind. palitá -ḥ after dem Fem. * πελιτνια = O.Ind.
paliknī ); Ion. πελιδνός out of it after μακεδνός etc. reshaped; πελιός (*peli-u̯o-) “farblos,
pallid, grauschwarz, bluish black ” (here the PN Πέλοψ ), πελλός ds. (*πελι̯ός? *πελνός ?),
πολιός “gray, greis ” (*poli-u̯o-), πιλνόν φαιόν Κύπριοι Hes.; πέλεια , πελειάς “wild dove ”
(after the Farbe benannt, compare πέλειαι, πελειάδες, eig. die grauköpfigen, old, as
Bezeichnung the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as πέλειος “age” Hes.; also Lat.
palumbēs , O.Pruss. poalis “dove”), πελᾱργός ‘swan” (“the schwarzweiße” ); from *πελα F(ο)-
+ αργός; Maced. πέλλης “τεφρώδης” Hes.; probably here also πηλός , Dor. πᾱλός (*παλσός )
“ loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass ”;
Lat. palleō, -ēre “pale, wan sein ”, pallor “paleness ”, pallidus “pale, wan ” (at first from
*palu̯os , older *polu̯os = Gmc. falwa- , Lith. paɫvas, O.C.S. plavъ ); pullus ‘schwarzgrau ” (ul
from l̥ infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbēs or -is “wood-, Ringeltaube ” (*pelon-bho- ?
rather parallel formation to columbus , -a, see above S. 547);
Note:
Alb. (*palumb ) pëllumb “dove” shares the same root with Lat. palumbes -is, m. and f. “a
wood pigeon, ring dove ”. It is not a Lat. loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have
been solidified in Alb. like Lat. radius > Alb. rreze “ray”; actually Lat. could have borrowed
this cognate from Illyr. since the shift m > mb is a typical Alb. not Lat. phonetic mutatIon.

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Alb. plak “ graybeard , Ältester” ;
M.Ir. liath, Welsh (etc.) llwyd “gray” (from * pleito- , compare O.Ind. palitá -, Gk. πελιτνός);
Gmc. *falwa- in O.Ice. fǫlr, O.E. fealo , O.S. falu, O.H.G. falo, falawēr ‘sallow, paled, falb ”
(in addition as “graue ash ” O.Ice. fǫlski m., O.H.G. falawiska “ash, Aschenstäubchen” );
*falha- (: Lith. pálšas ) in alemO.N.- rheinfränk. falch “falb, esp. from hellbraunem Vieh ”;
*fela- or *felwa- in Westfäl. fęl “falb”, fęle “fahles roe deer, fahles horse ”; with dem Gmc. k-
forms as in other bird name here presumably O.H.G. (etc.) falco “falcon” (late Lat. falco
from dem Gmc.);
Lith. pal̃vas “blaßgelb” (= Gmc. *falwa , Lat. palli-dus) = O.Bulg. plavъ “white”, Serb. plûv
“blond, blue ”; Lith. pele ̃ “ mouse “, Ltv. pele ds., O.Pruss. peles pl. “ mouse (= Armmuskel) ”,
O.Pruss. pele “consecration ”; as derivative from pele ̃ “ mouse “ also Lith. pele ́kas , Ltv.
pelēks “mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray ”; Lith. pele ́da , Ltv. pęlêda “owl “ (“Mäusefresserin” );
from a *pele ̃ “ mildew “ derives Lith. pele ́-ju, -ti “ mildew “, pele ́siai pl. “ mildew “ and in ablaut
ple ́k-stu, - ti “ mildew, modern ”; in ablaut Lith. pìlkas “gray”, pélkė “Moorbruch ”, also pálšas ,
Ltv. pàlss ‘sallow, paled ” (*polk̂os ) as well as O.Pruss. poalis “dove” (*pōlis); Slav. *plěsnь
in R.C.S. plěsnь , O.Cz. pléseň “ mildew “ and Church Slavic peles “pullus”, Russ. pelësyj
“mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored ”; das forms IE -so- or -k̂o-.
References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;
See also: see above S. 799 C ( pel-1).
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(pel-9), pol-, plē-, plō ̆-
English meaning: to burn, be warm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, warm sein ”
Note: also with -u̯o- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el- “gleam, shimmer ”
Material: O.Ice. flōr (*flō-wa-) “lukewarm, warm” ; Dutch flouw “faint, languid, lukewarm ”,
Ger. flau (*plē-u̯o-); O.C.S. poljǫ , polěti “burn” intr., causative paliti “burn” tr., vъs-planetъ sę
“καταφλεγήσεται ”, plamy , plamenъ m. “flame” (*polmen- ); whether here Lith. ple ́nys above
S. 802?
in addition probably Welsh go-leu “light”, Bret. gou-lou ds. ( *plo-u̯o-); different Lewis-
Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus ), compare above S. 690.
References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.
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penkʷe
English meaning: five
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũnf”
Material: A. O.Ind. páñca , Av. panča ; Arm. hing; Gk. πέντε , Eol. πέμπε ; πεμπάζειν “an den
5 Fingern zählen” (: Bret. pempât “die Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up, merge “); Alb. pesë ,
Gheg pęsë (*peŋkʷti̯ü ); Lat.quīnque (ī after quīn(c)tus ), Osc.-Umbr. *pompe (compare Osc.
pumperias , Umbr. pumpeřias “quincuriae ”); O.Ir. cōic, O.Welsh pimp , M.Welsh nc. pump ,
Corn. pymp , Bret. pemp , Gaul. πεμπεδουλα “πεντάφυλλον” ; Goth. fimf, O.Ice. fimm , O.H.G.
fimf, finf, O.S. O.E. fīf (schwäb. fuchze 15 after sechze ; das u these forms as well as O.H.G.
funf, funfzich and of Ord. O.H.G. funfto point at not auf IE n̥); Lith. penkì (inflectional);
O.C.S. pętь 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally collective = O.Ind. paŋktí - “Fũnfzahl” ,
O.Ice. fimt f. “number from fũnf” ; also Umbr. puntes if “quiniones ”); Toch. А pëñ, B piś;
here.-Hitt. panta.
B. 15: O.Ind. pañca -daśat , Av. pancadasa , Arm. hnge -tasán , Gk. πεντε (καί)δεκα, Goth.
fimftaíhun , O.H.G. finfzehO.N.
C. 50: pañcüśát , Av. pancüsat , Arm. yisun (from * hingisun ), Gk. πεντήκοντα , Lat.
quinquügintü (after quadrügintü ), O.Ir. coīco (with diphthong).
D. ordinals penkʷtos: O.Ind. pakthá -, Av. puxδa- (after *kturtha “vierter”, compare
paŋtahva - “Fũnftel” ); Gk. πέμπτος , Lat. quīntus , Osc. *pontos (compare above Púntiis ,
Πομπιες, päl. Ponties “Quinctius ” = Lat. Quinctius , also Osc. pomptis “quinquies ”; -m- after
dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus ); O.H.G. fimfto , finfto , O.S. fīfto,
O.Ice. fim(m)ti, Goth. (in compound) fimfta- ; Lith. peñktas , O.Bulg. pętъ, Toch. A pant, В
pinkce ; *penkʷetos: O.Ind. pañcathá - (gewöhnlicher pañcamá - after saptamá -), Alb.
ipesëte , ipestë , Gaul. pinpetos , O.Ir. cōiced , O.Welsh pimphet etc.; with r-forms Arm.

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pen-1
English meaning: to feed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũttern; Nahrung; Aufbewahrungsort der Nahrung”
Material: Lat. penus, -oris n. and penus, -ūs m. “Mundvorrat ”, also “das Innere of Hauses ”
(where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified loc.) preposition with acc.
“by”; penitus “(from) inside, deep, grũndlich” (*pene- to-); in addition (after intus : intrō)
penetrō, -üre “penetrate ”;Penütēs “die Götter in Inneren of Hauses” ; perhaps Goth. fenea
(*finja ) “Gerstenspeise ”; Lith. penù , pene ́ti “feed, mästen” , Ltv. penêt “verwöhnen” , Lith.
pẽnas “food”.
References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.- M.2 753 f., Trautmann 214;
See also: perhaps to pü- “feed”.
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pen-2, pen -ko-
English meaning: swamp; water, wet
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlamm, Sumpf, Wasser; feucht ”
Material: M.Ir. en (*peno-? ) “water”, enach ‘swamp, marsh ”, en-glas “wässerige milk” ,
Welsh en-wyn “ buttermilk “, M.Ir. on-chū “Fischotter ” (“Wasserhund ”), FlN On, PN Onach
(‘swamp, marsh ”), Celt. FlN ῎Ενος , newer *Eni̯os “Inn”, Gaul. FlN *Ona “river”, also as suffix
(Bebronna “Biberbach ” etc.); zero grade M.Ir. an f. “water, Urin ”, Gaul. anom “paludem ”;
Goth. fani n. ‘slime, mud ”, O.Ice. fen n. ‘swamp, marsh ”, O.H.G. fenna , fennī f., M.H.G.
venne n., O.S. feni n. ds., M.L.G. venne f. “moorige willow “, O.E. fenn m. n. ‘swamp,
marsh, moor, fen ”, wherefore changing through ablaut O.E. fyne “ dampness “, fynig
‘schimmelig ”, mnl. vunsc , M.Du. vuns “muffig”; O.Pruss. pannean “Moorbruch ” (= Gmc.
*fanja- ), Lith. paniabùdė “Fliegenpilz ”, Ltv. pane f. “Jauche”; also Illyr. Pannonia.
With ko-formants: O.Ind. paŋka - m. n. ‘slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh ”; M.Ir. ēicne
‘salmon” (*penk -īni̯o-); tiefstufige -t(i̯)o-derivative *fuŋχ t(j)a- in O.H.G. fūht, fūhti, O.E. fūht
“humid, wet ”.
References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.
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pent-
English meaning: to go, walk; way
Deutsche Übersetzung: “treten, gehen; worauf treten = antreffen, finden ”
Note: (in Ar. with th)
Material: O.Ind. pánthüḥ (= Av. pantü ̊ ), acc. sg. pánthüm (= pantąm ), and pánthünam (= Av.
pantünǝm ), instr. sg. pathü (= paϑa); i-stem in instr. pl. pathíbhiḥ (Av. padǝbīš ), O.Pers.
acc. sg. раϑim; Av. pantü ̊ also “room, place ”, as in ablaut. O.Ind. pü ́ thas - n. “place,
homeland ”;
Arm. hun, gen. hni “ford, way ” (*pont );
Gk. πόντος m. “ Meerespfad, sea ”, zero grade πάτος m. “ Pfad, Tritt ”, πατέω “trete”;
ἀπατάω “ deceive “ (*ἀπο-πατάω “bringe vom Wege ab ”), ἀπάτη “ deception, deceit ”;
Lith. pons, -tis “Prũgelweg through Sũmpfe, bridge” ; pontifex “Oberpriester ”, originally
“Brũckenmacher” ;
Gmc. *paÞa - in O.E. pæð “Pfad, way ” (Eng. path), O.H.G. Ger. pfad derives probably
from an Iran. Mundart, compare Av. paϑ-;
Goth. finÞan “find, learn ”, O.Ice. finna ds., O.E. findan , O.S. fīthan and findan , O.H.G.
findan, fintan st. V. “find, learn, erfinden ”; O.S. füthi n. “the going ” (*fanÞio -); O.H.G.
fend(e)o “Fußganger” , M.H.G. vende “Fußganger, young Bursche” , O.E. fēða m. “troop,
multitude, crowd, Fußvolk” (*fanÞjan -); O.H.G. fandōn = O.E. fandian “untersuchen ”;
M.H.G. vanden “besuchen ”, Ger. fahnden ; O.S. fundon ‘sich aufmachen after, strive, go,
hurry” = O.E. fundian ds., O.H.G. funden ds., O.Ice. fūss “geneigt, willing ”, O.S. O.E. fūs
“quick, fast, keen, eager, willing ”, O.H.G. funs “willing, ready, willing ” (*fund-sa- ), Nor. fūsa
“quick, fast run ”;
maybe Alb. fus, fut “insert, thrust in, plant, put in ”.

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perd-
English meaning: to fart
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut furzen ”
Material: O.Ind. párdatē “furzt” (Gramm.), Av. рǝrǝδaiti “furzt”; Gk. πέρδω, πέρδομαι ( mostly
Med. as in O.Ind.) ds., ἔπαρδον, πέπορδα; πορδή “breaking wind, fart ”; perhaps here
πέρδιξ m. f. “ partridge, game bird “ (of schwirrenden Fluge); Alb. pjerth “pedo” (Aor.
pordha ), pordhe “breaking wind, fart ” (*pērdü ); O.H.G. ferzan, O.E. feortan , O.Ice. freta
“furzen”, O.H.G. firz, furz, O.Ice. fretr “breaking wind, fart ”; Lith. pérdžu , pérsti , Ltv. pir̂du ,
pir̂stds., Lith. pir̃dis (= Ger. “breaking wind, fart ”); Sloven. prdẹ́ti, Russ. perdětь “furzen”;
Welsh rhech “breaking wind, fart ” (*rikkü from *pr̥d-kü); for schallmalenden origin of the root
spräche Swe. dial. prutta “furzen (esp. from horses) ”.

References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;
See also: compare pezd -.
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perg-1
English meaning: pole; trunk
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, stem ”
Note: (originally “ felled trunk? ”)
Root perg-1 : “pole; trunk ” derived from Illyr. : Balt : Slav. prefix pre- + gü “road” of Root gʷü-
, gʷem - : “to go, come ” : Lith. gàita “ way , road “, próga “ opportunity, term (*end of the
road) “ (Präfix *prō ̆ + gü); Gk. βαθμός m. “ step, threshold, footstep “.
Material: O.Ice. forkr m. “ shaft, pole, stick ”; (O.E. feorcol , O.S. fercal “bar, bolt, Verschluß”
from Lat. veruculum );
Lith. pérgas “ fishing canoe “ (*dugout canoe);
O.C.S. pragъ “ threshold ”, porógъ ds., Pol. próg “ threshold, house, dwelling ”, progi pl.
“Dielen, Bänke” ;
maybe Alb. prag “threshold, doorstep ”.
perhaps here Lat. pergula “ protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube ” as
Dimin. eines *pergü “Gebälk” .
Maybe Alb. pjergull “pergola”.
References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Withte ( per-3, per -g-).
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perg-2
English meaning: fear, to fear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Furcht, sich fũrchten” ?
Material: Goth. fauŕhrtei , O.E. fyrhtu f. “fear”; Goth. faurhts , O.H.G. O.S. for(a)ht , O.E. forht
“timorous ”; O.H.G. O.S. forhta “fear”; Goth. faurhtjan , O.H.G. furhten, for(a)hten “fear,
dread”; perhaps to Toch. А В pärsk -, A prask-, В prüsk - “fear, dread ”, A praski, В prosko,
proskye “fear” (-sk- from -k-sk-).
References: WP. II 48, Holthausen AltEng. etym. Wb. 112.
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perk-1, prek -
English meaning: to fill
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũllen, auffũllen”
Note: ? Only indisch and Irish.
Material: O.Ind. pr̥ṇákti (pr̥ñcati , piparkti ) “fũllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt” , participle pr̥kta -
“gemischt, erfũllt, voll from” , Aor. aprük ; upala-prakṣiṇ - “die Handmũhle drehend” , common
O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation saṁ-pŕ̥c “in Berũhrung stehend” ; pracura- “much, a lot
of, rich”; M.Ir. ercaim “fũlle” .

References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 81.
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(perk -2): pr̥k-
English meaning: glowing ashes, coals
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glũhende Asche, Kohle ”
Material: Lith. pir̃kšnys f. pl. “ash with glũhenden Funken” , Ltv. pìrkstis , pirkstes pl. ds.; O.Ir.
riches f. “glowing coal ”, Bret. regez “Kohlenglut ” (*pr̥ki-stü, compare das Ltv. forms); unclear
Welsh rhys-yn , pl. rhys- od “glowing ash ”, with other forms O.Corn. regihten , Kollekt. regyth
ds.; whether as ‘sprũhend” to *sp(h)er- ‘strew, distribute, sprũhen” ? compare Ltv. spirgsti
“glowing coals under the ash ” under sp(h)er(e)g- “ twitch, sprũhen” .
References: WP. II 47, Mũhlenbach -Endzelin III 223.
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perk̂-1
English meaning: rib; brost
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rippe; Rippengegend, Brust ”
Material: O.Ind. párśu - f. “Rippe, gebogenes knife ”, pürs ́ va ́ -, -m “Rippengegend, Seite ”, Av.
parǝsu - f. “Rippe”, pǝrǝsu - m. “Rippe, Seite ”, Osset. fars ‘seite, line, region ”; O.C.S. prъsi
“Bruste”, f. pl. probably from “Rippengegend ”; compare Lith. žem. pìršys f. pl. “Brust of
Pferdes”.
References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.
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perk̂-2, prek̂-
English meaning: spotted
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gesprenkelt, bunt ”, often zur Bezeichnung gesprenkelter, farbig
getupfter Tiere
Material: With n-formant: O.Ind. pŕ̥śni - “mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored ”, Gk.
περκνός , originally “ποικιλός” , then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz ”, περκαίνει “wird
dark”; πρακνόν μέλανα Hes.; Πρόκνη “die swallow ”; without -n- M.Ir. erc “mottled, speckled,
*tabby, oxblood, indigo “, also ‘salmon, Forelle, cow, Eidechse ”, Welsh erch “mottled,
speckled, *tabby ” (= πέρκος ); O.H.G. forhana , M.H.G. forhe(n) , forhel “Forelle”, O.S. furnia ,
O.E.forn(e) ds. ( *pr̥k̂-nü), ablaut. Swe. färna “ dace “ (*perk̂-nü);
with -u̯o: O.H.G. faro, M.H.G. vare, flekt. varwer “farbig”, substantivized O.H.G. farawa
“paint, color ” (*pork̂-u̯ó-); Lat.-Gmc. fariō “Lachsforelle ” (Gmc. *farhjōn -, older *farhwjōn -);
other formations: Gk. πέρκος m. ‘sperber” (Aristot.), περκό -πτερος “weißköfige Geierart” ,
περκάζει “wird dark, black ”; πρόξ, -κός f. and προκάς , -άδος “Hirschkalb ”, πρώξ, -κός
“Tautropfen ”; πέρκη (Lat. perca Lw.) “ perch “, Lat. porcus “ein fish with Stachelflossen ”,
ligur. FlN Porco-bera (“Forellen fũhrend” ); M.Ir. orc (and erc, see above) ‘salmon”; O.Ice.
fjǫrsungr “trachinus draco ” (*perks-ṇkó-); redupl. perhaps πάπραξ ein Thrac. Seefisch
(“Forelle?”);
perhaps here through Diss. eines *perk- ro-s to *pelcro- , *polcro-: Lat. pulc(h)er , aLat.
polcher “beautiful ” (= “varicolored ”).
References: WP. II 45 f., WH. II 384;
See also: extension from per-1.
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perk̂-3, pr̥k̂-
English meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufreißen, aufwũhlen, aufkratzen” ; “Furche, and die besides
aufgewũhlte Erde”
Material: O.Ind. párśüna - m. “cleft, gap, abyss, Einsenkung ”;
Lat. porca “furrow in farmland ”, “Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland ” (porcu-lētum
“Ackerbeet ” mars. Umbr. “porculeta ”); Welsh rhŷch “furrow” (with expressive -kk) perhaps =
Bret. rec”h “ distress “, against it with k O.Bret. rec, gl. ‘sulco”, ro-ricse[n]ti ‘sulcavissent ”;
Gaul. rica “furrow”, Fr. raie ‘stripe”; O.H.G. furuh , O.E. furh f. “furrow”, O.Ice. for f. “
drainage ditch, canal ” (*pr̥k̂-); zero grade Nor. fere m. “Ackerbeet ”; after F. R. Schröder,
Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here O.Ice. Fjǫrgyn f. as “goddess the Ackerfurche ”;
Lith. pra-per̃šis “Blänke in ice” , pra-par̃šas “ditch, trench, channel ”, perše ́ti “ burning
ache” (from Wunden);
in addition *pork̂ós ‘swine” (“Wũhler” ).
References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.
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perk̂-4, prek̂-, pr̥k̂-
English meaning: to ask, ask for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fragen, bitten ”
Material: 1. sk̂o-present *pr̥k̂-sk̂ō, worfrom * pr̥sk̂ō : O.Ind. pr̥ccháti “fragt”, Av. pǝrǝsaiti
“fragt, begehrt ” (participle paršta -), ap. aparsam “I frug”; Arm. e-harc̣ “er hat gefragt ” (:
O.Ind. á-pr̥cchat ), therefrom das present harc̣anem ; Lat. poscō “fordere, demand, er bitte ”;
Ir. arco “I bitte”, Welsh archaf , Corn. arghaf ds., M.Bret. archas “il commanda ” (O.Ir. imm-
chom-arc “gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrũßen” etc.) with ar from r̥ before dem s the basic
form *pr̥skō (from *pr̥k̂-skō); Lith. peršu ̀ , pir̃šti “for jemanden freien ” (piršly ̃ s “Freiwerber ”), if
with analogical present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition O.Ind. pr̥cchǘ “question,
Erkundigung ” = Arm. harc̣ ds.; O.H.G. forsca “Forschung, question ” is post-verbal to forscōn
“fragen, forschen ”; Lat. postulō “fordere” (diminutive of participle *posctos to poscō );in Osc.-
Umbr. is *porscō to *perscō reshaped: Umbr. persnimu Imper. Med. “precütor ”, in addition
with (forms -(e)lo- ) Umbr. persklu, pesklu ‘supplicütiōne” , further mars. pesco ‘sacrificum” ,
and of participle *pes[c]to- from: Osc. pestlúm , peeslúm “ an open place for observation,
place marked off by the augur ’s staff “, from which Messap. πενσκλεν “ Bethaus”.
2. O.Ind. prüś- “(gerichtliche) Befragung ”, Av. frasü f. “question ”, O.Ind. pr̥ṣṭhü - (= Av.
paršta ̊ -) “Gerichtsfrage ”, praśná -, Av. frašna - m. “Befragung, question ” (= O.H.G. fragan
‘specht” KZ 62, 31, 2), Arm. harsn “bride, Neuvermählte, daughter -in-law “ (compare Goth.
fraíhnan ); Lat. procus “ suitor “, prex f. “request”, precor , -ürī “bid, beg, ask ”, Umbr.
pepurkurent 3. pl. Fut. “poposcerint ”; Goth. fraíhnan “fragen”, O.Ice. fregna , O.E. frignan
(and i̯o-present fricnan ) ds., O.S. preterit fragn ; O.E. friccea “Herold”; Gmc. *frehti- in O.Ice.
frētt f. “question, Erforschung ”, O.E. freht f. “Wahrsagung ”; O.H.G. früga “question ” (*früg -

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perkʷu -s
English meaning: oak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eiche”
Note:
Because of the common Lat. , Gk., Illyr., celt. kʷ- > p-, gʷ- > b- phonetic mutations, Lat.
quercus f. “oak” is the oldest IE cognate, hence Root perkʷu -s : oak derived from an earlier
Root kʷerkʷu -s.
Material: O.Ind. parkatī - “ sacred Feigenbaum ”, nind. pargüi ‘steineiche ”; Ven. VN
Quarquēni “Eichenmänner” (Lat. Relikt?); Nymphis Percernibus perhaps ligurisch
(Vaucluse); Lat. quercus f. “oak”; Ital.-trent. porca “pine” (rät. * porca ); Celt. Hercynia silva
“das deutsche Withtelgebirge ” (from *Perkuniü , older *Perkʷuniü ), Welsh perth f. “bush,
hedge “ (*kʷerkʷ -t-?); Celt. VN Querquerni (goidel.) in Hispania Tarrac.; from * Perkuniü
probably borrowed Gmc. *ferguniō , O.H.G. Fergunna “Erzgebirge ”, M.H.G. Virgunt f.
“Waldgebirge West lich Böhmens” , Goth. faírguni n. “mountain range ”, O.E. firgen
“Waldhöhe” ; O.H.G. fereheih , langob. fereha ‘speiseeiche ”, O.Ice. fjǫrr m. “tree, man ”;
ablaut. O.H.G. forha “pine tree ”, O.E. furh; O.Ice. fura f. “pine”, fȳri n. “Föhrenwald” ; from
O.H.G. *forh- is “Föhrenwald” : Ger. Forst ; from O.H.G. kien-forha (kien- to O.E. cen
“pinewood torch ”, ablaut. to O.E. cīnan , above S. 355) wird Ger. Kiefer ; doubtful whether
after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also Goth. fairƕus “world”, O.E. feorh , O.H.G. ferah
“life”, WestGmc. Alaferhuiae (= *Alaferhwiōs ), to O.Ice. fīrür (*firhw-jōR), O.E. fīras pl.
“Männer” etc.; O.Lith. perkúnas Donnergott, Lith. perkúnas “thunder”, perkúnija f.
“Gewitter”, Ltv. pē ̨̀rkuo ̂ ns “thunder, Donnergott ”, O.Pruss. percunis “thunder”;
Maybe Alb. përkund ‘shake” : Ltv. pē ̨̀rkuo ̂ ns “thunder, Donnergott ”

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aRuss. Perunъ “Donnergott ”, Russ. perún “thunderbolt, lightning ” are volksetymol. after
Slav. *perō “hit” transfigured; unclear is O.Ind. Parjánya - “ thunderstorm God “ (see above
under per-3, perg- ).
Maybe Alb. pirun “fork (sharp weapon of the sky god)? ” corresponding to Eng. fork, [OE
forca , force corresp. to OFris. forke , OS furka , OHG furcha (Du. vork, G (dial.) Furke ), ON
forkr, f. Gmc f. L furca pitchfork, forked stake, whence (O)Fr. fourche , ONFr. fourque (which
reinforced the wd in ME).]. Since lightning usually strikes the oak tree, Aryans and Illyrians
named the fork, weapon, after the thunder goddess.
Also Alb. (*Perunъ ) perëndi f. “goddess ”, perëndim m. “West, sunset ”.
References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme,
Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71.
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per-1, perǝ - : prē-, preu -
English meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprũhen, spritzen, prusten, schnauben ”
Note: identical as sper- ‘sprũhen etc.”
Material: А. perǝ- : prē: Gk. πίμ-πρη-μι, *πρήθω (πρήσω, ἔπρησα) “(fache an =) zũnde an,
verbrenne; blow; spritze from ”, πρηδών, -ονος f. “entzũndliche tumefaction “, πρημαίνω
“blow violent ”, πρημονά ω “tobe”, πρηστή ρ “ lightning, whirlwind, impetuous stream ”; Slav.
*prēi̯eti in Pol. przeć ‘sicherhitzen, braise ”, Russ. prejet, pretь ‘schwitzen, simmer, seethe,
boil”, O.C.S. para ‘smoke, vapor ”, (O.Pruss. pore “vapor” from Pol. para); Hitt. parüi -
“anfachen, blow ”;
with t-forms O.S. fradha ‘scum, froth, foam, slobber ”, M.L.G. vradem, vratem “haze, mist,
breath, breeze ”; with s-forms O.Ice. fræ ̄ s f. “das blast, Zischen ”, reduced grade Nor. frasa
“knistern”; ō-grade(?) Nor. frøsa “effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen ” (perhaps
contaminated from frȳsa and fnøsa ).
Maybe Alb. fryj ‘swell, blow ”, fryma “breath”
B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in O.Ind. vi-pru- “after allen Seiten hin sprũhen” (but
compare pravatē ‘springt auf ”, eig. “auseinanderspringen ”);
preus -: O.Ind. pruṣṇóti ‘spritzt from ”, Intrans. prúṣyati ‘spritzt”, O.Ice. frȳsa “prusten, pant,
sniff, snort ”, Swe. frusta ds., frūsa ‘spray”; lautmalend M.L.G. O.H.G. prūsten ; Bal.-
Slav.*prausiō ‘spritze” in Lith. praũsti “das Gesicht wash ”, Ltv. praũslât “leise lachen ”,
prūšl̨uo ̂ t “prusten”, Lith. prùsnos , Ltv. prusnas “Lippen, mouth ”, O.Pruss. acc. sg. prusnan
“face”; O.C.S. prysnǫti , Russ. pryskatь ‘spray”; from Bal.-Slav. *prūs ̣ a - (: Swe. frūsa ) Slav.
*prychati in Church Slavic prychanije n. “fremitus” etc.; in addition perhaps as Ven.-Illyr.
element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusonius and the VN Prausi (leg. *Prousi );

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preu-t(h)-: O.Ind. prō ́ thati “prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse) ”, Av. fraōϑat̃ -aspa- “with
schnaubenden Rossen ”, O.Ind. apa-prōthati ‘schnaubt weg, bläst weg” , pra-prōthati
“aufpusten, inflate, bloat ”; O.Ice. frauð n., froða f. ‘scum, froth, foam ”, O.E. ü-frēoðan
‘schäumen” ;
here einige Gmc. words for “frog”, as “the Geiferige ”: O.Ice. frauðr (compare frauð
‘slobber”), M.Eng. frūde “ toad “.
C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under perk̂-, prek̂- “ dappled “, pers- ‘sprũhen,
spray, dappled “.
References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.
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per-2
English meaning: to go over; over
Deutsche Übersetzung: “das Hinausfũhren about”
Material:
A. Dient as preposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (locative of Wurzelnomens)
“vorwärts, in Hinausgehen, Hinũbergehen about, in Durchdringen, in U ̈ bermaß” , from which
“about - out, through - toward “;
O.Ind. pári, Av. pairi, O.Pers. pariy , Gk. περί, πέρ, Alb. për (partly also = IE *pro), pej, pe;
besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; Lat. per (*per or *peri); Osc.-Umbr. per- and
pert (*per- ti); Gaul. eri-, O.Ir. ir-, er- (analogical *ero- ); Welsh Corn. Bret. er; Goth. faír-, O.E.
fyr-, O.H.G. fir- “ver-”, O.H.G. O.S. firi- ds.; O.Pruss. per, Lith. per̃, per- ; Slav. per- in O.C.S.
prě- etc.; from “vorwärts” entwickelte sich already IE die meaning “very” (O.Ind. pari-prī́-
“very lieb ”, Gk. περι-καλλής “very beautiful ”, Lat. per-magnus “very groß” ; Lith. per̃-didis “to
big, large ”, O.C.S. prě-blagъ “very good ”), then die the U ̈ berlegenheit (O.Ind. pári - as-, pári
- bhū- “ũbertreffen” , Gk. περι-εῖναι ds.), of U ̈ bermaßes or hohen Grades (O.Ind. pári-vid-,
Gk. περί-οιδα, Lat. per-vidēre “genau know, have knowledge of “); esp. O.Ind. and Gk. is
die meaning “ringsum, umherum ” (O.Ind. pári i - “umhergehen ”, Gk. περι-ίεναι; Gk. περι-
ζώννυμι = Lith. pér-jousti “umgũrten” );
derivatives are:
Goth. faírra adv. “afar”, as preposition “fern from ”, O.Ice. fjar(ri) adv. “afar” (therefrom
compar. firr, superl. first), O.E. feor(r) , Eng. far, O.S. ferr, O.H.G. ferro adv. “afar, very ”,
compar. ferrōr (*fer-ro- from * fer-ero- ); O.C.S. prědъ “before; voran; das Vordere ” (as na-
dъ), prězъ “about - toward “; -ko-adj.: prěkъ “quer”, Cz. příč(ka) “ transom “ = Umbr. percam
“virgam”, Osc. perk[ais] “perticis”;

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in zeitlicher Verwendung: O.Ind. par-út, Gk. πέρυσι etc. (see under u̯et- “year”) and die
derivatives Lith. pérnai “in vorigen years ”, Ltv. pērns adj. “the previous year, firn ”, M.H.G.
verne “the previous year ”, vern “in vorigen years ”, Goth. only in af faírnin jēra “of Vorjahre ”,
O.S. fernun gēre, fernun iüra “in Vorjahre ”, therefrom with i̯o-forms Goth. faírneis “παλαιός”,
O.Ice. fyrnd f. “age”, O.H.G. firni “old; wise ”, Ger. Firn “alter snow ”; also to zero grade Goth.
faúr das O.Ice. forn “old”, besides dem i-stem O.S. an furndagun , O.E. fyrn, firn “old”;
compare O.Ind. purün ̣ a ́ - “vormalig ” to purü ́, ap. paranam “vormals” to parü; Lat. perendiē
“ũbermorgen” from * peren-die ?
auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u̯-r̥/n- in Hom. πεῖραρ (Pind. πεῖρας),
πείρατος, Att. πέρας, -ατος “ ending, end ”, Hom. ἀπείρων “ unendlich ” = (Att. ) ἀπέρονα
πέρας μη ἔχοντα Hes., Hom. πειραίνω, Att. περαίνω “ vollende”; - besides in O.Ind. eine
gleichlautende family the meaning “knot”: O.Ind. párva - nom. acc. pl. n. “knot, Gelenke ”
(instead of *parvr̥ ), páru- m. “knot, joint, limb, member (Ozean, sky, heaven) ”, paruṣ - n.
“knot, joint, limb, member ”; Gk. πεῖραρ “ knot” is doubtful (G . Björck Me ́ l . Boisacq 1, 143 ff.).
b. adj. pero-s “further”: O.Ind. pára-ḥ “further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later ”, superl.
paramá -ḥ “fernster, last, best ”, Av. ap. para- “ulterior, the other, Late ere, kũnftige” , para-
tara- “fiend”; O.Ind. paráḥ (nom. sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. acc. “about -
out”, with abl. “fern from ”, with instr. “beyond from ”, seldom adverbal = Av. parō preposition
m. acc. “besides - apart from ”; O.Ind. párü, Av. para (instr. sg.) adverbal “fort, weg, zur
Seite”; O.Ind. parē ́ (loc. sg. ) “darauf, fernerhin ”; O.Ind. param (nom. acc. sg. n. = Osc.
perum ) “out about, beyond, after ”, preposition with abl. ;
Arm. heri “remote, distant, afar ”;
Gk. πέρᾱ(ν), Ion. πέρην ( acc. sg. f.) “darũber out, beyond” , adv., preposition m. abl.
(gen.); Lat. per-perüm “ inverted “, per-perus “ incorrect “, from which Gk. πέρπερος “ Geck”;
Gk. πέρᾱ “darũber out, beyond” (instr. sg. f. of stem *pero- = O.Ind. párü “weg, fort ”) ;

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therefrom περαῖος “ jenseitig” (περαίτερος), πέραθεν “ from beyond her ”, τῆ περάτῃ (γῆ)
“gegen Westen ”;
from a schwundstufigen additional form from πέρᾱ through -ko- extended is delph .
πρᾱκος “ with e. Geldstrafe covered ”, Ion. πρήσσω Att. πρά̄ττω “ durchfahre, vollstrecke,
vollfũhre, verrichte, do” ;
Osc. perum (= O.Ind. param ) ‘sine”;
O.Ir. ī̆re “further, länger” (*peri̯o -, das ī after sīr “long”);
Hitt. parü (= Gk. πέρᾱ ) “vorwärts, further, further” , Postpos. “from - heraus ”; perii̯a (n)
“darũber out” , Postpos. “about - out ”, parranda ds. (*= Gk. πέραν + δε).
c. prai, perai (Richtungsdativ of stem per), also prei, pri, peri.
O.Ind. parē ́ “daraufhin ” (loc. sg.);
Gk. παραί “παρά”, out of Hom. (Ion. Att. ) only in compounds, as kyren. Παραι -βάτᾱ; πρί ν
(Hom. also πρί̄ ν) “vorher; before ”; probably reshaped from * πρῐς (*pri-is, to Lat. prior,
prīscus ) compare Cret. πρειν from *πρεις;
Alb. pa “bevor”, if from * pari̯- (in vowel after parë “erster” reshaped?);
Lat. prae prefix “voran, ahead, ũberaus” , preposition “before, because of ”, Osc. prai,
prae- , Umbr. pre “ргае” , prefix and preposition, pre-pa “priusquam ”, compar. Lat. praeter
“vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen ” (*prai-tero- ), Umbr. pretra “priōrēs” ;
aLat. prī (*prei) “prae” (prehendō “ergreife” from *praehendō ), compar. *pri-i̯ōs, *pri-is
(from which prīs-) in prior “the frũhere” , prīmus (from * prīs-mos), päl. prismu “prīma” ,
presumably also prīdem “before längerer time, längst” ; prīs-cus “archaically ” (*preis -ko-,
compare Arm. erēc ̣, gen. eric̣u “Ältester , priest”, *preis -ku); prīstinus “vorig, vormalig, old ”,
pälign. pri-trom -e “prōtinus” , pristafalacirix “*praestibulütrīx” ; here probably also Lat. prīvus
(*prei-u̯os) “for sich consisting, einzeln; eigentũmlich; a thing stolen; looted “, prīvō, -üre “a

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thing mug, rob ”, prīvütus “ stolen; looted; jemandem as Sondereigentum gehörig” , Umbr.
prever ‘singulis”, preve ‘singulüriter ”, Osc. preiuatud abl. “prīvütō, reō” ;
peri- = Celt. [ p]ari- in Gaul. are- (Are-morica , Are-brigium , O.Brit. Are-clūtü etc.) “by,
before, esp. östlich from” (compare Ir. an-air “from East en”);
O.H.G. O.S. furi “before, for, vorbei ”, O.Ice. fyr (and with Komparativendung fyrir) “before,
for”; compar. O.H.G. furiro “the frũhere, vordere” , superl. furist , M.H.G. vũrst “erster,
vornehmster ”, O.S. furist , O.E. fyr(e)st , Eng. first, O.Ice. fyrr adv. “ prior, vorher ”, fyrri “the
frũhere” , fyrstr “the erste ”, O.E. fyrsta , O.S. O.H.G. furisto “prince, lord ”; Goth. fri-sahts
“Bild, example, riddle “ contains zero grades *pri-, as also O.H.G. fri-liez besides fir-, far-,
fra-liez.
prei- in Lith. priẽ, žem. prỹ “by, an”, Nominalpref. príe-, priẽ-, prie-, prū- (also prei-kãlas
m. “Amboß” ), preverb pri-; preposition priẽš “against”, príeš “before”; Ltv. prìe(k)ša “das
Vordere” (*preiti̯ü ); Ltv. pìere “forehead, Vorderseite ” (*̲prìere ?); O.Pruss. prei “to, by”, as
prefix “also, before, an” , prēisiks m. “fiend”; O.C.S. pri preposition and prefix “by, an, to ”;
from Lat. prī[s]mus similar *prĭs emi-, -ei: O.Ir. rem- prefix (lenierend) “before, voran ” (rïam
“vor ihm”, remi “vor ihr”), remi- as preverb, preposition re (nasal.).
d. peres, peros (and as 1. composition part pres- “before”, gen.-abl. of stem per-):
O.Ind. puráḥ adv. and prefix “voran, vorn ”, preposition “before”, Av. parō adv. “vorn,
before”, preposition “before”, Gk. πάρος adv. “ prior; voran, vorn ”, preposition “before”;
pres- in Gk. πρέσ-βυς, -γυς “ old” (“*in Alter vorangehend ”, compare O.Ind. purō-gavá -
“guide, leader ” (*Leitstier), see under gʷou- “rother, cattle ”; to Cret. πρεῖσγος see above);
O.H.G. frist m. n., O.S. frist n., O.E. first m. “Frist” from * pres-sti -, O.Ice. frest n. ds. from
*pres-sto- , compare O.Ind. puraḥ -sthita- “bevorstehend ”; from * peros-stůti-s “in Alter voran
seiend” probably O.Ir. arsaid, arsid “vetus” (O.Ind. purástüt “before, voran, vorn, vorher ” is
certainly puraḥ + abl. -tüt).

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e. pr̥- “hervor”, perhaps nom. sg. n. of stem per-: Gk. πάρ in Eigennamen as Παρ -
μενίσκος, in el. παρ -βαίνω under likewise, πὰρ τὸν νόμον under likewise; Lat. por-tendō (:
Goth. faúraÞanjan ), -rigō, pol-liceor among others, Umbr. pur-douitu “porricito”, falisk. por-
ded “brachte dar, widmete ”; Goth. faúr, O.S. for, fur preposition “before, for ”, O.E. for ds.,
O.Ice. for- “before”, with steigender meaning O.Ice. for-ljōtr “very ugly ”, O.E. for-manig “gar
viele, allzu viele ”;
Gmc. Derivatives: O.Ice. forr “hasty, voreilig ” (*furha- , compare from *pro: Gk. πρόκα
under S. 815); O.S. O.Fris. forth, ford, O.E. forð “fort, vorwärts” ; M.H.G. vort “vorwärts,
further, fort”, Nor. fort “quick, fast, bald ”, O.Ice. forða , O.E. ge-forÞian “fortbringen ”; compar.
*furÞera - in O.S. furÞor, furdor adv. , O.E. furðor adv. “further”, furðra adj. “größer, higher” ,
O.H.G. furdir, - ar adv. adj. “vorder, vorzũglicher, prior, vormalig” .
compounds with forms from stü- ‘stand” in O.Ind. pr̥ṣṭi- f. “Rippe”, pr̥-ṣṭhá-m
“hervorstehender back, acme, apex “, Av. par-šta- m. “back”, par-šti- f. (Du.) “back”, M.L.G.
vorst- f. “ridge of the roof ” from * for-stō, O.E. fyrst ds. from * fur-sti -; besides with lengthened
grade prefix O.H.G. first m., O.E. fierst f. “First” from * fir-sti -; probably also Lat. postis
“Pfosten, doorpost “ (*por-sti -s “hervorstehendes ”); Gk. παστάς (besides παραστάς )
“Pfosten , Pfeiler, Tũrpfeiler” , παρτάδες ἄμπελοι Hes. (*παρ-στάς), Lith. pir̃štas , O.C.S.
prъstъ “finger” (“hervorstehend ”);
f. perů instr. sg. of stem *per; O.Ind. purü ́ adv. “vormals, prior; ehe, bevor ”, preposition
“(to Schutze) before, without. besides ”, Av. para, ap. parü adv. “zuvor” , preposition “before”,
therefrom O.Ind. purün ̣ a ́ - “vormalig, prior, old ”, ap. paranam adv. “vormals”; Gk. παρά ,
πάρα verbal prefix “ before - toward, dar- ”, preposition “an etwas hin, along, besides;
during”; “by, from the Nähe weg, from seiten” ; Goth. faúra , O.H.G. O.S. fora adv. “vorn,
vorher”, verbal prefix “vorher, ahead, before ”, preposition “before”, O.E. fore preposition
“before”.

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g. pro, prō “vorwärts, vorn, voran” , formation as *apo, *upo; prō with Auslautsdehnung.
O.Ind. prá- prefix “before, vorwärts, fort” (before Subst. and verbs), “very” (before adj.),
Av. frü, fra-, ар. fra- prefix “vorwärts, voran; fort, weg” ; Gk. πρό preverb “before”,
preposition “before”, πρω-πέρυσι (rhythm. lengthening) “in vorvorigen year ”; Lat. prŏ-, prō-
in compounds, prō preposition “before, for ”; prōnus “vorwärts geneigt” (from *prōne ,
compare pōne “behind” from * post- ne); about prōdest s. WH. II 365; Osc.-Umbr. preverb.
pro-, pru- ;
air- ro-, Welsh ry-, O.Bret. ro-, ru-, M.Bret. Bret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix, e.g.
O.Ir. ro-már “to big, large ”, Gaul. GN f. Ro-smerta ;
Goth. fra-, O.H.G. fir-, Ger. ver- preverb (latter partly also = Goth. faír-, see above A.);
O.Pruss. pra, pro “through”, as preverb “ver-”, Lith. pra, prõ “vorbei”, as preverb “vorbei- ,
through -, ver- ”, compare prã-garas “ wolverine “ = Ltv. pra-garis ds.; Ltv. pruô-jãm “weg,
fort”; O.C.S. preverb pro- “ through -, ver- ”, preposition Russ. Cz. pro “because of ”, ablaut.
Russ. prá-děd, Serb. prȁ-djed “great grandfather ”;
doubled: O.Ind. prápra , Gk. πρόπρο “ always vorwärts” .
pru- (Reim auf *pu, s. * apo?) lies the basic in Gk. δια-πρυ-σιός “durchgehend ”, πρυμνό ς
“das äußerste end from perhaps forming ” (πρύμνη “ Hinterschiff ” etc.).
prō- “early, matutinal, morgens ” in O.Ind. prü-tár “early, matutinal, morgens ”, Gk. πρωΐ
(Att. πρῴ) “early, matutinal, morgens ”, πρώιος “ morgendlich ”, Dor. πρώᾱν, πρά̄ ν (*πρωᾱν ),
Att. πρῴην (*πρωFιᾱν scil. ἡμέραν) “kũrzlich, vorgestern” , O.H.G. fruo “in the Frũhe” , fruoi,
M.H.G. vrũeje (= πρωίος) adj. “early, matutinal ” (IE *prō); Lith. prõ “vorbei”, Slav. pra- see
above.
derivatives from pro-:

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pro-tero- in O.Ind. pratarám , -ǘm adv. “further, prospectively “, Av. fratara- “the vordere,
frũhere” , Gk. πρότερος “ the vordere, vorige ”; Osc. pruter pan “priusquam ” is
einzelsprachlich to *prō- shaped, also O.Ind. prüta ́ r “early, matutinal, morgens ” see above;
in addition with Superlativsuffix -temo-: O.Ind. pratamüm “vorzugsweise ”, Av. fratǝma -,
ар. fratama- “the vorderste, vornehmste, erste ” (besides O.Ind. prathamá - “erster” and
einzelne Iran. forms with th); Gk. *πρό-ατος (from πρότατος?) perhaps in Dor. πρᾶτος
“erster”; but Gk. πρ῵τος ds. from * pr̥̄-to- (reshaped from * pr̥̄-mo- ds.); in addition πρητήν m.
“ one-year-old lamb ” (see above S. 314);
pro-mo-: Gk. πρόμος “Vorderster, Vorkämpfer, guide, leader” , Umbr. promom adv.
“prīmum” , Goth. fram adv. “further”, preposition “from - her”, O.Ice. fram adv. “vorwärts” , frü
(*fram ) preposition “weg from ”, O.H.G. fram adv. “vorwärts, fort, further, immediately, right
away”, preposition “fort from, from - her”, O.E. from adv. “fort”, preposition “weg from ”;
O.Ice. framr “voranstehend, vorwärtsstrebend, distinguished “ , O.E. fram “tũchtig pert “ ;
pre-mo- in Gk. πράμος “guide, leader ” (rather korrupt for πρόμος ds.?), Goth. fruma
“erster” (Sup. frumists ), M.H.G. frum, vrom “proficient, brav ” (Ger. fromm ; O.H.G. O.S.
fruma f. “benefit”, Ger. Frommen ); similarly Lat. probus “good, proficient, brav ”, Umbr. profe
“probe” from * pro-bhu̯o -s : O.Ind. pra-bhú- ‘salient, superb an power and Fũlle” , as well as
in O.Bulg. pro-stъ “rechtschaffen, simple, just, schlicht ”, and (from * pr̥̄-mo-) O.S. formo ,
O.E. forma “erster” (superl. fyrmest ), Lith. рìrmas O.Pruss. pirmas “erster”, probably Lat.
prandium “Frũhmahlzeit” from *prüm -edi̯om (*pr̥̄m-).
prō ̆-ko- “voran seiend ”: Gk. πρόκα (nom. acc. pl. n.) adv. ‘sofort”, Lat. reci-procus eig.
“backwards and vorwärts gerichtet” , aLat. procum gen. pl. , “procerum ”, after pauperēs
reshaped to procerēs, -um “die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden
Balkenköpfe” ; procul “afar” (compare simul );

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Lat. prope “nahe by”, superl. proximus , lit. *pro-kʷe “and vorwärts (an etwas heran)” , with
Assimil. p - kʷ to p - p; in addition propter “besides” (*propiter ) and propinquus “benachbart,
related” (compare O.Ind. praty-áñč- “zugewandt ”); compare above S. 813 Gmc. *furha ;
O.C.S. prokъ “ũbrig” , proče adv. “λοιπόν, igitur” (*proki̯om );
auf ein *prō-ko- goes back Bret. a-raok “vorwärts, voran, prior “ , Welsh (y)rhawg “auf
lange”, with Proklisenkũrzung: Bret. rak, Corn. rag, Welsh rhag “before”.
prō ̆-u̯o-: in O.Ind. pravaṇü - “(vorwärts) geneigt, abschũssig” , n. ‘slope, Halde ”; about Lat.
prōnus see above; Gk. πρᾱνής, Hom. πρηνής “vorwärts geneigt” after Leumann Homer.
Wörter 77 f. from *προ-ᾱνης “ face ahead ”; with other meaning O.H.G. frō, O.S. frao, O.E.
frēa “master, mister ” (*frawan -), Goth. frauja “master, mister ” (O.Ice. Freyr GN to o-stem
geworden), O.S. frōio ds., O.Ice. freyja “mistress; name the goddess ”, O.H.G. frouwa “wife,
woman”; besides O.S. frūa, M.L.G. frūwe “wife, woman ” from *frōwōn , idg *prō-u̯o-, das
also in Att. πρῶρα ( Lat. Lw. prōra ) ‘schiffsvorderteil ” (πρωFαιρα-, -αρι̯α IE *prōu ̯-r̥i̯ü);
perhaps Lat. prōvincia , if auf a *prōu ̯ iōn “master, mister, Herrschaft ” being based on;
O.Bulg. pravъ “right, right ” (“*gradaus ”);
with the same forms, but as Lith. pìr-mas “erster” from *perǝ - ‘shaped”, IE реrǝ-u̯o- in:
O.Ind. pū ́ rva -, Av. paurva-, pourva- , ар. paruva- “the vordere, frũhere” (O.Ind. pūrvya ́ -, Av.
paouruya- paoirya- , ap. paruviya “prior”, then “primus”), Alb. parë “erster”, para “vor”;
O.C.S. prъvъ prьvъ “the erste ”; probably also die base from O.E. forwost, forWest “the
erste”.
h. preti, proti “compared with, entgegen, against ”, partly in sense of Entgelts; preti̯-os “
equal in “.
O.Ind. práti (in Iran. through paiti verdrängt) prefix “ against, back etc. ” preposition
“against” etc.; Gk. Hom. προτί (Cret. πορτί reconverted), Ion. Att. Lesb. πρός (compare
πρόσ(σ)ω “vorwärts” from *proti̯ō, πρόσθε(ν) “ from vorn ”), pamphyl. περτί (reconverted

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from *πρετί ), Eol. πρές, adv. “yet in addition, moreover ”, prefix, preposition “against -
toward, to, against ”, “an”, “after a Bereich hin; by (in Schwũren)” , “from - her, from ”; Lat.
pretium “Wert, Preis a thing ” (Neutr. eines adj. *preti̯os ), compare O.Ind. prati- as-
“gleichkommen ”, apratü (stem *pratay- ) “ without Entgelt, free ”, Av. pǝrǝskü (*pr̥t-skü) “Preis
or Wert”, O.C.S. protivъ, protivǫ “entgegen ”, kaschub. procim ; wRuss. preci , Pol. przeciw
“against” (also in sense, mind of Tauschverhältnisse s); Ltv. pret etc.
i. porsō(d) : Arm. aṙ “by, an, besides ”, verbal prefix and preposition; in addition aṙaj
“Vorderseite, Anfang ”, aṙajin “erster”; Gk. πόρρω, πόρσω (Pind.) “vorwärts” = Lat. porrō
“vorwärts, fũrder” ; through ihren o-vocalism auffällige format Ion.
References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.2 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff.,
Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gk. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff., 541 f.,
543 ff., 654 ff.
Page(s): 810-816

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per-2: B. per-, perǝ -
English meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, fare
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinũberfũhren or -bringen or - kommen, ũbersetzen, durchdringen,
fliegen”
Note: not certainly from per 2 : C. to separate
Material: O.Ind. píparti “fũhrt hinũber, geleitet, furthers, ũbertrifft” , causative püra ́ yati “
places about ” (= pülayati ‘schũtzt” ), Av. par- (with Präfixen) “ hindurch- , hinũbergehen” ,
Kaus. -pürayeite ́ , O.Ind. püra- “hinũberbringend, ũbersetzend” , m. n. “jenseitiges bank,
border, shore, purpose, äußerste limit, boundary” (in addition pürya - “wirksam”), Av. püra-
m. “bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end ”;
Arm. hord “begangen, betreten ”, hordan “fortgehen ”, hordantam “lasse fortgehen ”, and
heriun “Pfrieme”; Thrac. πόρος , -παρα in place names = Gk. πόρος “ford”;
Gk. περάω “dringe through “, πείρω (πεπαρμένος ) “durchdringe, durchbohre ” (= Church
Slavic na-perjǫ ), διαμ-περής “durchbohrend ”, περόνη “cusp, peak, sting, prick, Spange ”;
πόρος “ passage, Zugang, junction, ford; Ausweg; pl. incomings “, Hom. πορεῖν
“verschaffen ”, Aor. ἔπορον ; πέπρωται “is, war of Schicksal bestimmt ” (*pr̥̄-), πορεύω “lead,
guide, verschaffe ”, Med. “fare, journey ”, πορίζω “grant, bestow passage; verschaffe ”,
πορθμός “Überfahrt , Meerenge ”;
Alb. pruva , prura “brachte, fũhrte” , sh-poroj “durchbohre, durchsteche ” (dis- + *pērü-i̯ō),
sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay “ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein ” (dis- + *pērei̯ō ), sh-pie
“lead, guide hin ” (*sem- + *perō ); pirr(ë) f. “thorn” (*per-nü) etc.;
Maybe Alb. perëndim ‘sunset, West ” : Middle Persian: xwarōfrün , (MO.N. ) xwrwpr”n
‘sunset, West ” : Avestan: pǝrǝtu - [m] “crossing, bridge ”; OAv. (fra)frü [1sg.subj.aor.act.] “to

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cross” ( Y 46.10); LAv. fra-püraiiü̊ŋ́he [2sg.caus.subj.act.] “to bring over ” ( Yt 71.16); ni-
püraiiein ̣ ti [3pl.caus.act.] “to lead to ”
Lat. portō, -üre “bear, carry, guide, lead, drive, bringen, offer ”, Umbr. portatu “portato”,
portust “portaverit ” (*poritō , to an iterative *porei̯ō );
Goth. faran, for “ wander, pull, drag ”, farjan “drive, schiffen ”, st. V. O.H.G. O.E. faran ,
O.Ice. fara “drive”, schw. V. O.S. ferian , O.H.G. ferien, ferren , O.Ice. ferja “drive,
schiffen”(farjan = *porei̯ō ); O.Ice. fǫr f. “journey, Fahrt ”, O.E. faru f. “Fahrt, journey, pull ”,
M.H.G. var f. “Fahrt , way, kind of, Weise ” (fem. to Gk. πόρος); O.Ice. farmr , O.E. fearm m.
‘shipload”, O.H.G. farm “Nachen” (= Russ. porom ); lengthened grade Kaus. O.S. fōrian ,
O.H.G. fuoren , Ger. fũhren , O.Ice. fø ̄ ra ds., O.E. (as Iter.) fēran “gehn, pull, drag ” (= Av.
püra ́ yati , O.C.S. pariti ); O.H.G. fuora “Fuhre, Fahrt etc. ”, O.E. fōr f. “Fahrt, cart “; O.Ice. fø ̄ rr
“fahrbar, geeignet ”, O.H.G. gi-fuori “ fitting, bequem, nũtzlich” ; Verbalabstr. O.Ice. ferð, O.E.
fierd, O.H.G. M.H.G. fart “Fahrt” (*por- ti-);
R.C.S. na-perjǫ (= πείρω), -periti “durchbohren ”; perǫ, pъrati “fly”; Iter. pariti “fly,
schweben ” (= O.Ind. pürayati , Gmc. *fōrjan ); pero “ feather “; Russ. poróm , Ser.-Cr. prȁm
“Fähre” (= O.Ice. farmr ); presumably here also O.C.S. porjǫ , prati “carve, slit ”; about Ger.
Farn etc. s. addendum S. 850.
per-tu-, por-tu-, gen. pr̥-teus “ passage, ford ”: Av. pǝrǝtu -š m. f. (Urar. *pr̥tú-š) and pǝšu -š
m. ( Urar. *pŕ̥tu-š) “ passage, ford, bridge ” (hu-pǝrǝϑ wa- “good to ũberschreiten” =
“Euphrat”); Lat. portus, - ūs “Haustũre” (XII tab.); “ harbor “, angi-portus “narrow Passage,
Nebengäßchen” ; besides ü-stem porta ‘stadttor, gate ” = Osc. [p]úrtam ; Illyr. PN Nau-portus ;
Gaul. ritu- “ford” in Ritumagus, Augustoritum , O.Welsh rit, Welsh rhyd, Corn. rit “ford”;
O.H.G. furt, O.E. ford “ford” (zero grade O.Ice. fjǫrðr “narrow Meerbusen ” from * per-tu-s);
besides f. i-stem in Ger. PN Fũrth (*furti- ).
Maybe Alb. portë “door” from Lat. porta “gate”, port “harbor” from Lat. portus “harbor”.

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addendum to S. 817:
To Church Slavic pero “ feather “ belong *por-no- “ feather “ in O.Ind. parṇá - n. “ feather,
leaf”, Av. parǝna - n. “ feather, Flũgel” , O.S. O.H.G. farn “Farnkraut ” (*Federkraut), O.E.
fearn m. ds., Lith. spar̂nas , Ltv. spàrns m. “Flũgel” (das s- from the root spher -);
*prǝti -s in Gaul. ratis, M.Ir. raith f. “Farnkraut ”, Bret. rad-enn collective ds.;
*po-port-i̯o- in Lith. papártis , papartỹs “Farnkraut ”, Ltv. paparde, paparske ds.; with
lengthened grade Slav. *paparti - f. in Russ. páporotь etc. ds.
WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.
References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.
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per-2: C. per-, perǝ -
English meaning: to sell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verkaufen (eig. to Verkauf hinũberbringen” ), “hinũberhandeln,
zuteilen”; from dem Wert and Gheg enwert in Handel also Wörter for “ gleich, compare,
begleichen ”
Material: α. Gk. πέρνημι (present and Impf.), περάω , -῵ (formal = περάω “dringe through “),
ἐπέρασ (σ)α, and πιπρά̄σκω , περάσω (Att. περ῵ ), ἐπέρασα , πέπρᾱκα “verkaufe ”, (Gk. stem
*perü ̆-), πόρνη “meretrix”; O.Ir. ren(a)id “verkauft” (*pr̥-nǝ-: Gk. περνᾱ -), Konj. 3. sg. -rïa-
(*rïü-after Indik. *[p]ri- na- for *[p]erü - eingetreten), perf. 3. sg. -rir (*ri-r-e ); verbal noun reicc
(dat.) “Verkaufen ” (in final sound after ícc “healing, payment “ directed); compare with an
old Gutt.-extension Lith. perkù pir̃kti “kaufe”.
β. Av. pairyante ‘sie become compared ”, aipi-par- “(seine blame) begleichen, penance,
atonement make ”, a-pǝrǝti -š ‘sũhne” , pǝrǝϑ a- n. “Ausgleichung (a blame), Sũhne,
punishment “, püra- m. “blame” (in addition probably also par- “verurteilen ”); Lat. pür
(lengthened grade), půris “gleichkommend, gleich, pair ”, therefrom parō, -üre
“gleichschätzen” , comparüre “compare ” (Umbr. parsest “par est” hat das s from mers est).
γ. O.Ind. pūrta ́ - n., pūrtí- f. “earnings ” = Lat. pars, -tis “part” (*pereti-), portiō “part,
allotment “ (nachklass.; klass. only prō portiōne , assim. from * prō partiōne ); O.Ir. rann,
Welsh rhan, M.Corn. ran, O.Bret. pl. rannou “part” (*perǝ-snü); O.Ir. ern(a)id “grants”, Konj.
r-a-ǽra “er möge esgewähren” , preterit ro-ír “er hat gewährt” (*pēr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-prü-
s-e-ti); ro-rath “is gewährt worden” (*prǝ-to-?); Hitt. parš- “break, rupture, grind, split up, cut
up, divide ”.
References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.
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per-2: D. per-
English meaning: to bear (child)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebären, hervorbringen”
Note: (as ferō: “gebäre” in einstiger relationship to per-2: C “allot”)
Material: α. Lat. pariō, -ere, peperī, partum, paritūrus “ to give birth to children “, reperiō, -
īre, repperī, repertum “wiederfinden, find, learn ”, partus, -ūs “ to give birth to children, birth;
Leibesfrucht ”, Parca (*parica ) originally “Geburtsgöttin” , Propertius eig. “the Frũhgeborene”
= Umbr. Propartie “Propertii”, parō, -üre “bereite, erwerbe, kaufe ”, comparō “kaufe” (‘sich
etwas besorgen, verschaffen ”); imperüre “anschaffen = order ”;
Lith. periù, pere ́ti “brũte” , peraĩ nom. pl. “Bienenlarven ”.
β. O.Ind. pr̥thuka - m. “rother, cattle, calf, Tierjunges ”, Arm. ort”, -u “calf of Rindes or
Hirsches ” (with formants - thu-); Gk. πόρις , πόρταξ , πόρτις “calf, young cow ”; Welsh erthyl
“abortus”; O.H.G. far, farro, Ger. Farre , O.E. fearr, O.Ice. farri (*farz- ) “bull”, with gramm.
variation M.H.G. verse , Ger. Färse “young cow ” (Gmc. *fársī, gen. *fársjōs ), to O.E. héah -
fore, Eng. heifer ; originally from jungen animals, compare Eng. farrow “not pregnant ”, wFris.
fear “gelt”; lengthened grade O.E. fōr, M.L.G. vōr ‘schweinchen ”; O.C.S. za-prъtъkъ “wind-
Ei”, Cz. s-pratek “frũh geborenes calf” , Clr. vy-portok “Frũhgeburt” .
References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.
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per-2: E. per -
English meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger
Deutsche Übersetzung: “versuchen, probieren, riskieren, Gefahr ”
Note: (= per- “hinũberfũhren, durchdringen” )
Material: Arm. p”orj “Versuch” (express. p”-); Gk. πεῖρα f. “Erfahrung, Versuch ”, Eol. πέρρα
(*περι̯α ), πειράω , -άζω “versuche ”, ἔμπειρος “ skillful, smart, adroit ”; Lat. experior, - īrī
“versuche, prũfe” , experīmentum “Versuch, Prũfung” , comperiō, -īre “erfahre genau ”,
opperior, - īrī, -ītus (and -tus) sum “warte, erwarte ”, perītus “ skillful “, perīculum “Versuch,
Probe; danger; Prozeß; accusation “ ; das ī from perī-tus, -culum derives from den
compounds with -perior ; O.Ir. a(i)re “Wachen, attention ”, Ir. faire, because of gallo-Brit.
areünī pl. “Kundschafter ” from *pǝrei̯ü ; Gmc. *firina- “das Außergewöhnliche” in Goth. faírina
f. “blame”, O.H.G. firina “Verbrechen ” etc.; Gmc. *fēra - “danger” in O.Ice. für n. “danger,
misfortune ”, O.E. fæ ̄ r m., O.H.G. für(a) “ pestering, temptation; snare, danger ”, to Goth.
fērja m. “Aufpasser ”, O.H.G. fürēn “auflauern ” etc.; perhaps in addition with Abtönung Gk.
ταλαί -πωρος “ afflicted “ as “Gefahren erduldend ”.
References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.
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per-3, per-g-
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Material: Aryan only with t-formants: O.Ind. pŕ̥t-, pŕ̥tanü “fight, struggle, fight ”, Av. pǝrǝt -,
pǝšanü “fight, struggle, battle ”, pǝrǝtamna “die miteinander Kämpfenden” , paiti-parǝtata
“bekämpft” ;
Arm. hari “I schlug ” (Aor. to present harkanem , see below), harac “vulnus”; orot
“thunder”, orotam “donnere”;
Alb. pres “haue ab, low, base; cut, bite ”, Aor. preva , më pret “es kũmmert mich, is mir
angelegen ”, pritem “werde geschnitten; zerkratze mich; kũmmere mich um etwas” ;
Lat. premō, -ere, pressi, pressum “push, press ”, prēlum “Presse, Kelter ” (*pres-lom ); root
pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-es- as Gk. τρέμω “tremble: τρέω” (*tresō ) ds.;
Lith. periù , per̃ti “with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit ”, Ltv. peŕu, pèrt ds.; Lith.
pirtìs , Ltv. pìrts “Badestube ”;
O.C.S. perǫ, pьrati “hit, esp. with dem Bläuel hit, wash” , Ser.-Cr. pȅrêm , prȁti “wash”;
ablaut. O.C.S. pьrjǫ, *pьrěti “contendere ”, sǫ-pьrja, sъ -роrъ “fight”, Cz. pr̂u, přiti se “quarrel”
and O.C.S. *pьrǫ, *perti in Russ. pru, pratь, peretь “press, urge, press, push ”, naporъ “
shove “ etc., aRuss. pьrtь “Badestube ”;
perg-: Arm. harkanem (pr̥g-) “hit, zerhaue (wood), fälle (Bäume), slay, kämpfe” ; O.Ir.
orcaid , M.Ir. oirggid “erschlägt, slays, verwũstet” ; M.Ir. Welsh orn “Morden,
Zerstören” (*[p]org- no- od. -nü); O.Bret. treorgam “perforō” , orgiat “caesar” (= caesor), Gaul.
orge “occide”, PN Orgeto-rīx; different about Celt. org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to Hitt.
harganu- “destroy”; compare das O.Ir. verbal noun orcun from *orgenü ); perhaps here
O.Ind. Parjánya - rain- and Gewittergott; see under perkʷu -s.

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persnā , -snī̆-, -sno -
English meaning: heel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ferse”
Material: O.Ind. pü ́ rs ̣ n ̣ i - f., Av. püšna - n. “calcaneus “; Gk. πτέρνη f.; Lat. perna f. (*pērsnü )
“Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, Schenkel, leg ”, pernīs “quick, fast ” (with the calcaneus);
Goth. faírsna , O.S. fersna , O.H.G. fersana “calcaneus “ (*persnü ), O.E. fiersin f. ds.
(*pērsni -); Hitt. paršina (leg. paršna ) “thigh, Lende ”, parš-(a)nüi- “hocken” (auf den
Oberschenkeln).
References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hitt. 258.
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pers-
English meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprũhen, stieben, spritzen (bespritzt = gesprenkelt), prusten”
Material: O.Ind. pŕ̥ṣat , pr̥ṣatá -m n. “drip”; pŕ̥ṣant -, f. pŕ̥ṣatī “ dappled, dotted, spotted ,
varicolored ”, pr̥ṣatī ‘scheckige cow, gefleckte antelope “; Av. paršuya - “of water ”, n.,
perhaps ‘schneewasser ”; O.Ice. fors, foss m. “waterfall”;
Lith. pur̃slas, pur̃sla ‘schaumspeichel ”, pur̃kšti “as eine Katze prusten, schnarchen ”; Ltv.
pü ̀ rsla “Flocke” (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. pę̃rsla ds.; (compare Ltv. spurslü ́ t “prusten”);
Slav. *parṣa - m. “dust, powder ” > *porchъ in O.C.S. рrachъ ds.; Slav. pьrstь in O.C.S.
prъstь “χοῦς”, (*pers-), besides Sloven. pr̂h m. “dust, powder, ash ” (= O.Ice. fors), pŕhati
‘strew, distribute, whisk “, Cz. pršeti ds. etc.; Toch. А В pärs- ‘sprinkle”; participle Akt.
papärs , hit. papparš - ‘spritzen, sprinkle “.
References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f.,
See also: extension from per-1 ‘sprũhen” .
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perth -
English meaning: pole; sprout
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Schößling” ?
Material: Arm. ort” (o-stem) “ grapevine, Rebe ”;
Maybe Alb. hardi, hardhi “grapevine ” (see above) [common Alb. ph- > h- phonetic mutation]
Gk. πτόρθος m. ‘sprout” (compare πτόλεμος : πόλεμος etc.); perhaps Lat. pertica “ shaft,
pole”, whether not from per-ti-ca to Osc. pert “bis to” from * per-ti, also originally “ transom “;
compare Cz. příska ds., S. 810.
References: WP. II 49, WH. II 292 f.
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pes-3, pesos
English meaning: membrum virile
Deutsche Übersetzung: “das männliche Glied”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. pásas - n. = Gk. πέος n. “penis”, Gk. πόσθη f. ds., Lat. pēnis (*pesnis );
O.H.G. fasel , O.E.fæsl, O.H.G. faselt “penis”, M.H.G. vaselrint “Zuchtstier ”, Ger.
Faselschwein “ breeding pig “, ablaut. M.H.G. vesil “fertile”, visel “penis”.
References: WP. II 68, WH. II 281.
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pet-1, pet-, petǝ -
English meaning: to open wide (the arms)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausbreiten ”, especially die Arme
Material: Av. paϑana- “wide, breit ” (das ϑ after pǝrǝϑ u- ds.);
Gk. Aor. πετάσσαι , πετάσαι , thereafter πετάννῡμι “breite from, öffne” , previous present
πίτνημι , πίτνω (from * pet-), πέτασμα n. “curtain”, πέτασος m. “breitkrempiger Hut ”, πέταλος
“ausgebreitet ”, πέταλον n. “Platte, leaf ”, πατάνη f. “ platter “ (from *πετάνᾱ ; out of it Lat.
patina ds.);
Lat. pateō, -ēre ‘sich erstrecken, offenstehen ”; in addition pandō, -ere “öffne, breite from”
(the variation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalpräs.
163), passus m. “ footstep, Klafter ”; patera “flat bowl ” (from patina through influence of
crater ?); whether here petīlus “thin and schmächtig” ??; Osc. pat[ít?] “patet”, patensíns
“panderent ”, volsk. Imper. an-patitu “*adpanditō ”;
schott.-Gael. aitheamh (*eitheamh ) “ filament “ (as Maß), = O.Welsh etem , Welsh edau
ds. (*petimü );
O.Ice. faðmr “ hugging, embrace, Klafter, filament “, FlN Fǫð, gen. Faðar , O.E. fæðm mf.
ds. “ filament, Klafter ”, Eng. fathom , O.H.G. fadam, fadum “ filament “; here also O.E. foðer ,
Eng. fother , Ger. Fuder? , O.H.G. fuodar , O.S. fōther , O.E. fōðor “Wagenlast ”, Ger. Fuder ,
from Gmc. *fōðra - “das Umfassende ”; Goth. faÞa, M.H.G. vade f. “fence” (as “Umfassung ”);
O.H.G. fedel-gold “Blattgold ” (:Gk. πέταλον), doubtful O.E. gold-fell “Goldplatte ”, M.H.G.
golt-vel “ gold plating “;
Lith. petỹs ‘shoulder”, O.Pruss. pette f. ds.; pettis m. ‘shovel, scapula ”;
Hitt. pattar , dat. paddani “Tablett (?) ”.
References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.

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pet-2, petǝ - : ptē -, ptō - (Gk. ptā-)
English meaning: to fall; to fly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “auf etwas los- or niederstũrzen, fliegen, fallen”
Material: O.Ind. pátati “flies, wirft sich, fällt” (= πέτομαι , Lat. petō, O.Welsh hedaṅt ), Aor.
apaptat ; petǝ- in Fut. patiṣyati , Supin. pátitum , participle patitá -); patáyati “flies” (= Gk.
ποτέομαι), püta ́ yati “läßt fliegen, schleudert, läßt fall” (lengthened grade as püta- m. “Flug,
fall, Sturz ”, Gk. πωτάομαι “flattre”), pra-pat- “hineilen, fall ”, pátman - n. “Flug, Pfad, pathway ”
(: πότμος , ποταμός); Av. pataiti “flies, hurries “, ap. ud-apatatü “erhob sich ”, Av. patayeiti
“flies”, acapastōiš Inf. “hinabzufallen ”, paitipasti- f. “Entgegengehen, -treten ” (compare
O.Ind. ati-patti - “Zeitablauf ”), from an u-present parapaϑwant- “fortfliegend (of Pfeil) ”; Av.
tüta- (*ptüta ́ -), “fallend (of rain ”: Gk. πτωτός ds.);
Arm. t”ṙč̣im “I fliege” (*pter-i-skō).
Gk. Hom. πέτομαι “ fliege” (ἐπτόμην); otherwise also πέταμαι, ἔπτατο “ entflog”, πτά̄ς,
ἔπτην, Dor. ἔπτᾱν, Fut. πτήσομαι; ὠκυπέτης “ quick, fast fliegend ”, πετεηνός , (*πετεσᾱνός),
πετεινός (*πετεσνός) “geflũgelt, flũgge”, ποτ ή “Flug”, ποτᾱνός, -ηνός “zum Fliegen befähigt,
beflũgelt, fliegend”, ποτάομαι (and ποτέομαι, see above) “ flattre”, πωτάομαι ds., πτ῅σις, by
Suidas πτ῅μα “ Flug”, πτηνός, Dor. πτᾱνός “fliegend”;
stem πετα-, πτᾱ- “fly”, but πετε -, πτη -, πτω - with the meaning “fall”: πί:-πτω (for *πῐ-πτω
after ῥί̄πτω) “ fall”; perf. πέπτωκα, participle πεπτηώς, Att. πεπτώς from *πεπτᾱώς;
ἀπτώς(Pind.), ἀ πτής (Dor. inschr.) “not fallend, nicht dem Falle ausgesetzt ”; πίτνω “ fall”, εὐ-
πετής “bequem, gũnstig”, προ -πετής “vorwärts fallend, geneigt” (: O.Ind. pra-pat-), πέσος
n.(gen. πέσεος from *πέτεος) “ cadaver”, πότμος “ lot, fate, fate, destiny, esp. trauriges ”,
ποταμός “river”, eig. “Wassersturz ”; πτ῵μα, πτ῵σις “ fall” (: πέπτωκα); πτωτό ς “fallend”;

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with the meaning- färbung of Lat. petere: Gk. πίτυλος “ intense movement ” (: Lat.
petulans ; compare also ἐμπεσεῖν “ impetum facere ”);
finally hat πτᾱ- : πτω - : πτα - also die probably from “niederstũrzen” development
meaning ‘sich niederducken ” and “verzagt, in fear sein ”: κατα -πτήτην “ (die Pferde)
scheuten ”, πεπτηώ ς “geduckt”, πτοίᾱ “ fear, shyness, fright ” (*πτωFιᾱ, compare Λητώ
Πτῴα, ᾽Απόλλων Πτῴος), πτο(ι)εῖν “frighten, in Bestũrzung versetzen” , pass. “from
Schrecken ergriffen become ”; with gutt. extension πτήσσω (*πτᾱκ -ι̯ω) “ducke mich ” (Aor.
ἔπτηξα, Dor. ἔπτακα also trans. “ frighten”; κατα-πτᾰκών), πτωσκάζω “ ducke mich timorous,
flee”, πτώσσω (*πτ ώκσκι̯ω) ds.; πτώξ, -κός ‘shy, fleeting “ (m. “hare”), ablaut. πτάξ m. f. “
wimp “, gen. πτακός; πτωχό ς “ beggar”; to letzteren, as it seems, also Arm. t”ak”č̣im,
t”ak”eay ‘sich conceal ”;
Lat. petō, -ere, -īvī, ītum “auf etwas losgehen, to erlangen suchen, long, want ” (petī-tor, -
tio, also probably petīgo “ mange; scabies “ as “Befall”); petulans “aggressiv, pert, bratty,
ausgelassen ”, petulcus ‘stoßend” (from *petulus , compare to l-forms Gk. πίτυλος), impetus
“assault, attack ”, praepes “in Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast ”;
O.Welsh hedant “volant”, Welsh eh-edeg “das Fliegen ”; eh-edydd m. “Lerche”;
Ltv. pētît “desire have, nachforschen ”.
r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms O.Ind. pataṁgá - “fliegend, bird ”, pataga- “bird”
(*petn̥-go-s; from den Indern as “in Fluge going ” umgedeutet); Av. fraptǝrǝjüt - (-jant- ) “bird”;
Gk. πτέρυξ, -υγος “Flũgel” (compare O.Ind. patáru -); das Denom. πτερύσσομαι “hit with den
Flũgeln” after αἰθύσσω ‘shake”; O.H.G. fed(e)rah “Flũgel”, anfrk. fetheracco “alarum” (-a-c-
through influence of O.H.G. fedara- , anfrk. fethera );
2. O.Ind. páttra -, páta-tra- n. “wing, feather “, patará -, patáru - “fliegend”, Av. patarǝta-
“fliegend”; Arm. t”ir “Flug”, t”iteṙn “ butterfly ” (redupl.), t”ert” “leaf, foliage ” (*pter- ); Gk.
πτερόν “ feather, Flũgel” ; πτέρις “Farn”;

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Lat. acci-piter, -pitris “ hawk, falcon ” (to 1. part see under *ōku- “quick, fast ”); penna “
feather, Flũgel” (*petnü ); aLat. pesna from * pets-nü; pinna is probably dial. form for penna ;
pro(p)tervus “ boisterous vordringend, cheeky “ (*pro-pteru-o- );
Maybe Alb. (*penna ) pendë “feather” [common Alb. n > nd shift].
O.Welsh eterin “bird”, pl. atar, Welsh aderyn, adar ds. ( a secondary from e); O.Ir. ēn
“bird” (*petno- ), Welsh edn, O.Corn. hethen ds., O.Bret. etn-coilhaam “hold Vogelschau ”,
M.Bret. ezn, Bret. evn, ein “bird”, O.Welsh atan (*pet eno-), Welsh adain “Flũgel, Arm”
(*pet en-), Bret. (h)adan “ nightingale “, with secondary a, as Welsh adaf “Flũgel, hand”
(*pet emü); O.Bret. attanoc “volitans”; M.Ir. ette, Ir. eite “Fittich” (from * pet-enti̯ü ), M.Ir. ethait
“bird” = O.Ind. pátanti “fliegend” (*pet-ontī); M.Ir. eithre n. “tail” (*peteri̯o -);
Note:
Common Arm. ph- > h-, zero phonetic mutation, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic
ANATOLIAN
Hittite pata- “foot”
WEST EUROPEAN
Latin pe:s, pedis “foot, of foot ”
Old Irish “water”
Tocharian A päts “foot”

SOUTH EUROPEAN
Greek poús, podós “foot, of foot ”
Armenian otn, otk” “foot, feet ”
Sanskrit á:ts “foot”, pá:dam (accusative case)
Avestan pad- “foot”

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O.H.G. fedara , anfrk. fethera , O.E. feðer , O.Ice. fjǫdr f. “ feather “ (*pétrü ); O.H.G. fettüh ,
M.H.G. vittich , M.L.G. vit(te)k , Ger. Fittich ;
Hitt. pattar n., gen. pl. paddanaš “Flũgel” .
*ptē ̆ i-, pti-: Gk. πταίω ‘stoße an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune ”
(πταίσω, ἔπταισμαι, ἐπταίσθην), rare tr. “bump, poke, umstũrzen”, πταῖσμα “ damage, loss,
misfortune, Niederlage ”, ἰθυπτί̄ων “geradaus fliegend ” (probably eig. “geradaus treffend =
stoßend, aufschlagend” ), πτίλον “ feather, Flaumfeder ”.
References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.
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peuk̂ - and peuĝ -
English meaning: to stick; to punch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen”, also “boxen” (“with vorgestrecktem Knöchel of
Withtelfingers” )
Material: 1. peuk̂ -: Gk. *πεῦκος n. “cusp, peak, sting, prick ” in Gk. περι-πευκές , Hom. ἐχε-
πευκές “with a cusp, peak versehen ”; πευκεδανός “ pricking, verwundend ”, later “bitter”,
πευκάλιμος ‘sharp, eindringend ”;
here as “die stechende ” das root nouns peuk̂ - : puk̂- “fir, spruce ” in Gk. πεύκη f. ds.,
Thrac. PN Πεύκη, Illyr. VN Peucetii , M.Ir. ochtach f. (*puk̂tükü ) “fir, spruce, spear, javelin ”;
O.H.G. fiuhta, asächs. fiuhtia (*fiuhtjōn ) “fir, spruce ”, O.Pruss. peuse f. “pine tree ” (Balt
*piaušē ), zero grade Lith. pušìs f., gen. pl. pušu ̨̃ , E.Lith. nom. pl. pùšes (conservative stem).
2. peuĝ -: Gk. πύξ adv. “with the fist ”, πυγμή f. “fist, Faustkampf ”, πυγμαῖος “eine Faust
high, dwarf “, πυγών , -όνος m. “ulna, ell”, πύγ-μαχος , πύκτης “Faustkämpfer” ; Lat. pugil ds.,
pugnus m. “fist”, pūgnō, -üre “fight”, pungō, -ere, pupugī, punctum “ prick “, pūgiō m.
“Dolch”.
References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Decl. 57 f.
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peu-1, peu̯ǝ - : pū ̆-
English meaning: to clean, sift
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reinigen, läutern, sieben”
Material: O.Ind. Trans. punü ́ ti , Med. pávatē “purifies, cleans, läutert (sich)” , pávitum ;
pavīta ́ r -, pō ́ tar - m. “Reiniger, Läuterer” , pavítram “Läuterungsmittel, Seihe, Sieb”; püvana -
“reinigend ”, püvaka ́ - (also pavüka ́ -) “lauter” = M.Pers. pavüg , Pers. pük “lauter, pure ”; O.Ind.
pūta ́- “pure”, pū ́ ti- f. “ cleaning, purification “; Av. pūitika - “zur Läuterung dienend” ;
Lat. pūrus “pure” (formation as clü-ru-s), pūrgō , older pūrigō, -üre “clean”; pŭtus “pure”,
nepus “non pūrus” (*nepūt -s); putüre “clean, putzen ”; M.Ir. ūr “neu, fresh, edel ”, Welsh ir
“fresh, green ”; O.H.G. fowen , M.H.G. voewen ‘sieben, corn, grain clean ” (*fawjan = O.Ind.
paváyati “purifies, cleans, läutert” );
doubtful Gk. πτύον, πτεόν “Wurfschaufel ” (: O.H.G. fowen ?).
References: WP. II 13, WH. II 390 f.
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peu-2
English meaning: to research, to understand
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erforschen, begreifen, verständig sein”
Material: Gk. νή-πιος (*νη-πF-ιος) and νη-πύ-τιος “unverständig, kindisch” , πινυτός ‘smart”,
πινυμένην συνετήν Hes. (due to eines present * πι-νῡ-μι from *πυ-νῡμι); Lat. puto -are
(putüre ) “to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts;
hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think ”; O.C.S. is-py-tъ
“perscrutatio ”, pytajǫ , -ati ‘scrutüri, quaerere” .
maybe Alb. (*peus ) pyes “ask questions ”, pyetje “question ” : Gk. πύστις, πεῦσις f.
“question ”.
Proto -Slavic form: pytati: O.C.S. : pytati “examine, scrutinize ” [verb], Russian: pytát” “torture,
torment, try for ” [verb], Slovak: pytat” “ask” [verb], Polish: pytać “ask” [verb], Serbo -
Croatian: pítati “ask” [verb], Slovene: pítati “ask” [verb], Other cognates: Lat. putüre “cut off
branches, estimate, consider, think ” [verb].
Note:
From Root bheudh -, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : “to be awake, aware ” derived Root peu-1, peu̯ǝ - :
pū ̆- : “to clean, sift ” , Root peu-2 : “to research, to understand ” (see above).

References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gk. 1, 6962.
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peu̯ōr , pū ̆ r, gen. pu -n-és, loc. puu̯éni
English meaning: fire
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Feuer”
Note: with mannigfacher Ausgleichung the r- and n-forms and of vocalism
Material: Arm. hur (gen. hroy) “fire” (*pū ̆ r-), hn-oc̣ “oven” (*pū ̆ n-); Gk. πῦρ, πῠρός “fire”,
wherefore πυρά̄ “Feuerstätte, stove, hearth, Scheiterhaufen”, πυρετός m. “ fever”, πυρσό ς
m. “Brandfackel ”, korinth. ΠυρFος “ Pferdename ” (*”feuerrot”), πυρρός, poet. πυρσό ς
“feuerrot” (*πυρσFός);
Maybe Illyr. TN Pirustae (Pipustae)
Umbr. pir “fire” (*pūr), acc. purom-e “ins fire” (*pŭr-), Osc. aasaí purasiaí “in araigniaria ”;
O.Ice. fūrr m. “fire” (*pūr-) and fȳrr, fȳri; O.H.G. O.S. O.Fris. fiur (*peu̯ri ); O.H.G. older fuir
(disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir ), O.E. fȳr (from dem loc. *puu̯éri );
Goth. fōn “fire” (*pu̯ōn ), gen. dat. funins, funin (latter from * puneni , a hybridization from
*puu̯éni : *pun-és), O.Ice. funi m. “fire”; O.H.G. funko , M.Eng. fonke ‘spark”; with ablaut
(*pu̯on -) M.L.G. vanke ‘spark”;
Maybe Illyr. TN Perestae (Penestae)
O.Pruss. panno “fire”, panu-staclan “Feuerstrahl ” (*pu̯on -u), Lw. finn. panu “fire”;
Slav. *pūri̯a - m. “glowing ash ” in Cz. pūř m. and pūři n. ds.; in addition O.Cz. pyřina
“favilla”, Cz. pūřeti “glow”, Serb. upíriti “anfachen ” etc.;
Hitt. paḫḫ ur, paḫḫ uwar , dat. paḫhu(e)ni “fire”; Toch. A por, В puwü ̆ r, pwür ds.
References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10;
Pedersen Hitt. 187 f.
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pezd -
English meaning: to break wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leise einen Wind streichen lassen ”
Note: (compare *perd- “loud furzen ”)
Material: Gk. βδέω “leise einen streichen lassen ” from *β zδέω (reconverted from * pezdō ),
wherefore βδό -λος “ fetidness “ with new formationer o-grade, and *βδε -λύ-ς “pēdens,
scornful, ridiculing ” in Βδελυ -κλέων “Cleontī oppēdēns”, as well as as base from βδελυρό ς
“disgusting ”, βδελύσσομαι “ verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing “, βδύλλω
“verabscheue, dread ”, but also “βδέω”; Lat. pēdō , -ere “furzen” (*pezdō), pōdex “the
Hintere” (*pozd- ek-s), pēdis “louse” (because of Dimin. pēdiculus older *pēdex );
Clr. pezdíty and zero grade (Proto-Slav. *bьzd -) bzd́íty, Russ. bzdětь “leise einen
streichen lassen ”, Sloven. pezdë́ti , Lith. bezdù , bezde ́ti , Ltv. bezdêt “leise einen streichen
lassen”, Lith. bìzdas “podex”, bìzdžius ‘stänker” ; Balt *bezdēti based on auf *pzdēti besides
*pezdēti ; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root bhes- “blow”, above
S. 146.
References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;
See also: compare above pes-1 .
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pē ̆ d-1, pō ̆ d-
English meaning: container, vessel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen; Gefäß”
Material: O.Ind. perhaps palla- m. “Kornbehälter” , pallī “Getreidemaß” (whether -ll- from - dl-
); O.H.G. fazzōn , M.H.G. vazzen “in ein vessel tun, catch, rũsten, sich bekleiden” , O.H.G.
fezzil , M.H.G. vezzel “band, strap, manacle ”, O.E. fetel(s) m. “belt, girdle ”, O.Ice. fetill m.
‘schulterband ” (Gmc. *fatila- ), O.H.G. vazz “ container, Kasten ”, O.S. fat n. “vessel”, O.E.
fæt n. “vessel, barrel, vat, cask ”, O.Ice. fat n. “vessel, fur ”; O.E. fæ ̄ tels “vessel”, O.H.G.
givazzi “Bagage”, M.H.G. gevæzze , Ger. “vessel”; Goth. fetjan , O.E. fæ ̄ tan “adorn”, O.Ice.
fæ ̄ ta “es with jemandem to tun have ( “adorn” from “beautiful tunmit? ”); Lith. pe ́das
“Getreidegarbe ”, Ltv. pêda “ bundle, armful, armload “, ablaut. Lith. púodas , Ltv. puôds m.
“pot, pan”.
References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227.
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pē ̆ d-2, pō ̆ d-
English meaning: foot, *genitalia
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fuß” ; verbal “gehen, fallen ”
Grammatical information: m. nom. sg. pō ̆ ts, gen. ped-és/-ós, nom. pl. péd-es
Material: 1. O.Ind. pad- “foot” (pü ́ t, pü ́ dam , padáḥ ), Av. pad- ds.; O.Pers. püdaibiyü “with
den Fũßen” ; Arm. ot-k” “πόδες” , ot-n “πούς, πόδα”; Gk. πώς, Att. πούς, gen. ποδός “foot”
(ἑκατόμπεδος “100 feet long ”); Lat. pēs, pĕdis ds., Umbr. peři, persi “pede” (dupursus
“bipedibus ”, -u- probably from - ō-); O.Ir. īs “below” (whereof īse “low”) m. dative, from dem
loc. pl. *pēd-su “to Fũßen” deutbar = Alb. posh in përposh “under”, posh-të “herab,
unterirdisch; under, downwards “; Goth. fōtus , O.Ice. fōtr, O.E. fōt (nom. pl. O.Ice. fø ̄ tr, O.E.
fēt from *fōt-iz) O.H.G. fuoz “foot”; Hitt. luv. pata- , Hierogl.-Hitt. pat ds.; Toch. A pe, В pai,
Dual A peṃ, В paine ;
Note:
Maybe Alb. ( *po-s ) poshtë “ below, under “ from the same root as Slav. languages Slav. po-
dъ “ below, under “ from Root apo- (pō ̆, ap-u, pu): (from, out, of) not from Root pē ̆ d-2, pō ̆ d- :
(foot, *genitalia).

to ped- “foot” belongs Gk. dial. πεδά “μετά” , originally “(jemandem) auf dem Fuße” ,
compare Lat. pedisequus, -a ‘servant, - in” eig. “auf dem Fuße folgend” and under die Arm.
from het “ footprint “ refined prepositions;
with -i̯-ós, -i-t- “going” are shaped: Gk. πεζός “pedestris ”, Lat. ped-es, -i-t-is “Fußgänger,
Fußsoldat” ; from Lat. pēs derives pedüre “with a Fuß versehen, prop, support” , and
therefrom again pedum “Hirtenstab, pad”;

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pédi̯o - in O.Ind. pádya - “den Fuß betreffend” , pádyü “Fußtritt, hoof” , Av. paiδyü “foot”, Gk.
πέζα f. “ foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small fishing net ”, Lat. acu-pedius ‘swift-footed ”,
O.H.G. fizza “Gewinde, Garn ” (= Gk. πέζα), Ger. “Fitze”, (wherefore Gmc. *fetī f. in O.Ice. fit
‘schwimmhaut, edge ”, O.E. fitt “break, section, poem ”, Nor. dial. fior-fit “Eidechse ”,
“τετράπεζος” ), Lith. lengva-pe ̃dis “leisefũßig” ; pedī- in Gk. πέδῑλον n. ‘sandal” and Gmc.
*fetī; podi̯o -m: M.Ir. u(i)de n. “journey”.
2. Verbal: O.Ind. pádyate “goes, fällt” (ü-patti- “Unfall”; padüti -, pat-tí- m. “Fußknecht” ),
Av. paiδyeiti “bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder ”; O.C.S. padǫ, pasti “fall” also
po-pasti “catch” eig. “auf jemanden fall, anfallen ” (or to pē ̆ d-1?); napastь “casus”; Lith.
pe ̃dinu , -inti ‘slowly go, leise tread ”, pėdúoti “Fußtritte make” , Gk. πηδάω ‘spring, hũpfe” ;
compare zur ē-grade still Lith. pėdà “ footprint “, pe ́sčias “to foot” from *pēd-ti̯os, Ltv. pę̂da
“Fußsohle, Fußstapfe, foot as Maß” , pēc (from pêdis , instr. pl. from pę̂ds “ footprint “,
compare Lith. pe ́das ds.) “after, because of, gemäß” , O.C.S. pěšь “to foot”, Gk. πηδόν
“Ruderblatt ”, πηδάλιον “ rudder, helm “; auf the verbalen meaning “more abfallend or to
Fallen, Verkommen geneigt ” based on letzten Endes also the compar. Lat. peior “bad”
(*ped-i̯ōs), superl. pessimus “the schlechteste ” (*ped-s emos); pessum “to bottom, zugrunde ”
(*ped- tu-m) = Infin. O.Ind. páttum ; O.Ice. feta st. V. (also with leiÞ, veg, heim ) “den way
find” O.E. ge-fetan st. V. “fall”, O.H.G. fezzan “labare”, gi-fezzan “exire, excidere ”, O.Ice.
fata ‘seinen way finden ”, O.E. fatian (wīf) “uxorem ducere ”, O.H.G. sih uazzon ‘scandere”,
O.E. fetian , Eng. fetch “get, fetch ” (O.E. fatian and fetian could also to pē ̆ d-1 belong, as
generally die beiden Sippen not sharp to separate are).
3. pedo -m etc.: O.Ind. padá - n. “ footstep, Tritt, Fußstapfe” , Av. paδa- n. ‘spoor” (and
“foot as Maß” ), ap. pati-padam “an seine Stelle zurũckkehrend” ;
Arm. het, gen. hetoy “ footprint “, preposition y-et (*i-het “in the footprint “) “after”, z-het,
zetoy “ behind after ”; M.Ir. ined (*eni-pedo- ) ‘spoor (the Fũße); place” , O.Ir. ed n. ‘stretch of

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time”, Gaul. candetum ‘spatium, centum pedum ” probably for cant-[p]edum ; compare Lat.
peda “vestigium humanum ”, O.Ice. fet n. “ footstep; foot as Maß” ; Lith. pėdà “ footprint “,
Ltv. pę̂da “Fußsohle” etc. (see above); Gk. πέδον “ ground, bottom ”, πεδίον “ Ebene, field ”
(ἔμ-πεδος “ tight, firm stehend ”; about δάπεδον see above S. 198); Lat. oppidō “vollig, ganz
and gar” (ob + *pedom “auf the Stelle ”); Umbr. peřum , persom -e “πέδον ‘solum”; Hitt. pedan
n., place ”;
o-grade: Lith. pãdas “Fußsohle, Stiefelsohle” = O.C.S. * podъ “bottom, Untergrund,
Unterlage ” (preposition podъ “below, under ”), Lith. pãdžiai pl. “Untergestell a barrel ”, O.C.S.
poždь “fundamentum, locus subterraneus ”;
schwundstufige forms: O.Ind. upa-bdá- m. “Getrampel ”, Av. fra-bda “forefoot” (from ped-
“foot”), a-bda- “where man nicht hintreten, nicht festen Fuß fassen kann” ; Gk. ἐπί-βδαι “ day
after dem Feste ”.
4. Bedeutungsgruppe “(Fuß)fessel, hindrance for die Fũße” : Av. bi-bda- “zweifache
manacle ”; Gk. πέδη “ manacle ”, πεδάω, ποδίζω “feßle” , ἀνδρά-ποδον n. ‘slave”, ἐκ-ποδών
“from dem Wege ”, ἐμ-ποδών “ in Wege, obstructive ”; Lat. pedica “manacle, loop, noose,
snare “ (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an a foot angebunden wird); Lat. peccüre “fehlen, sũndigen”
to *peccos < *ped-cos “einen Fehler am foot habend ”, wherefore also Umbr. pesetom
“peccatum ”, compes “Fußschelle, Fußblock” , impediō, -īre “hinder”, Ghegensatzbildung
expedīre “das Hindernis wegnehmen ” (probably to *pedis f. “Fußfessel” shaped); in addition
oppidum “die Schranken of Zirkus (also “quod pedibus obest ”); Landstadt ” (originally with
Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most Umbr. tribřic̨u , tribrisine “ternio” as *tri-pedikiō
“Dreikoppelung ”; O.Ice. fjǫturr m. “manacle, band, strap ”, O.E. fëter, feotor f., O.S. fëtur,
O.H.G. fëzzer ds.
maybe Alb. pengë < Lat. pedica -ae, f. “a fetter; a trap, snare (for animal ’s feet)”; Alb.
pengoj (nasalized * pędica ) “hinder” = Lat. * pedica, impediō, -īre ;

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pē(i)-, pī-
English meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weh tun, beschädigen, schmähen”
Material: O.Ind. pī́yati ‘schmäht, höhnt” , pīyu ́-, píyüru - “höhnend, schmähend” ;
Gk. π῅μα “ruin, affliction ”, ἀπήμων “unbeschädigt; unschädlich” , πημαίνω ‘stifte mischief,
richte zugrunde ” (IE *pē-mn̥), πήσασθαι μέμψασθαι Hes., ἠ-πανία “lack, Entbehrung ”;
πηρός , Dor. πᾱρός “mutilated, blind ”, ἄ-πηρος “unverstũmmelt” ; Lat. paene (pēne )
“beinahe, fast; ganz and gar ” (originally neuter eines adj. *pē-ni-s “ damages, mangelhaft ”),
paenitet “es reut, tut leid ”, pēnūria “lack”; from a participle *pǝ-tó-s “geschädigt” derives
patior , -ī, passus sum “dulde, erdulde, suffer ”;
IE pēi- in Goth. faian “rebuke, reproach ”, pī- in Goth. fijan, O.Ice. fjü, O.E. fēon, O.H.G.
fīēn “hate”, participle present in Goth. fijands , O.H.G. fīünt etc. “fiend”;
with fractured reduplication O.Ind. püpa ́ - ‘schlimm, mad, wicked, evil ”; püpma ́ n - m. “
mischief, damage, affliction “ previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen püpa ́ - for
*püman - eingetreten; O.Ind. püma ́ n - stands for “eine Hautkrankheit, scabies “, pümana ́ -,
pümara ́ - “ scabby “, as Av. püman - “ scabies, surface, plain, area, Trockenheit ”, wherefore
presumably Lat. paeminōsus , pēminōsus “ brittle, rissig ”; O.Ind. püpa ́ - = Arm. hivand- “ sick
“ (Ernst Lewy).
References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.
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pē ̆ s-1
English meaning: to blow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blasen, wehen ”
Note: (see also pēs-2 “dust, powder, sand ”)
Material: O.Ice. fǫnn f. “ snowdrift, Schneehaufe ” (*faznō ), -fenni n. ds.; as “in Winde
wehender Faden ”: O.H.G. faso m., fasa f. “ fibre, filament, fringe, hem ”, O.E. fæs(n) n.
“fringe”, Eng. feaze “ fibers “; O.Ice. fǫsull m. “band, strap ”, M.L.G. vese(n) “chaff, fibre,
filament, fringe ”, Dutch vezel “ filament “, O.H.G. fesa “chaff, Spelze ”, Ger. Fehse , Dan.
fjæser , older f(j)øs “ fibers “, O.H.G. fasōn “untersuchen ” (*rub, wear out);
O.C.S. рěchyrь “ a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble ”, pachati “ventilare,
agitare”, Russ. pachnútь “blow”, páchnutь “duften, smell ”, zápachъ ‘smell, odor, Duft ” etc.;
Russ. pásmo “Garnstränne” , Ltv. puõsm (i)s “dividing off, partitioning off between zwei
Endpunkten ”, “as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht ”; Cz.-Pol.
pochva “tail” (“wedelnd”), O.C.S. о-раšь ds.; nasalized Pol. pęchnąć “anblasen, anwehen ”,
pąch , pęch “Witterung (of Hundes ”) etc.; perhaps Bulg. pasmina “Rasse” (compare O.Ind.
tántu- “ filament, fibre, Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny “).
References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320.
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pēu- : pǝu- : pū ̆-
English meaning: to hit; sharp
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen; scharf, schneidend hauen ”
Material: Lat. paviō, -īre “hit, stomp ”, depuvere “caedere”, pavīmentum “geschlagener
Boden, Estrich ”; from a participle *putos derives putō, -üre “cut, clip”, amputüre “rings
beschneiden, abschneiden ”, (?) puteus “ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook ”
(“ausgestochene pit, pothole ”); auf a d- present “niedergeschlagen make, n. sein ” based on
probably pudet, -ēre ‘sich schämen” , prōpudium ‘schandtat, Scheusal ”, perhaps repudium
“Verstoßung” , tripudium “dreischrittiger Tanz ”, Umbr. ahatripursatu “abstripodato ”; here also
Lat. püveō, -ēre ‘sich ängstigen” (pavor “ a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear,
dread, alarm “, pavidus “timorous ”) as “niedergeschlagen sein ”; nd. fūen “with dem
Fuebusch hit ” (Fastnachtsgebrauch), O.H.G. urfūr “Verschnittener ”, arfūrian , O.E. ü-fȳran
“verschneiden ”;
Lith. pjáuju , pjáuti (*pēu ̯ i̯ō ) “cut, clip, reap, schlachten ”, ablaut. pjúklas m. ‘säge”, pjūtìs f.
“harvest time, August ”, Ltv. pĺaũt “mähen, reap” , pĺava f. “meadow ” (= Lith. piovà ds.),
O.Pruss. piuclan n. ‘sickle”;
daß nach Hom. παίω “hit” = Lat. paviō sei, is after all possible ; then mũßte the Aor.
ἔπαισα etc. (instead of *ἔπαυσα) new neologism zum present sein; to παίω jedenfalls Dor.
παιά̄ν, Ion. παιήων, Att. παιών as “ the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende
(Apollo)”, then with den words ἰη πα ̄ ιήων anfangender Lobgesang.
References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217.
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pǝtē ́(r) gen. pǝtr-és, -ós
English meaning: father
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Vater, Haupt der Großfamilie”
Material: O.Ind. pitár-; Av. pitar- besides nom. pta, ta etc.; Arm. hair (*pǝtēr ), gen. haur
(*pǝtros ); Gk. πατήρ , πατρός , in compound εὐ-πάτωρ “ein good father ”; Lat. pater , -tris
“father”; patres “Vorfahren, Patrizier ”; Osc. patir “father”, Umbr. Iu-pater “Juppiter”, dat. sg.
Osc. patereí , mars.-Lat. patre ; O.Ir. athir (*pǝtēr ), gen. athar (*pǝtros ) “father”; about Gaul.
gutu-ater see above S. 413; Goth. fadar , O.Ice. faðir, O.E. fæder , O.H.G. fater “father” ;
Toch. A pücar, В pücer ds.; about O.Ind. Dyüus pitü etc. see above S. 413.
Ableitnngen: O.Ind. pítrya -, Gk. πάτριος, Lat. patrius “väterlich” , M.Ir. aithre f. “väterliche
family”; O.Ind. pítr̥vya -, Av. tūirya - (*ptǝrvya -), Lat. patruus , O.H.G. fetiro, fatirro, fatureo
(Gmc. *faðuru ̯ ia -) “Vaterbruder ”, Ger. “ cousin “, O.E. fædera “Vatersbruder ” (compare Gk.
πάτρως from *pǝtrōus ds., with verschobener meaning πατρώιος “väterlich” ); O.Pers. hama-
pitar- = Gk. ὁμο-πάτωρ, compare O.Ice. sam-feðra “from the same Vater ” (*-fadrjans );
compare Gk. πατρυιός ‘stiefvater” (after μητρυιά̄ ‘stiefmutter ”), Arm. yauray ds.; only
einzelsprachlich are Gk. πάτρη, Att. πάτρᾱ “ Vaterland ”, πατρίς, -ίδος f. ds., Lat. patria ds.,
patrōnus ‘schutzherr ”, patrō, -üre “vollbringe, vollziehe ”; proprius “eigen, eigentũmlich,
beständig” from * prop(a)trios “from den προπάτορες, den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz
ũberkommen” (?), s. WH. II 374 f.; M.Welsh edryð “dwelling”could originally as “väterlicher
possession “ with M.Ir. aithre identical sein; O.Ice. feðgar pl. “father and son ” (compare Gk.
πατρικός “vaterlich”); feðgin pl. “parents” (*feðr-gin ).
References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; of babble-word pü- derive ? Kretschmer WZKM. 51,
315 f; or to pō(i)- shield, watch?
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phō ̆ l-
English meaning: to fall
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fallen”
Material: Arm. p”ul “Einsturz” (*phōlo -), p”lanim “I falle ein ”; O.H.G. O.S. fallan , O.Ice. falla
“fall” (*phol-n- ), causative O.H.G. fellan , O.Ice. fella “fällen” etc.; Lith. púolu , pùlti, Ltv. pùolu ,
pult “fall” (*phōlō ); O.Pruss. au-pallai “findet” (*verfällt whereupon).
References: WP. II 103, Trautmann 229.
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pid-
English meaning: to bear (child)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebären” ?? originally ‘stark ziehen ”?
Note: only Gmc. and Celt.
Material: Goth. fitan “ to give birth to children “, perhaps to O.E. fitt “fight”, Eng. fit “ attack of
a disease, malady ”, nwFris. fits “bissig”; M.Ir. idu, gen. idan, nom. pl. idain “throes of
childbirth, pain ”; die M.Ir. inflection goes auf O.Ir. ü-inflection back, as e.g. M.Ir. persu
“person” auf O.Ir. persan ; the O.Ir. nom. sg. muß somit *idan (*pidunü ) gelautet have.
References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.
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pi-lo-
English meaning: hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haar”
Note:
Root pi-lo- : “hair” : Root pu-lo- : “hair” derived from Root pleuk - : “flake, feather, hair ”
common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel phonetic mutation recorded in
centum languages first, mainly Latin.
Material: Lat. pilus m. “hair”, whereof as collective “Haarknäuel” also pila f. “ ball, Ballen,
Strohpuppe ”; auf an s-stem based on *pil-s -os “verfilzt”, in Gk. πῖλος m. “ Filz”, πῑλέω “filze”,
Lat. pilleus, -eum “Filzkappe, Filzmũtze” (*pilsei̯o -); O.C.S. plъstь “Filz”.
References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.
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pi-n-
English meaning: a piece of wood
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Holzstũck”
Material: O.Ind. pínakü -m ‘staff, stick, club, mace, joint ”; Gk. πίναξ, -ακος ‘sparre, balk,
beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde ”; O.H.G. witu-fîna f., M.L.G. vîne “Holzhaufen ”; O.C.S.
pьnь m., Serb. pânj etc. “tree truck, -strunk ”.
References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;
See also: probably to spei- ‘sharp, spitzes bit of wood ”.
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pīp(p) -
English meaning: to squeak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “piepen”
Note: also unredupl. pī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word
Material: O.Ind. píppakü “ein certain bird ”, pippīka - “ein bird”? Gk. πῖπος f. or πίππος m.
“young bird ”, πῑπώ, πίπρα f. “ a kind of Baumhacker ”, πιπ(π)ίζω “ piepe”; Lat. pīpilō , -üre,
pīpiō , -īre, pīpō, -üre “piepen”, pip(p)itüre “of Naturlaut the Mäuse” , pīpulum “das Wimmern ”,
Osc. pipatio “clamor plorantis ”, Ger. (nd.) piepen (with verhinderter consonant shift); Lith.
pỹpti “whistle” (Lw.?); Cz. piptěti “piepsen”, Sloven. pípa “ chicken; duct, tube, pipe ”, Serb.
piра, eine disease, malady the Hũhner” (Ger. Pips) etc.;
Cz. pikati “piepen”, under likewise; Bulg. pile, Ser.-Cr. pïle “Kũchlein” under likewise;
similarly Alb. bibë “young Wasservogel ”, Arm. bibem “pigolare”, Gk. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλί ς “ein
bird”.
References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.
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plab-
English meaning: to babble, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “plappern under likewise Schallvorstellungen ”?
Material: O.Ir. labar “redselig”, Welsh llafar “language, sound ”, O.Corn. lauar ‘sermo”, Bret.
lavar “word”, Ir. amlabar “ dumb “, Welsh aflafar , O.Corn. aflauar “infans”, O.Ir. labraid , rel.
labrathar ‘speaks”, Welsh llafaru “talk, speak ”,
Maybe Alb. llaf “word, speech ”, llafos “talk”, llafazan “talkative”.
Corn. lauaraf “I rede”; Celt. FlN Labarü “ Labor “ (Bavaria); perhaps to N.Ger. M.Eng.
flappen “hit, klatschen, babble, chatter “, Eng. flap “hit”;
Maybe Illyr. TN Labeatae (Labeates) “talkative people, babblers “? : Celt. FlN Labarü “
Labor “
in the kind of the onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung jedenfalls different is Lat.
plōrüre “clamüre (a Lat.); loud weep, cry ”.
Maybe truncated Alb. * lápati , llap “chat, talk, speak ”, llaf “word, speech ” [see above Root
lep-1 : (expr. Root)]
References: WP. II 93.
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plā-k-1: plǝ-k-, ple-k- : plō ̆-k-, plei -k- and pelǝ-g- : plā -g-
: plǝ-g-
English meaning: wide and flat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “breit and flach, ausbreiten ”
Note: extension from pelǝ- S. 805
Material: Gk. πλάξ, -κός ‘surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte ” (=
O.Ice. flæ ̄ r pl. from * flahiz), πλακόεις “ platt”, πλακοῦς, -οῦντος m. “ flat cake ” (out of it Lat.
placenta ) under likewise;
Lat. placeō, -ēre “gefallen, compliant sein ”, placidus “flat, eben, smooth, peaceful,
friedlich”, ablaut. plücüre “ebnen, besänftigen” , nasalized perhaps plancus “Plattfuß” ;
O.Ice. flü, pl. flæ ̄ r (*flah- iz = πλάκ -ες) and flür (*flahō ) f. “Absatz an einer Felswand ”,
Nor.flaa ds.; Nor. flag n. “offene sea ”, O.Ice. flaga “dũnne Erdschicht” , M.L.G. vlage
“Erdschicht ”; zero grade O.Ice. flō (*flōhō ) f. “ layer, Lage ”, O.E. flōh (stünes ) f. ‘steinfliese ”,
O.H.G. fluoh , M.H.G. vluo “Felswand, jäh abstũrzender Fels” , Ger. Flũhe , Swiss Fluh, Flũh
“Felswand, Felsplatte ”;perhaps Gmc. ō from IE ō because of Ltv. pluoci m. pl. “Lage, layer
“;
Lith. plãkanas “flat”, plõkas “Estrich”, plãkė “the lead, Bressem ”;
Ltv. plüce ‘scapula”, plücenis “flat cake ”; plùoku (*planku ) plakt “flat become ”, plaka
“Kuhfladen ”, plakans “flat”;
doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from Lith. plókščias “flat, platt ”, plaštaka ̀ “flat hand ” (at
first through Dissim. from * plüskti̯os ), Ltv. plüskaîns “ smooth, flat and breit zugleich ”,
O.C.S.ploskъ “flat” (*plü ̆ k-sko- );
Toch. AB plük- “einverstanden sein ”, A plükäm “Erlaubnis ”, В plüki “Einverständnis” , am-
plükätte “ without um Erlaubnis to bid, beg, ask ”;

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auf a light root form *plek - based on probably Lith. pleksne ̃ “breite beet, turnip “, Ltv.
pl”ęka (besides plaka “Kuhfladen ”), plece “Plattfische, Butten ”, plęcs ‘shoulder”, further:
zero grades *pl̥kǘ f., Celt. *(p)lika in Gaul. Arelica (Gardasee), eig. “eastern from the
Felsplatte from Sirmione ”, fass. lia “bottom of Backofens ” (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.),
expressives -kk- in M.Ir. lecc ‘steinplatte ”, Welsh llech, Bret. lec”h ds.
A i-root plei-k- in Lith. pleikiù , pleĩkti “breit make ”, plaikstūti “die Oberkleider about Brust
and Schultern, lũften” , eig. ‘sich breit aufmachen ”; to M.H.G. vlīen, vlīgen ‘schichtweise lay,
place, fũgen, sort, order, arrange, zurechtmachen, adorn” , md. vlī(h)en ds.
root form auf -g: Gk. πέλαγος “offene sea ” (“aequor”), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner
the thessalischen Ebene, die Πελασγοί “Flachlandbewohner ” (*πελαγ -σκοί); herald. πλάγος
n. ‘seite”, τὰ πλάγια “die Seiten, Flanken ”, πλάγιος “(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant,
skew”; Lat. plaga ‘surface, plain, area, net, Überzug; region, landscape “ , plagula “BIatt a
Toga, leaf Papier ”, plagella “rag”;
Mod.Ice. flōki m., O.E. flōc m. “Flunder”, Eng. flook-footed “plattfũßig” ; O.H.G. flah (-hh-),
Dutch flak, flach “ smooth “, O.S. flaka f. “Fußsohle” , Nor. flak n. ‘scheibe, Eisscholle ”,
O.Ice. flaki, fleki m. “Bretterverschlag ”, tirol.-kärnt. flecken “board, plank, balk ”.
References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.
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plāk-2, plāg - , also plēk-, plēg -
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”
Material: Gk. πλήσσω (*plüki̯ō ), πλήγνῡμι “hit”, πληγή , Dor. πλᾱγα “blow, knock ”, πλ῅κτρον
“beetle, hammer etc. ”; nasal. πλάζω (*πλαγγι̯ω ) “hit, verschlage ” (πλάγξω , ἐπλάγχθην ); Lat.
plüga “blow, knock, wound ”, plangō, -ere “hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve “; M.Ir.
lēn, gen. lēoin “affliction, wound ” (*plakno- ), léssaim ‘schlage violent ” (*plang-sō); Goth.
faiflōkun “ἐκόπτοντο , betrauerten ”, O.E. flōcan “Beifall klatschen ”, O.S. flōcan
“verwũnschen, verfluchen” (at first from “loud die Brust hit ”), O.H.G. fluohhon ds., fluoh
“Fluch”, O.Ice. flōki “gestampfter Filz ”; from dem Gmc. here probably also words for
“Anprall, gust of wind ” and “with den Flũgeln hit, flutter, flicker ”: O.Ice. flaga “plötzlicher
attack “, M.L.G. M.H.G. vlage “ shove, attack, storm ”, Eng. flaw “gust of wind, Sprung,
crack”; O.Ice. flǫgra “flutter”, O.H.G. flagarōn “umherfliegen ”; with Gmc. k: O.Ice. flǫkra
(flakurōn ) “umherschweifen ”, M.H.G. vlackern , Dutch vlakkeren “flicker”, O.E. flacor
“fliegend”, flicorian “flicker” , O.Ice. flǫkta (*flakutōn ) “umherstreifen, flutter ”, expressive
O.Ice. flakka “flutter, umherschweifen ”, older Dutch vlacken “ twitch “; nasalized M.L.G.
vlunke (“Flũgel”); O.Ice. flengja “thrash” (Eng. fling “throw” from dem O.Ice.), wherefore (?)
Lat. lancea “die originally spanische Lanze ” (Celt. word);
Lith. plakù , plàkti “hit, chastise, castigate ”, plõkis m. “Rutenstreich ”; O.C.S. plačo ̨ , plakati
sę ‘sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, wail “;
besides plük/g - steht plēk/g -: Lat. plectō, -ere “punish, curse, chastise, castigate ”, Lith.
plíek -iu, -ti “hit, thrash, chastise, castigate ”, dial. plėgà “Prũgel, Zũchtigung” .
References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;
See also: probably to pelǝ-: plü- S. 805, also originally “breit hit”.

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plā ̆ t- (plā ̆ d-), plē ̆ t-, plō ̆ t-, plǝt -
English meaning: wide, flat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “breit and flach; ausbreiten ”
Note: extension to pelǝ- : plü- ds., see there; to Vokalverhältnis compare plük- : plēk- ds.
and plük- : plēk- : plĕk- “hit”
Material: Aryan *pleth-: O.Ind. práthati “breitet from ”, -tē “dehnt sich from, verbreitet sich ”,
pr̥thá- m. “flat hand ”, práthas - n. = Av. fraϑah- n. “ Breite”, O.Ind. pr̥thú -, Av. pǝrǝϑ u- “wide,
breit, capacious “, fem. O.Ind. pr̥thvī́ , Av. pǝrǝϑwī (also as Subst. “Oberfläche” ), besides
from *pl̥t(h)ǝu̯- : pr̥thivī́ f. “earth” (“Erdoberflache ”) = Gk. Πλάταια, Gaul. GN Litavī f., Gaul.-
Lat. Letavia , leg. *Litavia , Welsh Llydaw “die Bretagne ”, M.Ir. Letha ds.;
Arm. lain “breit” (*pletǝ-no-).
Gk. πλατύς “platt, breit ” (= O.Ind. pr̥thú-), πλάτος n. “Breite” (reshuffling from * πλέτος =
O.Ind. práthas - after πλατύς ), πλάτη “Ruderschaufel ”, ὠμο-πλάτη f. ‘scapula”, πλάτανος
‘sycamore ” (“breitästig” ); πλαταμών “jeder flat body ” (: O.Ind. prathimán - m. “Breite,
Ausdehnung ”); πλαταγή “das Klatschen ”; formal nicht right clear, bright are παλαστή “flat
hand”, πλάστιγξ “flat bowl” ;
Lat. planta f. “Fußsohle” (*pla-n-tü); planta ‘setzreis” is back-formation to *plantüre “den
Boden ebnen ”;
Welsh lled, Corn. les, Bret. let, led m. “Breite” (from dem n. *pletos = O.Ind. práthas -),
Welsh lledu , Bret. ledaff “ outspread “, O.Ir. lethaim “dehne from, erweitere ” (probably also
O.Ir. leth n. ‘side, flank “ etc.), compar. Welsh lled “wide, further ” (*plet- is), O.Ir. letha “wide”,
Positiv *pl̥teno- in O.Ir. lethan , Welsh llydan , Bret. Corn. ledan “breit”, Gaul. Litana (silva),
Litano-briga ; M.Ir. leithe ‘shoulder” (*pleti̯ü ), M.Ir. lethech “ flounder, flat fish “; O.Ir. less,
Welsh llys “castle” (*pl̥t-to-?);

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Maybe Alb. ( *pleti̯ü ) fletë “ (wide) wing, side, flank, (flat) leaf “, fle- “ lie, sleep ” : O.Ir. leth n.
‘side, flank “, M.Ir. leithe ‘shoulder”; also Alb. leth, ledh “mud, alluvium; wall, flat earth,
mound, river mouth, balk ” : O.Ir. less, Welsh llys “castle” (*pl̥t-to-?) : Gaul.-Lat. Letavia ,
leg.*Litavia , Welsh Llydaw , M.Ir. Letha .
in Gmc. with ablaut. а : ō: M.H.G. vluoder “Flunder”, nasalized M.H.G. nd. flunder ds.,
M.L.G. vlundere ds., Dutch vlonder “thin board ”, O.Ice. flyðra f. “ deadwood “, Swe. flundra
ds., Nor. also ‘small platter stone “; Gmc. *flaÞōn in O.H.G. flado “Opferkuchen ”, M.H.G.
vlade “wide, dũnner cake”, Ger. Fladen, Kuh-fladen , Nor. flade m. ‘small Ebene, flaches
field”; M.L.G. vladder “dũnne Torfschicht” ;
Lith. plõtyti “ outspread “, plótas “Platte”, plõtis “Breite”, Ltv. plãtît , plèst , thin
aufstreichen ”; O.C.S. *plastъ “tortum”, Russ. plast “ layer “ (root form * plüt-); Lith. splečiu ̀ ,
sple ̃sti “breiten, breitlegen ” (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our family otherwise
nirgends), platùs “breit” (a = o, different from πλατύς , pr̥thú -), plantù , plàsti “wide become ”,
O.Pruss. plasmeno f. “Vorderhälfte the Fußsohle” ; from the root form plĕt-: Lith. plėtóti ‘sich
ausbreiten ”, O.C.S. plesna “Fußsohle” (*plet-s -nü, to es-stem O.Ind. práthas -); but Slav.
*plęsati “tanzen” because of Lith. plęšti not here ( *plenk̂ -);
O.C.S. plešte ‘shoulder”, Russ. pleče ̏ ds. (Russ. bělo-plekij “weißschultrig” , neologism to
pleče ̏ = O.Bulg. plešte , compare above M.Ir. leithe ).
With auslautender voiced-nonaspirated: O.Ice. flatr, O.H.G. flaz “eben, flat ”, O.S. flat “flat,
untief” (full grade M.L.G. vlōt ds.), O.Ice.-O.E. flett n., O.S. flet, fletti “ floor in Haus ”, O.H.G.
flazzi , flezzi “geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle ” (Ger. Flötz “ebene
Bergschicht ”); O.H.G. flazza “palm”; Ltv. plañdît “breit make ”.
References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.
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plek̂-
English meaning: to plait, weave
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, zusammenwickeln ”
Note: presumably further formations from pel- “falten”
Material: O.Ind. praśna - m. “netting, lurban ” (also plü ́ s ́ i- m. “ intestines, entrails “); Av.
ǝrǝzato frašnǝm “with silbernem Panzerhemd ”; Gk. πλέκω “flechte” (= Lat. plicō), participle
πλεκτός; πλεκτή “rope, band, net ”, πλέγμα n., πλέκος n., πλόκανον “netting, wickerwork “,
πλοκή “netting; Ränke” , πλόκος , πλόκαμος , πλοχμός (*πλοκ -σ-μος, compare den es-stem
τὸ πλέκος) “ braid, plait, curl “, Alb. presumably plaf “bunte, wollene cover ” (*plok̂-s-ko-),
plëhurë “grobe canvas, fabric ”; Lat. plicō, -üre “zusammenwickeln, zusammenfalten ”, with i
after den compounds explicüre, implicüre, applicüre; t -present plectō , -ere, -xi, -xum “flax,
wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten ” = O.H.G. flehtan , O.E. fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.),
O.Ice. flētta “flax, wattle, braid ”; O.Ice. flētta f. “lichen”, O.E. fleohta m. “ hurdle “, Goth.
flahta “ hair lock “; O.H.G. flahs , O.E. fleax n. “Flachs” (about Dutch vlijen “flax, wattle,
braid” s. Franck van Wijk 749); O.C.S. pletǫ, plesti “flax, wattle, braid ” (if with “West IE”
guttural from * plek-tō), ablaut. O.C.S. plotъ “fence”;
References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.
See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek̂-.
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pleuk -
English meaning: flake, feather, hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Flocke, Feder, Haar, Abfall ”
Material: O.H.G. (expressive) floccho “lanugo”, Ger. Flocke , M.L.G. vlocke “Woll- ,
snowflake “;
Maybe Alb. flokë “ flake, hair “
Nor. dial. flugsa, flygsa “ snowflake “; Lith. pláukas “ein hair”, plaukaĩ “hair”, Ltv. plauki
‘schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn ”, plaũkas “Abfall beim
spinning, Flocken, fibers; Hũlsen” ; Ltv. plūcu, plūkt “pluck, tear, rend, pluck, schleißen” , Lith.
plùksna , plùnksna “ feather “.
References: WP. II 97.
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pl(e)u-mon -, pleu-ti̯o-
English meaning: lung
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Lunge”
Material: O.Ind. klō ́ man - m. n. “die right Lunge ” (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = Gk. πλεύμων
“Lunge” (through support in πνέω also πνεύ̄ μων); Lat. pulmō , mostly pl. “Lunge” (from
*pelmōnes or *plumō ́ nes );
Bal.-Slav. * pleuti̯ü - and *plauti̯ü - n. pl. in Lith. plaũčiai and Ltv. plàuši , plàušas m. pl. ,
O.Pruss. plauti (secondary f.) “Lunge”; O.C.S. plušta and *pljušta n. pl. (aRuss. pljuča
“Lunge”), Serb. pljûća f. “liver”.
The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as ‘schwimmer ” to pleu- (pel-) “πλέω”.
References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.
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pleus -
English meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausrupfen; gerupfte Wollflocken, Federn or Haare, Vlies, Zotten ”
Material: Lat. plūma “Flaumfeder, Flaum ” (*plusmü ); M.L.G. vlūs, vlūsch ‘schaffell, Vlies ”,
nnd. vlūs(e) , vlūsch “ tussock hair, Bũschel Wolle” , M.H.G. vlius (*flūsi -) “Vlies”, Ger. Flaus ,
Flausch ; M.H.G. vlies, Ger. Vlies ;
O.E. flēos, flīes n. ds., with gramm. variation Nor. flūra “zottiges hair ”; O.Ice. flosa
‘splinter, offal ”, Nor. dial. flos, flus(k) , flustr ds. and “ dandruff, scale auf dem Kopfe ”, as Ltv.
plauskas and plaukstes “ dandruff “, Ltv. plūsni “in Winde flatternde birch bark “, Lith.
pliū ́ šinti “rub, wear out ”, plūša ̀ “Bastfasern ” (in addition рlìūše ̃ “reed”) etc.;
Lith. plùskos pl. “Haarzotten, hair ”, Ltv. pluskas “Zotten, rag ”, ablaut. plauskas f. pl.
‘schelfer”; Lith. pláuzdinis “(Feder)bett, Deckbett ”, O.Pruss. (with g-insertion) plauxdine
“feather- bed”.
References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.
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pleu-
English meaning: to run, flow; to swim
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rinnen (and rennen), fließen; schwimmen, schwemmen, gießen;
fliegen, flattern ”
Note: probably extension from pel- “flow, swim ”, and originally ds. as pel(eu) - “fũllen voll”
(“Überfluß, ũberfließend” )
Material: O.Ind. plávatē ‘schwimmt, hovers, flies ” (= Gk. πλέω, Lat. perplovēre , O.C.S.
plovǫ ), pravatē ‘springt auf, hurries “ (here and in Av. ava nifrüvayenta ‘sie lassen in Fluge
heimkehren ”, usfravü ̊ nte “(die Wolken) steigen auf ” kann also ein IE preu- ‘spring”
vorliegen); Kaus. plaváyati “läßt swim, ũberschwemmt” (= Serb. ploviti , O.H.G. flouwen ,
flewen );
lengthened grade O.Ind. plüva ́ yati “läßt swim” , Av. usfrüvayōit “daß er wegschwemmen
could” (= O.C.S. plavljǫ , plaviti ‘swim lassen, schwemmen ”);
plavá - ‘schwimmend; m. boat, Nachen ” (= Russ. plov); plutá - “ũberschwemmt” (= Gk.
πλυτός “gewaschen ”), pluti- f. “Überfließen , flood” (= Gk. πλύσις “das Waschen ”), uda-pru-t-
“in Wasser schwimmend ”;
arm luanam , Aor. luapi “wash” (*plu(ʷ)a -);
Gk. πλέ(F)ω (ἔπλευσα, πλεύσομαι) ‘schiffe, schwimme ” (Inf. Ion. πλέειν, πλ῵σαι
‘schiffen”, but πλώειν, πλ῵σαι ‘swim”); Ion. πλόος, Att. πλοῦς m. ‘schiffahrt”, (=Clr. plov),
πλοῖον “ Fahrzeug ” (= O.Ice. fley ‘ship”); πλύ̄νω “ wash” (*πλῠ-ν-ι̯ω; Fut. πλῠν῵, Aor. pass.
ἐπλύθην), πλυνός m. “ Waschgrube ”, πλύμα n. ‘spũlicht”, πλυτ ός, πλύσις (see above);
πλοῦτος m. “ Fulle, richness “; from the lengthened grade plō[u] - besides πλώειν, πλ῵σαι
(see above), ἐπέπλων “ beschiffte ”, πλωτός ‘schwimmend, fahrbar ”, Hom. δακρυπλώειν “ in
Tränen swim” (from *δακρυπλώς);

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Illyr. FlN Plavis: Lith. sea N. Plavõs ;
Lat. perplovēre (Fest.) “durchsickern lassen, leck sein ”, plovēbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere
“rain”; pluvius, pluor “rain”;
O.Ir. loun “ trip food “, loan, loon “adeps” (*plou̯ eno-; see under M.L.G. flōme ); O.Ir. lu-
“move”, Abstr. luud “Antrieb”, luud “aries = Mauerbrecher ”; also cét-lud “coitus”; ess-com- lu-
“proficisci” , ess-lu- “fortgehen, entkommen ”, fo-lu- “fly”, lūamain “das Fliegen ”, lūath “quick,
fast”, lūas “ quickness “; O.Ir. lū(a)ë f. “ rudder, helm, calcaneus, tail ”, (*pluu̯i̯ü ), Welsh llyw
“ruler, tax, tail ”, O.Corn. loe “ruler”, M.Ir. lūam ‘steuermann ”, Welsh llong-lywydd ds., Bret.
levier ds.;
O.H.G. causative flouwen , flewen ‘spũlen, wash” (= O.Ind. plaváyati ), O.Ice. flaumr
“current”, O.H.G. floum “colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend) ”, M.L.G. flōme f. “rohes Bauch-
and Nierenfett ”, Ger. Flom, Flaum m. ds., O.Ice. fley (= πλοῖον, *plou̯iom ) n. ‘ship”; O.Ice.
flūð f. “blinde cliff ” (i.e. “ũberflutete” ; ū : ō[ū] : ēu); plē- in M.H.G. vlæ ̄ jen ‘spũlen” ; plō[u] - in
O.Ice. flōa, O.E.flōwan “ũberfließen” , Goth. flōdus (: πλωτός ), O.Ice. flōð f. n., O.H.G. fluot
“flood”, O.Ice. flōi m. ‘swamp, marsh ”;
Lith. causative pláuju , plóviau , pláuti “wash, spũlen” , Fut. pláusiu (*plōusi̯ō ); plū ́ tis “offene
place in Eise ”; plevėsúoti “flutter”;
O.C.S. plovǫ , pluti “flow, schiffe ”, plujǫ ‘schwimme ”, Kaus.-Iter. Serb. plòviti
‘schwemmen, swim ”, Russ. plov “boat”, Clr. plov “natütiō” , lengthened grade O.C.S. plaviti
‘swim lassen ”, -sę “navigare ”, plavati ‘swim”; Serb. plȕta f., plȕto n. “cork”; *plū- in Inf. Russ.
plytь, Serb. plȉti;
Toch. А В plu- “fly, schweben ”, В plewe ‘ship”.
extensions:
pleu-d-: O.Ir. im-lūadi “exagitat”, imlūad “agitatio”, for-lūadi ‘schwenkt”, lūaid - “move,
erwähnen, äußern” ; in addition M.Ir. loscann “frog” (‘springer”); O.Ice. fljōta , O.E. flēotan ,

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O.S. fliotan , O.H.G. fliozan “flow”; O.E. flotian ‘swim”, flota ‘ship”, floterian “to flutter”, äGer.
flutteren “volitüre” ;
Maybe Alb. flutur “butterfly” : Rom. fluture “butterfly”, Alb. fluturonj “fly” : Rom. flutura
“wave, flutter, flaunt, fly ”.
dubious is die apposition from Goth. flauts “prahlerisch ”, flautjan ‘sich großmachen” , O.H.G.
flōzzan ‘superbire”; Lith. pláudžiu pláusti “wash, clean ”, Ltv. plaûst ds., Lith. plústu , plū ́ dau ,
plū ́ sti ‘stream, fluten, ũberfließen” , plude ̃ “ Schwimmholz “, plūdìmas “das Strömen ,
Überfließen” , Ltv. pluduôt “obenauf swim ”, pludi , pludińi ‘schwimmhölzer” , plûdi pl. “
inundation, flood ”, plūdît “ergießen, stream; bewässern” ; Lith. plúostas “Fähre” (*plōud -tü),
pláustas ds. ( *ploud-tü).
pleu-k-: Swe. Nor. fly “moor, fen, puddle, slop ” (*fluhja -); O.Ice. fljūga , O.E. flēogan ,
O.H.G. fliogan “fly” (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels probably through Differenzierung
against fliehen = Goth. Þliuhan ); in addition O.E. fleog e, O.Ice. fluga , O.H.G. flioga “fly”;
dissimil. from Gmc. *flug- la- (compare O.E. flugol “fugax”) probably die words for “bird”:
O.Ice. fugl, fogl, Goth. fugls , m., O.E. fugol , O.S. fugal , O.H.G. fogal m.; Lith. plaũkti ‘swim”;
plùnksna f. “ feather “, older plū ́ ksna .
References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.
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plēi-, plǝi -, plī -
English meaning: naked, bare, bald
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kahl, bloß”
Material: Nor. dial. flein “naked, bald, bleak, naked ”, Subst. “kahler Fleck ”, fleina “entblößt,
baldheaded become ” and “die Zähne show, grinsen” ; Lith. plūnas “eben, bare, baldheaded
“, Lith. plūnė , pleĩnė “kahleEbene ”; plìkas “ baldheaded “, plìkė “Kahlkopf, nackte Ebene ”,
pleĩkė “Glatze”, plinkù , plìkti “ baldheaded become ”, Ltv. pliks, pleiks “entblößt, naked, bald,
bleak”; R.C.S. plěšь “Kahlheit”, plěšivь “naked, bald, bleak ”, Cz. pleš f. “Glatze” etc.,
compare also Nor. flisa “grinsen, lachen, kichern ”, fleis “face” (eig. “grinsendes face,
Grimasse ”), flire “kichern, lachen ”, O.Ice. flim “ derision “;
here also the oberItal. (raet.) PN Plinius.
References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;
See also: compare under under plēk ̂- etc.
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plēk ̂-, plǝk ̂- and plēik ̂ -, plīk ̂-
English meaning: to tear, peel off
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reißen, abreißen (abschälen)”
Material: 1. O.Ice. flü (*flahan ), O.E. flēan “die Haut abziehen ”, O.Ice. fletta (*flahatjan )
“(den bag, die dress) abziehen ”, Nor. flaga “abgeschält become (from the bark)” , O.Ice.
flagna ‘sich peel”; nasalized O.Ice. flengja “throw”, Nor. ds., “losreißen” ; with Gmc. - k- (= IE
g), O.Ice. flakna =flagna (skip-flak ‘schiffswrack ”), flaka “aufklaffen, sich unpick, yawn “;
Lith. ple ́š-iu, - ti “ rend “ (trans.), nuple ́šti “abreißen (e.g. dress), die Haut abschinden” ,
plėšzinỹs “fresh aufgerissener farmland ”; Ltv. pluôsît Iter . “ rend, pull ”;
perhaps Alb. plas “berste, break ”, plasë “Ritze = col, gap, Sprung; Schießscharte” ,
pëlsá s, Aor. plasa “berste, spring, go zugrunde ”.
2. ēi-, ī-forms: Lith. pléišu , -ėti “ rend, platzen (from the Haut) ”, plaiš-inti “break, crack
make”, plūš- ti “ rend, Intr. ”, plyšy ̃ s , plyše ̃ “crack, col, gap ”; Ltv. Intrans. plîst “ rend “, plaîsa ,
plaîsums “crack”, plaisât “Risse bekommen ”; diese alien i-forms gestatten also die citation
of Nor. dial. flīk(e) “gähnende wound” (eig. “crack, col, gap ”), O.Ice. flīk, pl.flīkr and flīkar f.
‘scrap, shred, rag ”, O.E. (kent.) flæ ̄ c (*flaiki ) “Fleisch” (k probably from kk), flicce
‘speckseite ”, O.Ice. flikki ds., M.L.G. vlicke ds., “Flicke, abgetrenntes Stũck” ; O.H.G.flëc,
flëccko , M.H.G. vlec, vlecke (Proto-Gmc. *flikka ) ‘stũck Zeug, Stũck Haut, Stũck Land,
place, andersfarbige place, macula ”; O.Ice. flekkr “Fleck, Stũck Land” (M.L.G. vlacke
“Fleck” is neuerAblaut);
because of O.E. flæ ̄ c “Fleisch” is also kinship from O.E. flæ ̄ sc , O.S. flēsk, O.H.G. fleisk
“Fleisch”, O.Ice. flesc (*fleisk ) “bacon, ham ” to consider, yet barely under a basic form *flaik-
sk-, da M.L.G. M.Du. vlēs, vlees “Fleisch”, O.Ice. flis “abgeschnittenes Stũck, splinter” , Swe.
flīs, flīsa ds., Nor. dial. flīs ds., kjøt-flis “dũnnes Stũck Fleisch” eine cognate , Gmc. root form

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plē-, plǝ -
English meaning: to split, cut off
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abspalten, abreißen”
Note: with -s- extended
Material: O.Ice. flasa f. “dũnne Scheibe, splinter” , fles f. “flat cliff”, Ice., O.S. flas “ dandruff,
scale “, Nor. flasa “absplittern, abspalten ”, Ice. flaska “gespalten become ”; Lith. plãskanos
pl. ‘schinnen in Haar ”.
References: WP. II 93;
See also: compare under plēk ̂- etc.
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plǝi-, plǝu -
English meaning: to expand; to boast
Deutsche Übersetzung: “breit schlagen, breit machen ”
Material: 1. plǝi-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plük- “breit”) in Gk. πλαισίον n. “längliches
Viereck”, Lith. plaitūtis ‘sich breit machen, brag, boast ”; with anlaut. s-: Lith. splintù , splitaũ ,
splìsti “breit become ”.
2. plǝu-d-, plǝu-t- in Lat. plaudō, -ere, -sī, -sum “klatsche, hit, klatsche Beifall ”, plausus, -
ūs “Beifall” (compare aplūda “chaff, bran “ from * ab-plaudü “die abgeschlagene ”) ; Lat.
plautus “breit, platt, plattfũßig” , PN Plautus, prän. -Lat. Plautios, päl. Plauties , with Umbr.
ō:Plōtus ; Umbr. Imper. pre-plotatu “prosternito ”; Ltv. plaũksta “flat hand ” (different
Mũhlenbach -Endzelin III 325).
References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;
See also: extensions the root pelǝ- “flat, eben ”, above S. 805.
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plouto -, pluto -
English meaning: a kind of wooden stockade
Deutsche Übersetzung: “from Brettern or Stangen Gefertiges ”
Material: Lat. pluteus, - um ‘schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand ”, changing through
ablaut with Lith. plaũtas ‘steg am beehive ”, Ltv. plüuts “Wandbrett ”, plautaĩ “die Bänke an
the wall the Badestube ” and O.Ice. fleyðr f. “Dachsparren ”, Nor. expressive flauta f.
“crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled “.
References: WP. II 90.
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pneu -
English meaning: to breathe
Deutsche Übersetzung: and andere with pn- anlautende Sippen for “keuchen, atmen ”;
schallmalend
Material: Gk. πνέω (πνεῦσαι) “ blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell ”, πνεῦμα “ das Wehen,
breath, breeze, breath etc. ”, πνοή “das Wehen, snort ”; in addition perhaps also ποιπνύ̄ ω
‘sich rũhren, astir sein” , trans. ‘sich eager wherewith beschäftigen” , perf. πεπνῦσθαι “
spiritually astir, sensible, wise sein ”, πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων Hes., ἀμπνῦσθαι “ again zum
Bewußtsein come” , if ‘sich rũhren, astir, esp. spiritually astir “ from “beim Laufe keuchen ”
and “ breathe = agile, lively sein ” has evolved;
O.Ice. fnȳsa “pant, sniff, snort ”, O.E. fnēosan ‘sneeze” (fnora “das Niesen ”), M.H.G.
pfnūsen “pant, sniff, snort, sneeze ” (pf- schallverstärkend for f), pfnust m. “unterdrũcktes
laughter “, Nor. fnysa “kichern”; besides Gmc. *fnēs -, *fnōs -, *fnas-: O.E. fnesan “anhelare ”,
fnæ ̄ st m. “breath, breath, breeze ”, fnæ ̄ settan ‘schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort ”, M.H.G.
pfnüsen “pant, sniff, snort ”, pfnüst m. “das snort ”, O.H.G. fnüsteōn “anhelare ”; O.Ice. fnø ̄ sa
“pant, sniff, snort ”; O.Ice. fnü ̆ sa “pant, sniff, snort ”; O.H.G. fnaskazzen, fneskezzen , M.H.G.
phneschen “pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp ”;
Gmc. fnē ̆ h-: O.H.G. fnehan , M.H.G. pfnehen “breathe, pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp ”,
O.H.G. fnühtente ‘schnaubend ” (M.H.G. pfnuht m. ‘snort” braucht nicht die zero grade from
IE pneu- widerzuspiegeln).
References: WP. II 85, Wissmann nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 696.
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polo- : pōlo -
English meaning: swollen, fat, big
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geschwollen, dick, groß”
Material: Lat. polleō, -ēre “bin strong, vermöge” , Denomin. eines *pollos from * pol-no-; in
addition pollex, -icis m. “Daumen, big, giant toe ”; Proto-Slav. palъ in Russ. bez-palъij
“fingerlos ”; aR.C.S. palъcъ “Daumen ” (*poliko- ), etc. ;
Maybe Alb. ( *poliko- ) prek “ touch, palpate “
perhaps in addition as “with dem Daumen touch “ Pers. pülidan ‘suchen, spũren” , Bulg.
pálam ‘search, seek ”, O.H.G. fuolen , Ger. fũhlen , O.E. fæ ̄ lan , Eng. feel, (*fōljan ), O.Ice.
felma “tap, grope “, ablaut. falma ds.
References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.
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pork̂o -s
English meaning: pig
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwein” (“neugeborenes Tier, Ferkel ”)
Note:
From an extended zero grade of Root eĝhi- : “ hedgehog “ derived Root ĝhers -, ĝher- :
“rigid, *pig ” > Root pork̂o -s : “pig” : Illyr.-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Sakisch püsa (*parsa ), kurd. purs, borrowed finn. porsas , mordw. puŕts ‘swine”;
Lat. porcus “das zahme swine ”, Umbr. porca , purca “porcüs” ; M.Ir. orc m. “piglet, young
animal”, O.Brit. Orcades (with Gk. ending) = M.Ir. Innsi Orc “Orkney-islands ”;
O.H.G. far(a)h n., O.E. fearh m. n. ‘swine”, (Dan. fare “piglet throw ”); Lith. par̃šas “a
castrated boar ”, O.Pruss. prastian “piglet” (*parsistian ); O.Bulg. prasę , -ęte ‘swine, piglet ”
(deminut. nt-Suff.); to Lat. porcīnus “of swine” compare Lith. paršiena ̀ “Ferkelfleisch ”, to Lat.
porculus ‘schweinchen ” das Lith. parše ̃ lis “piglet”, O.H.G. farheli , M.H.G. varchelīn , Ger.
Ferkel.
References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 45, 74 ff.; after
Specht IE Decl. 34 to perk̂- “tear open ” (see 821).
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pos
English meaning: by, about, around, beside
Deutsche Übersetzung: “unmittelbar bei, hinter, after ”
Note: probably *p + os, gen.-abl. to *(e)p- , above S. 53 f.
Material: Gk. in ark.-Cypr. and auf Gk. Inschriften Phrygiens πός, vor vowel also πο -,
geltungsgleich with πρός (see *per “out - about ”, Nr. 8) and Dor. ποτί; Lith. pàs preposition
“an, by”; probably also O.C.S. po in the meaning “ behind, after ”; compare das erhaltene s-
in O.C.S. poz-dъ adj. “late”, poz-dě adv. “late”, pozderije (paz-derije ) “καλάμη, στυπεῖ ον”.
To Lith. pàs also pãstaras “the letzte, hinterste ”.
Derivatives: 1. with -ti probably Arm. ǝst “after”, Adverbal and preposition “after =
secundum, gemäß” ; in addition stor “the untere part ”?; Lat. post, aLat. poste “after, behind
“, örtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. acc., Osc. púst, post, Umbr. post, pus
“post” örtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. abl., therefrom Lat. posterus , Osc. pústreí “in
postero”, Umbr. postra, Lat. postumus , Osc. pustma[s] “postremae ”; Umbr. postne, Lat.
pōne from * posti- ne; Osc. pústin , Umbr. pustin (from * posti en) “je after” preposition m. acc. ;
Umbr. pust-naiaf “posticas”, purnaes “posticis”; Lat. postīcus “hinten situated ”.
2. -ko- O.Ind. paścǘ (instr. ) adv. “behind, Westlich, later ” = Av. pašca preposition “
behind, after ”, örtlich and zeitlich, O.Ind. paścǘt (abl.) preposition “ behind, after, Westlich ”,
Av. pasküt̃ adv. “vonhinten her, hinterdrein ” spacial and zeitlich; Lith. paskuĩ , pãskui (dat. )
adv. “afterwards, nachher ”, preposition “after”.
3. In ending still strittig is ap. pasü “after”, preposition örtlich and zeitlich; Alb. pas, Gheg
mbas preposition “ behind, after ” (IE *pos + Demonstr. si).
References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 508.
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poti-s
English meaning: owner, host, master, husband
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hausherr, Herr; Gatte ”
Material: O.Ind. páti-, Av. paiti- “master, mister, lord, master, Gemahl ”; O.Ind. pátnī
“mistress, wife ”, Av. paϑnī- “mistress”; O.Ind. pátyatē “herrscht, is teilhaftig ” (: Lat. potior );
Av. x ̌aē-pati- “er selbst ”;
Gk. πόσις “ husband “, πότνια “mistress (of Hauses), wife ”; δέσ-ποινα “mistress of
Hauses” (*δεσ-πονι̯α, from *δεσ-ποτνι̯α), δεσ-πότης , -ου “master, mister of Hauses ” (see
above S. 198); Alb. pata “had”, pashë “gehabt” (*pot- to-) (to a present as Lat. potior , O.Ind.
pátyatē );
Lat. potis (potior , potissimus ) “vermögend, mighty” , possum , aLat. also potis sum “kann”,
potui, potens from an ē-denominative as Osc. pútíad “possit”, pútíans “possint”, Lat.
potestüs “power”, potior , -īrī (potĭtur and potītur ) ‘sich bemächtigen” ; com- pos “teilhaftig”
(*”Withherr ”), hospes, -itis “ guest’s friend “, pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots “Gastherr ”); ein
unflektiertes *poti ‘selbst” placed in utpote “as natũrlich, da nämlich, namely” , eig. *ut *pote
(est) “as es possible is = natũrlich” , further with syncope in mihī-, meō -, suüpte etc.;
Goth. brūÞ -faÞs “ bridegroom “, hunda-faÞs “Befehlshaber about 100 Mann ”; Eng. fad
‘strong, valiant, big, large ”;
Lith. pàts “husband ” and ‘selbst” (old patis ), Ltv. pats “ householder “ and ‘selbst”,
Lith.viẽšpats “master, mister ” (old viešpatìs ), O.Pruss. pattiniskun acc. f. “ matrimony “; f.
O.Lith. viešpatni ; *patnī under influence of *pati- transfigured to *patī in O.Pruss. waispattin
acc. “wife, woman ”, Lith. patì “wife”, Ltv. pati “Wirtin”; indekl. particle Lith. pàt, Ltv. pat
‘selbst, sogar, straight ”; about O.C.S. gospodь “master, mister ”, see above S. 453;
Hitt. - pat “eben(so), also, rather ”; Toch. A pats “husband ”.

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po-ti
English meaning: against
Deutsche Übersetzung: “compared with, entgegen, gegen ”
Note: through das adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from * po (see under
*apo “ab”) extended
Material: Av. paiti, ap. patiy preverb. and preposition “against, entgegen, to, auf, by ”; “an;
for, um”; “from - from ”; “in - toward, in ”; Hom., böot., lak. etc. ποτί “πρός” preverb. and
preposition “against - toward, against, compared with; an, to ”, “in - toward, from- ”.
References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 508 f.
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pō(i)-1 : (pǝi -?:) pī-
English meaning: to graze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Vieh weiden, hũten” ; out of it ‘schũtzen, also durch Bedecken”
Material: O.Ind. püti, Av. püiti “hũtet, bewacht, schũtzt” , O.Ind. gō-pü ́- m. “herdsman,
shepherd ”, Av. rüna-pü “Beinschutz, -schiene ”, O.Ind. püyu ́ - “Hũter” (compare π῵υ), püla ́-
m. “Wachter, herdsman, shepherd ”, -püvan ‘schũtzend” , ар. xšaϑra-püvan “Landvogt,
Satrap”; O.Ind. nŕ̥-pī-ti- f. “Mannerschutz ”; nr̥-p-a- m. “Männerschũtzer =king” ; pü ́ tra - n. “
container “ (= Goth. fōdr);
Gk. π῵υ “herd” (n. to O.Ind. püyu ́ -), ποιμήν “herdsman, shepherd ” (: Lith. piemuõ ),
ποίμην “herd”, ποιμαίνω “treibe auf die Weide, hũte; ziehe auf; π῵ μα (pō-mn̥) “cover”;
Goth. fōdr n. (= O.Ind. pü ́ tra -, yet stimmt in addition in Akzent only O.E. fōðor ) “θήκη,
vagina”, O.E. fōðor , fōdor “ sheath, vagina ”; LateO.Ice. fōðr n. “food (of clothing) ” from
M.L.G. vōder ds.; O.H.G. (fedar)fōtar “canna”, LateO.H.G. fūoter “theca”, Ger. Futter (of
clothing), Futteral ;
Lith. piemuõ “herdsman, shepherd ”, acc. píemenį (*pōimen -).
References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.
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pō(i)-2 : pī- and (from pō- from) po-
English meaning: to drink
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trinken”
Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-pō-mi, pi-bō-mi,
themat. pi-bō
Material: O.Ind. pü ́ ti “trinkt”, Aor. ápüt, püy-áyati , páyatē “tränkt” (: O.C.S. pojǫ, pojiti),
pünam n. “Trunk” (: Gk. εὔπωνος “ pleasant to drink ” Hes., M.Ir. ün f. “vessel”), Inf. pütavē
“to drink” (= O.Pruss. poūtwei ds.), pü ́ tar -, püta ́ r - m. “Trinker” (= Lat. pōtor ds.), -pü ́ yia -, -
püyya - “to tränken, Trunk” (= O.Pruss. poūis m. “das Trinken ”), pütra - n. “drinking vessel ”
(*pō-tlo-m = Lat. pōculum “goblet”); participle pass. ablaut. pīta ́- “getrunken (habend) ”, pītí-
f. “das Trinken, Trunk ”, Av. vispo-pitay- “alltränkend” ; O.Ind. Inf. pütum, pütavē , Gerund.
pītvü - (: Lat. pōtus m. “Trank”); redupl. athematic present 3. pl. pi-p-atē, participle pí-p-üna-,
Aor. á-pipī-ta-; thematic píbati “trinkt” (= O.Ir. ibid);
Arm. ǝmpem “trinke” (formation unclear);
Gk. πί̄νω, Lesb. πώνω (of Nominalst. *pō-no-, compare above εὔπωνως) “ trinke”, Fut.
(Konj.) πίομαι, Aor. ἔπιον, Imper. πῖθι, perf. πέπωκα, Med. πέπομαι “ trinke”, π῵μα, πόμα n.
“Trinken, Trank ”, πότος m., πόσις, -ιος and -εως f. ds., ποτήρ m., ποτήριον n. “ drinking cup
“, πῖνον n. “ Gerstentrank ”, πιπί̄σκω (Fut. πί̄ σω) “ give to drink ”;
Alb. pī “trinke” etc.;
Lat. bibō, -ere “trinke” (assimil. from * pibō; falisk. pipůfo “I werde drink ”; Lat. pōtō, -üre
“trinke strong ”, pōtus “betrunken, getrunken ” (= Lith. puotà f. “Zechgelage ”), pōtus, -ūs m.
“Trank” (= O.Ind. pütum Inf.), pōtiō f. “Trinken, Trank ” (: Gk. ἄμ-πωτις f. “ Ebbe”, O.Pruss.
poūt “drink” from *pōti-), pōculum “goblet” (*pō-tlo-m ), pōtor m. “Trinker” (= O.Ind. pü ́ tar -);
Umbr. puni, poni “milk” (: O.Ind. pünam “Getränk” ); O.Ir. ibid (*pibeti ) “trinkt”, Verbalnom.

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dat. sg. oul (disyllabic) “Trinken” (*poi̯ǝ-lo-); O.Welsh iben “bibimus”, Corn. evaf “bibo”,
M.Bret. euaff ds.; M.Ir. ün f. “drinking vessel ” (: O.Ind. pünam “Trunk”);
Bal.-Slav. *pōi̯ō and *pii̯ō “trinke” in O.Pruss. poieiti “trinkt”, poūis m. “das Trinken ”,
O.C.S. pijǫ, piti “trinke”; pirъ m. “Bankett”, pivo n. “Getränk” , Cz. etc. “beer”; Kaus. O.C.S.
pojǫ, pojiti “tränke” ; Bal.-Slav. *pōta - and *pīta- “getrunken ” in Lith. puotà f. “Trinkgelage ”
and O.C.S. pitijь “trinkbar”; Bal.-Slav. *pōti uud *pīti f. “das Trinken ” in O.Pruss. Inf. poūt
(*pōti-) and Slov. pît f. “Getränk” (Infin. *piti); Bal.-Slav. * pōtu- m. “das Trinken ” in O.Pruss.
Inf. puton , pouton and poutwei “drink”, ablaut. passive R.C.S. pitъ.
References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.
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pōu- : pǝu- : pū ̆-
English meaning: small, little; young (of animals)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klein, gering, wenig ”, vielfach for “Junges, Tierjunges, kleines Tier ”
Material: 1. With -o-suffix; Goth. fawai pl. “wenige”, O.Ice. für “wenig, wortkarg ”, fü-tøkr
“arm” (as Lat. pauper ), O.H.G. fao, fō “wenig”, dat. pl. fouuem , O.S. fü, O.E. fēa, pl. fēawe ,
Eng. few “wenige”.
2. With formants -ko-: Lat. paucus “wenig”, pauper “arm” (*pauco-paros or pau-paros?
“wenig erwerbend, wenig sich constituting, originating “); O.H.G. fōh “wenig”;
maybe Alb. ( *pauc- ) pak “ little”.
With suffix -lo-: Lat. paul(l)us ‘small, wenig ” (*pauks- lo-), pauxillus “ganz wenig ” (*pauk-s-
lo-lo-).
3. With formants -ro-: Gk. παῦρος ‘small, little ”, Lat. with rearrangement parvus ‘small”,
parum (*parvom ) “to wenig”.
4. “Junges, Tierjunges ”:
Gk. παῦς (Att. Vasen), gen. παFός (Cypr., in addition ein neuer nom. πας), παῖς, gen.
παιδός m. f., Hom. πάις, παFιδ- “kid, child ”; Lat. puer “kid, child, knave, boy, girl ” (*puu̯ero -),
puella “girl”;
Goth. fula, O.Ice. foli m., fyl n. (*fulja- ), under fylja f., O.E. fola, O.H.G. folo, fulī(n) “Fũllen,
foals”; besides *pō[u]los in Arm. ul “goat”, am-ul “unfruchtbar ” (*n̥-pōlo-), yɫi f. “pregnant ”(*i-
pōlniyü ); Gk. π῵λος “foals”, also “young man, young girl ”, πωλίον ‘small foals, Junges ”, Alb.
pelë, pēle ̈ “mare” (Fem. to *pōlos ); perhaps med. Arbu-pales , if es “weiße foals besitzend”
stands for.
5. With t-formant: putrá - m., Av. ар. puϑ-ra- m. (latter from pūtlo - = Osc. puklo- ) ‘son, kid,
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maybe Alb. putra “paw (of a young animal ”, puta ‘sole”
Gk. names as Πώ -ταλος; Lat. putus, putillus “knave, boy ”, next to which *pūt-so- in
pūs(s)us, -a “knave, boy, girl ”, but pŭsillus “very small ” is Dimin. from pullus (*putslo- lo-s);
Osc. puklo- “kid, child ” (= O.Ind. putrá -), pälign. puclois dat. pl. “pueris”, mars. pucles ; Lat.
pullus “ young, Tierjunges ” (*put-s -lo-);
maybe Alb. (*putillus ) pulisht “donkey’s colt”
Bal.-Slav. *putü “bird” in R.C.S. pъta “bird”, pъtištь ‘small bird ” (“bird” lit. “young bird ”),
Lith. putūtis “young animal, young bird ” (Zärtlichkeitsausdruck), Balt *put-n-a- in Ltv. putns
“bird”; with other, demin. Formansverbindung Lith. paũ-kštis “bird”.
maybe Alb. pata “goose” Slavic loanword from R.C.S. pъta “bird” : Serbo-Croatian: pà ̀tka
“duck” [f].
References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.
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prāi-, prǝi -, prī- (pri-)
English meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gern haben, schonen, friedlich-frohe Gesinnung ”
Material: O.Ind. prīn ̣ ü ́ ti “erfreut”, Med. “is vergnũgt about etwas” , prīyatē ds., “liebt”, prīta ́-
“vergnũgt, befriedigt; geliebt” , prītí- f. “pleasure, joy, Befriedigung ”, priyüya ́ tē “behandelt
liebevoll, befreundet sich ” (: Goth. frijōn , O.C.S. prija-jǫ), priyá - “lieb, erwũnscht, beliebt” , m.
“ lover, husband “, f. “Geliebte, wife ” (= Av. frya-, O.Ice. Frigg etc., and Goth. freis, c. rhydd
“free”), priyatvá -m “das Liebsein or -have ” (: Goth. frijaÞwa f. “love”), priyátü ds. (= O.E.
frēod “love”); with*prǝi- : práyaḥ n. “pleasure, enjoyment ”, prēma ́ n - m. n. “love, Gunst ”,
prēta ́ r - “Wohltäter, Liebhaber, Pfleger” , superl. práïṣṭha - (ved.), prē ́ s ̣ ṭha - “liebst, teuerst ”,
whereupon compar. prē ́ yas - “lieber” for older *prüyas -; Av. früy- “ satisfy “, e.g. frīnümahi
participle frita-, frīna-, friϑa- “blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt ”, friti- f. “prayer”, frya- “lieb, wert ”;
perhaps the hispO.N. (Ven.-Illyr. ?) VN Praesta-marci (: O.E. frīd-hengest );
Note:
Alb.Gheg prende , Tosc Premte [*prēma ́ n - dies] “Friday” was created on the same basis as
Lat. L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi ), based on Gk Aphrodites
hemera day of Aphrodite , Gmc. Freitag “day of Freya = goddess of love ” similar to Gk.
παρασκευή “ Friday” from Gk. πρᾱΰς “ soft, mild “
Gk. πρᾱΰς “gentle, mild ” from *πρᾱι̯υ - with jũngerer o-inflection πρᾳος, beweist IE üi;
whereO.S. belongs O.Ir. rīar f. “volition, wish ” to erei-, S. 330;
Welsh rhydd “free” = Goth. freis (acc. frijana ), O.H.G. O.S. frī, O.E. frēo, frī “free, los, free
from”, O.Ice. in frjüls from *frīhals (die meaning “free” originally “to den Lieben gehörig” );
O.Ice. Frigg , O.H.G. Frija “wife Wotans ”, O.E. frēo f., O.S. frī n. “woman from noble lineage
“ (“die love”); Goth. frijōn “lieben”, O.Ice. frjü ds., O.E. frīogan “lieben, befreien ”, mdn. vrīen ,

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O.S. friohan “freien, werben ”, participle Goth. frijōnds “friend”, O.Ice. fræ ̄ ndi , pl. fræ ̄ ndr
“friend, kinsman, relative ”, O.E. frīond , O.S. friund “friend, lover, kinsman, relative ”, O.H.G.
friunt “friend, lover “; O.Ice. frīðr “beautiful ”, O.E. frīd-hengest ‘stattliches horse ”; from *frīða -
in the meaning “geschont ” derives Goth. freidjan ‘spare, look after ”, O.H.G. vrīten “hegen”
(frīthof “eingefriedigter courtyard “, Ger. Freithof and popular etymology Friedhof ); with ĭ
O.Ice. friðill “ lover, lover “, f. friðla, frilla , O.H.G. fridel , f. fridila “Geliebte(r) ”, next to which
from participle *frijōða - from: O.S. friuthil , O.H.G. friudil ds.; O.H.G. fridu m. “peace,
protection, certainty, Einfriedigung ”, O.S. frithu m. “peace”, O.E. frioðu m. “peace,
protection, certainty “, O.Ice. friðr m. “love, peace ”, Goth. ga-friÞōn ‘spare, look after ”, O.Ice.
friða “Frieden make, versöhnen” , O.E. friðian “ shield “, O.H.G. gifridōn “beschũtzen” ;
O.C.S. prějǫ “ be favorable to, take care of “, prija-jǫ, -ti ds., prijatelь “friend, lover “;
probably also Ltv. priêks “pleasure, joy ”.
maybe Alb. prek “touch, make love ” : Ltv. priêks “pleasure, joy ”, Alb.Gheg me pritë “to host ,
protect, expect, wait.
References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231.
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prā-
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Note: ?; only Lat. and Celt.
Material: Lat. prüvus “ inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad ”; in addition prütum “meadow ” (as “
incurvation of Bodens ”, compare e.g. Lith. lankà “Einsenkung, meadow ”: leñkti “bend” ) and
(as “Aufbiegung, bulge, hill ”); M.Ir. rüth, rüith m. f. “Erdwall, fortress ”, M.Welsh bed-rawt ,
Welsh bedd-rod m. “burial mound, grave ”, Bret. bez-ret f. “Begrabnisplatz, graveyard “,
Gaul. rütin acc. sg. “castle(hũgel)” , PN Argento- rüte.
References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.
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preg-
English meaning: willing, covetous, active
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gierig, heftig ”
Material: Goth. (faihu-)friks “(geld-) greedy “, O.Ice. frekr “ greedy, strong, hard, agile,
lively”, O.E. frecc “ greedy, audacious ” (*frakja- ), O.H.G. freh “ greedy “, Ger. frech dial. also
“agile, lively, fresh ”; O.E.fræc “begierig, audacious ”, M.L.G. vrak, Nor. Swe. dial. frak, Dan.
frag “quick, fast, gamy ”; Nor.fræ ̄ c ds. (*frükja -); O.Ice. frø ̄ kn , frø ̄ kinn “gamy”, O.E. frēcne
“audacious, wild ”, O.S. frōkni “wild, cheeky, foolhardy “, O.H.G. Frōhn, Fruochan - in PN;
frōhni “iactura”; Pol. pragnąć “ greedy long, want ”, Cz. prahnouti “lust, crave ” etc.; here
O.Ice. frakkr “gamy” and the VN Franken.
References: WP. II 88;
See also: belongs to Gk. σπαργάω “bin horny, lustful ”, see under sp(h)er(e)g- .
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prep-
English meaning: to come in sight
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in die Augen fallen; Erscheinung, Gestalt ”
Material: Arm. erevim “werde visible, erscheine ”, erevak ‘shape, Bild, mark, token, sign ”,
eres (*prep-s -), mostly pl. eresk” “face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite ”, eresem “zeige mich,
erscheine ”; also orovain “belly” etc. ( *prop-n̥-i̯o-)?
Gk. πρέπω “falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne mich from ”, πρέπει “es
ziemt sich ”, ἀρι-, δια-, ἐκ-, εὐ-, μετα-πρεπής “hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend ”; θεο-
πρόπος “ seer “ (“the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende ”); perhaps πpαπίς
“Zwerchfell” ; different above S. 620.
O.Ir. richt “form, shape ”, Welsh rhith ‘species” (*pr̥p-tu-);
O.H.G. furben “clean, putzen, fegen ” (“in die Augen fallend machen, ein Ansehen give ”),
M.H.G. vũrbe “ cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe ”, and. wel gifurvid “casta”.
References: WP. II 89.
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pret-, prō ̆ t-
English meaning: to understand
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verstehen ”
Material: M.Ir. rüthaigid “bemerkt”; Goth. fraÞi n. ‘sense, mind, Verstand ”, fraÞjan, frōÞ “
understand, comprehend “, frōÞs ‘smart, sensible, wise ”, O.Ice. frōðr, O.S. O.E. frōd,
O.H.G. fruot ds., M.H.G. vruotec , vrũetec “quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart,
valiant”, Ger. Swiss fruetig “blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast ”, also O.H.G. frad ‘strenuus
efficax”, fradah-līh “procax”; perhaps O.H.G. ant-frist “interpretatio ” (*pret-sti -); Lith. prantù ,
pràsti “ habitual, customary become ”, su-pràsti “ understand, comprehend “, prõtas
“Verstand ”, Ltv.prùotu , prast “ understand, comprehend , conceive, merken ”, pràts
“Verstand, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemũt” , O.Pruss. prütin acc. “Rat”, iss-prestun “
understand, comprehend “, is-presnan acc. “reason”, issprettīngi adv. “namely”;
Toch. A pratim, В pratiṃ “Entschluß” .
References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.
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preus -
English meaning: to fry; to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “frieren” and “brennen”
Material: A. O.Ind. pruṣvǘ f. “drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water ”; Lat. pruīna “ hoarfrost, frost ”
(*prusu̯īnü ); Goth. frius “frost, coldness ”, O.Ice. frør, frer n. “Frostwetter ”, O.Ice. frjōsa , O.E.
frēosan , O.H.G. friosan “ freeze “, O.H.G. frōren “ congeal, freeze make ”, O.H.G. O.S. frost
(*frus-taz ); O.E. forst m. O.Ice. frost n. “frost”;
B. O.Ind. plō ́ s ̣ ati “versengt, burns ”, pluṣṭa - “versengt, verbrannt ”; Alb. prūsh “burning
coals, blaze, glow ”; Lat. prūna “glowing coals ” (*prusnü ), prūrīre “itch”.
References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.
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preu-
English meaning: to jump
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, hũpfen”
Material: O.Ind. právatē ‘springt auf, hũpft, hurries “ , pravá - “fluttering, schwebend,
fliegend”, upa-prú-t “heranschwebend, heranwallend ” (Zusammenschluß with den
Abkömmlingen from *pleu- “rinnen”, see there), plava- m. “frog”, eig. ‘springer”, maṇḍūka -
pluti- m. “Froschsprung = Überspringung mehrerer Sutra” , plava- ga-, plavą -gama- m. “frog,
ape” (d. h. “in Sprunge going ”); O.Ice. frür “quick, fast, agile ”, Run. Frawa- (eig. ‘springend ”
= O.Ind. pravá -), O.S. frü “blithe, glad ”, O.H.G. frao, frō, frawēr ‘strenuus, alacer (Gl.); blithe,
glad”, whereof O.H.G. frouwen, frewen ‘sich freuen ”, frewī, frewida “pleasure, joy ”; Russ.
prytь f. ‘schneller run, flow ”, prūtkij “hurtig, hasty ”.
Maybe Rom. (*breuska ) broasců “toad, frog ” : Alb. (*breustka ) bretkosa “toad, frog ”; gr
βάτραχος “ frog”; also Rom. broasců -ţestoasů “tortoise, water animal “ : Alb. (*breuska )
breshkë “turtle, tortoise “.
guttural extension in O.Ice. frauki , O.E. frogga “frog”; from * prug-skō “hũpfe” Gmc.
*fruska- in O.Ice. froskr , O.E. frosc, forsc , Ger. Frosch ; Russ. prūgnutь “einen Sprung, einen
Satz make ”, prūgatь “hũpfen, spring”, pryg ‘sprung, Satz ”.
also Alb. pragu (*preug ) “(high) threshold ”, bregu (*breug ) ‘shore, hill ”
References: WP. II 87 f.
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pster -, pstereu -
English meaning: to sneeze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “niesen”, schallmalend
Material: Arm. p”ṙngam , p”ṙnč̣em “niese”; Gk. πτάρνυμαι, πταίρω “ niese”, πταρμός m.,
πτόρος m. “ das Niesen ” (with Inlautbehandlung the Anlautgruppe pst- : ἀποφθαράξασθαι
‘schnarchen ” Hes.); Lat. sternuō, -ere ‘sneeze”; O.Ir. srëod “das Niesen ”, Welsh ystrew,
trew ds., ystrewi , trewi ds., M.Bret. streuyaff , Bret. strefia ‘sneeze” (*striw- ).
Maybe Alb. (*pstereu- ) psherëtij , teshtij ‘sneeze”.
References: WP. II 101, WH. II 591.
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ptel(e)i̯ā
English meaning: a kind of tree
Deutsche Übersetzung: Baumname?
Material: Gk. πτελέᾱ, epidaur. πελέᾱ “ elm, Rũster” (latter with probably older
Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are τιλίαι “ black poplar “ Hes. and because of Anlauts
ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος Hes.); Lat. tilia “Linde” (M.Ir. teile derives from dem Eng.); Ven. FlN
Tiliaventus?
Arm. t”eli “elm” is Lw. from πτελέα;
perhaps *ptel-ei̯ü “die Breitblättrige” or at most “weit die A ̈ ste Breitende” .
References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.
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puk̂-2
English meaning: to enclose, put together
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zusammendrängen, eng umschließen”
Note:
Root puk̂-2 : “to enclose, put together ” derived from Root ku-, kus- (*kʷukʷh -) : “to kiss”
common Celtic - Greek - Illyrian kʷ- > p- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Av. pusü - f. ‘stirnband”; Gk. ἄμ-πυξ m. ‘stirnband”, Adverb. πύκα “ tight, firm,
dense, sensible, wise, painstaking “, in compound πυκι - (πυκι -μήδης ‘sensible, wise ”), out
of it πυκι -νός newer πυκνό ς “dense, tight, firm, proficient ”, πυκάζω “ make tight, firm, wrap
dense”; Alb. puth “kũsse”, lit. “umarme”.
References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gk. etym. Wb. 290.
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pu-lo-
English meaning: hair
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘steifes Haar ”
Note:
Root pi-lo- : “hair” : Root pu-lo- : “hair” derived from Root pleuk - : “flake, feather, hair ”
common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel phonetic mutation recorded in
centum languages first, mainly Latin.
Material: O.Ind. pula- , pulaka- m. “das Sträuben the Härchen am body” , pulastí - m.
‘schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying ”; Substantiv “ hair of the head “, Patronymikon
Püu ́ lastya -; Gk. Plur. πύλιγγες “ hair am Hintern, Locken ” Hes.; M.Ir. ul “beard” (*pulu-),
ulach “bearded”, ulcha f. “beard”, Ulaid “die Leute from Ulster ” (*Ulutī ).
References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix - ti- 191.
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pū ̆ k-1, peuk -
English meaning: thick-haired, *fox
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “dense behaart, buschig (buschiger Schwanz), dichtwollig ”
Material: O.Ind. púccha -, -m “tail, member, rod ” (kann *pu[k]-sko- sein); after dem
buschigen Schwanz benannt, seems Goth. faúhō , O.Ice. fōa, O.H.G. foha “ vixen “ (Gmc. -
ōn), besides with masc. - s-: O.E. fox, O.H.G. fuhs “fox” etc.; Lith. paustìs “Tierhaar”; Russ.-
Pol. puch (*peukso- , poukso- ) “Flaumfedern, Daunen, feines wolliges Haar an animals ” (out
of it Lith. pũkas “Flaumfeder ”), Russ. pušistyj “fleecy, dense, buschig ”, pušno ́ j tova ́ r
“Pelzwerk ”, Cz.-nsorb. o-puš (*puchъ), opyš “tail”, Russ. opúška, opušina “edge (of
Waldes), hem, Verbrämung” .
Note:
Alb. suggests that Root pū ̆ k-1, peuk - : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of older Lat.
volpes “fox”, Gk. alôpêx a fox. Root u̯l̥p-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)].
References: WP. II 82 f.
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pū ̆-1, peu -, pou - also phu-
English meaning: to blow, blow up
Deutsche Übersetzung: von der Schallvorstellung der aufgeblasenen Backen; “aufblasen;
aufgeblasen, angeschwollen, angeschwollen, aufgebauscht ” etc.
Material: O.Ind. phupphuküraka - “keuchend ” (Lex.), pupphula- “Blähung” (Lex.), phuphusa- ,
-m “Lunge” , pupphusa- “Lunge, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose ” (Lex.), phū ̆ t-karóti “blows,
pustet, shouts, howls from vollem Halse ”; Arm. ( h)ogi “breath, breeze, breath, soul ” (*pou̯io -
), heval ‘short or heavy breathe ” (*peu̯ü -), hoylk” “congregation, meeting. Truppe ”; M.Ir. ūan
‘scum, froth, foam ” = Welsh ewyn , Bret. eon ds. ( *pou̯-ino-), pl. eien “Quellen” (compare
Lith. putà ‘schaumblase ”); O.Bret. euonoc ‘schäumend” ; Ltv. pùlis “heap, herd, nest,
Strichregen ”, pùl̨uôt “ fester “, pūl”i “Regenwolken ”, Russ. púlja , Clr. púl”a “ball”;
Lith. pūre ̃ “ tassel “, Ltv. paurs , paûre “Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex “ (“bulge “), Lith.
púras “ measure of capacity “, Ltv. pūrs “ measure of capacity for corn, grain,
Aussteuerkasten ”, puns, pune, punis “ hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch “, paûns , paûna
“cranium, Stirnknochen ”, also probably O.Pruss. pounian “buttock”, Lith. púne ̃ , Ltv. paũna
“Ränzel, bundle” .
pu-g-: Gk. πυγή “the Hintere ”; O.Ice. fjūk ‘schneesturm ”, fjūka “quick, fast through die Luft
drive, whisk “, fok ‘snow flurry ”, M.H.G. fochen “blow”; Ltv. pũga “gust of wind ”, pauga
“Polster, head ”.
p(h)u -k-: Arm. p”uk” “breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart ”, pl. “bellows”, p”č̣em
“hauche”, p”k”am “blase mich auf ”; Pers. pūk “das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows ”,
afgh. pū, pūk “a puff, a blast, the act of blowing ”;
Lith. puknė “blister, bubble ”, pukšle ‘swelling, blister ”, pūkščiu ̀ , pūkšti “pant, gasp,
wheeze”, pūky ̃ s , pũkis “chub” (*”Dickkopf ”); Ltv. pukuls “ tassel “ (eig. “ thick tassel “).

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pu-p- (probably broken Redupl.): Alb. pupë “curd, grape, hill ”, púpëzë “bud, Mohn ”,
púpulë “back”; Lat. pūpus ‘small kid, child, knave, boy, Bũbchen” , *pūpa ‘small girl” and
(late) “Pupille of Auges ” (das small Spiegelbild of Beschauers in Auge of
Angesprochenen ”), vulgär -Lat. *puppa (Fr. poupe , Ital. poppa ) “ nipple “; O.Ir. ucht “brost”
(*puptu- ); Ltv. pups “Weiberbrust ”, paupt “to swell”, pūpuol”i pūpuol ”i “Weidenkätzchen”
(with voiced-nonaspirated pubulis “bubble auf beer, knot in Garn ”), Lith. pupele, pupela,
pupuole “bud”, probably also Lith. pupü , Ltv. pupa “bean”.
p(h)u -s-: O.Ind. púṣ́yati , puṣṇǘti , pō ́ s ̣ ati “gedeiht, makes thrive, wächst to, ernährt” ,
puṣṭá - “wohlgenährt, rich” , púṣti -, puṣtí - f. “ prospering; flourishing, growth, fullness, wealth ”,
pō ́ s ̣ a - ds., púṣpa -m “flower, blossom, bloom, blossom ”, puṣkalá - “rich, prächtig, in voller
vitality “; Gk. φῦσα “ blast, bellows, bubble ” (*φῡσσα or *phūt-i̯a), φῡσάω “blow, blase auf” ,
φῡσιάω ‘snort”, φῦσιγξ f. “ garlic , onion, bulb ”, φυσαλ(λ)ίς f. “ bubble”, φύσκα f. “ bubble,
weal, callus ”, φύσκη f. “ intestine, sausage “, φύσκων “ Dickbauch ”, ποι -φύσσω “ blow,
snort”; Lat. pussula, pustula “bubble, vesicle, blister, bubble ”; Nor.føysa (*fausian ) ‘swell up,
aufgähren” , f(j)usa ‘sausen, with Gewalt ausströmen” ; Lith. pūsle ̃ “bubble”, Ltv. pùslis ds.,
Lith. pusnìs, pusnūnas “zusammengewehter Schneehaufe ”, pùšė (pũšė ) “blister, bubble ”,
pùškas “Hitzbläschen auf the Haut” , Ltv. pušk ́ is “ bouquet, Banderstrauß, tussock “ under
likewise; O.C.S. *puchati “blow”, *opuchnǫti “to bloat, bulge, swell ”, puchlъ “cavus
(aufgedunsen) ”, Russ.pychátъ “pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give ”, pūchatь “aufgeblasen,
hochmũtig sein” , pūšnyj “ luscious, aufgeblasen, hochmũtig” etc., O.C.S. napyštiti se ̨ ‘sich
aufblasen ”, Russ. pūščitь ds. ( *pyskiti ; probably also Cz. -Pol. etc. pysk ‘snout, muzzle with
dicken Lippen ”); compare above S. 790 püuson -?
pu-t-: O.Ind. puppuṭa - “ intumescence of the palate and gums ”; Gk. πύννος “ rump” Hes.
(*put-snos ); Lat. praepūtium “Vorhaut” (from a *pūtos “penis”, compare wRuss. potka ds.);
perhaps Ir. uth “udder” (*putus ); Balt *puti̯ō “blow” in Lith. pučiu ̀ , pũsti “blow”, reflex. “to

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swell”, puntù , pùsti “to swell, sich aufblasen ”, pūsle ̃ f. “bubble, bladder ”, putlùs ‘sich
blähend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud” , putà ‘schaumblase ”, pùtmenos f. pl. ‘swelling, lump,
growth”, pari-pũtėlis “aufgeblasener person ”, pãpautas “weal, callus ”, also paũtas “egg,
testicle”, pùšu , pùst “blow, breathe, breathe ”, pũsma “ breath “, pūte “bubble, blister,
bubble”, probably also Lith. putrà “Grũtze” , Ltv.putra “Grũtze, porridge, mash” ; auf voiced-
nonaspirated: Ltv. pudurs, puduris “ tussock, heap ”, pudra “heap”; wRuss. potka (*pъtьka )
“male limb, member ”.
References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.;
See also: compare above b(e)u-2 .
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pū ̆-2 : peu̯ǝ -
English meaning: to rot, stink
Deutsche Übersetzung: “faulen; stinken ”
Note: presumably from a pu “fie!” evolved
Material: O.Ind. pū ́ yati “wird faul, stinkt ” = Av. puyeiti “wird faul”, O.Ind. pūya -, -m “pus”, pū ́ ti-
“faul, stinkend; Jauche, pus ” = Av. pūtay - “Fauligwerden, Verwesung ”; pashto pūl “Trũbung
of Auges ”, WestOsset. ambud “faul”; O.Ind. pū ̆ tüu (: O.Ice. fuð) “buttocks”; with -sk̂o-:
M.Pers. pūsinītan “faulen”, O.Ice. fauskr “morsches wood ”; Arm. hu “eitriges blood ”; Gk.
πύ̄θω “manche faulen ”, πύ̄θομαι “ faule”, πύον ( *puʷom), πύος, -εος n. “ pus”; perhaps also
πῡός m., πῦαρ, πύ̄ ατος, πῡετία “ beestings “; Lat. pūs, pūris “pus” (*puu̯os ), pūteō, -ēre
“faulen”, pūtidus “faul” (from a participle *pū-to-s), pŭter , -tris, -tre “faul, morsch ” with ŭ-, as
M.Ir. othrach “ dunghil l “, probably also othar “ein sicker ” (*putro -), othar -lige “Krankenbett,
Begräbnisplatz” ; O.Ice. fūinn “ decayed, rott ”, fūi “ decay “, fūna “faulen”, feyja “verfaulen
lassen, verrotten lassen ”, Goth. fūls, O.Ice. fūll, O.E. O.H.G. fūl “faul”;
O.Ice. fuð f. “pudenda ”, M.H.G. vut “pudenda ”, Alem. vũdeli Kinderwort “Popo”,
geminated M.H.G. votze ; Lith. pųvù , púti “faulen”, causative púdau , -yti “faulen make ”, Ltv.
pũt “faulen”, causative pũdêt “faulen make ”, Lith. piáulas (*pēu-lo-s) m. “verfaulter tree ”, Ltv.
praûls “verfaultes wood ” (*pĺauls ), Lith. púliai m. pl. “pus”, puve ̃s (i)ai m. pl. “verfaulte
Sachen”, Ltv. puveši m. pl. “pus”, pũžńi m. pl. ds., papuve f. “Brachfeld ”.
with ĝ: O.Ice. fūki ‘stank”, Mod.Ice. fūki also “verfaultes seaweed, kelp “, as Ltv. pũnis
“faulendes, pustulating ”, pũnes pl. “Modererde ”;
with s: Nor. føyr (*fauza- ) “morsch”, Dutch voos ‘schwammig ”, Swiss gefōsen
“morschgeworden ”; about O.Ice. fauskr see above;
References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.

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pū-ro-
English meaning: corn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Korn(frucht) ”; griech. also “Kern, Stein von Obstfrũchten”
Material: Gk. πῡρός , Dor. σπῡρός “Weizenkorn, wheat ”, πῡρήν “Kern from allerlei Obst and
sonstigen Frũchten” , διός-πυρος , -ον “eine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit ”; Lith. pūrai
“Winterweizen ”, Ltv. pûr̨i “wheat”, O.Pruss. pure f. “Trespe, Bromus secalinus ”, O.C.S. pyro
‘spelt”, Cz. pūr “Quecke”, Slov. pîr m., píra f. ‘spelt” etc.; O.E. fyrs “Quecke, Ackerunkraut ”,
Eng. furze.
References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. puri “bread”.
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rabh- or rebh- : rebh-
English meaning: to rage, be furious
Deutsche Übersetzung: “von Ungestũm, Wut ergriffen sein” ?
Material: Lat. rabiēs “fury, Tollheit ”, rabiō, -ere “toll sein, rage “ berũhrt sich in the meaning
very nahe with O.Ind. rábhas - n. “Ungestũm, force, might”, rabhasá - “wild, boisterous, vast,
grand”, saṁ-rabdha- “ furious “, das above S. 652 irrig to rábhatē “erfaßt, hält sich fest” =
Iábhatē, lambhatē “erfaßt, ergreift” , placed wurde; compare M.Ir. recht “plötzlicher attack,
fury”, das also to Lat. rapiō , root * rep- belong could; O.E. rabbian “dash” from V.Lat. rabiüre
ds.; Toch. A rapurñe “ferventness, passion ”.
References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.
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rāp-, rēp -
English meaning: turnip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Rũbe”
Note: Wanderwort unbekannter origin
Material: Gk. ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς f. “ beet, turnip “, ῥάφανος , ῥαφάνη “Rettig”, Att. “Kohl”,
ῥαφανί̄ς, -ῖδος “Rettig”; Lat. rüpum, rüpa “ beet, turnip “, rüpistrum “wild turnip “, rüpīna
“Rũbenfeld” (as Lith. ropienà ) and “Rũben” ; O.H.G. ruoba , ruoppa (*rōbjō ) “ turnip “, besides
j-lose additional form in O.Ice. rōfa “the knochige part of Pferdeschwanzes ”, Nor. rôva “tail”,
in addition in ablaut O.H.G. rüba, M.H.G. rübe, rüpe, rappe ds., Swiss räb(e) bO.Ir. räben
(also is O.H.G. rēba as jō(n)-stem must be assumed); die Gmc. forms can nicht from dem
Lat. derive; certainly Lat. Lw. is only Dutch raap, Eng. rope;
Lith. rópė “ turnip “, ropienà “Rubenfeld ”; R.C.S. rěpa “ turnip “; Alb. repë “ turnip “ from
dem Lat. or Slav.; unclear is Welsh erfin “Rũben” (Plur.), Bret. irvin ds. (*arbīno -);
References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell, Pflanzennamen
1, 659.
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rā ̆ ̆ s-
English meaning: to sound, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ertönen, schreien ”
Material: O.Ind. rásati , rü ́ sate “bellow, roar, wiehert, heult, shouts, howls, ertönt” ; O.Ind.
rasitá - n. “Getön, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder” ; Goth. razda “voice”, O.H.G. rarta f.
“modulatio ”, O.Ice. rǫdd f. “voice”; with ablaut O.E. reord f. “voice, sound, language ”;
whether here Dan. ralle, Swe. dial. ralla etc. “glucksen, babble, chatter “ (*razlōn )?
References: WP. II 342.
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rebh-1
English meaning: to move, hurry
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich bewegen, umher eilen ”
Material: Pers. raftan “go”, mparth. raf- “ assail, fight ”, Osset. räväg “quick, fast ”;
M.Ir. reb “game, Tũcke” (*rebü ), rebrad “Kinderspiel ”, rebaigim “I spiele”;
Gmc. *reb- “in heftiger Bewegung sein ”, M.H.G. reben st. Vb. ‘sich bewegen, rũhren” ,
Ger. bO.Ir. rebisch “alert, awake, smart ”, Swiss räbeln “rant, roister ”, M.H.G. reben
“träumen, baffle sein” , M.L.G. reven “ nonsensical talk, speak, think ”, Nor. dial. rava “hin
and her taumeln ” etc.
References: WP. II 370 , Szemerényi ZDMG . 101, 207 ff.;
See also: extended from er-.
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rebh-2
English meaning: to roof
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ũberwölben, ũberdachen”
Material: Gk. ἐρέφω, ἐρέπτω “ũberdache” (*ũberwölbe), ὑψ -ηρεφής “with hoher
Bedachung ”, ὄροφος “das reed, wherewith man die Häuser deckt, roof, ceiling” , ὀροφή
“Bedachung ”; O.H.G. hirnireba “cranium” (*”Hirn-bedachung ”); O.H.G. rippa, rippi , O.S.
ribbi, O.E. ribb, O.Ice. rif n. “Rippe” (*rebhi̯o -; die Rippen cover die Brusthöhle, as das Dach
das Haus); R.C.S. rebró “Rippe”; Eng. reef “Riff” is Dan. Lw.
References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.
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reg-1 (and sreg -?)
English meaning: to paint
Deutsche Übersetzung: “färben” ?
Material: O.Ind. rájyati “färbt sich, rötet sich” , newer rajyate , Kaus. rajayati “färbt” ,
secondary rañjayati ; rüga m. “das Färben, rote paint, color ”;
Gk. ῥέζω, Aor. ῥέξαι “färben” , ῥέγμα “gefärbter Stoff” , ῥαγεύς (also ῥογεύς ) “Färber” ,
χρυσο -ραγές χρυσοβαφές Hes.; daß ῥέζω keinen Vokalvorschlag erfahren hat, is auffällig;
compareSchwyzer Gk. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838.
References: WP. II 366.
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reĝ-1
English meaning: right, just, to make right; king
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gerade, gerade richten, lenken, recken, strecken, aufrichten ” (also
unterstũtzend, helfend); direction, line (Spur, Geleise) under likewise
Grammatical information: forms IE neither root present nor perfect tense; participle perf.
pass. reĝ-to- “ law “
Note:
Alb. shqipe “eagle” seems related to O.Ind. r̥ji-pyá “ darting along “ epithet of the bird śyená -
(“eagle, falcon ”), [Rom. şoim “falcon”], Av. ǝrǝzi -fya- (cf. Gk. ἄρξιφος ἀ ετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις
H., αἰγίποψ), Arm. arcui (< *arci-wi) “eagle” which is evidently a form of the same word; that
it is Macedonian confirms its reality.
Alb., Gk., Av., and O.Ind. prove that from Root er-1, or- : “eagle” derived extended Root
ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : “glittering, white, fast ” and its subsequent zero grade Root reĝ-1 :
“right, just, to make right; king ”.
Material: O.Ind. ŕ̥jyati , nasalized r̥ñjáti “ stretches itself, it hurries (from horses) ”; probably
also irajyáti (with unclear i-) “ arranges, orders, enacts, decrees “; r̥jú-, Av. ǝrǝzu - “ just,
right “ (in addition ǝrǝzuš “ finger “, gen. ǝrǝzvō ), compar. superl. O.Ind. rájīyas -, r̥jīyas - “
straight “, rájiṣṭha -, Av. razišta - “ the justest, justest “;
O.Ind. r̥jrá- from horses = r̥ju-gümin , r̥jrüśva -, Av. ǝrǝzrüspa - EN eig. “ whose steeds
haste straight on; with fast horses “, next to which compound form *r̥ji- in r̥ji-pyá- (2. part
unclear) “ soaring straight ahead “ (epithet of śyēná - “ eagle, falcon “), Av. ǝrǝzi -fya- m. “
eagle, name of a mountain or mountains “, by Hes. ἄρξιφος (i.e. ἄρζιφος) ἀ ετὸς παρὰ
Πέρσαις, Arm. arciv (*arcivi ) “ eagle “ (beside it *r̥ju-pya- , ap. *ardufya- in Pers. üluh “eagle”,
compare Gk. αἰγυπιός, if transfigured by folk etymology after αἴξ from *ἀργυπιός); r̥ji-śvan -

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EN eig. “ with fast dogs “, compare in Gk. ἀργός (from *ἀ ργ-ρος diss.) “ fast, quick “, above
S. 64;
maybe truncated Alb. (*ἄρξιφος), ξιφο -, shqiponjë “eagle”, Alb.Gheg Shqipni , Alb.Tosk
Shqipëri “land of the eagles ”.
O.Ind. rají- ‘sich aufrichtend, straight ”, ráji- RV perhaps “line, row ” (= M.L.G. reke under
S. 856); rájas- (Av. razah -) n. “Raum”;
Av. raz- (rüzayeiti , participle rü ̆ šta -, Gk. ὀρεκτός, Lat. rēctus , Goth. raíhts ; Av. rüštǝm “in
gerader direction ”) “richten, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange ”, razan- “order, statute “,
rašnu - “gerecht” (compare Gk. ὀρέγνῡ -μι), probably also razura- n., razurü f. “wood, forest ”,
rüzarǝ , rüzan - “ command, alignment “; rasman- m. n. ‘schlachtreihe ” (: Gk. ὄρεγμα, Lat.
regimen );
O.Ind. rüj- (nom. sg. rü ́ ṭ) “king” (= Lat. rēx, O.Ir. rī, s. also Goth. reiks ), rü ́ jan - ds., rü ́ jn ̃ ī
“queen, Fũrstin” , rü ́ s ̣ ṭi, rü ́ jati “is king, herrscht, glares, gleams ” (denominative), rüjya ́ - “ royal
“ (= Lat. rēgius , compare also O.H.G. rīhhi), rüjya ́ -, rü ́ jya - n. “Herrschaft ” (= M.Ir. rīge,
compare also Goth. reiki), rüs ̣ ṭrī “Herrscherin ”, rüs ̣ ṭra ́ - n. “Herrschaft, Reich ”, Av. rüstar -
“Lenker, ladder ”;
Arm. arcvi see above; doubtful Thrac. PN ΏΡ῅σος;
Gk. ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνῡμι only in Hom. participle ὀρεγνύ̄ς) “ to reach, stretch, stretch out; to
reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth one ’s hand; to reach at
or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to “
(ὀρεκτός = Av. rašta - etc.), ὀριγνάομαι ‘strecke mich, long, reiche ” (ὀ- is prefix), ὄργυια or
ὀργυιά , Ion. ep. ὀργυιή “Klafter”, ὀρόγυια ds. (probably from *ὀρέγυια ass.); in compound
ὠρυγ-, e.g. δεκώρυγος; ὄρεγμα (= Av. rasman -) “das Recken the hands, the Fũße
(footstep); Darreichen ”; about ἀρήγω see under beim Gmc.; about ἀργός see above;

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Ven. Reitia “Geburtsgöttin (compare Gk. ᾽Ορθία ), die die Kinder in die richtige Lage
bringt” or “goddess the Erektion? ”;
Lat. regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum (ē secondary lengthening) “gerade richten, lenken, rule,
reign” (= ὀρέγω , ὀρεκτός), ērigo “richte auf (= Ir. ēirgim ‘surgo”) etc.; about pergō, porrigō,
surgō , adv. corgō, ergō, ergü s. WH. s. vv.), regiō “direction, line; line, region ”, rēgula
“Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath ” etc., rēgillus “with senkrechten Kettenfäden gewebt” ;
Osc. Regaturei “Rectōri” ? (from a verb *regüre ); Lat. rogō, -üre “(die Hand ausstrecken =)
ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, fragen ”; rogus ‘scheiterhaufen ” (Gk. Sicil. ῥογός “Getreidescheune ”
is Lat. Lw.) probably eig. “aufgerichteter shove “ (= Gmc. *rakaz ); rēx, rēgis “king” (= O.Ind.
rüj- etc.), rēgīna “queen” (marr. regen[ai] dat.), rēgius “ royal “ (= O.Ind. rüjya -);
Lat. rigeō, -ēre “ to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle,
stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise “, rigidus “ stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid
“, rigor “ stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for
coldness; the coldness ” (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frīgus ); whether
for *regēre after ērige ̆ re ?;
O.Ir. reg-, rig- “austrecken, e.g. die hand ”, perf. reraig (*re-rog-e ) “direxit”; *eks-reg- (:
Lat. ērigō ) e.g. in at-reig “uplifts sich ”, ēirge ‘surrectio”; ablaut. O.Ir. rog(a)id ‘strecktaus ”,
M.Welsh rho “gift”, rhoï “give”; M.Welsh dy-re ‘steht auf”, dy-rein ‘sich erheben ”, rhein “ stiff,
gereckt” (: M.Ir. rigin ds.), O.Welsh ar-cib-renou ‘sepulti”, M.Welsh ar-gyu-rein “Begraben ”
(*are-com-reg(i)- no) etc.; M.Ir. rēn ‘span” (*reg-no-); O.Ir. recht (tu-stem), Welsh rhaith “ law
“, Bret. reiz “order, law, right ”;
Maybe Alb. mbret (mbë-ret) “king”
Gaul. Rectu-genus ; O.Ir. rī-, gen. rīg “king” (= O.Ind. rüj-, Lat. rēx), Welsh rhi “prince, lord ”,
Gaul. Catu-rīx, pl. -rīges eig. “people of C. ”, Rīgo-magus eig. “Königsfeld” (O.Corn. ruy,
M.Bret. roe, Bret. roue “king” probably Fr.), O.Ir. rīgain “queen” (*rēg ̂ enī =) Welsh rhiain

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“queen, Dame ”; M.Ir. rīge n. “Königreich” (*rēg ̂ i̯om ); O.Ir. rīched n. “Königreich” (*rēg ̂ i-
sedom );
Goth. raíhts , O.Ice. rēttr, O.E. riht, O.S. O.H.G. reht “right, straight ” (= Av. rašta - etc.),
Goth. ga-raíhtjan , O.H.G. rihten etc. “richten”; O.Ice. rēttr, gen. rēttar “das right, law, court ”
(= Celt. * rektu -; wgrm. through das n. of participle O.H.G. etc. reht “right” ersetzt); Goth.
rahtōn “darreichen ”; Kaus. Goth. uf-rakjan “in die Höhe recken, ausstrecken” , O.H.G.
recchen “ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define ”, Ger. recken , O.S. rekkian
“tell, define ”, O.E. reccan (reahte ) “ausstrecken, leiten, define, reckon ”, O.Ice. rekja
‘strecken, outspread, define, announce, declare “ (partly iterative *rakjan under
Verdrängung from *reĝō, partly denominative); O.Ice. rakna “ausgestreckt become, zur
Besinnung come ”;
O.E. racu f. “ riverbed, run, flow ”, Eng. rake “pathway, way, Geleise ”, O.E. racian “run,
leiten, lenken ”, O.Ice. rekja spor “die spoor pursue “, M.L.G. reke f. (*raki) “row, order ”,
raken “meet, reach ”; O.E. racu f. “ narration, account ”, O.S. raka, O.H.G. rahha
“Rechenschaft, thing ”, O.Ice. rǫk nom. pl. “ origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache,
ground”; O.Ice. rakr, Fris. M.L.G. rak ‘straight, right ” (= Lat. rogus ); e-grade: M.H.G. gerech
“wohlgeordnet ”, O.S. rekōn “richten, sort, order, arrange ”, M.L.G. reken “right, unhindered,
often”, O.H.G. rehhanōn ‘sort, order, arrange, reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen ”, O.E. ge-
recenian “define”, Eng. reckon “ therefore halten ”; O.E. recen “quick, fast, willing, ready ”;
O.Ice. land-reki “king”, O.H.G. anet-rehho “ drake, male duck “; whether with the outlook the
zum Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of Goth. rikan “anhäufen” , M.H.G.
rechen “zusammenscharren, anhäufen, gather, collect” , O.Ice. raka, M.L.G. raken (*rakēn )
“(together)scratch ”, O.Ice. reka, O.H.G. rehho “ rake, rake “, O.S. reka f. “ rake “, O.S. raka,
O.E. racu, Swe. raka f. ds., ē-grade: Nor. dial. raak f. ‘spoor, Streif, furrow, row ”, Ice. rük f.
‘streif” (compare O.Ind. rüji-, rüjī ‘stripe, row ”) here belongs, is dubious; through borrowing

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from dem Celt. vor the Mediaverschiebung: Goth. reiks “ruler, vornehm, mighty ” (Celt. rīg-
s), O.Ice. rīkr “mighty”; O.H.G. rīhhi, O.S. rīki, O.E. rīce (Celt. *rīgi̯o-) “mighty, vornehm,
rich”, Ger. reich ; Goth. reiki, O.H.G. rīhhi “Reich” (Celt. *rīgi̯on );
ō-grade, with from “uplift, set up, help ” entwickelter English meaning: O.Ice. rø ́ kja , O.E.
reccan (for*rēcan after reccan “ausstrecken ”; but preterit rōhte ), O.S. rōkian , O.H.G.
geruohhen “ care bear, carry, Rũcksicht nehmen” , O.H.G. ruoh, ruohha “Achthaben,
Bemũhung, Sorgfalt” , M.L.G. rōke m. ds., M.H.G. ruochlōs , O.E. rēcelēas (Ger. ruchlos ,
Eng. reckless ) “unbekũmmert, unworried “ , O.Ice. rø ́ kr ‘sorgsam”, die with Gk. ἀρήγω “ help,
stehe bei ”, ἀρηγών, -όνος, ἀρωγό ς “ helper “, ἀρωγή “help” sich engstens
zusammenschließen;
nasalized (compare das Lith., also O.Ind. r̥ñjáti ): O.E. ranc ‘straight, stout, proud, bold ”,
M.L.G. rank “ slim, thin, weak ” (*gereckt), O.Ice. rakkr “ slim, erect, bold ”; O.S. O.E. rinc,
O.Ice. rekkr “man”;
Lith. nasalized žem. rę́žious , rę́žtis ‘sich recken ”, ablaut. rą́žaus , rą́žytis (16. Jh.
ranszies ), rąžà f. “Recken”, Ltv. ruôzîtiês ‘sich recken ”; Russ. su-rázina “good order ”;
Toch. A räk-, rak- “hinbreiten, cover ”, В räk- ds., A rkäl “cover”.
References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann nom. Postverb. 106,
Trautmann 244.
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reĝ-2, rek̂- (rek-?)
English meaning: damp; rain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, bewässern, Regen”
Material: 1. reĝ-: Lat. rigüre “bewässern” (with i from e), Alb. rrjeth , Aor. rrodha “flow, quelle,
tropfe”; Nor. dial. rake m. “ dampness, Nässe” , O.Ice. raki ds., Mod.Ice. rakr “humid, wet ”;
2. rek̂- (rek-?) in: Goth. rign n. “rain” (*rek̂-nó-), krimGoth. reghen , O.Ice. regn n., O.S.
regan, regin m., O.Fris. rein, O.E. reg(e)n, rēn m., O.H.G. regan, regin, regen , M.H.G.
regen m.; O.Ice. rigna “rain”, O.H.G. reganôn ds. etc.; Lith. (with West IE k?) rõkia , rõkti “fein
rain”, rôkė “ dust rain “.
References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.
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regʷos -
English meaning: darkness
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Dunkelheit ”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. rájanī - “night”; Gk. ἔρεβος “ darkness of the underworld “ (ἔ-suggestion);
Arm. erek and erekoy “evening”; also Adverb erek “ yesterday “; Goth. riqis, -izis n. “
darkness ”, Mod.Ice. røkkr, -rs “ darkness, dawn, twilight ”; here perhaps Gk. ὀρφνός “dark”
(*orgʷsno -) and Toch. A orkäm (*orgʷmo -) “ darkness “; different above S. 334.
References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f.
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reidh -
English meaning: to ride, go
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fahren, in Bewegung sein ”
Note:
Root reidh - : “to ride, go ” derived from zero grade of an extended Root er-3 : or- : r- : “to
move” in -eidh- formant.
Material: M.Ir. rīad(a)im “travel” (*reidh -); Welsh rhwydd-hau “beeilen, erleichtern ”; O.Ice.
rīða “in schwankender Bewegung sein, ride ”; O.E. rīdan “ride”; O.Fris. rīda, M.L.G. rīden ,
O.H.G. rītan, M.H.G. rīten, Ger. reiten ;
Ltv. raidīt “eilig senden, hetzen ”, raiditiês “ wriggle “;
Gmc. *ridjan- placed in O.E. ridda , O.H.G. ritto “ equestrian “, extended in O.Fris. ridder ,
M.L.G. ridder (out of it O.Ice. riddari ), M.H.G. ritter;
Gaul. rēda “vierrädriger Reisewagen” ; Ir. dē-riad “Zweigespann ” (IE *reidhü ); O.Ice. reið
f. “Reiten, Reiterschar, cart “, and. brande-rēda “Brandbock ”; O.E. rüd f. “Reiten, pull,
journey; Musik ”; Eng. road “way”; O.H.G. reita, M.H.G. reite “ cart, campaign, kriegerischer
attack “ (Gmc. *raidō , IE *roidhü ); (compare O.H.G. reisa “ departure, wagon, war train, trip
“ in Root er-3 : or- : r- : “to move” in -eis- formant.
compare moreover Gaul. rēdürius “Lenker a rēda”; PN Еро-rēdia , PN Epo-rēdo-rīx;
Welsh ebrwydd “quick, fast ” (*epo-rēdi-);
Gmc. *(ga)-raiðia - in Goth. ga-raiÞs “angeordnet, bestimmt ”, O.Ice. greiðr “light to
bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright ”; O.Fris. rēde, O.E. geræ ̄ de , ræ ̄ de “fertig, light,
clear, bright, simple, just ” (Eng. ready ); M.L.G. gerēde, rēde “willing, ready, fertig ”; M.H.G.
gereit, gereite “fertig, willing, ready, zur Hand ”; as Substantiv in O.Ice. reiði n. and m.
“Ausrũstung” , Nor. greide n. “Pferdegeschirr ”; O.E. geræ ̄ de n. “Geschirr, armament, armor ”;

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M.L.G. gerēde “appliance, dowry “; O.H.G. gireiti n. “wagon, cart ”; M.H.G. gereite n. “ cart,
Geschirr, tool ”; O.Ice. reiðr “durchreitbar, willing, ready ”;
Goth. ga-raidjan “dispose, festsetzen ”; O.Ice. greiða ‘sort, order, arrange, pay, help ”;
O.E. (ge)ræ ̄ dan ‘sort, order, arrange, help ”; M.H.G. (ge)reiten “bereiten, sort, order,
arrange, reckon, pay ”.
reidhi - in Ir. rēid “planus, facilis ”; O.Welsh ruid, Welsh rhwydd “light, free ”; O.Bret. roed in
den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau , Bret. rouez “rare, clair-semé” ; Ltv. raids “willing,
ready”.
reidho - in Ir. rīad “Fahren, Reiten ”; Welsh gorŵydd “horse”; M.Lat.-Gaul. ve-rēdus , para-
ve-rēdus (from * vo-rēdos ) “Beipferd”; compare O.H.G. ga-rît n. “equitatus ”; M.H.G. īn-rit m.
“Einritt”; M.L.G. rit n. “Ritt”;
to reidh- also das Abstraktsuffix Welsh -rwydd m.: O.Ir. Kollektivsuffix -rad in O.Ir. ech-
rad f. “Pferde” (*ek̂u̯o -reidhü );
Gk. ἔρῑθος ‘servant” with prothet. ἐ- reiht sich an die Dienernamen with a primary
meaning of Laufens an, whether here gehörig.
References: WP. II 348 f., WH. II 425.
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reid-
English meaning: to lean on, support
Deutsche Übersetzung: “anlehnen, stũtzen” ?
Material: Gk. ἐρείδω “lehne an, unterstũtze, dränge, strenge mich an” (Hom. ἐρηρέδαται for
-ριδ-), ἔρεισμα “ pad”, ἀντ-ηρίς -ηρίδος ‘strebepfeiler, pad ”; Lat. ridica “ein through fissures
größerer Pflöcke gewonnener Weinpfahl” ?
References: WP. II 348, WH. II 434;
See also: probably to rei-5.
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reig- or reiĝ-
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden”
Note: only Celt. and Gmc.
Material: Ir. ad-riug “alligō” , con-riug “colligō” , do-riug “nudō” , fo-riug ‘sistō”; *rigo- placed in
M.Ir. ürach “manacle ” (Bret. ere) from * ad-rigo- , cenn-rach “ halter “ (= Welsh pen-rhe
‘stirnband”); *reigo- in Welsh modrwy f. “ring”, rhwym (*reig-smn̥) m. “manacle ” (pl. O.Welsh
ruimmein ), aerwy (*ad-reigo -) “ halter “, O.Ir. būarach , Welsh burwy “Kuhfessel ”, cyfrwy
‘saddle” (*kom-reigo- ); M.Bret. rum “bande, troupeau ” goes auf *roig-smn̥ back;
Ir. cuimrech n. “manacle, Fesseln ” (Bret. kevre “lien”) corresponds, da die basic
form*kom-rig- om is, bis auf das suffix dem Lat. corrigia, corrigium ‘schuhriemen, strap ”;
M.H.G. ric gen. rickes m. “band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot ” and ricken
“anbinden ”.
References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;
See also: probably extension from rei-1; meaning development as (see 858) rei-p- “wickeln,
bind”.
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(reiĝ-), rēig ̂-
English meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand)
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “recken, ausstrecken, with ausgestreckter Hand langen or
darreichen under likewise ”
Note: bedeutungsverwandt with reĝ-1.
Material: O.H.G. reichen “reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken ”, M.L.G. rēcken ,
O.E. ræ ̄ c(e)an “ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten ” (Eng. reach ), O.Ice. reik f. ‘scheitel in
Haar”; Lith. réiž-iuos , -tis ‘sich brũsten” , ráiž-from , -ytis ‘sich wiederholt recken ”; as “Tortur
through Strecken the Glieder ” seems also related O.Ir. riag “Tortur”, ringid “foltert, peinigt ”;
M.Ir. rēimm “ buffoon “ (*reiĝ-smi-), M.Welsh dir-rwyn (*reiĝ-no-) “Tortur, affliction ”; cyf-
rwyn-ein ds.
References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.
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reik-
English meaning: to shake; pole (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich aufrecken ” and “wackeln”; ‘stange, Latte ”
Material: Nor. rjaa m. “ shaft, pole zum Trocknen of Getreides ” (*rīhan -), Swe. dial. ri f.
“picket, pole, shaft, rod ”; M.L.G. rick, reck n. (*rikkó -) “lange dũnne shaft, pole” , M.H.G. ric, -
ckes m. “waagrechtes Gestell, shaft, pole ”, Ger. Reck; O.H.G. rigil m., M.L.G. regel m. “bar,
bolt, Reeling ”, nnd. also rīchel , older Dutch rijgel now, yet richel “bar, bolt ”; Ice. rīgr m.
‘stiffness” (also name of Heimdallr); M.L.G. rēch “ stiff “, O.Ice. reigjask “den body uplift, set
up, sich anspannen ”, O.E. ræ ̄ ge -rēose “Muskeln am backbone, spine ”; O.Ice. riga, -aða
“(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen ”, Swiss rigelen “waver”; Nor. dial. rigga “upset”;
Nor. rikke “move, rũcken” , E.Fris. rikke(l)n “hin and her bewegen, wobble, sway ”; Ltv. rìku
(rìkstu ), rikt “ curdle, coagulate, harden, fest become ”.
References: WP. II 346 f.;
See also: probably as reik̂- to reiĝ-; s. also rei-5.
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rei-1
English meaning: to tear, cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ritzen, reißen, schneiden”
Material: Lat. rīma “Ritze” (*rei-mü); M.Ir. rēo ‘stripe” (*ri-u̯o-); O.E. rüw, ræ ̄ w f. “row” (*roi-
u̯ü); Lith. rievà “Felskluft, Fels, hill ” (compare Lat. rumpō : rūpēs ), raĩvė ‘stripe”, Ltv. riêwa
“Ritze, crease, furrow ”; in addition probably as “ border line “ or “Hũgelreihe” : M.Ir. rōen
“way, Bergkette ” (therefrom rōenaid “*bahnt sich einen way ” > “besiegt”, rōen Niederlage ”),
Bret. run “hill”; O.Ice. rein f. “ border line “, O.H.G. rein, Ger. Rain ds. (Celto-Gmc. *roi-no-).
extensions:
reib-: O.E. rī̆pan , riopan “reap” (Eng. reap), rifter ‘sickle”, rī̆p n. “harvest”, Nor. rīpa
“ritzen”, rĭpa “abreißen, abstreifen” , M.Eng. ripelen , nEng. ripple “Flachs break, rupture” ,
M.L.G. repen , repelen ds., O.H.G. rifila, riffila ‘säge, jagged mountain ridge” ; O.S. rīpi, O.E.
rīpe, O.H.G.rīfi, Ger. reif (“zum Ernten reif ”).
reig- see under different Schlagwort.
reik(h) -: O.Ind. rikháti, likháti “ scarifies “, rēkhü ́ , lēkhü ́ “crack, line, line ”; Gk. ἐρείκω
“rupture, tear, rend ”, ἤρικε “barst”, ἐρεικίς , ἐρικίς , -ίδος “geschrotete barley ” (-ι- spelling for -
ει-); perhaps Lat. rixa “tätlicher quarrel, fight” ; Welsh rhwygo “tear”, rhwyg m. “break, col,
gap”, M.Bret. roegaff “tear, rend ”, Bret. reuga ; ablaut. M.Welsh go-rugaw “tear”; M.H.G. rīhe
“line”, Ger. Reihe , O.H.G. rīhan “auf einen Faden pull ”, with ablaut and gramm.
WechselO.H.G. riga “line”, M.H.G. rige “line, row, kũnstlicher Wassergraben” , Ger. Riege ;
Nor. reig m. “row, Zeile ”;
Lith. riekiù , riẽkti “(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflũgen” , rieke ̃ “Brotschnitte ”, raikaũ , -
ūti “bread mehrfach in Schnitten schneiden ”;

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similarly reik̂- in O.Ind. riśáti , liśáti “rupft, reißt ab, weidet ab” (Pers. rištan ‘spinnen”, Bal.
rēsag, rēsaɣ ‘spinnen, flax, wattle, braid ”).
reip-: Gk. ἐρείπω ‘stũrze um (tr.), stũrze low, base” (intr.), ἐρείπια n. pl. “ruinae”, ἐρίπνη f.
“Absturz, slope ”; Lat. rīpa ‘steiler edge, bank, border, shore ”; O.S. rīva, O.Ice. rīfa “tear (tr.)”,
rifna “zerspringen, aufspringen ”, rifa f. “crack, col, gap ”, M.L.G. rīven “rub”, O.Fris. rīva “
rend “, nd. ribben “pluck, Flachs pluck ”; O.Ice. rīfr “erwũnscht” (compare ‘sich um etwas
reißen” ), O.E. rīf “vast, grand, violent ”, M.L.G. rīve “ wasteful “; ablaut. O.Ice. reifr “blithe,
glad, aufgeräumt” , reifa “fördern, beschenken” ; E.Fris. riffel “furrow”, O.E. ge-riflian “ furrow
“; with p through consonant stretch : O.Ice. rīp “Oberkante eines Bootes ”, E.Fris. rip(e)
“edge, bank, border, shore ”, M.H.G. rīf “bank, border, shore ”;
besides eine Gmc. family with ‘scrap, shred, stripe ” as basic meaning, so that here
anreihbar, and “wickeln, bind ” as abgeleitete English meaning: O.Ice. rif n. “Reff”, M.L.G.
rift ds., O.Ice. rift (ript) f. ‘stũck Zeuges” , rifr m. (*riƀi-) “ pulley, Weberbaum ”, rifa “ sew “,
O.E. rift f. “dress, Schleier, curtain ”, O.H.G. bein-refta “ britches “; O.Ice. reifar pl. f.
“Wickel”, reifa “wickeln”, O.E. ü-rüfian “loswickeln ” (similarly Dutch dial. rijvelen “wear out ”);
with consonant stretch -p(p)-: Goth. skauda-raip ‘schuhriemen ”, O.Ice. reip, O.E. rüp
“rope, band ”, O.H.G. reif ‘strap, Faßreif, ring” ;
with Gmc. -sp- (from - ps-?): O.Ice. rispa “tear open ” and f. rispa “ein light Kratzer ”, O.S.
rispa “discord”, nd. rispe “Flachsraufe ”, rispen “den Flachs through die Raufe pull ”(Ger.
Rispe ‘samenbũschel” but probably with originally hr-), O.H.G. rispeln “ snatch “, bO.Ir. ab-
reispen “abzupfen, abbrechen ”, M.H.G. be-rispeln “rebuke, reproach, bestrafen ”.
reis-: O.Ind. riṣyati , réṣati “wird injures, hurts, disables, nimmt damage; damages “, riṣṭá-
“injures, hurts, disables ”, rēs ̣ ayati ‘schädigt, straft” , riṣanyáti “geht fehl ”, riṣaṇyú -
“unzuverlässig” ; Av. raēš-, iriš- “injure, verwunden; damage leiden ” (present raēšyeiti tr.,
irišyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raēšayeiti ), participle irišta - “ damages “, raēša - m., raēšah - n.

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‘schädigung” , probably also raēša - “cleft, fissure in the earth ”; O.Ice. rīsta (reist) and rista
schw. V. “cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen ”, rista “Ritz, slit”, O.S. rīsta “(Runen) ritzen ”, M.L.G.
risten “ carve “, O.Ice. ristill m. “Pflugeisen ”, M.H.G. rist m. n. “ plowshare, plough handle,
plough stilt “; Ltv. risums , risiêns “crack, slit ”, O.C.S. rěšiti “loosen”.
References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241.
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rei-2, roi-
English meaning: variegated, speckled
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “buntgestreift, fleckig ”
Material: Lith. raĩ-nas “gray, buntgestreift ”; raĩ-mas “varicolored ”; O.Ir. rīabach “ dappled “,
Lith. raĩ-bas “ dappled, graubunt ” (raĩbti “flicker”), Ltv. ràibs “varicolored, fleckig ”, esp. from
animals, O.Pruss. roaban “gestreift”, Russ. Clr. ribyj “varicolored ”; *roi-k̂o- seems die base
from O.H.G. rēh n., rēho m., O.E. rü, rüha m. “roe deer ”, O.Ice. rü f., O.E. ræ ̄ ge (*raigjōn -),
O.H.G. rêia, réia (unclear) and Ger. Ricke , Dutch rekke “Ricke”, (expressive) wherefore
probably O.Ind. riśya - m. “ male antelope “.
References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht IE Decl. 115.
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rei-3, rē(i) -
English meaning: to cry, bellow, etc.. onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel ‘schreien, brũllen, bellen” etc.
Note: s. also reu-, rēu-, rū ̆-
Material: O.Ind. rü ́ yati “ barks “; Lith. ríeju ríeti “losschreien, scold, chide ”, refl. ‘sich quarrel,
squabble ”; Ltv. reju, rêju, riêt “bark, bay ”; ablaut. rãju, rãt ‘scold, chide ”, Lith. rojóju , rojóti
“uN.entlich crow, cackle ” (of rooster, cock)?, Church Slavic rarъ “ clangor “ (Cz. raroh m.
“Wũrgfalke” ), Russ. rájatь “ clink, sound ”; O.Ice. rümr “hoarse” (*rēma -); derived from a
noun *rama is remja “roar, bellow ”; possible here also rōmr “voice, sound, pronunciation ”;
compare further O.E. rürian “bloken, roar, bellow ”, O.H.G. rērēn ds. etc.;
O.Ice. jarma “bleat”, wherefore Arm. oṙnal “heule” belongs, weis perhaps auf eine vollere
root erǝ-, rē- there.
extensions:
rēb- “rũlpsen” :
Nor. dial. ræ ̆ ̄ pa “den Mund run lassen ” (*rēpjan ), rapa “rũlpsen” ; O.Ice. repta (*rapatjan )
“rũlpsen” ; Dan. ræbe ds., Jũt. also “quaken” s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub- under reu-1 .
rē ̆ k- “roar, bellow, cry ”:
Lat. raccüre, rancüre “roar, bellow ” (of Tiger); rüna (*rücsnü ) “frog”; Welsh rhegen f.
(*rakinü ) “Wachtel”; M.H.G. ruohen “roar, bellow, grunt ” (besides rōhen to reu-k -), aM.H.G.
ruohelen , M.H.G. rũehelen “ neigh, roar, bellow, röcheln” (besides rũheln, rũcheln to *reu-k -
); Lith. rėkiù , re ̃kti “roar, bellow ”, Ltv. rèkt ds.; O.C.S. rekǫ ‘say”; with g: Lat. ragere “roar,
bellow”.
rēt- “roar, bellow, rant, roister ”:

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rei-4 : rēi-
English meaning: thing; possession
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Besitz, Sache ”
Note: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) wäre ē from eH vor i̯ originated?
Material: O.Ind. rai- m. f. “ possession, richness “ in rü ́ h ̣, rüya ́ h ̣ (originally i-stem); das ü from
rüh ̣ after dem acc. sg. rüm, the likewise analogisches ü hat (after güm, above S. 482); rayí-
“gift, possession, jewel ” (Av. acc. pl. raēš, leg. rayīš ), rayi-vánt-, mostly rē-vánt- “rich”; Av.
instr. sg. raya (leg. rüyü) = O.Ind. rüyü ́ (to rü ́ h ̣), Av. raēvant “rich”; O.Ind. Av. rü- “give”
(extended O.Ind. rüsatē “gives”), O.Ind. rütí- “gift, giver ”; O.Ind. rüta-, Av. rütō “bestowed ”;
Lat. rēs, reī “thing, possession “ (das ē after dem acc. rēm from * reHim ?), Umbr. re-per
“pro rē” , dat. abl. ri; in addition Lat. reus “Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte ” (*rēi̯-os);
unclear M.Welsh rei “ richness “.
References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O.
Szemerényi nimmt (brieflich ) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz ( Études 36 f.)
eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (?).
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rek-1
English meaning: to tower; pole
Deutsche Übersetzung: “emporragen ”; ‘stange” etc.
Note: as reik-, see there.
Material: O.Ice. rü f. (*rahō ) “ shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen, Schiffsrahe ”,
M.L.G. rü, M.H.G. rahe f. “ shaft, pole, Rahe ”; Nor. dial. raaga (*rēgōn -) “dũnne shaft, pole” ,
nd. rack “Gestell, Wandregal ”, M.H.G. reck(e) “lange dũnne shaft , pole, esp. zum
Überhängen fro m Kleidern ”; M.H.G. rach, -hes and rac, -ges, lengthened grade ræhe “ stiff
“; M.H.G. regen st. V. ‘sich erheben, stare, emporragen ”, Causative. regen schw. V., “uplift,
set up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive ” (*ragjan ), Ger. regen ; Nor. dial. raga “waver” ;
very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here M.H.G. rogel “not fest, fluctuating “, sich
rugelen ‘sich rũhren” , Ger. dial. rogeln “wobble, sway ”, O.Ice. rugla “in UN.nung bringen,
stören” ; geminated rugga ‘swing, move ”; rykkia “rũcken, hurry” , O.E. roccian ‘swing” (Eng.
rock), O.H.G. rucken , Ger. “rũcken”, O.Ice. rykkr , O.H.G. ruc m. “jerk” (*rukki -);
Lith. re ́klės ‘stangengerũst zum Trocknen, Räuchern” .
References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 176.
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rek̂Þh -
English meaning: to harm
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schädigen”
Material: O.Ind. rákṣas - n. “agony, Quälgeist, fiend, demon” , Av. rašah - ‘schädigung,
damage, esp. the in other Leben ”, rašayeiti ‘schädigt” ; Gk. ἐρέχθω “ zerre and beutle hin
and her” (the storm das ship); ᾽Ερεχθεύ ς “the Erderschũtterer” . common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- :
Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation
References: WP. II 362;
See also: in addition ŕ̥k̂Þos “bear” as “ damager “.
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rek̂-, reĝ-
English meaning: to bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden”?
Material: O.Ind. raśanü f. “rope, strap, belt, girdle ”, raśmi - m. ‘strang, strap, rein ”; O.S.
hurraka (hurð-) “Heck-band, strap ”, O.Ice. rakki m. ‘stropp zum Festhalten the Rahe ”, O.E.
racca m. ds., O.Ice. rekendi n., rekendr f. pl. “ chain, manacle ”; O.E. racente , racete f.,
O.H.G. rahhinza f. d.
References: WP. II 362.
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remb -, romb -, r omb-
English meaning: to hack, notch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hacken, kerben, Kanten machen ”
Note:
Root remb -, romb -, romb- : “to hack, notch ” derived from a zero grade of Root ereb-, orob-,
rōb- : “to drill, make holes ”
Material: M.H.G. rumph , Ger. Rumpf , Ice. rumpr “rump”, md. M.L.G. rump “trunk”
(*”abgehacktes Stũck” ); whether to Lith. rum̃bas ‘scar”, rumbúoti “umsäumen” (*rombo- ),
ablaut. rémbėti “Narben bekommen ”, Ltv. rùobs “ incisure “ (*rombo -), Slav. *rǫbъ m. in
Serb. rûb “hem”, Slov. rǫ̂b “edge, hem ”, Slov. rǫ́biti “hacken, einsäumen” , Cz. roubiti ds.
etc.?
Maybe Alb. rrëmbej “kidnap”
References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.
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rem-, remǝ - (*erǝ-mo-)
English meaning: to rest; to support
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ruhen, sich aufstũtzen; stũtzen” ; in Gmc. “Latte, Leiste ”
Note: relationship to erǝ-, rē- “rest” (see 338 f.) is doubtful
Note:
Root rem-, remǝ - : “to rest; to support ” derived from a zero grade of an extended Root erǝ-
2, rē- : “to be still ” in -m- formant (* erǝ-mo-)
Material: O.Ind. rámatē ‘steht still, ruht, findet Gefallen, pflegt the love ”, rámati , ramṇǘti ,
rü ̆ mayati “bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergötzt” ; Av. rümyat̃ “er soll rest ”,
rümōiδwǝm “ihr mögetstehen bleiben” , rümayeiti “beruhigt”, Osset. urōmun , urōmyn “
restrain, hemmen, beruhigen ”; O.Ind. rü ́ ma - m. “lust, pleasure, joy ”, rüma ́ - “erfreuend,
mellifluous, reizend ”, Av. rüman - n. “ tranquility, peace ”, Pers. rüm “ tranquility; cheerful,
cheerful”; O.Ind. ránti f. “ refreshment, Ergötzung” , raṁsu adv. “joyful, gratifying ”; ratá-
‘stand geblieben, sich genũgen lassend, sich ergötzend” , ratá- n. “Liebeslust ”, ráti- f. “rest,
tranquility, lust ”;
with unclear η: Gk. ἠρέμα, -ας “ peaceful, gentle, leise ”, ἠρεμαῖος “ peaceful ”,
ἠρεμέστερος compar. (compare den es-stem Goth. rimis );
O.Ir. fo-rim- “place, lay, place ” (originally * ’stũtzen” ; ri- = r̥-); perhaps M.Ir. rinde “vessel”;
O.H.G. rama “pad, Gestell, Webe- or Stickrahmen ”, M.L.G. rame (= M.L.G. M.H.G.
reme ), ramen ds.; Goth. rimis n. “ tranquility “; O.Ice. rǫnd f. “edge, hem, shield ”, O.E. rand
m. ‘schildrand, shield ”, O.H.G. rant m. “edge, Einfassung, shield ”, Nor. rande and ablaut.
rinde “Erdrũcken, bench “ , krimGoth. rintsch “mons”, spO.N. (*Goth. ) randa “Leiste”; Nor.
rand f. “crossbar, crossbeam, Sims ”, Ger. bO.Ir. ranten “ shaft, pole ” (: Lith. ram̃tis , ram̃stis
“pad, handrail ”); O.H.G. ramft “edge, Einfassung ” kann *rom- ti- sein, but at most also auf

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the extension rem-bh- based on, compare O.Ind. rambhá - m. ‘staff, pad”, Nor. rimb, rimme
“Erdrũcken” , Lith. rambùs “idle”, rémbėti “träge sein; nicht right wachsen wollen” ;
O.Ice. rim f. “langes, thin board ”, Eng. dial. rim “Leitersprosse ”, E.Fris. rim “Dachsparren” ;
O.E. rima “edge, limit, boundary, Kũste” (Eng. rim), O.Ice. rimi m. “Landrũcken” ; perhaps
through hybridization with a root rei-, deren extensions in reid- and reik- vorliegen
(Wissmann);
Lith. remiù , rem̃ti ‘stũtzen” , Inchoativ rìmsti , rìmti “ peaceful become ”, causative ramìnti
and rámdau , -yti “beruhigen ”, ram̃tis “pad”, ràmas “ tranquili ty “, ramùs “ peaceful ”, rōmu ̀ s “
peaceful, sanftmũtig” , Ltv. rüms “tame, domesticated, still, godly, pious ”;
Toch. А В räm-, В ram- ‘sich neigen, bend, bow ”.
References: WP. II 371 f., Trautmann 243 f.
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rep-
English meaning: to grab, rip out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “an sich reißen, raffen”
Material: O.Ind. presumably rápas - n. “Gebrechen, körperlicher damage, injury “ , raphitá - “
woeful, wretched, miserable (damages) ”; Gk. ἐρέπτομαι “rupfe, reiße ab, devour “ , ἅρπυια
(Asper after dem unverwandten ἅρπη , ἁρπάζω, whereat s. *ser-, serp- ‘sickle”), ἀρέπυια
“Harpye”, Hom. ἅρπυιαι ἀν-ηρέψαντο (Hs. ἀνηρείψαντο ); Alb. rjep “ziehe from, ab, rob ”;
Maybe Alb. rrep-të ‘strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard ”
Lat. rapiō, -ere “ pile, an sich reißen, hastig gripe, rob” (a = e); M.Ir. recht “rage, fury, fury ”
(*reptu -), s. also rabh- ; Gmc. *rafisjan originally “körperlich punish, curse” (denominative
eines -es-stem as O.Ind. rápas -); O.Ice. refsa , O.H.G. refsen “chastise, castigate, punish,
curse”, O.S. respian ds., O.E. refsan, repsan, respan “rebuke, reproach ”, next to which
*rafjan in M.H.G. reffen = refsen , compare with lengthened grade O.E. geræ ̄ f n. (?) =
geresp “ accusation, reprimand ”;
O.Ice. rafr ‘stripe Heilbuttenfleisch ”, refill ‘stripe, Stũck eines Gewebes” (“ragged “), Dutch
rafel “ fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament “, rafelen “wear out ”;
Lith. ap-re ́pti “catch, gripe, conceive “, Lith. rẽplės (O.Pruss. raples ) f. pl. “pliers”.
References: WP. II 369 f., WH. II 417, Trautmann 244.
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ret(h) -
English meaning: to run, to roll
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen, rollen ”
Material: O.Ind. rátha - m. “ cart “, rathī́- “Wagenlenker ”, ráthya - “zum cart gehörig” , rathar-
yáti “travels in cart “; ratheṣṭhü̆́ - “warrior” = Av. raϑaēšta ̊ ds.; Av. raϑa- “ cart “, raiϑya
“Fahrstraße” ; Lat. rota “wheel”, birotus “zweirädrig” (: Lith. dvirãtis ), rotundus
‘scheibenrund ”;
Maybe Alb. rota “wheel”.
Ir. roth m. “wheel”; Welsh rhod f. “wheel”; Gaul. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); Celt. *-reto- “run,
flow”, neutr. Abstraktsuffix in Welsh brith-red “perplexity ” = M.Ir. brecht-rad
“Mannigfaltigkeit ”, Kollektivsuffix in M.Ir. aig-red “ice”; lengthened grade *-rōto- in M.Welsh
rhawd “run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar ”, gaeaf-rawd “Winterszeit ” = M.Ir.gem-rad ds., M.Welsh
bed-rawd , Welsh bedd-rod , Bret. bez-ret “Gräber” (Welsh bedd “grave”), in addition M.Ir.
rü(i)the “ season, quarter of the year “ (*rōti̯o-);
O.Ir. rethim “laufe” with compounds, Kaus. roithim “treibe an ”;
Maybe Alb. rreth “hoop, rim (of wheel); circle ”, rrethim ‘siege”;
O.Ir. Verbaln. riuth m. “run, flow ” (*r̥tu-);
Maybe Alb. rrjethë , rrjedhë f. “run, flow ” (*r̥tu-);
to O.Ir. do-riuth “accurrō” belongs Welsh tyred (*to-rete ) “come!”; O.Ir. fo-riuth , Welsh guo-
redaf ‘succurrō” , O.Welsh perf. gua-raut = Ir. fo-ráith (*upo-rōt-e);
O.Ice. rǫðull m. ‘strahlenkranz, sun ” and O.S. radur , O.E. rador, rodor m. ‘sky, heaven ”;
Goth. *raÞs “light”, (compar. n. raÞizo ) O.E. ræd “quick, fast, behend ”, O.H.G. rado, rato
adv. “quick, fast ”; and. rath, afr. reth, O.H.G. rad “wheel”, radelōt “with Räderchen
versehen ”; Lith. rãtas m. “wheel, circle “ (Plur. rütai “Karren, cart “), Ltv. rats “wheel” (Plur.

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rati “ cart “), Lith. ratẽlis m. “Rädchen” (compare O.H.G. radelōt and Lat. rotula f.
“Rädchen” ), dvirãtis (mostly pl. dvirãčiai ) “zweirädriger cart “ ;
maybe Alb.Gheg me rotullue “to circulate ”, Illyr. GN Redon , Rodon
Lith. ritù, rìsti “roll” (*r̥t-); but Gaul. petor -ritum “vierrädriger cart “ kann Lat. development
from *petor-roto- sein.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.
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reu-b- and reu-g-
English meaning: to vomit, retch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich erbrechen, rũlpsen, hervorbrechen” , also “Wolke, Rauch ”?
Material: 1. reub-: O.Ice. rjūpa f. ‘schneehuhn ”, Nor. rjupa , rype (compare Ltv. rubenis
“Birkhuhn ”?); ablaut. O.Ice. ropa “aufstoßen” , rypta ‘sich erbrechen ”, O.H.G. roffezzen
“aufstoßen” (*rupatjan ), M.H.G. rofzen , Ger. reshaped to rũlzen, rũlpsen.
maybe Alb. rjep, ropa (aor.) “ skin (an animal by blowing the air inside the skin) ” similar to
O.H.G. roffezzen “push open, belch ”
2. reug-: Pers. ü-rōɣ “das Rũlpsen” ; Arm. orcam “erbreche mich, burp ” (from * orucam, o-
is Vorschlagsvokal); Gk. ἐρεύγομαι ‘speie from, erbreche mich ”, ἐρυγγάνω “ burp”, ἐρυγή
“Aufstoßen” ; Lat. ērūgō , -ere “ausrũlpsen” , ructō, -üre “rũlpsen, ausspeien” ; O.E. rocettan
“rũlpsen” , edroc “das Wiederkäuen” , O.H.G. it-ruchen , M.H.G. iterũcken “wiederkauen ”,
iteroche f. “gullet from ruminants ”, Mod.Ice. jōrtr n. “das Wiederkäuen” (about *ī-urtr from
*ið-ruhtr -); O.Ice. jōrtra “wiederkäuen” ;
Lith. rjáugmi (riáugėju ), raugiù , rúgiu “ burp, have saures Aufstoßen” , O.C.S. rygajǫ sę “
burp”, Lith. rúgstu , rúgti “ sour become, ferment, seethe ”, ìšrūgos “wheys”, rūgy ̄ s
‘sauertöpfischer person” , rúgžtas ‘sour”, ráugas ‘sourdough ”, Ltv. atraugas f. pl.
“Aufstoßen” , atraugties “aufstoßen” , raudzēt ‘säuern” , rūkts “bitter, herb ”, O.Pruss. ructan
dadan ‘sour milk”, raugus “rennet”;
as *reu-smen “Wiederkäuen; gullet “ (see 873) auf the Lautgebärde *reu- being based
on;
under a Withtelbed. “hervorbrechen ”, or “exhalüre” reiht man (yet very doubtful) an:
O.Ice. rjūka ‘smoke, whisk, hurry ”, O.E. rēocan ‘smoke, steam, stink ”, M.L.G. rēken, rūken
‘smell”, O.H.G. rouhhan ‘smoke, steam, smell”, O.H.G. rouh, O.S. rōk, O.E. rēc, O.Ice. reykr

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m. ‘smoke”, M.H.G. ruch, M.L.G. röke m. ‘smell, odor ”, Ice. Nor. rok n. ‘scatter, sprinkle,
drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm ”;
if Alb. rē “cloud” from * rougi - originated is, as Ger. Rauch , is ein previously Proto- IE *reug-
“cloud, smoke ” voraussetzbar.
Note:
Wrong etymology since Alb. rē “cloud” = Rom. roi ‘swarm, hive, cluster, cloud ”, a loanword
from:
Proto-Slavic form: roj ь
See also: rějati ; rěkà; rinǫti
Russian: roj ‘swarm” [m jo]
Polish: rój ‘swarm” [m jo], roju [Gens]
Serbo-Croatian: rōj ‘swarm” [m jo]
Slovene: ròj ‘swarm” [m jo] see Root er-3 : or- : r- : to move
References: WP. II 357, Wissmann nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.
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reudh -
English meaning: red
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rot”
Material: O.Ind. rō ́ hita - = Av. raoiδita- “red, reddish ”, rōhít- “rote mare, Weibchen a gazelle “,
rō ́ hi- m., rōhī f. “ gazelle “; O.Ind. lōha ́- “reddish”, m. n. “rötliches metal, copper, iron” (formal
= Lat. rūfus , O.Ir. rūad, Goth. rauÞs , Lith. raũdas , O.C.S. rudъ), rōdhra -, lōdhra - m.
‘symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes Pulver bereitet wird ”, loṣṭa - n.
“Eisenrost ” (*reudh-s -to-); rudhirá - “red, blutig ”, n. “blood” (*rudh-i-ro-, contaminated from
*rudh- ro- and*rudh-i- ); khotansak. rrusta- “red” (*reudh-s -to-);
Gk. ἐρεύθω “I röte” (= O.Ice. rjōða ), ἔρευθος n. “Röte” (compare Lat. rubor ); ἐρυθρός
“red” (= Lat. ruber , O.C.S. *rъdrъ etc.); ἐρυσί̄βη “Mehltau, robīgo” (ambiguous ending),
ἐρυσί-πελας “Röteln” (*ἐρυσσι -, *rudh-s -);
Lat. rūbidus “ oxblood, indigo “ (with -do- further formations = O.Ind. lōha ́-);
with dial. f: rūfus “lichtrot, fuchsrot ”, Umbr. rofu “rubros”; with dial. ō from * ou Lat. rōbus,
rōbeus, rōbius “red”, rōbīgo “Rost; Mehltau, Getreidebrand ”, also probably rōbus, rōbur
“Hartholz, heartwood “; ruber, rubra, - um “red” (Umbr. rufru “rubros”), Lat. rubor “Röte” ,
rubeō, -ēre “red sein” (: O.H.G. rotēn , O.C.S. rъděti), russus “fleischrot ” (*rudh-so- ); auf
*rudhro- go die auson. Lw. rutilus “reddish”, VN Rutuli (with Dissim.) back; compare Lig.
fundus Roudelius , Illyr. Campī Raudii , Apul. PN Rudiae (Szemerényi Arch . Ling. 4, 112 f.);
about Lat. raudus see under;
O.Ir. rūad, Welsh etc. rhudd “red”, O.Ir. rucc(a)e ‘schande” (*rud-ki̯ü), nasal. fo-roind
“rötet” ; Gaul. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus , GN Rudiobos (“roter Schläger” ?), Rudianos ; Celt.
roudo- “red” and ‘strong”;

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O.Ice. rjōðr, O.E. rēod “red”, O.Ice. rjōða “blutig make ”, O.E. rēodan “red färben” , Goth.
(about “ shamefaced blush ”) ga-riuÞs “ehrbar”, ga-riudei ‘schamhaftigkeit ”; ablaut. rauÞs ,
O.Ice. rauðr , O.E. rēad, O.H.G. rōt “red”, O.Ice. rauði m. “rotes Eisenerz ”, roðra f. “blood”,
roði m. “Röte” , ryð n. and ryðr m. “Rost”, roða “red sein or become ”, O.H.G. rotēn “blush”,
M.H.G. rot “red”, O.H.G. rotamo , rosamo (*rudh-s -men- ) “Röte” (moreover O.Ice. rosmu-fjǫll
“rötliche Berge” ), O.E. rudu “Röte” , rudig “reddish”; ü-ryderian “blush”; O.E. rūst, O.H.G.
O.S. rost “Rost” (*rū ̆ dh-s-to);
Lith. raũdas , raudónas “red”, raudà “rote paint, color ”; rùdas “ puce “ (Ltv. ruds “reddish”),
ruduõ “autumn”, rude ́ti “rosten”, rūdìs f. “Rost”, rūdy ́ nas , rūdyna ̀ , rūdy ̃ ne ‘swamp, marsh
with rötlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop” , raũsvas (*roudh-s -u̯o-)
“reddish”, Ltv. rûsa (*rūdh -s-ü) “Rost”, Lith. rùsvas “ reddish brown “ (*rudh-s -u̯o-), ruslis
“Bratrost”, ruse ́ti “gleam, burn ”, Ltv. rusla “kind of rotbrauner paint, color ”, Lith. rùstas
“bräunlich, purple, mauve” (*rudh-s-to-), Ltv. rusta “braune paint, color ”, rustēt “red färben” ;
O.C.S. rudъ “red”, ruda “Erz, metal “, rusъ (*roudh-s -o-) “reddish, blond ”; *rъdrъ “red” in
R.C.S. rodrъ ; rъděti sę ‘sich röten” , rьžda “Rost”, Russ. rysyj “reddish blond ” (*rūdh -s-o-,
compare Ltv. rūsa);
Toch. A rätr-ürkyant “rotglänzend” , rtär, В rätre “red” (*rutre- ?).
O.Ind. ravi- m. ‘sun”, Arm. arev ds. kann only very doubtful as “the Rote ” gedeutet
become; Lat. raudus, rōdus, rūdus “ein formloses Erzstũck as Mũnze” is perhaps with
O.Ind. lōha ́- “rotes metal, copper, iron ” and O.Ice. rauði “rotes Eisenerz ”, O.C.S. ruda “Erz,
metal “ to connect and Gaul. or Illyr. Lw.;
maybe Alb. rrotull “wheel, sun? “ [diminutive -l]
also O.H.G. aruzzi, erizzi, aruz , O.S. arut “Erz, Erzstũck” , O.Ice. ortog (*arutia-taugo )
“Drittel eines øre” are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed to betrachten; hence

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reu-1, rēu-, rū ̆-
English meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel “brũllen, heisere Laute ausstoßen” ; “brummen,
murren”
Material: O.Ind. rü ́ u-ti, ruváti , ravati “bellow, roar, lärmt, dröhnt” , ráva-, ravátha - m. “
bellowing, braying, roar “; Gk. ὠρύ̄ομαι “heule, brũlle, stoße einen scream from” , ὠρῡδόν
adv. “with bellowing, braying, roar “ (prefix IE ō); Lat. rūmor “noise, shout, call, rumor ”;
růvus “hoarse”, ravis f. “ hoarseness “, raucus “hoarse”, raviō -īre ‘sich hoarse talk, speak ”;
O.E. rēon “Wehklagen ”, M.H.G. rienen (*reunōn ) “ wail, lament ”; O.Ice. rymja “roar,
bellow, drone, grumble ”, rymr m. “grobe voice ”;
Church Slavic revǫ, rjuti and O.C.S. rovǫ, ruti “roar, bellow ”, Cz. řujě (old), říje f. “clamor
of Hirsches, rutting “, Pol. ruja f. “rutting, heat(zeit) ” (out of it Lith. rujà, Ltv. ruoja f.);
Slav. *rovǫ besides *rjuti from *reu̯ō, *reuti , thereafter *rjovǫ > *rjevǫ ;
with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: O.Ir. rūn “ mystery “, Welsh rhin
ds.; Goth. rūna f. “ mystery “, O.S. rūna, M.L.G. rūne “heimliches Flũstern, h.
Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen ”, O.E. rūn ds., M.H.G. rūne “Flũstern, heimliches
Beratschlagen ”, O.Ice. rȳna “vertraulich together talk, speak ”, O.E. rūnian “flũstern, sich
verschwören” , O.H.G. rūnēn “flũstern, raunen” , changing through ablaut O.E. rēonian
“flũstern” (as above rēon, M.H.G. rienen ), Nor. dial. rjona “babble”.
extensions:
a. reud-: O.Ind. rudáti, róditi “heult, weint, jammert ”, Av. raod- “weep, cry ”, O.Ind. róda-
m. “Klageton, Winseln, Weinen ” (= O.H.G. rōz m., compare Lith. raudà ); Gk. ῥύζω? (see
above); Lat. rū ̆ dō, -ere, -īvi “cry; roar, bellow ”; O.H.G. riozan “weep, cry ”, rōz “das Weinen,
Winseln”, O.E. rēotan “ wail, weep, cry ”, ablaut. O.Ice. rauta “roar, bellow ”; bO.Ir. rotzen

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“weep, cry ”; Lith. ráudmi “I wehklage ”, raudóju , raudóti ds., Ltv. raûdât “weep, cry,
beweinen ”, Lith. apsi-rústu , preterit su-rúdau “mad, wicked, evil, sad become ”, rústas “
grumpy, surly, sullen, fierce, grim ”; Slov. rydati “weep, cry ”, O.Cz. ruditi “afflict, sadden ”.
b. reuĝ-: Gk. ἐρυγόντα “den brũllenden” , ἐρύγμηλος “brũllend (of bull)”, ὀρυγμάδες
θόρυβοι Hes. (also ὀρυμαγδό ς “großer din, fuss, noise” is from * ὀρυγμαδος reconverted),
ὠρῡγή, ὤρῡγμα , ὠρῡγμός “ bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul ” (to ὠ- see above); ῥύζειν “
growl, bark, bay ” Hes.; Lat. rūgiō, -īre “roar, bellow ( of Löwen)” (after mūgiō ?); M.Ir. rucht “
bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul ” (*rug- tu-); O.E. rēoc “wild”, wherefore probably Goth. in-
rauhtjan “ergrimmen ”; (but O.Ice. raukn n. “ draft animal “ for rǫkn = vrǫkn ); Slav. *ruži̯eti
“wiehert” in O.C.S. rъžetъ, rъzati , Serb. ȑžê, ȑzati etc. (Lith. rūgo ́ ti “evil nehmen ” is Lw. from
Russ. rugátь “vilify, scold ” = O.C.S. rǫgati sę “ mock “).
c. reuk-: O.E. rȳn “roar, bellow ” (*rūhjan ), M.L.G. rǖjan ds., O.H.G. rūhin “ bellowing,
braying, roar “, besides ruhen (from * ruhjan ), O.H.G. rohôn “rūgīre” (Wissmann nom. postv.
87 f.); Ltv. rucu, rùkt “roar, roar, bellow ”, Lith. rūkti “roar, bellow ”; O.C.S. rykajǫ , rykati
“rugire”, Russ. rykátь “roar, bellow ”; besides O.C.S. rikajǫ “brũlle” (from *rjūkajo ̨ ), ablaut.
Slov. rûk m. “rutting, heat the Hirsche ”, rúkati “roar, bellow ” etc.
d. ein cognate reus- seeks man in:
Ger. rösten (after dem knisternden Ton?), O.H.G. rōst “Rostpfanne, Scheiterhaufen ”,
O.H.G. rō ̆ sc, M.H.G. rosch, rösch “knisternd, brittle, resch”, O.E. ge-roscian “beim fire dry ”?;
in addition probably Lith. rúzgiu “roar, foam, schnurre, grumble ”.
References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.
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reu-2, reu̯ǝ - : rū ̆-
English meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufreißen, graben, aufwũhlen; ausreißen; raffen”
Grammatical information: participle perf. pass. rū ̆-tó-
Note: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see under)
Material: O.Ind. rav-, ru- “ shatter, shatter “ (rávat , rudhí , rüvis ̣ am , rō ́ ruvat ; meaning
probably from “her and in Stũcke reißen” ), participle rutá- “ shatter, zerschmettert ” (= Lat. dī-
, ē-, ob-rŭtus ); rō ́ man -, lō ́ man “hair” (compare under n. Ir. rūaimneach and O.Ice. rǫgg
“langes hair ”); Gk. ἐρῠσί -χθων “die Erde aufwũhlend” ;
Lat. ruō in the meaning “tear open, wũhlen, scratch” , ē-, dī-, ob-ruō, -rŭtus (see above),
rūta caesa “all, was auf a Grundstũck ausgegraben and gefällt is” , rū ̆ trum ‘spade, hack,
mattock, hoe, Kelle ”, rutellum ‘small shovel ”, rutübulum ‘shovel, Scharre ”;
M.Ir. rūam ‘spade, Grabscheit ”, rūamar “effossio”; Ir. rūaimneach “langes hair ”;
O.Ice. rȳja “den Schafen die Wolle ausreißen” (Nor. rū f. “Winterwolle ”), O.S. rūwi f.
“rauhes fell, fur ”;
O.Ice. rǫgg f., rǫggr m. “langes hair, long wool ” (*rawwa- ), Swe. rugg “zottiges hair ”
(*ruwwa- ); out of it Eng. rug;
Goth. riurs “vergänglich” (riurjan ‘spoil”), O.Ice. rȳrr ‘small, arm ”;
presumably O.S. O.H.G. riomo ‘strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle ” (*”abgerissener
Hautstreifen ”), O.E. rēoma, rēama ds., also “dũnne Haut” (compare S. 873 *reugh-m(e)n- “
skimmings ”); M.L.G. M.Du. rūn, rūne , schwäb. raun “Wallach, Gaul ”, because of oFris. han-
rūne “Hahnrei” (actually “verschnittener rooster, cock ”) originally “equus castratus ”, mnl.
runen , ruynen “cut, clip, kastrieren ”; (Ger. runken ); borrowed Ltv. rūnīt “kastrieren ”, also
finn. ruuna “Wallach”, ruunata “kastrieren ”;

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Lith. ráuju , ráuti “ausreißen, ausjäten” , rave ́ti “jäten” (rãvas ‘straßengraben” , O.Pruss.
rawys “ditch, trench, channel ” Lw. from Pol. rów “ditch, trench, channel ”); Ltv. raûklis
“Raufeisen ”; O.C.S. ryjǫ, ryti “dig”, rъvǫ “reiße from, jäte from” , rylъ, rylo “Grabscheit,
spade, hack, mattock, hoe ”, rovъ “ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole ”, runo “Fließ”;
s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2 , wherefore perhaps also Lith. ùrvas m., also ùrva f.
“cave”.
extensions:
a. reub-: “reissen” in Lat. rubus “Brombeerstaude, blackberry “ (“*shrub, bush, whereof
man sich reißt” ), rūbidus (panis i. e. “parum coctus ”) “raw, rauhrissig ”; perhaps also rubēta “
toad “; M.Ir. robb “animal”?; Gmc. *raup- , *rupp- (with intensification) in Goth. raupjan
“pluck”, O.E. rīepan “ausplũndern” , O.H.G. roufen , M.H.G. roufen, reufen, raufen “pluck”;
M.Eng. ryppen , Eng. rip “ rend “, M.H.G. rupfen, ropfen “pluck”, O.Ice. ruppa, rupla
“losreißen” , rupl n. “booty, robbery “.
b. reud- “zerreissen ”; rud-ló- “raw, wild ”.
Lat. rūdus, -eris n. “zerbröckeltes Gestein, detritus, rubble “ ; also rudis “unbearbeitet,
raw”, rullus “coarse, bäurisch” (*rud- lo-); M.Ir. rūad “Ruine”, Welsh pl. rhuddion “offal, bran “
(*roud-); O.N. reyta (*rautjan ) “abreißen, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck”, also M.Du. rūten ,
Du. ruiten “ rend, plũndern, rob” , M.L.G. rũter, Du. ruiter (Ger. Reuter ) “Plũnderer, robber “
(influence of M.Lat. ru(p)tarius ); ein zugehöriges word for “ junk” places M.H.G. riuze, alt-
riuze “wer mitGerũmpel handelt or es ausbessert ” ahead; auf das through Wässern and
Faulenlassen of Flachses vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen O.Ice. rotinn “faul,
decayed “ (but ū-rotinn still “wer die hair nicht verloren ”), rot n. “ decay; Ohnmacht ”, O.S.
rotōn “from Rost verzehrt become ”, O.E. rotian “faulen, wither, wilt ”; M.L.G. rӧ̄ten “Flachs
rösten” , O.H.G. rōzzen “faulen”, M.H.G. rōzzen and ræzen “faulen lassen ”, Ger. bO.Ir.

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rӧ̄ssen “Flachs faulen lassen ” (reshaped to rösten nach rösten “auf dem Rost braten ”),
M.H.G. rōz “mũrbe” ;
here O.Ind. Rudrá - GN ( *rud- lo-), püli ludda- “cruel, savage ” after W. Wũst Rudrá -.
c. reudh - “reuten, roden ”.
Av. raoiδya - “arable to make ”;
O.Ice. rjōða “reuten, räumen” , M.H.G. rieten st. V. “ausrotten, destroy ”; O.Ice. rjōðr n.
“offene place in Walde ”, O.H.G. reod “gerodetes Land ”, Ger. dial. Ried ds., O.H.G. riuti ds.,
riuten (*riutjan ) “reuten”, ablaut. O.Ice. ruð n. “gerodete place in wood, forest ”, M.L.G. rot
“das Roden ”, O.Ice. ryðja “roden; aufräumen, ausrotten” , O.E. ü-ryddan (Eng. rid) “mug,
rob, plũndern” ; M.H.G. roten , Ger. rotten ; M.L.G. roden , out of it Ger. roden , O.Fris. tō-rotha
“ausrotten ”.
d. reuk- (partly probably also reug- , reugh-? ) “pluck”.
O.Ind. luñcati “rauft, rupft, enthũlst” , luñcana - n. “das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen ”, rūks ̣ a ́ - see
under;
Gk. ὀρύσσω, Att. -ττω “ grabe, scharre ”, ὀρυχή, ὀρυγή “das ditch, trench, channel ”, ὄρυγμα
n. “ditch, trench, channel ”, κατωρυχ ής “in the Erde vergraben ”; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > kṣ- :
Gk. -ĝh- > -ss -, -tt- phonetic mutation
Lat. runcō, -üre “jäten, ausjäten” , runcō, -ōnis “Reuthacke, Jäthacke” ; Gk. ῥυκάνη “ plane “
(the Vokalvorschlag getilgt perhaps after ῥῡσιάζω “reiße weg” to *u̯er-s-, -u-??), from which
Lat. runcina ds. ( -n- through Fernassimilation, unterstũtzt through runcüre ); Ir. rucht ‘swine”
(“Wũhler” *ruktu- ); M.Welsh rhwgn “Reiben, Kerben ” (*runk- no-? s. Loth RC. 42, 138 f.);
with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness
(as S. 868 O.Ice. rǫgg): O.Ind. rūks ̣ a ́ - “rough”, common O.Ind. -ĝh- > kṣ- : Gk. -ĝh- > -ss-, -
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O.H.G. rūh, O.E. rūh “rough, behaart; ungebildet ”; O.S. rūgi, rūwi f. “rauhes fell, fur, grobe
cover”, M.H.G. riuhe, rūhe “Pelzwerk ”, Ger. Rauchwerk , O.E. rȳhe, rūwa, rēowe “grobe
Wolldecke ”, O.Ice. rȳ f. ds.;
as “crack, furrow ” perhaps here Lith. raũka f., raũkas m. “wrinkle”, raukiù , raũkti “in Falten
pull, furrow “, runkù , rùkti “wrinkly become ” and with g: Lat. rūga “wrinkle, crease “.
Maybe Alb. (*rūga) rudha “wrinkle” common Alb. -g > - dh phonetic mutation in the middle of
the word.
e. reup- “ausreißen, tear, break, rupture” ; roupü - “hole, aperture “, rūpēis - “Fels”.
O.Ind. rōpayati “verursacht Reißen, bricht ab ”, rúpyati “hat Reißen in Leibe” , *rōpa - n.
“hole, cave ” (= Lith. raupaĩ , compare O.Ice. rauf f., Serb. rȕpa);
Lat. rumpō , -ere, rūpī, ruptum “break, rupture ”, rūpēs “ steep Felswand, cliff, Felskluft,
jäher abyss” (compare under Lith. rupis “Fels”, wherefore Illyr. PN ΏΡύπες, Achaia, and in
similar meaning Ger. Riepe ‘schuttreuse ” and die tirol. place names roupǝ, roufǝ , inscribed
Roppen , Rofen ), rūpex , -icis “ruppiger uncouth, clumsy person, Rũpel” (compare Lith. rupùs
“rough, coarse ”);
O.Ice. riūfa, O.E. rēofan “break, rupture, tear ” (O.H.G. ü-riub “atrox, dirus ”, actually
“ungebrochen ”); O.Ice. rauf f. “col, gap, hole ”, O.E. rēaf n. “ robbery, booty, dress,
armament, armor ” (*roupü = Slav. *rupa “hole”), O.H.G. roub m. ds., to Goth. bi-raubōn ,
O.H.G. roubōn , O.S. rōƀōn “rob”, O.Ice. raufa “durchbrechen, rob ” and reyfa “durchbohren,
tear”, O.E. bе-rīefan “mug, rob ”; O.Ice. reyfi “gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur ”, M.Du. roof
“abgezogenes fell, fur ”; geminated E.Fris. rubben ‘scratch, scrape, rub, pluck ”, nd. rubbelig,
rubberig “ uneven, rough ”, Ger. ruppig ‘struppig”, Eng. rubble, rubbish “ rubble, offal ”; O.Ice.
rūfinn “bristly, struppig, rauhhaarig ”; Ger. rũffeln ‘scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen ”;
Lith. rūpe ́ti ‘sich kũmmern” , rūpu ̀ s “besorgt” (to Russ. rupá “ care, ruefulness ”), raupūti
and ( IE ablaut ou : ōu) ruõpti “dig, hollow out ”, rùpas “rough, bumpy “, rupùs “rough,

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coarse”, rupìs “Fels”, E.Lith. raupaĩ pl. “ measles, pox ” (“Rauhigkeit in the Haut ”), raupsaĩ “
leprosy “; also Lith. rupuže ̃ , raupeže ̃ “ toad “ (from the roughness the Haut), compare also
Ltv. raupa “ goose bumps “ (‘shudder, shiver “); Serb. rȕpa “hole, pit, pothole ” (*roupü ), Pol.
rupić się ‘sich kũmmern” , ablaut. rypać ‘scindere, friare ”.
f. reus-: O.Ice. reyrr m. “ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind
“, rūst f. “Trummer, zerfallene wall ” (see above S. 686 about O.Ind. loṣṭá - m. n.); O.H.G.
riostar “ plough handle, plough stilt “, O.E. rēost “ein Teil of Pfluges” , Ger. dial. riester “rag
zum Schuhflicken ”; Dan. ros ‘schnitzel, offal ”, Nor. dial. ros, rys “Fischschuppe ”, rus “dũnne
bowl”, rosa “ritzen, die Haut aufscheuern, sich lösen” , Ice. rosm n. “offal”, rusl n. “offal”,
O.S. ruslos m. pl. ‘speckseite ”, O.E. rysel m. bacon, fat, under likewise; Dutch rul “ lax and
dry, e.g. of sand, rough ” (*ruzlá -); O.Ice. ryskja “ rend, pluck ”, Nor. rusk “offal, dust, powder ”
(also M.L.G. rūsch “ intestines, entrails “, bO.Ir. geräusch? still insecure M.H.G. roesche ,
Ger. dial. rösch “hard and light frail, breakable under likewise ”); with Gmc. Wurzelvariation
O.Ice. raska “in UN.nung bringen ”; with -p- probably O.H.G. gi-rūspit gl. to inhorruit (aper),
and (as “in Halse scratch, scrape ”) Ger. räuspern , M.H.G. riuspern, riuspeln, rūspern ,
compare Lat. rūspor , -üri ‘suchen”, actually “aufreißend, durchwũhlend, whereupon
forschend ”, as Ital. ruspare ‘scratch (from the hen) ”, ruspo “rough, neugemũnzt” , rospo “
toad “ show;
Lith. rausiù , raũsti ‘scratch, wũhlen” , rūsy ̃ s , rúsas “pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln ”,
pelen -rũsis , -rūsa ̀ “Aschenbrödel” , rùsinti ‘schũren” , Ltv. raust ‘schũren, wũhlen” , raustīt
“pull, rend “, rūsa “aufgehäufter rubble “ ; about O.C.S. rušiti “umstũrzen” , *ruchъ
“movement ”, see above S. 332.
References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247,
Wissmann nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f.
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reu-smen -
English meaning: chewing; throat
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wiederkäuen; Kehle, Gurgel”
Material: O.Ind. rōmantha - m. “Wiederkäuen” ; wakhi ramöt (*raumąϑ a-) ds.; kati že ̈ mɛ tr
(*romantra- ) ds.;
Lat. rūmen , -inis “throat, pharynx, gullet ”, rūma , rūmis, -is ds. (can m from mn have, as:)
rūmüre besides rūminüre “wiederkauen ”; kymr. rhumen “paunch, udder ”; compare above S.
872.
References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales- th- 14 f.
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reuto -, routo -, rut -
English meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Tiermagen, Eingeweide ”
Material: M.Pers. rōt “ intestines, entrails of Rindes ”, Pers. rūda, pl. rūdag -ünī “Gedärme,
intestines, entrails “ (*reuto-ko- ); jAv. uruϑwarǝ, -wan- n. ( *rut-u̯ar-, -u̯an-) “ intestines,
entrails, belly ”;
O.E. rēada “Tiermagen ”, Eng. read “Labmagen ” (*routo -), aDutch roode “ psalterium “;
Swe. dial. rudda f. “Labmagen ” (*ruddōn -).
References: Lidén KZ . 61, 14 f.
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reu̯ǝ- : rū-
English meaning: to open; wide
Deutsche Übersetzung: “öffnen”
Material: Av. ravah- n. “Raum, Weite ”, ravas-čarüt - “was sich in Freien bewegt ”;
Lat. rūs, rūris “land (in contrast to town, city), estate ” (*reu̯os ); M.Ir. róe, rói f. “ebenes
field” (because of Eigennamens Cú Rói , welcher older Cú Raui lautet, from * rōu ̯ i̯ü );
Gmc. rū-ma- in Goth. rūms “ capacious, wide ”, rūm n. “Raum”, O.Ice. rūmr “ capacious “,
rūm n. “Raum, place ”, O.S. rūm m. “Raum”, O.Fris. O.E. rūm “ capacious “, m. “Raum,
stretch of time, Gelegenheit ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. rûm m. “Raum, aperture, freie Räumlichkeit” ,
M.H.G. rūm “ capacious “; O.H.G.rūmi, M.H.G. rūme “ capacious, wide, afar ”; abgel. verb
Gmc. *rūmian: O.Ice. rȳma “ capacious make ” etc.;
O.C.S. ravьnъ from *orvьnъ “eben” ; Russ. roves-nyk “Altersgenosse ”; O.Pruss. arwis
“true, certainly “;
Toch. AB ru- “öffnen” .
References: WP. II 356 f., WH. II 454, Trautmann 14.
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rezg-
English meaning: to plait, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, winden ”
Material: O.Ind. rájju- f. “rope, band ”; Lat. restis ds. ( *rezgtis ) = O.Lith. rekstis “basket”; O.E.
resc(e) , risc(e) , M.L.G. risch “ bulrush”; Nor. rusk m. ryskje n. ‘schmiele”, O.E. rysc, rysce f.
“ bulrush”; M.L.G. rusch “reed, bulrush ”, M.H.G. rusch(e) f. “ bulrush”; Lith. rezgù , rèksti
“flax, wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie “, Ltv. režg ́ ēt “flax, wattle, braid ”, režg ́ is “ wickerwork
“; aBulg. rozga “rod, twig, branch ”, through secondary Beeinflussung of Präfixes raz-:
R.C.S. razga.
References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.
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rēd-2 : rōd - : rǝd-
English meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharren, schaben, kratzen, nagen ”
Material: Lat. rōdō “ gnaw, benage ” and rüdō ‘scharre, scrape, scratch ” (from * radzd(h)ō s.
Welsh rhathu ), wherefore rüstrum “hack, mattock, hoe, Karst ”, rüdula “ rasper”, rüllum “
plowshare “, rümentum “Abgang, chip, splinter, splinter ” and rōstrum “(Nagewerkzeug) bill,
beak, neb, snout, proboscis, prow, bow of a ship ”; Welsh rhathu “raspeln, smooth, ebnen ”,
rhathell “Raspel”, rhath “Ebene, surface, plain, area ”, Bret. raza “raser” ; Brit.rath- and Lat.
rüdō are under *růzdō (from * radzd(h)ō , d(h)-present) compatible;
O.H.G. rüzi ‘sharp from taste, wild ”, M.H.G. rüze ræ ̄ ze ds. prove die ē-grade *rēd-; in
addition Gmc. * rattō “Ratte” (=nibbler): O.S. ratta, O.E. rætt m., M.H.G. ratze , ratz etc.; in
Ger. Dialekten comes Ratz in the meaning “marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm ” vor;
O.H.G. rato, radda, ratta.
References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.
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rē ̆ k-2
English meaning: to arrange, prepare
Deutsche Übersetzung: “O.N.nen”
Material: O.Ind. racayati “verfertigt, bildet ”, racana- n. “Ordnen, Betreiben ”; Goth. rahnjan
“reckon”; ragin n. “Rat, decision ”, O.Ice. regin , pl. rǫgn “die ratschlagenden Mächte, gods” ,
O.S. ragino giscapu “Beschlũsse the göttlichen Mächte” , O.H.G. regin - in Eigennamen;
O.C.S. rokъ m. “bestimmte time, purpose “, rekǫ, rešti ‘say”, raknǫti, račiti “wollen” etc.;
Toch. A rake, В reki, pl. rekauna “word”;
with ē: Goth. ga-rēhsns f. “ determination, Ratschluß” ; O.C.S. rěčь f. “accusatio ”;
quite doubtful Zusammengehörigkeit with O.Ice. rün n. “ robbery “ (*rahna -), ræ ̄ na “rob”
(*rahnjan ), O.H.G. bi-rahanen “erbeuten ”; primary meaning wäre “ Raub-Anschlag ”?
References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.
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rē-5
English meaning: dark
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dunkel”
Material: O.Ind. rüma ́ - “ swart, black ”; n. “ darkness, night ”; rümī f. “night”; M.H.G. rüm, rōm
m. ‘smut, smut ”; Mod.Ice. rüma -legr “dirty, filthy ”; O.H.G. rümac , M.H.G. rümec, rümig “dirty,
filthy, rußig” , O.E. rōmig “rußig” , ne. room ‘scurf on the head, dandruff ”;
O.Ind. rütrī “night” better to Lat. lateō etc., above S. 651 nachzutragen.
With -u̯o-formants: Lat. rüvus “gray, gray-yellow “.
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rēp-1 (rep-?)
English meaning: to crawl, sneak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kriechen, schleichen ”
Material: Lat. rēpō, -ere “ grovel, truckle, creep, slink ”; O.H.G. rebo, reba, repa , M.H.G. rebe
‘schlingschößling” ; ablaut. M.L.G. wīn-rüve “Weinrebe ”;
Lith. rėplióti “ grovel, truckle, creep “, ablaut. roplóti ds., Ltv. rãpât , rãpt ds., O.Pruss.
rīpaiti “folget”; barely in addition wRuss. rapuxa , Pol. ropucha “ toad “.
References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetze16 604.
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rēp-2, rǝp-
English meaning: pole; beam
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfahl, Balken ”
Material: O.H.G. rü ̆ vo ‘sparren”, O.Ice. rüfr, ræ ̄ fr m., rüf n. ‘sparrendach ”; O.Ice. raptr m.
‘stick, Sparren ” (vandal. PN Raptus ), O.E. ræfter ds., M.L.G. rafter, rachter ‘small balk,
beam, lath ”; Lith. re ́plinti “uplift, set up, hinstellen ”; O.C.S. rěpьjь, rěpijь “picket, pole ”,
rěpьje “τρίβολος”.
References: WP. II 370.
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rēt-, rōt -, rǝt-
English meaning: pole; trunk
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, stem, Balkengefũge”
Material: O.H.G. ruota , O.Ice. rōða “rod, shaft, pole ”, O.S. rōda “(picket, pole)kreuz ”, O.E.
rōd ds. and Church Slavic ratište , ratovište “Lanzenschaft ”; perhaps in addition Lat. rētae
“from dem bank, border, shore of Flusses hervorragende Bäume” , rētüre “den river from
solchen clean ” and růtis “Floß”.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.
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ŕ̥k̂Þo-s
English meaning: bear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bär”
Note: (or r̥k̂-s-o-s besides r̥k̂-to-s?)
Material: O.Ind. ŕ̥kṣa- m. “bear” (in addition a new fem. r̥k̂ṣī “Bärin” ) = jAv. arša-,
common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : jAv. -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation
Osset. ars, Arm. arj (influenced from arjn “dark brown ”), Alb. ari, Gk. ἄρκτος, newer ἄρκος,
in addition (?) the VN ᾽Αρκάδες,
Note:
Alb. harusha ‘she-bear” : aquitO.N. PN Harsus : O.Ind. ŕ̥kṣa- m. “bear” proves the cognate
for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved the
matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.
Alb. arithi (diminutive) ’standing like a bear ” (*ar(h)i ) ari “bear” (The stem final -θ- has been
dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the
hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th.) : Arm. arj “bear”, Welsh arth “bear” [common
Alb. - Welsh - k̂ > -th phonetic mutation].
M.Ir. art, Welsh arth “bear”, Gaul. Deae Artioni “Bärengöttin” , Lat. ursus “bear”, perhaps
Hitt. ḫartagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitO.N. PN Harsus , Basque hartz “bear” are Celt.
Lw.; Pers. xirs “bear” soll auf Iran. *r̥sa- = IE r̥k̂o- weisen, whereupon also Osset. ars go
back could.
References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., IE Decl. 239 f., interprets the bear
as “ destroyer, damager “, to O.Ind. rákṣas - n. “ destruction “, Av. raš- “beschädigen” (see
864); compare also Frisk Gk. et. Wb. 141 f.
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saip-
English meaning: stall, fence
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Umfriedung from Dickicht, Hũrde” ?
Material: Gk. αἱμός (Aisch.) “ thicket “ (*saip- mo-?), αἱμασί α “fence, wall ” (*saip-mn̥tiǘ ?);
Lat. saepēs, -is “ fence, paddock “, saepiō, -īre “umzäunen” , praesaepēs, prae -saepia “
crib, manger, stall ”, saepe “often” (neuter eines adj. *saepis “gedrängt” ).
References: WP. II 445 f., WH. II 461 f.
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sak-
English meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heiligen, einen Vertrag machen ”?
Material: Lat. sacer “geweiht, holy ” (besides sücris ); fal. sacru(m) , Osc. σακορο ‘sacra” or
‘sacrum”, sakrim (acc.), sakrid (abl.), sakarater ‘sacratur”, sacrasias “*sacrariae ”,
sakaraklúm ‘sacellum”, saka(ra)hiter ‘sanciütur” , Umbr. sakra ‘sacras”, Adverb sakre; päl.
sacaracirix “*sacratrix, sacerdos ”; further Osc. sakrvist ‘sacra est”; previous compound is
Lat. sacerdōs, -dōtis “priest”(also f.) from * sůcro -dhō-t-s to root dhē-;
moreover Sancus, - ī and -ūs, name an Umbr. -sabin. divinity; of u-stem derived
istSanquülis “zum Sancus gehörig” ; Umbr. Sanśi ‘sancium”, dat. Sansie ; from *sanko- is
sanciō, -īre “ through religiöse Weihe unverletzlich machen, heiligen; ein law bestätigen”
derived, further sanctus “geheiligt”, Umb r. sahta, sahata ‘sanctam” , Osc. saahtúm
‘sanctum”, päl. sato ‘sanctum”; Lat. sagmen “the heiligende, auf the Burg gepflũckte
Grasbũschel” ;
Hitt. šaklai - “ custom, Ritus ”.
References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.
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sal-2
English meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmutziggrau ”
Note: also (after the paint, color) zur Bezeichnung of Salzes (see sal-1 ), the Grauweide and
of Speichels
Note:
Root sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root sal- : salt; salty water.
Material: A. Aind. lengthened grade süra-, süla- “gray” = O.E. sōl “dirty, filthy, dark ”, N.Ger.
saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. ‘smut”, salach “dirty, filthy ” = O.Bret. haloc , Welsh halog ds.;
Welsh sal “ärmlich, sick “ is Fr. Lw.;
B. sal-u̯o- in O.Ice. splr “dirty, filthy ” sǫl n. “a kind of Alge ”; O.H.G. salo “cloudy, dirty grey
“, O.E. salu ds., Dutch zaluw “dunkelgelb ”; M.H.G. sal, gen. salwes ‘smut”; Welsh salw
“ärmlich, low” (das s- from sal, see above), O.Corn. halou ‘stercora”; R.C.S. slavo-očije
“Blauäugigkeit” , Russ. solovój “isabellenfarben ”.
C. Lat. salīva f. ‘saliva”, out of it O.Ir. saile, Welsh haliw ds.
D. Lat. salix “ a willow-tree, willow, sallow ” = M.Ir. sail, gen. sa(i)lech , Welsh etc. helyg- en
ds.; O.Brit. PN Salico-dūnon , Gaul. PN Salicilla ; O.H.G. sal(a)ha , M.H.G. salhe , Ger.
Salweide ; O.E. sealh m., O.Ice. selja “ a willow-tree, willow, sallow ” (*salhjōn ).
Maybe Alb. (*salicus ) shelgu “willow” not from lat salix.
References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.
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sal-
English meaning: salt; salty water
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘salz, Seesalz ”
Grammatical information: nom. sal, sal-d-, sal-i, sal-u; gen. sal-n-és
Note:
Root sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root sū-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese
Material: O.Ind. sal-ilá- n. ‘sea, Meeresflut ” (“*das Salzige ”), sal-ilá- ‘salzig”; Arm. aɫ ‘salt” (i-
stem), aɫt (i-stem) ‘salzlager, salt ”, aɫi ‘salzig” (out of it is the river name ῝Αλυς gräzisiert);
Gk. ἅλς, gen. ἁλός m. ‘salt”, f. ‘salzflut, sea ”, dat. pl. ἅλασι; pl. ἅλες also “ Witz”, as Lat.
salēs , ἅλιος “ marinus”, ἀλιεύς ‘seemann, fisherman “; ἁλυκός “jũnger” , ἁλικός ‘salzig”; stem
ἁλι- stets in compound ἁλι-πόρφυρος, ἁλι -μυρήεις (ἁλος -ύδνη contains den gen. ἁλός);
ἅλμη “ sea waters, salinity, sharpness ” (therefrom ἁλμυρός ‘salty, bitter, sharp ”); Alb.
ngjelbëtë , ngjelmëtë ‘salty”, njelm “be salty” (-mo- as in Gk. ἅλμη);
gjellë (*ghala ) “food”, gjallë “alive, fresh meat ”, gjallesë “creature to be eaten ” [common Alb.
gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Maybe Alb. helm “poison, bitter ” preservation of the old laryngeal
Illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal- apa; Lat. sül, sůlis m., altLat. also nom. sale n. ‘salt”;
Umbr. salu ‘salem”, perhaps also Lat. insula as “ἡ ἐν ἁλὶ οὖσα” (compare Gk. ἔναλος “ in
Meere situated ”);
maybe Alb. (*insula ) ishull “island”
O.Ir. salann , Welsh halen , O.Corn. haloin , Bret. c”hoalenn , holen (*salei- no-) ‘salt”; auf
*salī-mo- leads probably Welsh heli ‘sea”; Celt. FlN Sala ‘saale”, compare Saalach , Nfl. the
Salzach ; Ltv. sü ̀ ls (*sülis ); O.Pruss. sal is Pol. Lw.; Lith. sülti ‘sweet become, sour become ”,
salià ‘sũßigkeit” ; Ltv. sülīms , Lith. žem. sólymas m. ‘salzlake” (= Welsh heli); O.C.S. solь f.

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‘salt” (*sali- ); Slav. *solnъ in O.C.S. slanъ ‘salzig”; O.Pruss. saltan n. “bacon”, Slav. *soltь f.
in Russ. solotь ‘swamp, marsh ”, O.C.S. slatina “ἅλμη” , Serb. slativa ‘salzquelle ”, Cz. slatina
“moor, fen ” etc.; Toch. A süle, В sülyiye ‘salt”.
with dem d- of IE nom. sg. n. *sal-d-: Illyr. PN Saldae (Pannonien), Thrac. PN Salsovia
(*sal-d-t-ou̯-); Goth. O.Ice. O.S. salt, O.E. sealt , O.H.G. salz ‘salt”; adj. O.Ice. saltr, O.E.
sealt , M.H.G. salzec , Ger. salzig ; with zero grade O.S. sultia , O.H.G. sulza (*sultja )
‘salwasser, Sũlzwurst” , Ger. Sũlze ; Nor. sylt f. “ũberschwemmter Meeresstrand” (but
M.H.G. sol, sul , Ger. Sole ‘salzhaltiges Wasser ” are Slav. Lwe.); O.E. sealtan , O.H.G.
salzan ‘salzen” (otherwise weak V. O.E. sieltan , O.Ice. salta ); Lat. sallō, -ere ‘salzen”,
participle salsus (*sald- to-) perhaps with präs. -d-suffix; also Bal.-Slav. *saldu- ‘sũss”
(“*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend ”) could after a verb shaped sein: Lith. saldùs , Ltv. salds ,
Slav. *soldъk in O.C.S. sladъkъ , Pol. sɫodki; without -d-: Lith. sąlù, sálti ‘sũss become” ,
E.Lith. į̃salas , Ltv. ìesals m. “ malt “; the u-stem sal-u- ergibt sich besides from Bal.-Slav.
*saldu- also from Gk. ἁλυκός ‘salzig”.
Maybe Seleiitani Illyr. TN, also Alb. ( *shile ) shije “taste, salty taste ”, sillë “dinner”.
References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the IE
Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.;
See also: belongs to sal-2 .
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sap-, sab -
English meaning: to taste, to perceive
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmecken, wahrnehmen ”
Material: 1. sap-:
Av. višüpa (*viš-süpa ) “dessen Säfte poison are” ; Arm. ham (*sůpmo -) “juice, sap, taste ”;
Lat. sapiō , -ere “ taste, Geschmack have; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein ”;
sapa f. “juice, sap ”, sapor “taste, Leckerei ”, nesapius, nesapus “ignorans ”; Osc. sipus
‘sciens” (*sēpu ̯ ōs ), volsk. sepu ‘sciente” are neologisms after capio: cēpi; Osc. innovation
seems Lat. sibus ‘sly, cunning ”; M.H.G. be-seben st. V. “wahrnehmen ”, O.Ice. sefi ‘sense,
mind”, O.S. seƀo , O.E. sefa dss.; to Lat. sapa “juice, sap ” stellt sich Gmc. *safan- “juice,
sap (the Baume) ”: O.Ice. safi “Baumsaft ”, Nor. sevja ds., sabba “in Schlamm wade ”, M.L.G.
sabben “geifern”, sabbelen “ pollute “.
2. sab-:
maybe Alb. (*sap-), shap “alum”.
Illyr. sabaium “beer”, Sab- in many FlN Italiens, Sabütis (Campanien), Vada Sabatia
(Ligurien) etc.; Celt. (Ven.?) FlN Sabis (Belgien);
O.E. sæp n. “juice, sap, broth ”, M.L.G. sap(p) , O.H.G. saf, sapf, Ger. Saft.
Related to Sabath in Jewish tradition? And to number septa ‘seven” as the day of Sabath?
Sabine “Phoenicians in Italy?
References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny UrIllyr. 79, 97, 117.
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sasi̯o -
English meaning: a kind of cereal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Feldfrucht ”
Material: O.Ind. sasyá - n. “Feldfrucht ”; jAv. hahya- “ corn, grain “; Gaul. acc. (s)asiam
“Roggen” (‘secale Taurini sub Alpibus asiam vocant” Plin. H. N.); Welsh haidd “hordeum ”,
Bret. heiz “orge”; compare also ved. sasá - “nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass, sown
field “.
References: WP. II 454, WH. I 72.
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saus-, sus-
English meaning: dry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trocken, dũrr”
Note:
The real root was * sa-, su- “dry” which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -
dor, -ter in PIE. It seems that the Root saus -, sus- : (dry) derived from Root sü ́ u ̯ el -, süu ̯ ol -,
suu̯él -, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun).
Material: O.Ind. śúṣyati “ dries, wilts “, thereafter śoṣa - m. (assimil. from * soṣa -) “the drying
up”, also adj. “ made dry “; Av. haos- “ dry up, become dry “, aŋhao -šǝmna - “not drying “;
O.Ind. śúṣka - (from *suṣka -), Av. huška - “dry”;
Gk. αὖος ( Hom.), αὗος ( Att.) “arid, dry ”, αὐσταλέος “ scrubby, dirty, filthy ”, αὐστηρό ς “
harsh, austere “; Denomin. αὐαίνω, αὑαίνω “ make dry, desiccate “, αὕω “trockne, desiccate
“; doubtful Gk. αὐχμός m. “ aridity, Trockenheit, smut ”, whether from * sau-k -smo- from a
root variant *sau-k - besides *sau-s -, to O.Ind. sū ́ ks ̣ ma - “fine, thin, narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin “? common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation
Alb. thanj (*sausni̯ō ) “ dry “;
Note:
Common Alb. s > th phonetic mutation
Lat. sūdus “dry, cheerful ” (*suz- do-), sūdum “ cloudless, bright, clear, serene “; different
M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117;
Note:
This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-,
su- “dry” which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin
preserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise Lat. cognate evolved according to

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Illyr.-Alb. phonetic mutation ( *sausni̯ō > saunus ) sūdus “dry” [common Alb. n > nd phonetic
shift]
O.E. sēar, M.L.G. sōr “dry”, Nor. søyr ds., O.H.G. sōrēn “ wilt “;
Lith. saũsas “dry”, saũsti “dry become ”, saũsinti “ make dry “, sùsti “ become scabby “,
sùskis “ leprosy, scabies “ (: O.Ind. śúṣka -); Ltv. sust “ become dry “; O.C.S. suchъ “dry”,
sušiti “ make dry “, sъchnǫti “ become dry “.
References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.
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sāg-
English meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(witternd) nachspũren”
Grammatical information: (: *sǝg-) bildet athemat. Wurzelpräsens
Note: previous Jägerwort
Material: Gk. ἡγέομαι , Dor. ἁ̄γέομαι “gehe voran, lead, guide ”, nachHom. “glaube, meine ”,
ἡγεμών , ἡγήτωρ “Anfũhrer” ;
Lat. sügiō , -īre “acute sentire, spũren, ahnen” , sügus “wahrsagend, prophetisch,
zauberisch ”, süga “Wahrsagerin ” (but sagana “Zauberin ” from Gk. *σαγάνη); sügüx , -ücis
‘sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd ”;
O.Ir. saigim “go a thing after, search, seek ” (zur 3. pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606 ff.),
Welsh haeddu “verdienen ”, cy-r-haedd “reach” and likewise; here probably die Ir.
Denominativa auf -aigim (Welsh - haaf); O.Ir. sür m. “Kränkung, iniuria” (*sag- ro-), verbal
noun sürugud (*sagro-sagitus ): M.Welsh sayrhaed f., Welsh sarhad “insult” (Ir. Lw.);
Goth. sōkjan (= Lat. sügiō ) ‘suchen, disputieren ”, O.Ice. sø ̄ kja ‘suchen, assail “, O.E.
sæ ̄ can ds., O.H.G. suohhen ‘suchen”, Goth. sōkns “Untersuchung, Streitfrage ”, O.E. sōcn f.
“Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit ”; ablaut. Goth. sakan , sōk ‘sich quarrel, quarrel,
squabble ”, gasakan “threaten, punish, curse, ũberfũhren” , O.H.G. (etc.) sahhan “rebuke,
reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten ”, O.Ice.sǫk “Rechtssache, lament, thing,
Ursache”, O.E. sacu f. “Rechtshandel, Verfolgung, fight ”, O.H.G. sahha “fight,
Gerichtshandel, thing ” etc.;
O.Ice. saka “ wail, harm ”, sütt, sæ ̄ tt f., (*sahti- ) “ comparison, peace ”, (> O.E. seht ds.),
süttr (*sahta-R ) “versöhnt” ; Goth. in-sahts f. “Aussage ”, O.E. in-siht f. ds. ( *in-sak- ti);
Hitt. šak(k) -, šek(k) - “aware, skillful “.

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sāi-
English meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable
Material: With formants -mo-: Gk. *αἱμωδός (umgebidet from *αἱμ -ώδων) in αἱμωδί α “a kind
of Zahnweh ”;
with formants -no- perhaps Hom. αἰνός “terrible” with Ion.-epischer Psilose (different
above S. 10);
with formants -ro-: O.H.G. O.S. O.Fris. sēr, O.E. sür ‘schmerzerregend ”, O.Ice. sürr
“verwundet, schmerzerregend ”, (finn. sairas “ sick “ from dem Gmc.), Subst. n. Goth. sair
“pain”, O.H.G. O.S.O.Fris. sēr “pain”, O.E. sür “wound, pain ”, O.N. sür n. “wound”, adv. Ger.
sehr, O.E. süre “ painful, ũberaus” , Ger. versehren ;
t-formations: O.Ir. süeth “affliction, disease, malady ” (*sai-tu-s), süethar “affliction, toil,
work” (*sai-turo-m ); Welsh hoed “affliction”;
with formants -u̯o-: Gk. αἰᾱνής, Ion. αἰηνής “grausig, dismal “, lit. *σαιF-ᾱνής “with
grausigem face (with the eyes and mouth) ” (to *ἆνος n. “ face” = O.Ind. *ünas - n. ds.,
compare ünana - n. “mouth, face ”), through influence of αἰεί also “ eternal “; “(doubtful Goth.
saiws m. ‘sea” (*sǝi-u̯i-), O.Ice. sæ ̄ r, siōr , O.E. sæ ̄, O.S. O.H.G. sēo ‘sea”); Lat. saevus “
furious, terrible, stern ” (aLat. also “big, large ”); Ltv. sievs, sīvs ‘sharp, biting, harsh ”, also
“Jauche, Gerberlohe ” and “beim Hanfstoßen gepreßtes O ̈ l ” , Lith. sūvai m. pl. “juice, sap
beim Pressen ”; Lith. šaižu ̀ s “rough, sharp ” (*saižus ).
Maybe Alb. ( *kēr) ther “hurt, slice, cut, injure ” common Alb. k- > th- mutation; preservation
of the old laryngyeal.
References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261.
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sā ̆ lo-
English meaning: to wave, *sea
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “wogend”
Material: Illyr. FlN Salon ; Lat. salum (and salus Ennius) “ restless sea swell, river current,
the open sea, high sea, main, deep “; M.Ir. sal under sü(i)le m. ‘sea”; Gaul. FlN Salia “
Seille “ = O.Ir. Sa(i)le (Schottland) = O.Brit. *Salia > *Halia > M.Eng. Hail = hispO.N. Salia
etc.; *Salantia ‘salence” (Switzerland): O.Pruss. salus “ Regenbach “, Lith. FlN SalantO.S.
References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242.
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sāno-s
English meaning: healthy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gesund, heil ”?
Material: Lat. sünus “fit, healthy, heil ”, sünō, -üre “heal, cure ”; Umbr. sanes abl. ‘sound,
whole, healthy, well ”, is doubtfully positioned to the root *sü- “ give satisfaction, gratify,
satiates, satiate “.
Maybe Alb. (*sünare) shëronj “cure” [rhotacism n/r], shëndet”health” : Lat. ‘sanitas
soundness of body, health ”.
References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25,
218 f.
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sā ́ u ̯ el -, sāu ̯ ol -, suu̯él -, su̯el-, sūl- , (*sweĝhu̯el -)
English meaning: sun
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sonne”
Note:
Root sü ́ u ̯ el -, süu ̯ ol -, suu̯él -, su̯el-, sūl- , (*seĝhu̯el -): ‘sun” derived from a compound of Root
se- : “reflexive pronoun ” + Root ĝhel-1 (and ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ - : ĝhlē-,
ĝhlō- : ĝhlǝ- (*ĝhwel -): “to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun ”
Note: next to which su̯en -, sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; su̯el- “ smolder, burn “ is probably
identical with it
Material:
Note:
Oldest cognate Illyr.-Alb. (*ĝhel-) diell ‘sun” [Alb.-Illyr. ĝh- > d- shift];
Phonetic evidence: see Root gʷel-1 : “to stick; pain, death ”: Gk. δέλλιθες “Wespen”, Hes.;
βελόνη f. ‘spitze, Nadel ”, ὀξυβελής ὀιστός Hom.; aber βέλος n. “Geschoß” wohl eher zu
βάλλω, s. ũber den sekundären Zusammenschluß mit letzterer Sippe unter 2. gʷel-
“herabträufeln; werfen” ; uber ὀβελός, ὀβολός , ark. Dor. ὀδελός ‘spitze, Bratspieß, Mũnze” s.
Schwyzer Gk. I 295;

Gk. Kret. (* seĝhu̯el -) ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος ), Gk. Hom. (*heuu̯̯ eli-os) ἠέλιος, Att. (zero
grade) ἥλιος , Dor. (*heu̯eli -os) ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος [common Gk. -kw- > -p-, -gw- > -b- phonetic
mutation] : O.Ind. ved. (* suu̯el ) súvar , Gujarati surdj ‘sun” : (*seĝhu̯el -) Goth. sugil, O.E.
sygel , sigel from Proto-Gmc. *sugila- , O.S. swigli “bright, radiating ” from * swegila- , O.E.
sweg(e)l n. ‘sky, heaven, sun ”, swegle “bright, radiating ”.

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1. O.Ind. ved. (* suu̯el ) súvar n. = (zero grade) Av. hvarǝ ‘sun, light, sky ”, gen. (*suu̯ela )
súraḥ = jAv. (*suu̯elio ) hūrō, O.Ind. sū ́ rya - (*sūlii̯o -) m. (compare Gk. ἥλιος), sūra- m. ‘sun”;
therefrom O.Ind. sūrta - “light, bright ”, O.Ind. svárṇara - m. “ bright space, ether “, Av.
x ̌arǝnah -, ар. -farnah- “ shining fame, magnificence “;
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (*suu̯el -a)*suu̯ar - [in names] ‘sun(god)” (Near-Eastern IA); Av.:
OAv. huuarǝ ̄ [n] (< * húu̯ar ) ‘sun” (gen.sg. xvǝ̄ṇg < *huu̯ánh ); LAv. huuarǝ (gen.sg. hū <
*huu̯ánh , next to hūrō = Ved. sū ́ ras ), Sogd. (MO.N. ) xwr ‘sun”, Middle Persian xwr ‘sun”,
New Persian xwr ‘sun”, O.S.S. xūr / xor ‘sun”
Maybe Afghan lmar, Waziri lmer, myer ‘sun” from O.Ind. svárṇara - m. “ bright space, ether
“; Armenian arew, aregak, arev , Singhalese ira ‘sun”.
Maybe Luvian: (
Maybe zero grade Alb. diell (*eĝhu̯el -, ĝhu̯el -)”the sun” common Alb. gh- > d- phonetic
mutatIon.
Gk. Hom. ἠέλιος, Att. ἥλιος, Dor. ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος, Cret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄ Fελιος) ‘sun”,
further formations of n. *süu ̯ el to m. -i̯o-stem (compare O.Ind. sū ́ rya -); Lat. sōl, -is m. ‘sun”
(from neutr. * süu ̯ el about *süu ̯ ol , *süol ); Welsh haul, O.Corn. heuul , M.Corn. heul, houl ,
Bret. heol ‘sun” (*süu ̯ el -);
in addition O.Ir. sūil f. “eye” from *sūli-, ablaut equally with O.Ind. sū ́ rah ̣ , and Alb. hũll, ũll “
star “ (*sūlo - or *sūli-);
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (Alb. phonetic trait)], hence Alb. geg
sũni , Tosc syri (*sũlni) “eye” : Old Irish (* süu ̯ el- ) sūil “ eye “
Also Estonian silm “eye” : Finnish silmä “eye”

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Other Alb. cognates (Gjakova dial.) (* huu̯eln ) uvill, [Buzuku] (* ũviln) yill “ star “, [Sirmie] pl.
ulini ‘stars”.
Yet the shift of initial ( *su̯e- > de- ) is a common Alb. phonetic mutatIon. See Root su̯ergh -:
to take care of; to be Illyr. Hence Alb. dergjem (*su̯erghi̯ō ) “be bedridden, be sick ”.
Therefore Alb. diell “ sun “ probably derived from a root * su̯el.
Goth. sauil n. (*sōwila -), O.Ice. sōl f. (*sōwulü ) ‘sun”, O.Ice. and-sø ̄ lis, aschw. and-sylis
“the sun zugewendet ”; doubtful the rune names Goth. sugil, O.E. sygel , sigel from Proto-
Gmc. *sugila- , ablaut. with O.S. swigli “bright, radiating ” from * swegila- , O.E. sweg(e)l n.
‘sky, heaven, sun ”, swegle “bright, radiating ” from * swagila- ;
Balt *süu ̯ eli̯ü f. in Lith. Ltv. sáulė “ sun “;
Slav. *sulnika- n. in O.C.S. slьnъce “ sun “ (das -ni- from * ogni “fire”);
2. In -en-stem:
Av. x ̌ǝng “the sun” (IE *su̯en -s), gen. from hvarǝ ; Goth. sunnō (dat. sunnin , neutr. after
sauil), O.E. sunna , O.H.G. sunno , sunna ‘sun”, wherefore as ‘sonnseitig = sũdlich” O.Ice.
suðr ‘south”, adv. “ southward “, O.E. sūðerra , O.S. sūthar -liudi (‘southern people ”), O.H.G.
sundar ‘south”, adv. “ southward “, M.H.G. sund ‘south” etc. ( Ger. Sũd from dem Nd.).
Gujarati surdj ‘sun”
Perhaps Toch. A swün ̃ ce , swün ̃ co , Toch. B swün ̃ cai - “ray [of light], (sun) beam ” reflect
Proto-Toch. * swün ̃ cai - which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in nuce Pisani,
1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *sunϑa- *’sunny” > ‘south” and *sunnō ‘sun” (cf.
P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE * suh aṇto- (a derivative of
*seh awel-/suh an- ‘sun”) and, with "particularizing" - n-, *suh aṇtōn-/ suh aṇten-/suh aṇtn-. The
attested paradigm of Germanic * sunnō reflects a conflation of the o-grade and the zero-
grade stems (* suh aṇtn- > *sunϑn- > *sunn -). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian forms represent
a generalization of * suh aṇten-, further derived by the addition of - ai-.

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Note:
The root * suh aṇten- is an attribute noun created in the same way as adj. and ordinal
numbers:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb.
teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” : Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven” later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta “eight” is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight”. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuügintü “80”].
That means Slav. *sulnika- n. in O.C.S. slьnъce “ sun “ (das -ni- from * ogni “fire”) is
phonetically equal to Toch. A swün ̃ ce , swün ̃ co , Toch. B swün ̃ cai - “ray [of light], (sun)
beam”, hence Slav. forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late creations.
Maybe Gk. “Απόλλων, -ωνος; various dialectic forms: “ Απέλλων ( Dor.), “Απείλων ( Cypr.),
Α῎πλουν ( Thess.). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to Cret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e.
ἀ̄Fελιος) “ sun “. It seems that the sun god “Απόλλων derived from Cret. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e.
ἀ̄Fελιος) “ sun “. The common phonetic mutation in Gk. λι > λλ has taken place. Both
“Απέλλων ( Dor.), “Απείλων ( Cypr.), Α῎πλουν ( Thess.) and Cre t. ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) “
sun “ derived from the same root *sühu ̯ el ‘sun” where the common Gk. phonetic mutation
hw > p, gw > b has taken place.
Note:
Khaskura gham (also Indic borrowing surj) “ sun “, Gypsy Gk kham “ sun “ : Gk. ἀFέλιος
reflect Gk. -b- > -mb- > -m- phonetic mutatIon.
Maybe Etruscan avil “ year “ a borrowing from Gk. ἀFέλιος.

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sā-, sǝ-
English meaning: satiated
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘satt; sättigen”
Material: O.Ind. a-si-n-vá-, ásinvan “unersättlich” (places ein Praes. *sǝ-néu-mi, *sǝ-nu̯-ṓ
ahead);
Arm. at-ok” “full, ausgewachsen ”; hač, hačoy “zufrieden ” (*sadi̯o -);
Gk. thematic present ἄεται ‘sättigt sich” (Hesiod; *sǝ-i̯ṓ), athematic Wurzelaor. ἄ̄μεναι
(Hom. ) ‘sich sättigen” ; Aor. Inf. ἆσαι ‘sättigen” and “ satiated become ”, ἕωμεν (*ἥομεν , Konj.
Aor.), Fut. ἄ̄σειν , etc.; ἄ-ατος (*n̥-sǝ-tos) “unersättlich” , ἅδην = böot. ἅδᾱν “bis zur
Sättigung, sufficient “ (acc. from ἅδᾱ ‘sättigung” ); ἁδη-φάγος “ voracious “, ἁδινός “dense,
rich”, ἁδρός “dense, reif ”;Eol. ἄσα, Ion. ἄση “Übersättigung , Überdruß , distress “ (*sǝ-sü
with preservation of σ after δῖπ-σα, δόκ-σα), whereof Ion. ἀσάομαι “bin satiated, ekle mich ”,
ἀσάω “ũbersättige” , ἄσᾱρος , ἀσηρός “verächtlich; disgust, repulsion, loathing erregend ”;
Lat. satis “ sufficient “ (originally Subst. ‘sättigung” ), compar. satius; satietüs , syllabisch
dissimilated satiüs ‘sättigung. hinreichende Menge , Überdruß” ; satur “ satiated “ (ro-
extension eines u-stem);
O.Ir. süith (*süti-) “ satiety “; süithech “ satiated “;
Goth. dat. sg. sōÞa (nom. *sōÞ n. or *sōÞs m.) ‘sättigung” , post-verbal to gasōÞjan
‘sättigen” = O.E. gesēdan ds.;
Maybe truncated Alb. (*gasōÞjan ) ngos, ngij ‘sate”.
Goth. saÞs , O.Ice. saðr, O.S. sad, O.H.G. sat “ satiated “, O.E. sæd “ satiated,
ũberdrũssig” , eng. sad “ grieving, ernst ”; derived O.Ice. seðja , M.H.G. seten, setten
‘sattigen” and O.E. sadian “ satiated become ”, O.H.G. satōn ‘sättigen” ;

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sed-
English meaning: to sit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sitzen”
Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual ‘sich place ” (O.Ind.), later as
duratives stative verb with ē-suffix ‘sit” (Lat. Gmc. balto-Slav. )
Material: 1. O.Ind. sad- (sátsi, ásadat , Pf. sasü ́ da , sēdima ́ , sēdiva ́ s -, compare Av. hazdyü -t
Opt.);
Av. ap. had- (with Präverbien) ‘sich place ” (nišaŋhasti for *nišasti ); Kaus. (lengthened
grade) O.Ind. südayati “ places “, Av. ni-šüδayeiti “läßt niedersitzen, places low, base” , ap.
niyašüdayam “I setzte”;
Arm. nstim ‘sit, put mich ” (perhaps i̯o-Praes. *ni-zdi̯ō); hecanim ‘sit auf, reite ” (c from d +
aor. -s);
Gk. ἕζομαι ‘sit, put mich ” (Aor. εἷσα Hom. , ἕσσαι Pind.); Kaus. ὁ δεῖν, ὁδᾶν “ sell “, lit.
“place” (Specht KZ. 62, 51);
Lat. sedeō , -ēre, sēdi ‘sit” (present due to of originally außerpräs. stem sedē -; perf. from
*se-zd- ai), Umbr. sersitu ‘sedētō” , zeřef ‘sedens”, andersesust “intersiderit ”, Lat. sēdō , -üre
“beruhigen ” (perhaps = M.L.G. süten “beruhigen ”, Wissmann nom. postv. 112, 1); O.Ir.
sa(i)did (*se(i)did ), ‘sitzt”, Fut. seiss (*sed-s- ti), adsuidi ‘schiebt auf, verzögert, hält auf”
(Kaus. *sodei̯et ; otherwise through Denom. suidigud “place” verdrängt); Welsh seddu ‘sit”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg me shitë “to sell in a place ”
O.Ice. sit, Inf. sitia, O.S. sittiu, O.H.G. sizzu ‘sit” (= ἕζομαι, πι -έζω; Goth. sitan is probably
reshuffling from *sitjan ; Praet. sat, sētum ), Kaus. Goth. satjan , O.Ice. setia , O.H.G. sezzen
“place” (*sodei̯ō );
Maybe Alb. shëtit “walk slowly over a place ”

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Lith. *se ́dmi and se ́džiu , se ́dime (*sēd-), Inf. sėde ́ti ‘sit”, participle perf. se ́dęs (as
O.Pruss. sīdons ‘sitzend”, O.C.S. sědъ ), O.C.S. sěždǫ , sěděti ‘sit”; besides ě in O.Cz.
seděti (: Lat. sedēre ); Lith. se ́du , se ́sti, Ltv. sēst (*sēstēi ) ‘sich place ”, O.C.S. sěsti ds.
(present sędǫ , see under), Kaus. saditi (*sōdei̯ō ) “place, pflanzen ”, Lith. sodinù sodìnti
“place, pflanzen ”;
Maybe Alb. sodit “observe, watch from a place ”
O.Pruss. with (* ŏ) saddinna “places”; O.C.S. sędǫ “put mich ” (Inf. sěsti) based on auf
secondary nasalization of *sědǫ (= Lith. se ́du ); also O.Pruss. syndens, sinda(n)ts ‘sitzend”
shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalpräs. 192 f., where O.Ind. üsandī́ ‘seat” to ǘstē ‘sitzt”
(above S. 342 f.) placed wird;
2. forms with i-reduplication:
O.Ind. sī́dati ‘sitzt” (for *sīd ̣ ati from redupl. *si-zd-ati , with replacement from ḍ through d
after sad-); Av. hiδaiti ‘sitzt”; Gk. ἵζω “ put” = Lat. sīdō “put mich ” (*si-zdō), Umbr. sistu
“consīditō” , andersistu “*intersīditō” (*si-zd-etōd);
3. nominal formation:
*sed- to- in O.Ind. sattá - “gesessen ”, Av. pasuš -hasta- m. “ hurdle (*settlement) for small
cattle”, Lat. ob-sessus etc., O.Ice. O.E. sess m. ‘seat”, compare also Lith. participle se ́stas
and Lith. sóstas m. ‘seat”, O.Pruss. sosto f. “ bench “; *sed- ti in O.Ind. satti- “das Sitzen ”, ní-
ṣatti- “das Sitzen, seat” , Av. ni-šasti- “Begattung ”, Lat. sessiō ‘sitzung”, from * sessis ; O.Ind.
sáttar - m. the ‘sitzer”, Lat. ad-, ob-, pos-sessor ;
maybe Alb. ( *sess ), shesh “plain, flatness, square ”.
O.Ind. sádas - n. ‘seat, place, abode, residence ”, Gk. ἕδος n. ‘seat”; Av. O.Pers. hadiš -
“Wohnsitz, palace ” (IE -ǝs or - is); lengthened grade O.Ice. sæ ̄ tr (*sütiz) n. ‘seat,
Sommersitz, Alm ”; O.Ir. sīd “peace”, originally n. es-stem, identical with sīd n. es-stem
“dwelling göttlicher creature “ (compare Eng. settlement );

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o-grade: O.Ir. suide n. (*sodi̯om ) ‘seat, sit” = Lat. solium “throne”;
noun actionis sē ̆ d- in: O.Ind. acc. sádam , dat. sáde , with ē-extension in Lat. sēdēs f.
‘seat”(sēdibus = Lith. Inf. sėde ́ -ti: 1 pl. se ́di-me), Umbr. sersi “in sēdē” ; noun agentis as 2.
compound part: O.Ind. apsu-ṣád- “the in den Wassern dwells “, Av. maiδyōi -šüδǝm (acc. )
“the in the Withte dwells “; Lat. prae-ses “Vorsitzender ”, dē-ses “idle” = O.Ir. deïd ds. ( i-
inflection secondary), to deëss “ sluggishness “ (*de-sed- tü); with Lat. subsidium
“Unterstũtzung” compare O.Ir. fothae m. n. “base” from * upo-sodi̯om , to O.Ir. suide ;
O.Ice. set n. “erhöhter bottom”, pl. sjǫt “dwelling”, O.E. set n. ‘seat, lair, stall,
Sonnenuntergang ”, O.H.G. sez n. ‘seat, seat, buttocks, Belagerung ”;
Welsh sedd f. ‘seat” (*sedü ); hedd m. “peace” (*sedos ); M.Bret. hezaff “cease”, M.Corn.
hathy ds.; gor-sedd “ throne, hill ”; eistedd ‘sitzen”, O.Bret. estid ‘sedile” (*eks-dī-sedo- ),
Gaul. essedum, -a “zweirädriger Kriegswagen” (with *en-, compare Gk. ἔν-εδρον, ἐν -έδρα
“Hinterhalt ”, O.Ir. in-dessid “insīdit” ; skyth. VN “Εσσηδόνες);
Gk. ἕδρα ‘seat” O.Ice. setr n. ‘seat, Sitzen ”:
lok. ἑλλά̄ καθέδρα Hes. = Lat. sella (*sed-lü) ‘stuhl seat ”, Gaul. sedlon ‘seat”, Goth. sitls,
O.E. setl n.; O.H.G. sezzal m. ‘seat, seat ” (*sed- lo-); nsorb. sedlo ‘seat”; but O.C.S. sedlo
‘saddle” is *sedъlo , compare O.C.S. o-sedъlati ‘satteln”, Arm. etɫ “place” (in addition
auch teɫi “place”);
O.S. sethal m. ‘sitzen, seat ”, dat. sedle “(to) Sonnenuntergang ”, O.H.G. sethal, sedal n.
m. ‘seat, Wohnsitz, site ” (IE *sétlo - from * sedtlo ); therefrom O.H.G. sidilo “agricola”, M.H.G.
sidilen ‘siedeln”; Gmc. *saðulǝ - in: O.Ice. sǫðull , O.E. sadol , O.H.G. satul, satal ‘saddle” is
East IE Lw. (?); compare above Slav. *sedъlo from * sedu- lo- n.; besides (in ar. geneuertes
= renamed, has changed???) *sed-tlom in Av. hastra- n. “congregation, meeting ” = O.Ind.
sattrá - n. “Feier, festival ”.
Maybe Alb. stol “throne” : Lat. solium “ throne”.

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lengthened gradee formations: O.Ind. süda ́ - m. “das Sitzen ”, südín - “(aufsitzend =)
reitend, equestrian “ (compare also Russ. vsádnik “ equestrian “), O.Ice. süt f. “Hinterhalt ”,
O.E. sæ ̄ t ds., O.H.G. - süza (in place names) “Wohnsitz ”, M.H.G. süze f. ‘seat, domicile,
Hinterhalt ”, i̯o-adj. O.Ice. sæ ̄ tr “zum Sitzen geeignet ”, see above whereof sæ ̄ ti under ‘seat,
Heuhaufe ” = O.H.G. gisüzi ‘seat, buttocks “; urBalt *sōsta - ‘seat” (*sōd-to-) in Lith. sóstas m.
‘seat”, O.Pruss. sosto f. “ bench “, compare O.Ice. sess n. ‘seat” above S. 885; O.C.S. prě-
sěda “insidiae”;
with ō: Welsh hawdd “light” = Corn. hueth “ peaceful “ (Loth RC 36, 162);
Welsh sawdd “depth, Absinken ”;
O.Ice. O.E. sōt ‘smut” (“Angesetztes ”);
Lith. súodžiai pl., Ltv. suõdrẽji ‘smut”, Bulg. sážda f., Cz. sáze (*sōdi̯o -) unclear O.Ir.
sūide f., Welsh huddygl , Bret. huzel ‘smut”; O.C.S. sadъ “Pflanzung ” (*sōdu -);
4. More or less verdunkelte compositions:
O.Ind. nē ́ dīyas - “näher”, nē ́ dis ̣ ṭha - “nächst” = Av. nazdyō adv. “(spacial) näher an -”,
nazdišta - “the nächste” , Av. ašna - adj. “nahe” (*ō̆-zd-na-, participle perf. pass., compare full
grade O.Ind. ǘsanna - “nahe”).
ni-zd-os, -оm “nest” (prefix ni- “low, base ”, or “ein-” as “place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen” ):
O.Ind. nīd ̣ a ́- m. n. “Ruheplatz, lair “, Arm. nist “Lage, seat, Residenz ”, Lat. nīdus “nest”, M.Ir.
net “nest”, Welsh nyth “nest, dwelling ”, Corn. neid, Bret. nez, neiz ds., O.H.G. O.E. nest n.
“nest”;
Maybe zero grade of Alb.Gheg ( *neid ) me ndejt “to sit” : Corn. neid “nest”.
with popular etymology Umgestaltungen Lith. lìzdas , Ltv. ligzda , O.C.S. gnězdo “nest”;
identical prefix in O.Ind. niṣīdati “ places sich ”, Av. nišhiδaiti , ар. niyašüdayam , Arm. nstim ,
see above;

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o-zdos “(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough ”, see there ( ozdo -s); also Gk. ὄζος “ fellow,
servant” from * o-zdos “*Beisitzer ”; or rather to B. * sed-?
pi-s(e)d - “daraufsitzen = press ”: O.Ind. pīd ̣ ayati (*pi-zd-ei̯ō) “presses, oppressed, afflicts ”
(perf. pipīd ̣ ē ́ ; pīd ̣ ü “Druck, pain ”), Gk. πιέζω “ push, press ” (*πι-σεδι̯ω ).
B. *sed- in the meaning “go”, from connection with Präfixen originated.
O.Ind. ü-sad- “hintreten, hingehen, gelangen ”, ut-sad- ‘sich zur Seite begeben,
disappear ”, Av. pazdayeiti “verscheucht (makes go away, pass over ”), Av. ара-had- ‘sich
wegsetzen, ausweichen ”, üsnaoiti (*ō-zd-neu- ti) “geht heran ” (see 886 ü̆sna -); Gk. ὁδός
“way”, ὁδίτης “ Wanderer ”, ὁδεύω “wandere ”; O.C.S. chodъ “ gait “, choditi “go”; ablaut. šьdъ
“gegangen ”; Slav. ch- from IE s-probably at first behind pri- and u- originated.
Here perhaps as compound with one to Pron. k̂о-, k̂i̯o- (above S. 609) respective adv.
*k̂i̯e-: Av. syazd- “zurũcktreten vor, aufgeben” , sīždyamnü “zurũckweichende” , siždyō
“aufgebend ”, sī̆ždra - ‘shy” and Lat. cēdo (*k̂e-zd-ō) ‘schreite einher; weiche, give after ”, as
well as necesse “notwendig ”, whether (?) from * ne-kezd- ti-s “es is kein Ausweichen ”.
Root sed- : (to sit) derived from Root ē̆s- : (to sit).
References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM2 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273.
Page(s): 884-887

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seg-2, nasalized seng -
English meaning: to attach; to touch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heften, sich anhängen, berũhren”
Material: O.Ind. sájati “anhängen” (with ü- “anheften ”, compare perf. sasañja ), causative
sañjayati “anheften ”, participle saktá - “anhaftend, angeheftet ”, sakti- f. “das
Zusammenhängen” , saŋga - ds., O.Pers. frü-hajam “I liess aufhängen” (Aryan *sanjanti =
Slav. sęžetъ ), Av. vohuna-zga- (spü) “the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund ”;
M.Ir. sēn (*segno- ) “Fangnetz ”, Welsh hoenyn (*sogno- ), umgelautet hwynyn ds.; gallo-
Lat. sagum (*sogom or *segom) ‘soldatenmantel ”; M.L.G. M.H.G. senkel ‘schnũrriemen” ,
Ger. ‘schnũrsenkel , Schuhriemen ”; Lith. sègti “heften”, Iter. sagūti , ablaut. sãgas “loop zum
Befestigen ”, sagà f. “ agrafe, hook, clasp, buckle “; Ltv. segt “cover”, O.Pruss. sagis “
buckle, Hufnagel ”; O.C.S. sęgnǫti “ gripe “, sęžьnь “Klafter”, pri-sęšti “touch” and ‘swear,
vow”, pri-sęga “oath”; ohneNasal: Iter. sagati “γαμεῖν”, po-sagati , po-sagnǫti “nubere” (auf
den Hochzeitsbrauch bezogen).
References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Nasälpräs.
195.
Page(s): 887-888

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seĝh-, seĝhi -, seĝhu -
English meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory
Deutsche Übersetzung: “festhalten, halten; einen in Kampf ũberwältigen; Sieg”
Material: O.Ind. sáhatē “ mastered, is able, endures “, sáhas - n. “force, might, victory ” = Av.
hazah - n. “ act of violence, robbery “, common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Av. -ĝh- > -z- phonetic
mutation
O.Ind. sakṣa -, sakṣáṇa - ‘subduer, victor ”, sáhu -ri- “vast, grand, victorious “ (: Gk. ἐχυρός,
ὀχυρός ‘strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong ”, compare also Gmc. *sigus- ), Av. haz-
‘sich bemächtigen, acquire” (present *zĝh-ō, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zaēmü = Gk. σχοῖμεν , redupl.
*se-zĝh-o-, assimilated Av. zaza- , e.g. 3. pl. zazǝntī , particle perf. Akt. za-z-va nom. sg. , za-
z-uš-u loc. pl.; lengthened grade besides perf. akt. O.Ind. süsü ́ ha also Med. süsühē ́ ,
participle sühva ́ s -, present sü ́ hati , Imp. sü ̆́ks ̣ va “be victorious “;
Gk. ἔχω (εἶχον , ἔσχον , ἔσχηκα , ἕξω and σχήσω) “hold, possess, have ”; Hom. ῝Εκτωρ ,
Lesb. ἕκτωρ “Zurũckhalter” , ἕξις “Verhalten, Befinden ”, ἑκτικός “ habitual, customary ,
leidend”, ἐχυρός , changing through ablaut ὀχυρός “haltbar, certainly, befestigt ” (: O.Ind.
sahuri -, das originally o-stem war), ἐχέτλη “ plough handle, plough stilt “ (= Welsh haeddel f.
ds. < *seĝhedhlü ), ἀζηχής (*ἀ-δια-εχής) “ without Einhalt etwas tuend ”; of - es-stem εὐ-εξος
εὐφυής Hes., εὐεξία “Wohlbefinden ”, ἑξ῅ς “the row after ” (gen. eines adj. * ἑξός), ἑξείης ds.;
o-grade: ἔξ-οχος ‘salient, superb ”, adv. ἔξοχον , ἔξοχα “weitaus”, thereafter Hom. ὄχα
“weitaus”, ὄχος “ holder, Bewahrer ”, ὀχέω “hold, stũtze; hold from, (er)trage” , ὀχεύς ‘strap,
the den helmet festhält, Spange, bar, bolt” ;
with ō: εὐωχέω “tische auf, bewirte rich ” (lengthening after dem example the
compounds); ἀν-, δι-, κατ -, συν -οκωχή (in connection in perf.-formations, as ὀπωπή
produktiv gewordene lengthening);

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zero grade: ἴσχω ( *si-zĝh-ō) “hold an, have ”, ἰσχάς f. “ Anker”, σχεῖν (see above), σχεθ -
έειν, -εῖν, -έμεν “ hold, stop ”, ἄ-σχετος “unaufhaltsam; unerträglich (affliction)”, σχ έσις f.
“Haltung, state, status ”, σχέτλιος “ fatigueless, hartnäckig” (“*withstanding “), σκεθρό ς
“concise, genau ” (“*eng anliegend ”), σχεδόν “ nahe, beinahe ” (“*sich eng whereof holding “),
σχερός “ununterbrochen ”, ἐπισχερώ adv. ds., σχ῅μα “ Haltung, shape, form ”, σχολή
“Einhalten, tranquility, Muße; (wissenschaftliche) Beschäftigung in Mußestunden” (ein with
it the changing by ablaut * ἄσχαλος “ wer sich nicht halten kann ” assumes man as base from
ἀσχαλάω, ἀ σχάλλω “ bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate ”); ἰσχύ̄ς, -ύος “ strength “(*Fι-
σχῡ-ς) to O.Ind. vi-sah- “in the Gewalt have ”;
Celt. PN Segisū(* -ō), Sego-müros , GN Segomō(n) , f. Segetü , PN Sego-dūnon , Sego-
briga , Segontion , M.Ir. seg m. “ strength “, Welsh hy “bold”; Welsh haeddel , M.Bret. haezl ,
Bret. héal f., “
plough handle, plough stilt “ (= ἐχέτλη “ plough-handle ”, see above; a from e, also (?) in :)
Welsh haer “ entêté , pressant “, Haer “ woman’s name “, haeru “ insure, affirm “; Welsh
M.Bret. hael “cordial , généreux “ ; Welsh hoel “clavus” (*soĝhlü );
Illyr. PN Segesta in Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily;
Goth. sigis n. “victory”, O.H.G. sigi m. ds., germO.N. PN Sigi-merus, Segi -mundus etc.
(IE neutr. -is- or -es-stem), O.H.G. sigirōn “win, triumph ”; O.H.G. sigu m., O.E. sigor
“victory”, O.H.G. PN Sigur-mür (IE neutr. -us-stem).
References: WP. II 481 f.
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seikʷ -
English meaning: to spill, pour, draft
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, träufeln”
Material: O.Ind. sē ́ catē , siñcáti (asicat ) “gießt from, begießt” , sē ́ ka - m. “Guß, Erguß,
Besprengung ”, praseka- m. “Erguß, Ausguß” ; Av. haēk -, hinčaiti (hičaiti ) “gießt from” , fra-
šaēkǝm Absolutiv “beimVergießen” , hixra- n. “flũssiges Exkrement” ;
Gk. ἷξαι διηθ῅σαι Hes., Ion. ἰκμάς “ dampness “, ἰκμαλέος “humid, wet ”, ἰκμαίνω
“benetze”, τρύγοιπος “Mostsieb ”;
Lat. siat “οὐρεῖ”; siüre is probably from * sīcüre after meüre “mingere” reshaped; siccus
“dry”;
Gaul. (goidel. or Ven.-Illyr.) FlN Sēquana ‘seine”, GN Sinquütis ; FlN *Siparis ‘sèvre” = Ir.
FlN Sechair ;
O.H.G. sīhan ‘seihen”, O.E. sēon ds., intr. “ausfließen” ; O.H.G. O.S. O.E. sīgan “tröpfelnd
fall, sink, flow ”, O.Ice. sīga “low, base or vorwärts glide, slide” (Ger. versiegen for older
verseigen after dem Ptc. M.H.G. versigen ), O.H.G. gisig “palus, stagnum ”, Nor.-Swe. sil
(*sīhila -) ‘seite” (sila ‘seihen”, wherewith Nor. sila “unaufhörlich rain” under likewise probably
identical is), E.Fris. sīl ‘schleuse”, M.L.G. sīl ‘schleuse, Ablaufkanal ”, sīlen “dränieren” ; O.E.
seohtre f. (*sihtrōn -), M.L.G. sichter, sechter “ drainage ditch “; O.Ice. sīa ‘seihe” (schw.
Verb sīa ‘seihen”), O.E. seohhe f., O.H.G. sīha ‘seihe” (*sī̆h-u̯ōn-);
M.L.G. sēge “triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed “, M.L.G. M.H.G. seiger ‘slowly or tenacious
tröpfelnd, faint, languid, schal” , O.Ice. seigr “tough”;
in Gmc. also forms with Gmc. k: O.H.G. M.H.G. seich “urine” (O.H.G. seihhen , M.H.G.
seichen , nd. sēken “urinate, pass water ”), O.E. sicerian “einsickern ”, nd. sīkern , Ger.

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sickern , Nor. sikla, Swe. sikkla “geifern; trickle “ = nd. sikkelen , Nor. dial. sikla ‘small stream,
brook”, sīka ‘seihen”, O.Ice. sīk n. ‘stehendes water ”, O.E. sīc “ watercourse “ etc.;
nasallos Serb. osjeka “Ebbe” (*sēkü ); Church Slavic sьčo ̨, sьcati “urinate, pass water ”,
Iter. Slov. síkati “hervorspritzen ”;
besides eine root seikʷ - “dry”, die probably about “abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken ”
mitseikʷ - “diffuse” to unite is: Av. haēčayeiti with us “trocknet from ” (trans.), haēčah - n.
“Trockenheit, aridity “, hiku- “dry”;
because of seip- lies probably * sei- “drip, trickle, rinnen ” the basic.
References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.
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seip-, seib -
English meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausgießen, seihen, rinnen, tröpfeln”
Material: O.H.G. sib, Dutch zeef, M.L.G. seve n., O.E. sife n. ‘sieb”, in addition O.E. siftan ,
M.L.G. siften, sichten , Ger. (from dem Nd.) sichten , and O.Ice. sef n. “juncus” (because of
porösen Stengels); M.L.G. O.Fris. sēver m. “mucus, slobber ”, O.H.G. seivar , M.H.G. seifer
m. ds. (M.H.G. seifel m. ‘saliva” perhaps with Gmc. p, see below); md. sīfe “marshy
Bodenstelle ”; Serb. sípiti “ trickle, fein rain ”;
in Gmc. also forms with Gmc. p (die den Schluß auf IE b rechtfertigen): O.E. sīpian ,
M.L.G. sīpen “drip, trickle ”, M.H.G. sīfen (st. V.) ds., Swe. dial. sipa ‘slow flow, seep, drip ”,
M.L.G. sīp “Bächlein” , here also the Gmc. name the Seife: Gmc. *saip(i̯)ō: finn. saip(p)io ,
O.H.G. sei(p)fa ‘seife”; also “resin”, M.L.G. sēpe ‘seife”, O.E. süpe f. (out of it N.. süpa )
‘seife”, Lat. süpo (Gmc. Lw.); maybe beside Gmc. *saip(i̯)ōn- also *sēpon - “tallow, suet
(also to Haarfärbemitteln verwendet)” , das with Lat. sēbum “tallow, suet ” (probably genuine
Lat.) was obtainable from IE *sē[i]bo - “dripping fat ” (Lat. b would be then the origin of a root
form in IE b); Toch. A sip-, sep- “anoint”, sepal “ ointment “.
Maybe Alb. ( *sēpon -) sapun ‘soap”, but older cognate zero grade Alb. (*seifen) finjë
‘soapsuds, lye ” [the common drop of initial se- sounds in Alb. as in Alb. (*śváśura -) vjehërr
“father- in-law”]
References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;
See also: s. S. 889 under sei-.
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sei-, soi -
English meaning: to be damp, to drip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tröpfeln, rinnen, feucht”
Material: With l-formants: FlN: Ven. Silis, Silarus , ligur. Silarus , Illyr. Silarus (Lukanien),
hispO.N. Sil; M.Ir. silid “ drips, flows, allows to flow “, contaminated partially by sel- “to
move, stir ” (see under su̯el-); O.E. sioloÞ ‘sea”; Lith. séilė ‘saliva, slobber ”;
with m-formants: Welsh hufen “ skimmings ” (*soimeno- ); O.H.G. Ger. seim “ honey “,
O.Ice. seimr “ honeycomb “, ablaut. simi m. ‘sea”, Dan. sima av “ dribble from “, Westfäl.
siǝmern ‘seep, drip ” (O.S. *simarōn ).
References: WP. II 464 f.;
See also: perhaps the base from seikʷ - and seip- “diffuse”.
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sek-1
English meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abrinnen, versiegen, sich senken (vom Wasser) ”
Material: O.Ind. á-sak- ra-, redupl. a-sa-śc-át “not versiegend ”, víṣaktü “eine nicht milk
gebende (versiegte) cow ”; Gk. Hom. ἔσκετο φωνή ‘stockte, versiegte ”; (*ἔσκετ o, *se-sk -eto,
redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized Lith. senkù, sèkti “fall (of Wasserstand) ”, nusèkti
“abfließen, dry become” , seklùs ‘seicht”, sekle ̃ , sẽkis ‘seichte place, sandbank ”, Ltv. sekls
‘seicht”, sīku (*sinku , afterwards:) sikt “versiegen ”, in addition with Balt un from on das Kaus.
Lith. sunk-iù, suñkti “absickern lassen ”, Ltv. sùcu , sùkt “durchseihe ”, Iter. sũkât , E.Lith.
sunkà “juice, sap ”; O.C.S. i-sęknǫti “versiegen (of water) ”, prě-sęknǫti “ abate “.
Redupl. si-sk-us “dry (= versiegt) ” in Av. hišku - “dry” (also hiškva -), fem. hiškvī , M.Ir.
sesc, Welsh hysb “dry, unfruchtbar ”, Bret. hesp “dry” (*sisku̯o -), O.Ir. sescenn ‘swamp,
marsh, moor, fen ” (“unfruchtbar ”; compare O.Ice. saurr “moor, fen ”: O.E. sēar “dry”),
besides Bret. hesk “dry, unfruchtbar ”, hesken ds., “from a Kuh without calf and milk ”, heska
“tarir”, Bret. hesquein (besides hespein ) ds., Corn. beuch heskyz “a dry cow ”, Bret. hañvesk
adj., from a Kuh, die in dem years not calf gehabt hat = M.Ir. samaisc “young cow,
zweijährige Färse” (*samo-sisku̯ī “die Sommertrockne ”), die auf dem fem. *sisku̯ī , gen.
*sisku̯i̯üs based on and vor dem i̯ den case obl. u̯ eingebũßt have; unclear is Gk. ἰσχνός
“arid, verschrumpft, schmächtig” .
References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper IE Nasalpräs. 185 f.
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sekʷ-1
English meaning: to follow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “folgen”
Grammatical information: mostly medial
Note: as Terminus the Jägersprache originally eins with sekʷ-2, s. Wissmann in: Das Institut
f. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.
Material: O.Ind. sácate “begleitet, folgt ”, sácati, síṣakti , 3. pl. sáścati (: ἑσπόμην Aor.) ds.,
Av. hačaitē , hačaiti ds., O.Ind. sákman -, Av. haxman- n. “Geleite, companionship ”; O.Ind.
süka ́ m (m. instr. ) “in Gemeinschaft with, nebst ”; Av. hakat̃ adv. “to same time ” (solidified
nom. sg. n. of participle, *sekʷn ̥ t ); O.Ind. sáci adv. “zugleich” (: Ltv. sec?); O.Ind. sácü (m.
loc.) “together with, by, angesichts from ”, Av. hačü , ap. hačü “fort from, from - from ” (instr.
eines *sekʷo -s “folgend”); zero grade O.Ind. ǘskra - (*ü-sk-ra-) “ combined “, as Av. üskiti f., “
association “ (full grade hačiti - “Begleitung ”);
because of ar. kh dubious: O.Ind. sákhü (sákhi -) “ fellow, comrade, friend ”, Av. haxay-
(haši-) ds., ap. Haxümaniš - “ ᾽Αχαιμένης” ;
Gk. ἕπομαι “ folge”, Aor. ἑσπόμην (redupl., compare O.Ind. sáścati) and σπέσθαι,
σπόμενος, ἐπί -σπου; due to eines *sokʷi̯o -s (= Lat. socius , O.Ice. seggr ): ἀοσσέω “help,
stehe bei ” (*sm̥-sokʷi̯ei̯ō ), ἀοσσητήρ “Gehilfe” ; participle * ἑπτός as base from σουν -επτᾶ-
σθαι συνακολουθ῅σαι Hes.;
maybe Alb. ( *sokʷ ) shoku m. shoqe f. “friend”
ablaut. ὀπά̄ων “ fellow “, ὀπάζω “ lasse folgen ”, ὀπᾱδός, Ion. ὀπηδός “Веgleiter” (*soqʷü
“das Folgen, Gefolgschaft ”);
Lat. sequor, - ī “nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue “, participle secūtus (after solūtus, volūtus ,
for older *sectos = Gk. *ἑπτός, Lith. at-sèktas “aufgespũrt, aufgefunden” ); īn-sequor

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“pursue” (: O.Ind. anu-sac- “nachgehen ”); compare sector , -ürī “ eager begleiten ”, secta f.
“Richtlinie, party, philosophische Schule ”; secundus (participle Praes.) “the following,
zweite”;sequester, -tra, -trum , newer -tris, -tre “(*mitfolgend =) vermittelnd, Withtelsperson ”
(from a n. es-stem -seku̯os derive ); secus (with acc. ) “dense after, nebenbei, gemäß” ,
solidified nom. sg. m. eines *sekʷ o-s “folgend” (compare o. O.Ind. sácü ); to secus “after,
less good ” (from “folgend, zurũckstehend”) trat ein jũngerer compounds sĕquius ; socius
“teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse ”;
maybe Alb. ( *sekʷo -) shkoj “ go, follow ”, shko-zë “ beech, (*walking tree) ” [-zë Alb.
diminutive suffix] similar to Alb. bredh “ fir-tree, spruce ”, bredh “ wander, (walking tree) ”,
(*sokʷ ) shoku “friend, follower ”.
O.Ir. sechithir (= Lat. sequitur ) “folgt”, sechem “das Folgen ”, sech (with acc. ) “vorbei an,
about - out, namely ”, Welsh Bret. hep “without” (compare O.Ind. sácü , Av. hačü ̆ , Lat.
secus );
O.H.G. beinsegga “pedisequa ”, O.S. segg , O.E. secʒ, O.Ice. seggr “Gefolgsmann,
journeyman, man ” (*sokʷi̯os );
Lith. sekù , sèkti, Ltv. seku, sekt “folgen; spũren, wittern” , Lith. at-sektas (see above),
sekmė f. “Erfolg”, Ltv. (veraltet) secen , sec (m. acc. ) “vorbei, längshin” , (perhaps from
*sekeną , *seki = O.Ind. sáci).
References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.
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sekʷ-2
English meaning: to see, show; to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bemerken, sehen; zeigen ”, originally “wittern, spũren” and (jũnger)
‘sagen”
Note: identical with sekʷ-1.
Material: Gk. ἐνέπω, ἐννέπω (-νν- verbalism the metr. lengthening) ‘sage an, erzähle” (Imp.
ἔννεπε , Impf. ἔννεπε , Fut. ἐνι-σπήσω (*skʷ-ē-), Aor. ἐνι-σπεῖν , Imp. ἐνί-σπες , ἔνι-σπες , 2. pl.
ἔσπετε from * ἔν-σπετε ), ἄσπετος “unsäglich; unsagbar groß, unendlich” , πρόσ-εψις
προσαγόρευσις Hes. (: Lat. insectiō ), θεσπέσιος “ wonderful, divine ” (originally “from the
divinity geoffenbart ”), from *- σπέ-τιος; θέσπις , θέσπιος “ seer, Weissager ” probably
Verkũrzung from θεσπέσιος ; θεσπίζω “weissage ”; ἀσπάζομαι “greet” (ἀ- from n̥ “in”);
ἀσπάσιος “ welcome, erwũnscht, erfreut” (*n̥-σπά-σιος);
Lat. īnseque ‘sag an” (= Gk. ἔννεπε ), also īnsece , с verschleppt from forms as:
insectiōnēs “narrationes ”, insexit “dixerit”; inquam, inquis, - it ‘sage I, sagst du, sagt(e) er ”
(inquam Konjunktivform *en-skʷüm “möcht” I say”; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-skʷe-t
as ἐνι-σπεῖν );
Umbr. prusikurent “pronuntiaverint ”, sukatu “declürütō, pronuntiütō” ; k instead of p after
forms with Entlabialisierung of *kʷ vor s, t;
O.Welsh hepp , M.Welsh heby (r), Welsh eb(e), ebr ‘sagte”, M.Welsh hebu ‘speak”, go-
hebu “antworten ”, Welsh “entsprechen ”, M.Welsh gwrtheb “ reaction “, Welsh “ objection “,
Corn. gorðeby “antworten ”; M.Welsh dihaereb “ proverb, saying “ (*dē-ad-pro-skʷo-), O.Ir.
ürosc ds. ( *ad-pro-skʷo-); M.Ir. rosc “dithyrambische Dichtung ” (*pro-skʷo-); O.Ir. in-coissig
(*ind-com-sech- from * sekʷ-) “bezeichnet ”, tüsc “announcement” (*to-ad-skʷo-), ēcosc
“apparition ” (*en-kom- skʷo-); M.Welsh atteb , Welsh ateb “Antwort” (*ati-sekʷ-), O.Ir. aithesc

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n. “Antwort” (*ati-sku̯-om), con-secha “zũchtigt” , cosc “ punishment “ = Welsh cosp ds.
(*kom -skʷo-m), O.Ir. diuschi “weckt” (*di-uss-sechi ), O.Ir. insce “ discourse “ (*eni-sku̯-i̯ü),
also O.Ir. scēl n. “ narration “ (*skʷetlo -n, from which borrowed Welsh chwedl etc.); M.Ir.
scoth f. “word”;
O.H.G. sagen ‘say” (*sokʷē -), besides Gmc. *sagi̯ō < *saʒwi̯ō in O.S. seggian , mnl.
segghen , O.E. secgan (Eng. say), O.Ice. segja ds., abstract noun O.Ice. O.H.G. saga
“Aussage, narration “ (Ger. Sage ), O.E. sagu f. ds.;
Lith. sekù , sèkti “narrare” (= (ἐν)έπω, inseque ), sekimas “das Erzählen” , sėkme ̃ f. “
narration, Sage ”, sakaũ , sakūti ‘say”, pãsaka “Märchen” etc.;
O.C.S. sočiti “ indicate “, sokъ “Anzeiger, Ankläger” , Pol. osoka “ accusation, slander “
etc.;
older meaning sekʷ- ‘see” and ‘show” (see previously above Ir. in-coissig, tüsc , auch con-
secha, cosc as Lat. animadvertere also “ reprove “) in: O.Ir. rosc m. “eye, look ” (*pro-skʷo-);
Goth. saiƕan ‘see”, O.Ice. sjü from sēa, O.E. sēon , O.S. O.H.G. sehan , Ger. sehen ;
Goth. siuns “face, Sehkraft ”, O.Ice. sȳn, sjōn f. “vision, sight, apparition ”, O.E. sīen, O.S.
siun ‘sight, vision, eye ” from * se(g)wní; adj. Goth. anasiuns , O.E. gesīene , O.Ice. sȳnn
“visible, obvious, clear ”, sȳnast ‘shine, appear, seem ” (= “ appear “); O.H.G. (gi)siht “the
looking, face, sight ”, O.E. gesiht ds.;
besides from lengthened grade *sē(g)wni -: O.H.G. selt-süni, M.H.G. selt-sæ ̄ ne ‘seldom”
seltsam (but O.E. seldsīene “ rare “ from -*sa(g)wni- );
Hitt. šakuu ̯ a - n. pl. “eyes”, šakuu ̯ üi - ‘see”; Toch. A šotre, В šotri “mark, token, sign ”
(*sekʷ -tr-).
From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: * sígá ( ˜ z -)
English meaning: to look, search

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selĝ-
English meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free
Deutsche Übersetzung: “loslassen, entsenden, werfen, ausgießen”
Material: O.Ind. sr̥játi, sárjati “entläßt, schießt, gießt” , participle sr̥ṣṭá -, visárjana -m
“Ausgießung” (sárga - “das Entlassen, Schießen, Gießen” with g through Entgleisung); Av.
harǝzaiti, hǝrǝzaiti “entläßt, sendet from, schickt from” , participle haršta -, harǝzü ̆ na - n. “das
Lassen, Verlassen; Durchlassen, Filtrieren ”;
O.Ir. selg f. “Jagd” (of Loslassen the Hunde, O.Ind. sr̥játi śúnaḥ ), sleg f. ‘spear, javelin ”
(*sl̥gü); O.Welsh in-helcha “venando ”, helgha- ti “jage!”, M.Welsh hely, Welsh hel, hela
“hunt, chase ”, heliwr “Jäger”, O.Corn. helhwr ds., M.Corn. helhys, hellys “gejagt”, Corn.
helfia “Jagen”, Bret. hem-olc”h “Jagd”, di-elc”hat “atemlos sein ”;
M.H.G. selken st. V. “tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken) ”, O.E. be-sylcan
“enfeeble ”, *ü-seolcan “träge sein or become ”, only in participle ü-solcen, solcen “idle, faul ”,
Eng. sulky.
References: WP. II 508.
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selk-
English meaning: to drag; plough
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen”
Note: perhaps with u̯elk- to eines originally root su̯elk - to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.
Material: Arm. heɫg ‘slow, idle” (compare to meaning zögern : ziehen , ducere tempus ); Gk.
ἕλκω “ ziehe”, ὁλκή f., ὁλκός m. “ pull; das Geschleppte etc. ” = Lat. sulcus “furrow”, sulcō , -
üre “pflũgen” , zero grade O.E. sulh “furrow, plough ”, Alb. helq, heq “pull, pull down ”
(*solkei̯ō );
O.H.G. selah , O.E. seolh , O.N. selr “ seal, Robbe ” as ‘sich mũhsam towing “ ?
Toch. В sälk- “herausziehen, vorfũhren” .
References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.
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sel-1
English meaning: dwelling
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wohnraum ”
Material: O.H.G. sal m. “dwelling, hall “, langob. sala “ courtyard, house, edifice, building ”,
O.S. seli m. “dwelling, hall, temple ”, O.E. sæl n., salor n., “hall, palace ”, sele m. “house,
dwelling, hall ”, O.Ice. salr m. “hall, room, house ”, pl. “dwelling, courtyard “, sel (*salja-)
“chalet”; Goth. saljan “einkehren, bleiben ”, saliÞwōs pl. ‘stop, hospice “, O.H.G. salida , O.S.
selitha , O.E. seld “dwelling”; O.Bulg. selo “farm, village ”, selitva “dwelling” (similar formation
to Goth. saliÞwōs ); Lith. salà f. “village”.
References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.
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sel-2, su̯el-
English meaning: beam, board
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Balken, Brett, from stems or Brettern Verfertigtes ”
Material: O.E. selma, sealma , O.S. selmo “bed”, eig. “das wooden bedstead “; Lith. súolas “
bench “, Lith. sìlė “trough, Schweinetrog ”, Ltv. sile “ crib, manger, trough ”; Alb. gjolë “Platte,
auf die man Viehsalz legt ” (*sēlü ).
With anlaut su̯-: Gk. σέλμα , -ατος (by Hes. also ἕλματα ) “balk, beam, Gebälk, scaffold,
trestle, esp. Schiffsverdeck, thwart “, Hom. ἐΰσσελμος “with guten Ruderbänken versehen” ,
σελίς , -ίδος “plank, thwart “; also O.H.G. swelli , M.H.G. swelle “balk, beam, Grundbalken,
threshold ”, O.Ice. svalar f. pl., O.S. svali “Galerie”, Mod.Ice. svoli “ block of wood “, e-grade
O.Ice. swill f. “Grundbalken, threshold ”, zero grade O.E. syll, O.Ice. syll ds., M.L.G. sũl,
sũlle, sille ds.
References: WP. II 503 f.
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sel-3
English meaning: to take, grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nehmen, ergreifen ”
Material: Gk. ἑλεῖν “ to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power “, ἕλωρ n., ἑλ ώριον
“ booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture “; doubtful Lat.
cōnsilium “ deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting,
decision “; cōnsulere senütum “ gather the senate “, then “ debrief “, root nouns cōnsul , “ a
consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the
expulsion of the kings “;
in addition as -u̯o-derivative O.Ir. selb f., Welsh helw m. “ possession “, Gaul. ( Julia)
Luguselva woman’s name (“*property of Lugus ”), wherefore O.Ir. ad-selb- “render “, to-ad-
selb- “allocate, present “, to-selb “ keep, retain possession of “; perhaps also due to a basis
*slēi-: Ir. slī̆- in fuil(l)em “ interest “ (*fo-slī̆-mo-), adroilliu “earn “ (ad-ro-slī̆-), -tuillim ds. ( to-
slī̆-); Welsh dyrllyddu , Bret. deleza “earn “ (*to-ro-slī-i̯-);
as causative “ make obtain “ here Goth. saljan “ offer, sacrifice ”, O.Ice. selia, O.S.
gisellian , O.H.G. sellen , O.E. sellan “ hand over, sell “; the nouns O.Ice. sal n. “ payment “,
sala f., O.E. salu ‘sale”, O.H.G. sala “ Übergabe eines Gutes “ , sal m. “ blessing which is to
be handed over according to the testament “ must be post-verbal; here O.C.S. sъlъ “
summoner “, sъlati ‘send”.
Maybe Alb. sjel, sjell “bring”.
References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.
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sel-4
English meaning: to spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen”
Material: O.Ind. ucchalati ‘schnellt empor ” (mind. from * ud-salati );
Gk. ἅλλομαι ‘spring, hũpfe” (*seli̯ō), ep. Aor. ἆλτο, Verbaln. ἅλμα ‘sprung”, ἅλσις “das
Springen ”;
Lat. saliō, -īre, -uī (-ĭī), -tum ‘spring, hũpfen” , saltus ‘sprung”, salax “horny, lustful ”, saltüre
“tanzen”, salebra “holprige place of Weges ” (shaped after latebra ); wherefore insultüre ;
M.Ir. saltraid “zertritt”, verbal noun Welsh sathru “Zertreten ”, M.Bret. saotra
“Beschmutzen ”, Vannes sautrein “Zertreten, Beschmutzen ”;
Lith. ãtsala “Wasserlache ”, sálti “flow”, O.Pruss. salus “Regenbach ”; about Lith. salà, Ltv.
sala “island” s. Mũhlenbach -Endzelin III 664;
eine p-extension in Lith. sal̃pas m. “bay, bosom ” = Slav. *solpъ in Slov. slâp “waterfall,
surge “; Slav. *selpjǫ , *sьlpati ‘spring” in O.C.S. vъ-slěpljǫ ds., Infin. Church Slavic slьpati.
References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.
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sel-5
English meaning: to sneak, creep
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schleichen, kriechen ”
Material: O.Ind. tsárati ‘slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht ” with prefix [ a]d-, tsáru m.
‘schleichendes animal ”, Av. srvant-, sravant- ‘schleichend, anschleichend ” (particle from ar.
*tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so perhaps also Arm. solim , Aor. solec̣ay
‘serpo, repo, delabor, trahor ”, solun “humi serpens, repens ” (*t-sol- with alteration from ts-
to s-?); Gk. ἐιλίποδας βοῦς ( acc.) ‘schleppfũßig” (actually ‘schleichfũßig” , compare:)
εἰλιτενής epithet of the couch-grass, “die sich schleichweise ausdehnende ” (metr.
Dehnungen for ἑλι-);
Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani
Alb. shligë ‘snake, Natter ”; O.Ir. selige , M.Ir. seilche (*seleki̯o -) “turtle, tortoise, snail ”; O.Ir.
*selid ‘slinks, crawls ”, verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *sl̥tü) “das Beschleichen a schlafenden
Frau”, intled f. “Fallstrick ” (*ind-ṡleth ); Ir. seilide ‘snail” (O.Ir. *selit from * sel-n̥tī); Lith. selù,
sele ́ti ‘slink, leise auftreten ”.
References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O ”Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider WuS.
21, 166 ff.
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sel-6, selǝ - : slā -
English meaning: lucky, luck
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gũnstig, guter Stimmung; begũtigen”
Material: Lat. sōlor, -üri “ comfort, lindern, beschwichtigen ”; O.Ir. slün “heil; fit, healthy ”;
Gmc. *sēl- in Goth. sēls “good, suitable “, sēlei “Gute”, O.Ice. sæ ̄ ll “lucky”, O.E. sæ ̄ l m. f.
“luck, Gelegenheit, time ”, gesæ ̄ lig “lucky”. O.H.G. O.S. sülig “lucky, blessed, gesegnet ”,
O.H.G. sülida “Gũte, luck, salvation” = O.S. sülða , O.E. sæ ̄ lð , O.N. sæ ̄ ld f. “luck”; *sol- in
O.E. sēlra (*sōliza ) “better”, adv. sēl “better”;
Auf a heavy basis *s(e)lǝ - : slü- based on die Gk. family of * ἵ̄λημι (*σί-σλη-μι) “bin gũnstig,
gracious ”, Imp. Hom. ἵληθι, theokr. ἵλᾰθι (*σί-σλᾰ-θι), next to which as perf.-Imp. Eol. ἔλλαθι
(*σε-σλᾰθι); unredupl. present ἵλαμαι , after dem. redupl. ἵ̄λα- umgefärbt from *ἕλαμαι (ἑ- still
in ΏΕλάερα = ἱλάειρα by Steph. Byz.) as also ἱλαρός “cheerful, blithe, glad ” from *ἑλαρός;
ἰ̄λάσκομαι (*σι-σλᾰ-σκομαι ) “make mir jemanden gũnstig gesinnt, versöhne” ; due to of
present ἵ̄λη-, ἵ̄λᾰ- on the one hand lakon. ἵληFος, Cret. ἴ̄λεος, Att. ἵ̄λεως , Ion. ἴ̄λεως , on the
other hand Hom. ἵλα(F)ος, arkad. ἴ̄λα(F)ος, Lesb. ἴλλαος “gũnstig, gracious” .
References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.
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selos -
English meaning: swamp, sea
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sumpf, See ”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. sáras - n. “wash basin, pond, pool, sea ”, Sárasvatī f. FlN and GN (to sáras -
vant- “abundant in water ”) = Av. Harax ̌aitī , O.Pers. Hara(h)uvatī “ Arachosien “; O.Ind.
sarasyá - adj. “pond, pool-, sea- ”; Gk. ἕλος n. “ marshy lowland, marsh-meadow,
depression, backwater “, ἕλειος “ of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the marsh
“.
References: WP. II 507.
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selp- (*ghelp -)
English meaning: fat n.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fett (Butter, Schmalz) ”
Material: O.Ind. sarpís - n. “ melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat ”, sr̥prá - “ greasy, smooth,
sleek, oiled, blank ”; Gk. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον , στέαρ Hes. and (with φ after ἄλειφα : λίπος?)
ἔλφος βούτυρον . Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη , ὄλπις , -ιδος f. “ oil-bottle “; Alb. (*ghelp- ) gjalp “ butter
“; [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
O.H.G. salba , O.S. salƀa , O.E. sealf “ ointment “, Goth. O.H.G. salbōn , O.S. salƀōn , O.E.
sealfian “anoint”;
Toch. A ṣälyp, В ṣalype “fat, butter , Öl”.
References: WP. II 508.
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sem-1
English meaning: to pour
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schöpfen, gießen”
Material: Gk. ἀμάομαι ‘sammle”, ἄμη f. “ bucket; pail “ (out of it Lat. ama “Feuereimer ”, from
which M.H.G. ame, ome, Ger. Ohm “Flũssigkeitsmaß” ), ἀμίς f. “ Nachttopf ”, ἀμνίον n.
“Opferschale ”, ἄμαλλα f. “ fascicle, sheaf “(ἄμιλλα), but ἄντλος, -ον “heap, Schiffsraum,
Kielwasser ” after Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 50, 39 to Hitt. ḫan- “giessen”;
Illyr. FlN Semnus (Lucanien);
Lat. sentīna “Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche ”, sentīnō ‘schöpfe das Wasser from, habe meine
Not”;
O.Ir. sem- “diffuse” in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- “zeugen, produce “, verbal noun
teistiu “Ausgießen” , tuistiu “Zeugung, creation “ (*to-uks-sem- tiō) etc.; compare due to a
abstufenden inflection -tiō(n) - : -tīn-es above Lat. sentīna (originally adj., scil. aqua ); with - d-
weitergebildet send - in O.Bret. do-uo-hinnom gl. “austum”, Welsh gwe-hynnu “ scoop,
ausleeren ”;
Lith. semiù , sémti “ scoop “, sámtis “ dipper “, with - el- further formations Ltv. smel̨u ,
smel̂t “ scoop “.
References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88
f.
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sem-2
English meaning: one
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eins” and “in eins zusammen, einheitlich, samt, with ”
Material: 1. With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung “eins”:
Arm. mi “eins” (*sm-ii̯os); Gk. εἷς, ἕν, μία (*sems , *sem, *sm-iǝ), gen. ἑνός (for *ἑμός or
ἁμός after *ἕνς, ἕν) “ein”; μ῵νυξ “Einhufer” (*σμ-῵νυξ ), Cret. ἀμάκις , tarent. ἀμάτις “once”,
compounds Dor. ἅτερος (Att. ἕτερος ) “the eine, the other from zweien ” (= Welsh hanner ,
Corn. Bret. hanter “half”);
Lat. sem- per “in a fort, always ” (*sem = Gk. ἕν, compare under Gmc. sin-); simītu
“zugleich”, AbLat. from * simītus < *sem-eitus “das Zusammengehen ”, compare O.Ir. emith
“tanquam, quasi ”, Welsh hefyd “also” from * semiti- , to O.Ind. sám-iti-; mīlle “1000” from *smī
ĝheslī “eine Tausendheit ” (irrig S. 446), compare das in *sm̥-ĝheslom zerlegte O.Ind.
sahásra -m, Av. hazaŋra - “eintausend ”; O.Ir. cumme ‘similarly” from * kom-smii̯o - “ganz the
eine, the same “; Gmc. * sin (i.e. IE *sem in adv. solidification) “*in einem ” = “together” or
“perpetual ” or “absolutely, very ” in O.S. O.H.G. sin-hīun, O.E. sin-hīwan “conjuges,
Ehegatten ”, Goth. sin-teins “daily”, O.S. sin-nahti , O.E. sin-niht “ewige night ”, M.H.G. sin-
grũene , O.E. sin-grēne , O.Ice. sī-grønn “immergrũn” , O.E. sin-here “big Heer ”, O.H.G. sin-
fluot “big, giant flood ”, O.Ice. sī-valr, O.E. sine-wealt , and. sinu-wel “ganz round “ etc.;
Toch. A sas m. (komponiert ṣa-), В ṣe (older ṣes in ṣes-ka “allein”) from * sem-s ; A säm ̣ f.
from * sem; compound form A ṣoma - (*semo- ), В somo- (*somo- ); Van Windekens Lexique
121.
sm̥- as 1. composition part: O.Ind. sakŕ̥t , Av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ “once” (about O.Ind. sa-hásram
see above), Gk. ἅ-παξ “once”, ἁ-πλόος ‘simple, just ”, Lat. sim-plus, -plex ‘simple, just ”, Gk.

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ἑ-κατόν “ein-hundred ” from *ἁ-κατόν after εἷς or a * ἕν-κατον . compare under * sm̥ “in eins
together, with ”.
With Gutturalsuffixen: Gk. ἴγγια εἷς. Πάφιοι (*ἑν -για); Lat. singuli “einzelne” (against it
sincinium “Einzelgesang ” not from * singo-caniom , but popular etymology rearrangement
from sicinnium from Gk. σίκιννις “ Tanz the Satyrn ”);
with ĝh presumably Arm. ez “ someone “ (*sem-ĝho-? with it hez “mild, rechtschaffen ” as
“einfach from Sitten ” gleich? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with k̂ O.Ind. śaśvant - ‘sich
gleichmäßig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, jeder, all” (from * sa-śvant -,
with formants -u̯ent- from IE *sm̥-k̂o- perhaps “in a Zuge, in a row ”); perhaps Alb. gjith “all,
whole” (*sem-k̂o “from einerund the same kind of ”?).
Note:
Alb. (*ghim- k̂o) gjithë “all, together “ : Toch. A sas m., В ṣe [common Alb. gh- > gl - > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation; also Alb. -s > - th phonetic mutations].
With l-suffixes: Gk. ὁμαλός “gleich, eben, smooth “ (“*in a kind of verlaufend ”) ablaut. Lat.
similis ‘similarly” (*semelis “from ein and the same kind of ”), simul , older semol, semul
“zugleich” apokopiert from * semeli , next to which after bis, *tris (ter) widened *semlis “once”
in semel , Umbr. sumel “zugleich” (with the same о as ὁμαλός? or latter previously after
ὁμός from *ἁμαλός umgefärbt?); with reduplication -stem O.Ir. samail “Bild, Gleichnis ”
(prokLith. amal “as”), Welsh etc. hafal ‘similarly, gleich ”, O.Ir. samlith ‘simul”, cosmail
“consimilis ”; Goth. simlē “(*once =) einst ”, O.E. sim(b)le , simles , simblon “ always”, O.H.G.
simble (s), simblum ds., auf a n. *semlo-m “eine time ” being based on.
2. semo- “ someone “ = “irgendeiner ” (unbetont):
O.Ind. samá - “irgendein ”, Av. ap. hama - “jeder beliebige, omnis ”;
Arm. amēn, amēn -ain “alle, omnis ”;

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Gk. ἁμό- “irgend ein ” in ἀμ῅, Att. ἁμ῅ “rgendwie ”, ἀμόθεν , Att. ἁμόθεν “irgendwoher ”,
ἀμ῵ς , Att. ἁμ῵ς “irgendwie ”, οὐδ-αμός “nicht einer, keiner ”, οὐδαμ῵ς “keineswegs ”; Goth.
sums “irgend ein, ein gewisser ”, pl. “einige, manche ”, O.Ice. sumr “ a certain, a kind of, as
one might say, nonnullus ”, O.S. O.E. O.H.G. sum ds.
3. “*in eins = together, with ”;
sm̥-: O.Ind. sa-há, sadhḁ “common, together ” = Av. haδa, ар. hadü “together”, O.Ind.
satrü ́ “together, ganz and gar ” = Av. haϑrü ̆ “together, zugleich, vereint with ”, O.Ind. sádam ,
sádü “allzeit, stets always ” = Av. haδa “ always”, O.Ind. sá-dhrī adv. “together” (: root * dher-
“hold, stop ”, as also:) Gk. ἀ-θρόοι, Att. ἁ-θρόοι “in association, gesamt ”, ἄ-λοχος “ consors
tori”, ἀ-δελφός “couterinus ”, ἀ-κόλουθος “Weggefährte” (from ἁ- through Aspiratendiss). -
O.Ind. smát “together with ”, Av. mat̃ “ds.; always, immerdar ”; Gk. ἅμα, Dor. ἁμᾶ “in einem,
zugleich”, ἁμόθι “ together”.
som-: O.Ind. sám- “together, zugleich with ”, Av. ap. ha(m)- “with” (in connection with
verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Arm. ham- “with” probably from dem Iran.);
Lith. sam-, są- (e.g. sam-dūti “employ, engage ”, sán-dora “Eintracht ”, są́-žine “Gewissen,
conscientia ”), O.Pruss. san-, sen- (san-insle “belt, girdle ”), sen (*sem) preposition “with” (IE
*sem); O.C.S. sǫ- “with” (sǫ-sědъ “Nachbar ”, compare O.Ind. saṁ-sád- “congregation,
meeting”), sǫ-logъ “consors tori” , compare ἄ-λοχος etc.;
with O.C.S. sǫ- changing through ablaut is *sъn-, sъ (*som) e.g. in sъn-iti “convenire ”, sъ-
vęzati “zusammenbinden ” as well as sъ preposition “with”; whether Lith. sù “with”
dazugehört, could es together with O.C.S. sъ and Gk. ξύν, σύν “ with” auf IE *ksu
respectively *ksun zurũckgefũhrt become; compare Schwyzer Gk. 2, 4877.
Von som- derives somo -s: O.Ind. samá - “eben, gleich, the same ”, samám adv. and
preposition “together”, samáyü , in same Weise, mitten hindurch ”, *samayati “ebnet, bringt in

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order”, Av. ap. hama - “gleich, the same ”, Arm. omn “whoever ” (Meillet Esquisse2 90); about
O.Ind. simá - ‘selbst” s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;
Gk. ὁμός “common; similarly, gleich, eben, smooth “, ὁμοῦ adv. and preposition
“together”, ὁμό-θεν “ from the same Ort ”, ὁμό-σε “an denselben place ”, ὅμως “ gleichwohl ”
(ὁμοῖος, n Att. ὅμοιος ‘similarly”); here ὅμηρος (above S. 56), ὁμαρτέ ω “begleite” (to
*ὅμαρτος from * som-r̥-to-s), after Szemere ́ nyi Gl. 33, 265 to * er-, above S. 327 f.; O.Ir. -som
“ipse”, O.Ir. sund “here”, Welsh hwnn “this” (from IE *somdhe , welches to sondo - reshaped
wurde); Goth. sa sama “the same ”, O.Ice. samr , inn sami “the same ”, samt adv.
“ununterbrocben ”, O.H.G. der samo “the same ”, compare also Zs. as Goth. sama -kuns ,
O.N. samkynja “from same gender, sex ”, Gk. ὁμόγνιος ds., O.Ind. sama-jütīya “gleichartig ”,
O.N. samfeðra , ὁμοπάτωρ, ар. hamapitar - “from the same Vater ”, O.Ice. sammø ̄ ðri,
ὁμομήτριος “ from the same Mutter ”;
ein ī-Fem. * somī , *smī “Beisammensein, association, partly also kämpfendes
Aneinandergeraten ” in O.Ind. samī -ká- n. “fight, struggle, battle ”; but Gk. ὅμι-λος “ heap,
congregation, meeting, Schlachtgedränge” , ὁμιλίᾱ “Umgang, Verkehr ”, ὁΏμῑλέω “verkehre ”
remain far off because of Eol. ὄμιλλος, also Lat. mīles , compare Szemere ́ nyi Arch . Ling. 6,
41; Gk. ἅμιλλα “ fight, fight, struggle, contention “ (*sem-il-i̯a), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι “wettkämpfen” ;
in addition with dem Begriffe of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens
O.Ice. sama “passen, sich schicken ”; Goth. samjan “gefallen, to gefallen suchen ”, O.Ice.
semja (= O.Ind. samayati ) “zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um, sort, order, arrange,
zustandebringen ”; in addition probably Gmc. * samÞia - in O.H.G. semfti (adv. samfto )
“bequem, gemächlich, friend ly”, Ger. sanft , O.S. süfto adv. “light”, M.L.G. sachte adj. adv.
“gentle, mild ”, O.E. sēfte (adv. sōfte ) “ peaceful, mild ”, compare in addition esp. O.Ind.
süntva - n. “good beschwichtigende words ”, sü ́ man - m. n. “ds., Milde, freundliches
Entgegenkommen ”;

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Gmc. *samÞia - is viell. from a tu-stem *samÞu - reshaped, the with O.Ind. süntva - auf IE
*sōm -tu- go back kann;
against it is O.E. smēðe , smōð , O.S. smōði “ smooth, eben, gentle, milde ” because of
Westfäl. smǫiǝ from *smanÞi originated; Goth. samaÞ “together”, O.S. samad , O.E. samod ,
O.H.G. samit (samant with n after saman -), Ger. samt ; eine d-derivative in O.Ind. samád - f.
“fight, fight, struggle ”, Gk. ὅμαδος “Gewũhl, Menschenmenge” ;
lengthened grade O.Ind. süman -, sümana ́ - “ peaceful “, süma -gir- “freundliche words
redend”, süntva - (see above), Av. hüma - “gleich, the same ”, Pers. hümūn “Ebene”, O.Ir.
süm “ tranquility “ (from “*trauliches Beisammensein ”), süim “ peaceful, mild ”, O.Ice. sōma
(*sōmēn ) “passen, geziemen ”, sōmi m. “honour, Auszeichnung ”, sø ̄ mr “proper, fitting ”, O.S.
sōmi ds., O.E. sōm f. “Einigkeit, congregation, meeting ”, ge-sōm “einmũtig, friendly” , M.H.G.
suome “pleasant, mellifluous ”; abgel. O.Ice. sø ̄ ma ‘sich finden in, Rũcksicht nehmen auf,
honour”, O.E. sēman “versöhnen” ; Eng. seem “befit, shine, appear, seem ” is N.. Lw.;
O.C.S. samъ “ipse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same “;
with n-formants: O.Ind. süman -, sümana - see above; with ŏ-grade probably O.Ind.
samana- n. “Zusammenkunft, Festversammlung ”, samanü ́ adv. “together, gleichzeitig,
ebenmäßig” ; Goth. samana “beisammen ”, O.Ice. saman “together”, O.H.G. saman, zi
samane , Ger. zusammen ; therefrom derived O.Ice. samna , O.H.G. samanōn , M.H.G.
samenen “gather, collect ”, dissim. samelen , Ger. sammeln ; with reduplication-stem Ir.
samain “the festival of 1. Nov. ” (actually “Zusammenkunft ”), bech-ṡamain ‘swarm of bees ”;
eine lengthened grade *sēm perhaps in Gaul. σο-σιν “dieses” and in n. of O.Ir. article
(s)an, preceding from * sin, dieses from * sēm about * sīn; die ũbrigen forms are through
transference the Endflexion auf eine adv.-form *sinde (from *sēm- dhe; es läßt sich after
O.Ind. sa-dha IE *dhe, odernach Ir. suide from IE *so-de (jo-inflection) = Gk. ὅ-δε also IE

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sem-3
English meaning: summer
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sommer”
Grammatical information: (gen. sem-ós)
Note:
Root sem-3 : ‘summer” has certainly derived from Root ĝhei-2 : ĝhi- , ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn -:
“winter; snow ” [common satem IE ĝhe- > se- phonetic mutation]. It seems that the Hittite-
Illyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery seems
crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.
Material: O.Ind. sámü f. “Halbjahr, season, year ” (= Arm. am), üi-ṣá-mah “this year ”
(probably from a loc. * üi-samüi reshaped, see above S. 286); Av. ham- ‘summer”; Arm. am
“year” (= O.Ind. sámü ), amaṙn ‘summer” (*semerom); O.Ir. sam (*semo -) and samrad
(*semo-rōto-, above S. 866), Welsh Corn. haf, Bret. hañv ‘summer”; Welsh hafod
‘sommerhaus ”, Bret. havreg “Brachfeld ”, M.Ir. samad m. “Ampfer”; Gaul. samon [ios]
‘sommermonat ”, samolus “ sorrel, Oxalis acetosella “, samara “Ulmensamen ”; remain far off
the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); O.H.G. sumar , O.E.
sumor m., O.Ice. sumar n. ‘summer”; as “ one-year-old animal ” O.Ice. simull “( one-year-
old) ox”, simi, simir ds., Nor. simla “Renntierkuh ” (IE sem-), Swe. somel “Renntierkalb ”.
References: WP. II 492 f.
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sendhro -, -ā
English meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geronnene, sich verdichtende Flũssigkeit”
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. sindr n. “Metallschlacke ” and “Hammerschlag ” (in addition sindra “Funken
sprũhen” ), O.E. sinder ds., O.H.G. sinter ds., Ger. Sinter , Kalksinter (in addition sintern
“durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden “); vermutlichverwandt is Nor. dial. sinkla ‘sich with
an Ice crust beziehen ” as *sind-kla ; Serb.-Church Slavic sedry krьvьnyje, R.C.S. sjadry
krovnyja “ coagulated Blutmassen ”, Ser.-Cr. sȅdra “Kalksinter ”, Cz. sádra “Gips” (from
*sēndhrü ).
References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.
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sengʷh -
English meaning: to sing
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘singen, with singender Stimme vortragen ”
Material: Prükr. saṃghai ‘say, instruct ”; Gk. ὀμφή “voice, Prophezeiung ” (*songʷhü ),
πανομφαῖ ος “epithet of Zeus ”; M.Welsh de(h)ongl “define”;
Goth. siggwan ‘sing, vorlesen, rezitieren ”, O.Ice. syngua , O.E. O.H.G. O.S. singan,
singen ; Goth. saggws “ song, Musik, Vorlesung ”, O.Ice. sǫngr “(kirchlicher) song ”, O.E.
sang , song , O.H.G. O.S. sang , Sang “ chant, song “.
References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wũst (briefl.)
belongs prükr. saṃghai to k̂ens -, above S. 566.
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sengʷ -
English meaning: to fall, sink
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fallen, sinken ”
Material: Arm. ankanim “fall, weiche, take ab ”; Gk. ἑάφθη ‘sank” (ἀσπίς);
Gmc. *sinkwan in: Goth. sigqan , O.Ice. søkkva , O.E. sincan , O.S. O.H.G. sinkan sinken ,
Intens. Dan.-Nor. sakka , Dutch zakken , Ger. sacken “ sink “; adj. * sinhti - in O.E. sīhte
‘sumpfig”, M.H.G. sīht(e) , Ger. seicht , Alem. sīcht “very humid, wet ” (from Wiesen).
References: WP. II 495 f.
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seni-, senu -, (s eni-), sn̥-ter-
English meaning: for oneself; separate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “for sich, abgesondert ”
Material: O.Ind. sanu -tár “abseits from, weit weg ”, sánutara - (?), sánutya - “verstohlen,
unvermerkt ” (“*beiseite ”), Av. hanarǝ “abseits, without ”; Gk. ἄτερ (Ion. ) “abseits, without”
(*sn̥ter );
O.S. sundir “without” (= ἄτερ), O.H.G. suntar “ separate “ and “but, against it ”, Ger.
sondern (diese meaning from “besides, without ”), O.E. sundor “for sich, particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “, O.N.
sundr “ divided “, Goth. sundrō “for sich, abseits, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “, adj. M.H.G. sunder,
besunder , Ger. besonder ;
Lat. sine “without” (probably neutr. *seni, nächststehend dem Ir. sain from * seni-);
O.Ir. sain adj. “different, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,
peculiarly, separately, extra, notably “ (*seni-s), Welsh o-han-, a-han- “from”, gwa-han
“apart, separated, different ”, O.Welsh han “alium”; Welsh hanes “ narration “ = M.Ir. sanas “
mystery, Lispeln ” (*sani-stü); Corn. hanys “ clandestine “; Toch. A sne, В snai (*sanai )
“without”;
The meaning “ separate, for sich ” läßt connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-, *s(e)u̯e-
to, compare with anlaut su̯-: O.C.S. svěně “besides, witho ut” and Lat. sēd, sē preposition
‘sine, without ”, prefix “without, beiseite ”.
References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.
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senk-
English meaning: to burn, dry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, dörren”
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.E. sengan , M.L.G. M.H.G. sengen ‘singe” (*sangjan “brennen make ”); nd.
sangeren “in the Haut prickeln ” (eig. “burn”), older Dutch sengel ‘spark”, M.H.G. senge
“Trockenheit, aridity “, sinc (-g-) “das Sengen ”, sungen, sunken “anbrennen ”, sungeln,
sunkeln “knistern”, Nor. dial. sengra, sengla “brenzlich smell ”, Swe. dial. sjängla ‘singe”, Ice.
süng (u)r, n. sangt “versengt, angebrannt ”;
O.C.S. prě-sǫčiti , isǫčiti “dry”, sǫčilo “oven”, Russ. izsjaklyj “dry”.
References: WP. II 495.
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sen(o)- (*heno)
English meaning: old, *old moon
Deutsche Übersetzung: “alt”
Material: O.Ind. sána -, Av. hana - “old”, O.Ind. sanaká - “ehemalig, old ” (: Lat. senex, fränk.
Sinigus , Gaul. Seneca ), sanaḥ “vor alters ”, sánü , sanü ́ t , sanátü “from alters her, from jeher,
stets”, sanüta ́ na - “ eternal, immortal, perennial “; Arm. hanapaz “ always “, hin “old”; Gk.
ἕνος “ old, of previous years ”, δί-ενος “ biennial “, ἕνη καὶ νέα “ the day before the new moon
and the first one of the beginning month “;
again Gk. ἕνος “old” in contrast to “anew”, only in standing phrases of fruit and employees
of the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates
at the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually ἕνη
καὶ νέα (sc. σελήνη; Att. since Solon).
Maybe Alb. hana “(*old) moon ” : Gk. ἕνος “old moon ” : σέλας n. “ brilliance ”, σελήνη, Eol.
σελάννα “moon” (*σελασνᾱ ), σελαγεῖν “ shine “; hence σελ-ήνη “ the full-moon “ see Root
su̯el-2 : “to smoulder, burn ”.
Lat. senex , gen. senis , compar. senior “old, aged ”; seneō , -ēre “old, weak sein ”, senēscō, -
ere “altern, hinschwinden ”, senium “Altersschwäche, zehrende Gemũtsstimmung” , senütus ,
-ūs (Osc. gen. senateís ) ‘senat”, senectūs “age”, seneciō ds.; O.Ir. sen “old”, O.Welsh Corn.
Bret. hen “old man, aged ”, compounds O.Ir. siniu, Welsh hyn; Ir. sen-müth (a)ir (= Lith. sen-
mótė ) “grandmother ”; Gaul. Seno-gnütus under likewise, Seneca ; Goth. sineigs “ an old
man “, sinista “oldest”, afränk. sini-skalkus “the oldest Hausdiener ”, O.Ice. sina “ grass of
the previous year ”; Lith. sẽnas “old”, sẽnis “ graybeard “, seniaĩ “ in the distant past, many
years ago, yore, a long time ago ”, sene ́ju “become old ” (= Lat. seneō ).
References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.

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sent-
English meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eine Richtung nehmen, gehen ” and in geistigen Sinne “empfinden,
wahrnehmen ”
Material: A. in geistigen sense: Lat. sentiō, -īre, -si, -sum “ feel, feel, wahrnehmen ”, sensus ,
-ūs “ emotion, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion ”, sententia (*sentientia ) “opinion etc. ”;
O.H.G. sin, -nnes ‘sense, mind ” (*sent-no-), sinnan “trachten, lust, crave ”, Ger. sinnen ; Lith.
sinte ́ti “think”; O.C.S. sęštь ‘smart”.
Maybe zero grade Alb. (*sentiō, entio ) ndjej “feel” [typical Alb. mutation se- > e- ]
B. in eigentlichen sense: Av. hant- (present hī-šasat̃ , Fut. ni-ša ̨ syü ) “gelangen, gelangen
lassen”; Arm. ǝnt”ac̣ “way, gait “, ǝnt”anam “go, fare, journey, hurry “;
O.Ir. sēt “way”, Welsh hynt ds., M.Bret. Bret. hent ds. (= Gmc. *sinÞa -), O.Bret. Gl. do-
guo-hintiliat “inceduus ”, O.Corn. cam-hinsic Gl. “iniustus” (cam- “crooked”), eun-hinsic Gl.
“justus” (eun- “gerecht”); therefrom O.Ir. sētig “wife, woman ” (“Weggenossin ”, ī-Fem. eines
adj. *sētach ); Welsh carrynt (to carr “ cart “) “way, journey ”, epynt (to eb-, *ek̂u̯o -) “Pferde-
way”, dyffrynt “valley” (to dwfr “water”); from * senti̯o -: M.Welsh hennydd “ fellow “, Bret.
hantez “Nachbar ”, Corn. hynsa ds.;
Goth. sinÞs m. “Mal”, O.Ice. sinn n. “Mal”, sinni n. “ gait, journey ” (and as descendant
eines*gasinÞja - also “ cortege, Unterstũtzung” ), O.E. sīð m. “Fahrt, journey, way, Mal ”, O.S.
sīð “way, direction ”, O.H.G. sind “ gait, way, journey, Fahrt ”; Goth. ga-sinÞa “ travelling
companion “, O.Ice. sinni ds., O.E. gesīÞ , O.S. gisīð, O.H.G. gisind “ fellow “, wherefore n.
O.E. gesīð “Begleitung ”, O.S. gesīthi , M.L.G. (ge)sinde “Gesinde”, O.H.G. gisindi
“Reisegefolge, kriegerisches cortege “, Ger. Gesinde , O.Ice. sinni n. “ cortege “; O.H.G.
sinnan (see above) also “go, reisen, wander, come ”; Kaus. Goth. sandjan , O.Ice. senda ,

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O.E. sendan , O.H.G. senten ‘senden” (O.Ice. senda also ‘sacrifice”); *senÞōn Denom. from
*senÞa - (see above) in O.Ice. sinna “reisen, sich worum kũmmern, heed” , O.S. sīðōn “go,
pull, drag, wander “, O.E. sīðian ds., O.H.G. sindōn ds.;
Lith. siunčiu ̀ (*suntiù ass. to *siuntiù ), sių̃sti , Ltv. sùtu, sùtît ‘senden, send ” (Balt un
reduplication-stem on besides the full grade from Goth. sandjan ).
References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.
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sen-, sene-, sen(e)u -, senǝ -
English meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bereiten, ausarbeiten, vollenden, erzielen ”
Material: O.Ind. ásanam “I gewann”, sanē ́ ma “wir mögen gewinnen” ; sanō ́ ti “gewinnt”,
sanuká - “beutegierig ”, sánitar - “ gainer, victor ”, participle süta ́- “gewonnen ”, sütí- f.
“Gewinnung, acquisition “; Gk. *ἄνῡμι, themat. ἀνύω, Att. ἁνύω and Hom. ἄνω (*ἄνFω)
“vollende”; Gk. ἀνύτω ds.; ἀανές οὐ τελεσθησόμενον Hes., ἰν ἀνάτοις ἐν ἀπορίαις Hes. (ἄν-
ατος “unvollendet ”); Hom. ἐννεσί -εργος “ἔργα ἀνύων”; ἔναρα “die armament, armor of
erschlagenen Ghegners ” (“*Kampfesbeute ”); therefrom ἐναίρω, Aor. ἤναρον “in Kampfe
slay”, ἐναρίζω “dem getöteten Feinde die Rũstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay” ; lak.
ἐναρσφόρος “τὰ ἔναρα φέρων” ; ἔντεα (sg. ἔντος ) “armament, armor ”; next to which * ἐντύ̄ς
“Zurũstung, consummation “ assumed from ἐντύω , ἐντύ̄νω “make fertig, rũste to, bereite” ;
besides τὸ ἔντος steht συν-έντης συνεργός Hes. and αὐθέντης “*with eigener Hand
vollbringend: murderer; master, mister ”;
O.Ir. con-suī ‘seeks to erwerben, makes streitig ”, Welsh cynyddu “erobern, to gewinnen
suchen” etc.;
Hitt. šanḫ - ‘suchen, erstreben, arrogate ”; also “fegen” (“*durchsuchen ”).
References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hitt. 185.
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septm̥ (*sek̂ʷh -)
English meaning: seven
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sieben”
Note:
Root septm̥ (*sek̂ʷh -) : seven derived from a mutated Root su̯ek̂s , sek̂s, ksek̂s , ksu̯ek̂s ,
u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) : six; common Gk.-celt. kʷ > p, gʷ > b phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ind. saptá , Av. hapta , Arm. evt”n, Gk. ἑπτά, Lat. septem , O.Ir. secht n -, Welsh
etc. saith , Goth. O.H.G. sibun , O.E. seofon , O.N. siau (-n preserved after one besides
*siƀun stehenden sibuni ; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m̥-tos dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septun
the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung eines echten *sifun is, steht dahin),
Lith. septynì , O.C.S. sedmь (after dem ordinals), Alb. shtatë (*s[e]ptm-ti-; abstract number
formation as O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70, O.Ice. siaund “number from 7 ”); Toch. A ṣpät,
В ṣuk(t); Hitt. šipta .
Note:
Gk. ἑβδομαδικός “belonging to the week ” : Alb. javë “week” common Alb. -b- > -v- phonetic
mutatIon.
Alb. shtata ‘seven” from (* s[e]ptm-ti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern
similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb. teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” :
Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven”
later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E. seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind.
saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian
and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -ta is used in the Alb. genitive and adjectives.
ordinals: sept (e)mos in O.Ind. saptamá -, Pers. haftum , Gk. ἕβδομος, dial. ἕβδεμος (die
Erweichung derives from a form ἕβδμος, compare O.C.S. sedmь ), Lat. septimus , Gaul.
sextametos , O.Ir. sechtm- ad, Welsh seithfed (*sept em-etos ), O.Lith. sẽkmas , O.Pruss.

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sep(t)mas , O.C.S. sedmъ ; *septm̥ -to-s in O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða (also akzentuell = saptátaḥ ; besides O.H.G. sibunto , O.S. sivondo , O.N. siunde ,
siaunde ), Lith. septiñt O.S.
It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:
Semitic
East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab”ah, Saudi sab”a, Yemeni sab”ah, Syrian sab”a,
Lebanese sab”a, Cypriot sába” , Iraqi sab”a, Egyptian sab”a, E Libyan ‘sab”a, N African
(Darja) seb”a, Moroccan seb”a, Sudanese sa|b”a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari säba” a, Maltese
sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b- ”, Ugaritic+ s-b- ”-t, Moabite+ sh-b- ”-t, Classical Hebrew+
sheba”, Modern Hebrew sheva”, Classical Aramaic+ shi:Be”a:h, Modern Aramaic shub ”a:,
Classical Syriac+ shab ”a:, Syriac shaw ”a, Van shåvå, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-b- ”, South
Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:”, Socotra “yhobe?, N Ethiopic : Geez+ s eb”atu, Tigre
sabu”, Beni Amir saba”, Tigrinya shob”atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic säbat, Argobba sa” int,
Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ säbattä, Soddo säbatt, Goggot säbätt, Muher säbät,
Masqan säbät, CW Gurage säbat, Ennemor säB ?at.

Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven,
English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sân, Frisian (Saterland) sogen,
Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon söven, Emsland ze:bm,
Mennonite Plautdietsch säwen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme,
Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shìbne, Rheinfränkisch siwe,
Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebë, Yiddish zibn, Middle
High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau,
Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjö,

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Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+
*zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete,
Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old
French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jèrriais sept, Poitevin sét, Old Picard+ siet, Picard
siet, Occitan (Provençal) sèt, Lengadocian sèt, Gascon sèt, Auvergnat sé, Limosin se,
Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set,
Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese sèt, Milanese sètt,
Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian sétte, Neapolitan
sèttë, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,åpte,
Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh
saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common
seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht,
Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ heptá, Greek eftá, Cypriot
eftá, Tsakonian eftá, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian
shtatë, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtátë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian evthn,
Armenian yoth, Baltic West : O.Pruss.+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septynì, Latvian septi ni,
Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem ”, Belarussian sem, sem, Ukrainian s--
m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian sétmë, Polabian+ sidêm, Czech sedm, Slovak
sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower Sorbian sedym, South :
Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sédem, Macedonian sedum, Serbo -Croat sëdam,
Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta- , Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian
Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta, Khwarezmian+ “bhd, Sogdian+ “Bt
Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto owé, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo,
Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli
(Tashkorghani) ũvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western NorthWest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi haf,

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Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari häft, Gazi häf, Sivandi häf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf, Sangisari
haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh håft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani h awt, Baluchi
hept, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h)ept, Kerma nji (S) Kurdish hawt,
Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi häft, SouthWest : Old Persian+ Pahlavi+
haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik h=aft, Tati hæft, Chali haft, Fars häft, Lari “ aft, Luri haf,
Kumzari haf ”ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi- weri sëtë, Kati sut, Kalasha -ala so:t, Indic :
Sanskrit+ saptá, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany (Gypsy) :
Spanish estér, Welsh trin t”a: sht o:r, Kalderash yeftá, Syrian h.o:t, Armenian haft, Iranian
efdá:, Sinhalese -Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian hate,
Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sât, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t, Bashkarik sat,
Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot, Dameli sat,
Gawar -bati set, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot, Western: Marathi
sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/ Urdu sa:t, Parya sat,
Punjabi set, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari (Lamani) saat, Malvi
sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa: t, Khandeshi sa:t, East
Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi (Kosali) sa:t,
Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang ha:d.
Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t,
Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e: du, Konda e: ru, Pengo sa t, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South :
Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye: lũ, Kurumba - ö.lu, Toda öw,
Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu
Nahali
Nahali sato
Basque

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sep-
English meaning: to care of smth.; to honour
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich with etwas abgeben, in Ehren halten ”
Material: O.Ind. sápati “liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt ”, Av. hap- (2. 3. sg. hafšī , haptī )
“(in the Hand)halten, stũtzen” ; Gk. -ἕπω (with ἀμφι-, δι-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-), Aor. ἐπ-έ-σπον , -
σπεῖν “besorge, bereite, bearbeite ”; ὅπλον n. “tool, appliance, weapon ”, ὁπλέω ‘schirre an ”,
ὅπλομαι “bereite mir to ” etc.;
in addition IE *sepeli̯ō in O.Ind. saparyáti “veneratur ”, Lat. sepeliō -īre, sepultum “bury”
i.e. “venerari sepulcro ”.
References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.
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serk-
English meaning: hedge, to fence
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Flechtwerk, einhegen ”?
Material: Gk. ἕρκος n. “ paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, Wall; loop, noose, snare ,
Fangnetz ”, ὁρκάνη “Umzäunung” , ὅρκος m., ὅρκιον “ oath”;
Lat. sarciō, -īre “flicken, ausbessern, wiederherstellen ”, sarctus tectus from a house
“geflochten and gedeckt, i.e. vollständig” , sarcina “bundle, Pack, tragbares Gepäck” , sartor
“Flickschneider ”, Umbr. sarsite “*sarcītē” ; Hitt. šar-nin-k - “ersetzen, compensate “.
References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.
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ser-1
English meaning: to flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strömen, sich rasch and heftig bewegen ”
Material: O.Ind. sísarti, sárati “ flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt ”; fut. sariṣyáti ,
Desiderativ sisīrs ̣ ati from a heavy basis *serǝ -, compare Hom. ῥώομαι “budge me quick,
fast, strong, stũrme an, hurry “ from *srō-i̯ō; ein root nouns *sr̥ǝ, in addition O.Ind. * sī́r,
*sĭráḥ , is die base of ü-stem O.Ind. sirü ́ and sīrü ́ “Rinnsal, stream ”; O.Ind. sarít f. ‘stream,
brook, river ”, saraṇa - “ running “, sa-sr-á- ‘strömend” , sá-sr-i- “ running, hurrying ”; saráyu -,
sarayū - m. “name eines Flusses ”, ар. Haraiva- , Av. (acc.) Harōyūm , Pers. Harē “river and
region from Herüt” ;
O.Ind. sárma - m. “das Fließen” , Gk. ὁρμή “Anlauf, attack, Drang after etwas ”, whereof
ὁρμάω “treibe an, rege an ”, intr. ‘stũrme hence, worauf los ”; in addition ὅρμενον ‘salbei” as
“die Anreizende ”, s. Strömberg, Gk. Pflanzennamen 93; αἱρέ ω “ergreife” instead of *αἵρω
(*seri̯ō) through influence of ἀγρέω ds.;
O.Ind. sará- “fluid”, sarü ́ “river, stream, brook ”, Gk. ὀρός, Lat. serum “the wässerige Teil
the geronnenen milk, Molke ”; perhaps Alb. gjizë (*ser-di̯ü) “gelabte milk, cheese ”;
Thrac. PN Germi-sera “Warmwasser ”, FlN ΢έρμιος; Fr. la Sermane (*Sermanna ),
oberItal. Sermenza (*Sermentia ), Ven. PN Sirmiō (*Sermiō ), pannon. PN Sirmium , Pol.
(Ven.) PN Śrem (*Sermo- ); Illyr. FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); Gaul. (Ven.-Illyr.) FlN Sara
(*Serü), Sarüvus “die Saar ”; Sar- bildet viele FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and
Frankreich, also Appellativa (Mantua sariöl ‘stream, bro ok” etc.); Welsh FlN Sôr (*Sorü );
sor- also in den FlN O.Pruss. Sar-ape , Lith.-Pol. Szar-upa, Ltv. Sarija ;
M.Ir. sirid (*serīti ) “durchwandert, sucht heim, plũndert, verlangt” , verbal noun siriud ;
Welsh herw (*ser-u̯o-) “Landstreicherei ”, M.Ir. serb “ theft “;

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ser-2
English meaning: to guard, watch over, support
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sorgend Obacht geben, schũtzen, bewahren”
Material: Av. haraiti “hat acht, schũtzt” ; haurvaiti ds., haurva- “beschũtzend, hũtend” in
pasuš -haurvō spü “die Schafe beschũtzender Hund, Schäferhund” (as Lat. servō from an u-
extension); harǝtar - “Hũter, Wächter” , harǝϑ ra- “nourishment, care, cultivation, Wartung ”;
hüra- “achthabend, hũtend” , redupl. hišüra - ds.;
Gk. ῝Ηρα “*Schũtzerin” from * ῝ΗρFα, ἥρως , -ωος (stem ἡρωF-, see above) “*Hũter”
(ἥρωες “Landesschutzgeister ”), “hervorragender, mächtiger man” ; servō, -üre “(den
Wächter machen) erretten, receive, unversehrt bewahren” , Osc. serevkid “auspicio, iussu ”;
Umbr. seritu ‘servato”, anseriato Supin. “observatum ” compare ooserclom perhaps
“*observaculum ” from * ser-tlom;
unclear are O.C.S. chranjǫ , chraniti “look after, watch over, keep, preserve, protect ”,
chrana “dish, food, nourishment, food ” etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare Machek Slavia
16, 191 f.;
as guttural extension here Lith. sérg-mi, -u, - iu “behũte, bewache” , sárgas “Wächter” ,
sargùs “watchful, wakeful ”, O.Pruss. but-sargs “Haushälter” , absergīsnan acc. “ protection ”.
References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.
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ser-3, sor-
English meaning: red
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rot, rötlich”
Material: O.Ind. perhaps in sü ́ ra- m. n. “Mark eines Baumes (compare Lat. rōbur “
heartwood “), Festigkeit, power “; with formants - to- Lith. sar̃̃tas “fuchsig (from horses ”), Ltv.
sârts “red in face ”; with formants -bho- Lat. sorbum “die rote berry of Sperber- ,
Vogelbeerbaumes ”, sorbus “this tree”; Swe. sarf “Rotauge ”; Russ. sorobalina “ rosehip, dog
rose, blackberry “, Lith. serbentà , serbeñtas “ black currant “ (ass. from * sarbentà ?); with
formants -g(h)o- Russ. soróga “Rotauge, Plötze” ;
with - k- Ltv. sarks “reddish”;
with -m- Lith. sarmóties ‘sich schämen” ;
with - p- Lith. serpės pl. “ein gelbes Färberkraut, Serratula tinctoria” , sirpstù , sirpaũ , sir̃pti
“reif become ” (only from Beeren and Steinfrũchten, also eig. “ yellow or reddish become ”).
References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht IE Decl. 267.
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ser-4
English meaning: to put together, bind together
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aneinander reihen, knũpfen”
Material: O.Ind. sarat -, sarit- “ filament “ (uncovered), perhaps saṭü “lichen, Mähne, bristle” ;
Gk. εἴρω (*seri̯ō ) “reihe aneinander ” (Hom. only participle perf. ἐερμένος , 3. sg. Plusqpf.
ἔερτο ), ἐνείρω “knũpfe an, reihe an” (: Lat. in-serō “fũge ein” ), ἔνερσις “das Hineinfũgen,
Hineinstecken ” (: Lat. insertiō ; ti-stem also in praesertim “in erster Reihe, vorzugsweise ”),
ἕρμα n. “Ohrgehänge” , ὅρμος m. “ necklace “, ὁρμίᾱ f. “fishing line ”, ὁρμαθός m. “row, chain
“, presumably also εἴρερον “in Gefangenschaft ”;
Lat. serō, -ere, -tum “fũgen, reihen, tie, bind, knot “, seriēs “Reihenfolge, chain, row” ,
serīlia ‘seile”, sors “lot, fate” (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera “as bar, bolt vorgelegter
crossbar, crossbeam ” (?); Osc. aserum “asserere ”; O.Ir. sernaid “reiht an, ordnet an ”,
subjunctive seraid , verbal noun sreth (*sr̥tü) “Ausbreiten, row ” etc. kann also *ster- and
*sper- contain; Goth. sarwa n. pl. “armament, armor, weapons “ (probably “gekNOTE ter,
geknũpfter Harnisch” , compare Lat. sertae loricae ), O.Ice. sørvi n. “kostbares, collar,
neckband ”, O.H.G. O.S. saro “armament, armor ”, O.E. searu “armament, armor ”; also
“Kunstfertigkeit, artifice ”, as sierwan “insidiari, planen ”;
O.Lith. sėris “ filament, Pechdraht ”; Hitt. šarra - “break, rupture, divide ” (?).
Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for “geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife,
woman” seeks man in O.Ice. serða st. V. “Unzucht drive, push ”, sorðenn and stroðenn
“muliebria passus ” (O.E. seorðan is N.. Lw.), O.H.G. sertan “geschlechtlichen Umgang
have”, Welsh serth “obscenus ”, serthedd “obscena locutio ”; if Ir. serc “love”, Bret. serc”h
“Kebsweib ” anzureihen is, is ein West IE ser- “geschlechtlich verkehren ” anzuerkennen;
about unsicheres IE *sor- “wife, woman ” s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.

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ser-5, extended serp -
English meaning: sickle
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sichel, krummer Haken ”; verbal (only in Lat. ) ‘sicheln, with einem
gekrũmmten Haken bearbeiten”
Material: O.Ind. sr̥ṇī́ f. ‘sickle”, sŕ̥ṇya - ‘sichelförmig” , sr̥ṇi- m. “hook zum Antreiben of
Elefanten ”; Lat. sariō , -īre “die Saat behacken, jäten” (*seri̯ō), sarculum “Jäthacke” (*sar-
tlom).
Maybe Alb. harr “to weed” similar to Lat. sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi “to hoe, weed ”.
[common Alb. s > h shift]; Alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.
With p-extension:
Gk. ἅρπη ‘sickle” and “ein bird of prey ”, ἁρπάζω “raffe, raube, plũndere” , ἁρπαγή f.
“Plũnderung” , ἁρπάγη f. “ rake “, ἅρπαξ, -αγος “räuberisch, greedy “ ;
Lat. sarpiō and sarpō, -ere, -si, -tum “beschneiteln, abschneiteln ”, sarmen (*sarp-men ),
sarmentum “abgeschneiteltes Reis, deadwood ”; O.H.G. sarf, M.H.G. sarph ‘sharp, rough,
from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel, savage, wild ”; O.C.S. srъpъ ,
Russ. serpъ ‘sickle”, Ltv. sirpis ‘sickle”.
References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153 ff.
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serp-
English meaning: to crawl, *snake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kriechen ”
Note:
From a zero grade of Root angʷ(h)i - : ‘snake, worm ” derived Illyr. *nsala “eel” [later Alb.
(*encheleae > *ensala ) ngjalë “eel”], then from the intermediary Illyr. root *nsala “eel”
derived Root sal- : ‘salt; salty water ” and Root sal-2 : “dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow ”.
Also from Illyr. PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal- apa ‘salty water ” [sala ‘salt” + *apa “water”]
derived an intermediary root * salpa- ‘sea snake ” then Root serp- : “to crawl, snake ”.
Material: O.Ind. sárpati ‘slinks, crawls, goes ” (= ἕρπω, Lat. serpō ), sarpá - m. ‘snake”; Gk.
ἕρπω ‘slink, go”, ἑρπύζω ‘slink, crawl, creep ”, ἑρπετόν “ crawling animal ”, ablaut. Lesb.
ὄρπετον “ animal” (*sr̥p-), ἕρπης, -τος “ lichen an the skin ”, ἕρπυλλον “ thyme “ (latinisiert
serpullum ); Alb. gjarpën ‘snake” (*serpeno- ), shtërpínj “all Kriechende ”; Lat. serpō “crawl,
creep, slink ”, serpēns ‘snake”.

References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.
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seug-
English meaning: sad, grievous; ill
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bekũmmert, traurig, gekränkt, krank”
Material: Arm. hiucanim ‘sieche hin ”; M.Ir. socht m. (*sug- to-) ‘schweigen, Depression ”;
Goth. siuks “ sick “, O.Ice. sjūkr “ sick, grieving “, O.E. sēoc (Eng. sick), O.S. siok ds.,
O.H.G. siuh, sioh, M.H.G. siech “ sick, freudlos ”; Goth. siukan ‘siechen, be sick “; abstract
noun Goth. siukei , O.H.G. siuhhī , M.H.G. siuche ‘seuche”; M.H.G. sochen (*sukēn )
‘siechen, kränkeln” , O.Ice. sokna “ sick become ”; Goth. saúhts ‘sucht, disease, malady,
Kränklichkeit” (*sug-ti-), O.Ice. sōtt “disease, malady ”, O.H.G. suht “disease, malady ”, Ger.
(Schwind)sucht , Sucht (here meaning-influence of suchen ); O.E. sȳsl n. f. (*sūh-sla-) “Pein”,
sēoslig (*seuh -sla-) “gepeinigt ”, O.Ice. sȳsl, sȳsla “Tätigkeit, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the
through Pflichtarbeit ausgelösten Unlust)” , sȳsl adj. “ eager bemũht, sorgsam” (*sūsli -R).
References: WP. II 472 f.
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seu-1, seʷǝ - : sū -
English meaning: juice; liquid, *rain
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘saft, Feuchtes ”; verbal: ‘saft ausdrũcken” and “regnen; rinnen ”, in
Weiterbildungen “(Saft) schlũrfen, saugen”
Material: 1. Gk. ὕει “ it is raining “, ὕω “ allows to rain “ (*sū-i̯ō), ὑετός “heavy rain ” (*suu̯-
etos, as νῐφετός); Alb. shi “rain” (*sū-); Toch. В swese “rain”, sū-, swüs - “rain”; to ὕει
perhaps ὕθλος (ὕσθλος, ὕσλος Gramm.) m. “ empty gossip ” (as though “ letting drip
monotonously “);
Note:
The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu- .
Illyr. Savus (*Sou̯os ) displays satem characteristics : Alb. shiu “rain”.
2. O.Ind. sunō ́ ti “ squeezes, presses “ = Av. hunaoiti ds.; O.Ind. sávana -m, savá - m. “
Kelterung des Soma “, sutá- “ pressed “, sō ́ ma - = Av. hauma - m. ‘soma”; O.H.G. sou, O.E.
séaw “juice, sap ”, Ice. söggr “humid, wet ” (*sawwia- ); O.Ir. suth “juice, sap, milk ” (*sŭ-tu-s);
here probably also die FlN Gaul. Save , Savara , -ia and (Illyr. ) Savus (*Sou̯os ).
Note:
O.Ind. sávana -m, savá - m. “ Kelterung des Soma “ : Illyr. Savus prove the satem nature of
Illyr.-Alb. Proto-Illyr. was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum languages.
3. seu-d- in O.E. be-sūtian ‘smudge”, Westfäl. sot “ filth “; O.Ice. sut “ care, sorrow “, sȳta
“ grieve “.
4. Guttural extension: seuk -, sū ̆ k- and seug -, sū ̆ g-:
Lat. sūgō , -ere ‘suck”; Lat. sūcus “juice, sap ”, Welsh sugno , M.Bret. sunaff , Bret. suna
ds., sun “juice, sap ”, Welsh sugnedydd “pump” (*seuk-n- ; Welsh g from dem Lat. Lw. sug
“juice, sap ”), O.Welsh dissuncgnetic “ exhaust, suffer through, endure “ (morphologically
difficult group); O.E. sūcan , Dutch zuiken ‘suck”; O.E. socian (*sukōn ) “ steep, absorb, suck

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“, gesoc n. “the sucking ”, O.Ice. sūga (sjūga ) ‘suck”, sog n. “ the sucking “, O.E. O.S.
O.H.G. sūgan ‘suck”, Kaus. Nor. dial. søygja , M.H.G. söugen “ suckle “, M.H.G. suc, soc, g.
soges and souc , -ges “juice, sap ”, O.E. sogeða m. “gulp”; Ltv. sùkt ‘suck”; O.Pruss. suge f.
“rain”.
Maybe Alb. shushunjë “leech, bloodsucker ” : Lat. sanguisuga [sangui “blood + suga
‘sucker”].
5. l-formant: Gk. ὕλη “ ordure, slime, mud ”, ὑλίζω “ filter, clean ”; O.Ind. sūra- m.
“intoxicating potion ”; súrü “alcohol”, Av. hurü “Kumys” (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from Iranian) =
Lith. Ltv. sulà “ abfließender Baumsaft “ (with ū Ltv. sūla ̂ t “ siepen “), O.Pruss. sulo “
coagulated milk ”; O.E. sol n. ‘slime, mud, puddle, slop ”, O.H.G. M.L.G. sol ds., O.E. sylian
‘smudge”, O.S. sulwian , O.H.G. sullen ds., Ger. sũhlen, suhlen “ sich im Kot wälzen “ ; Goth.
bi-sauljan “ blemish “, Nor. søyla ds.
6. seup -, seub -: O.Ind. sū ́ pa - m. “broth, soup ”; O.Ice. sūpa , O.E. sūpan , O.H.G. sūfan “
slurp, drink, swig “, sūf “broth, soup ”, M.H.G. suf, sof ‘soup”, O.E. sype m. “ soaking up “,
O.Ice. sopi m., O.E. sopa “gulp”, full grade O.H.G. souf ‘soup”, O.Ice. saup n. “ buttermilk “;
O.E. sopp f. “ sop “, M.L.G. (out of it M.H.G. ) soppe , suppe ‘sop”, O.H.G. sopha , soffa “
broth, also with soaked slices; settlings “; Goth. supōn “ spice “ = O.H.G. soffōn ds. (eig. “
dunk into broth “); M.H.G. sūft m., M.L.G. sucht ‘sigh”, O.H.G. sūft(e)ōn , M.H.G. siuften,
siufzen ‘sigh”; O.Ice. O.E. sufl n. “ Zukost “, O.S. suval , O.H.G. suvil(i) , -a “ sorbiuncula “;
M.L.G. sūvel , Dutch zuivel “ der Buttergehalt der Milch “;
Maybe turk. ( *sū-) su “water, aqua, juice ”
shëroj;
O.C.S. sъs-ǫ, -ati, Iter. sysati ‘suck” probably from * sup-s -.
Alb. sisë, thithë “teat”, thith (*sis-) ‘suck” [common Alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation]
References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.

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seu-2, (seu̯ǝ-), sū ̆-
English meaning: to bear child; son
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebären”
Material: O.Ind. sū ́ tē (süuti ), sūyatē (sūyati ), savati “gebiert, zeugt ”, sū ́ h ̣ “progenitor ”, sū ́ tu-
m. ‘schwangerschaft ” (: *sūtu -s in O.Ir. suth), sutá- m. ‘son”; sūtí- “birth, progeny “, súṣuti - f.
“leichtes parturition ”; Av. hav- (hunümi ) “ to give birth to children, Kinder zur Welt bringen ”,
hazaŋrō -hunü “eine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt ”; O.Ir. suth (*sutu-s ) “birth, fruit ”; Welsh
hog-en “girl” (*sukü ), in addition hog-yn “Bursche”; due to the Präsentien *sū ̆ nümi (compare
Av. hunümi ) and *sŭi̯ṓ (compare O.Ind. sūyatē ): IE *sū ̆ nu ́ -s and *sui̯ú-s originally “*das
parturition, birth ”, then “Leibesfrucht, son ”;
O.Ind. sūnu ́ - m.; Av. hunu-š; Goth. sunus , O.Ice. sunr, O.H.G. O.E. sunu ; Lith. sūnu ̀ s ;
O.C.S. synъ ‘son”;
Gk. υἱύς (gen. Hom. υἱέος) and (secondary) υ ἱός ‘s on” (in addition Hom. υἱωνός
“grandchild, grandson ” from *sui̯ō[u]-nó-s), as Proto- IE formation erwiesen through tochar.
В soyä (A se) ‘son” and das after dustr “daughter ” reshaped Arm. ustr ‘son”; also O.E.
suhterga “grandchild, grandson, nephew “ kann eine corresponding reshuffling after
Tochter sein.
In Ital.-Celt. Gebiete fehlen diese words for ‘son”.
Maybe Alb. ( *tsun ) çun ‘son”.
References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.
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seu-3 : su- : seu̯ǝ- : sū-
English meaning: to bend, turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen, drehen, antreiben ”
Material: O.Ind. suváti “ places in Bewegung, excited, aroused, animated “, sutá- “veranlaßt,
angetrieben ”, prá-sūta- “in Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet ”, nr̥-sūta- “from
Männern angetrieben” , prá-sūti- “Regung”, savá- “Antrieb, Anregung, command, order,
Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende ”, sávīmani loc. “auf Antrieb, auf Geheiß” , savitár -
“Antreiber, Erreger; the god Savitar ”;
Av. hav- “in Bewegung place ”, hunüiti “verschafft, seeks to verschaffen ”, hvąnmahi (*su̯-
en-) “wir suchen to verschaffen ”. apavanvainti (*su̯-en-u̯-) ‘sie lenken ab ”, mainyu-šūta- “of
Geist getrieben ”, hvōišta - “the höchste, beste; oldest” ;
O.Ir. sō(a)id “dreht, kehrt ” (*sōu ̯-ei̯e-ti), ess-ro-so- “mißlingen” (*hinwegdrehen);
sua(i)nem m. “rope, cord ” (*seu-n-i̯a-mō); Lith. siaũras (*seu- ro-) “ narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin, eng ”;
Hitt. šuu ̯ üi - “bump, poke, urge, press, push ”.
seu-k-: Osset. xurx “wheys, Käsewasser” (ar. *sukra-: Lith. sukrùs “*was sich leicht
dreht”); Lith. sunkalai pl. “wheys”, pã-sukos ds.; Lith. sukù, sùkti “turn, wenden ”, sukrùs
“movable, nimble, agile ”, apsùkalas “Tũrangel” , Ltv. sukt “ escape; to get away “, sukata
“Drehkrankheit ”, Slav. *sъkǫ, *sъkati (preterit-stem * sukü -) in Russ. sku, skatъ “zwirnen,
zusammendrehen, aufwickeln ”, ablaut. Church Slavic sukati “turn” (reshaped from
*soukei̯e -, compare Russ. sučítь “zwirnen”);

References: WP. II 470 , Trautmann 291, Lidén KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hitt. 134.
See also: s. also seu̯i̯o - “link” and su̯ei- “bend”.

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seu-4, seu-t-
English meaning: to boil, move vividly
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sieden, heftig bewegt sein ”
Material: Av. hüvaya ̨ n ‘sie schmoren ”, hüvayeiti “er schmort ” (3. sg. Opt. huyürǝš - O.Ind.
*suyúr to a present *haoiti after the Wurzelklasse);
in addition Gmc. *sauÞ - in O.Ice. sjóða ‘simmer, seethe, boil, cook ”, O.E. séoðan (Eng.
seethe ) ds., O.H.G. siodan , M.H.G. Ger. sieden , O.Ice. seyð “brausendes water ”, seyðir
“Kochfeuer ”; Goth. sauÞs “ sacrificial animal “, O.Ice. sauðr ‘sheep, also anderes small
cattle”; O.S. sauÞn ‘sprudelquelle ”; Gmc. *suÞa - in soð n. “Fleischsuppe, broth ”;
Lith. siaučiu ̀ siau ̃ sti “( corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate; play;
dash, rage “, siuntù, siùsti “toll become ”; besides also die meaning “hit” in žem. siũtis “
shove “, Ltv. ša ̀ ust “geißeln” ; compare also Lith. saũbti “rage, clamor, dash ”, šau ̃ bti
“umhertoben ”, O.Lith. siaubti “prank pull “; Ltv. šaulis m. “gate”;
maybe Alb. (*ši-) shij “thresh, winnow ”.
Russ. šuču ́ , šutítь ‘spaßen, joke” , šut (gen. šuta ́) m. “ merrymaker, buffoon “, Slov. šutec
“fool”.
References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.
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seu̯ǝ-, sū-
English meaning: to let, leave (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(loslassen?) nachlassen, lassen ”?
Material: Gk. ἐάω “lasse” (*ἐFάω), ἔβασον ἕασον . ΢υρακούσιοι , εὖα = ἔα Hes., Fut. ἐά̄σω,
Aor. ἔιᾱσα (to *ἐῖα); zero grade O.H.G. vir-sūmen , Ger. säumen , ver-säumen (wäre
denominative eines *sū-mó-s “ slackening, säumend” ).
References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 682, 752.
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se-
English meaning: reflexive pronoun
Deutsche Übersetzung: ursprũnglich “ abseits, getrennt, for sich ”, dann Reflexivpronomen
Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e-
Material: se- and s(e)u̯e- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri;
gen. seu̯e , dat. sebhei, enkLith. gen.-dat. s(u̯)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)u̯o-; se-: se-
u̯e- inflectional as te-: te-u̯e “du”.
1. se-: Gk. σφέ, σφίν etc., pO.S.S. σφός , derive from * σ-φει, σ-φι(ν), die as σφ-ει, σφ-ι(ν)
aufgefaßt wurden;
Lat. sibī, sē, päl. sefei , Osc. sífeí ‘sibi” (*sebhei ), siom ‘se” (Umbr. seso ‘sibi” from sei-psō
‘sibi ipsī?” ), Goth. sik, O.H.G. sih, O.N. sik ‘sich” (*se-ghe), Goth. sis, O.Ice. sēr dat. ,
PO.S.S. Goth. seins , O.H.G. sīn etc. ‘sein” (auf dem loc. * sei beruhendes *sei-no-s);
compare Messap. veinan ‘suam” from *su̯ei-nü-m; O.Pruss. sebbei dat. . sien acc. , O.C.S.
sebě dat., sę acc. ‘sibi, se”.
2. seu̯e -, *su̯e-: O.Ind. PO.S.S. svá- ‘suus”, Av. hva-, x ̌a-, ар. huva- “eigen, suus ” and
zero grade Av. hava- ds.; Av. dat. abl. hvüvōya i.e. Iran. *hu̯abya ‘sibi, se”, x ̌üi ‘sibi”;
Arm. in-k”n, gen. in-k”ean, ‘selbst” (k” from su̯), perhaps iur ‘sui, sibi”, (*seu̯ero -
or*seu̯oro -);
Gk. ἕ (pamph. Fhε) ‘sich” from *su̯e, Hom. ἑέ from * seu̯e , gen. Hom. ἕο, εἷο, εὑ, εὗ, Att.
οὗ (*suesi̯o ), dat. οἷ, οἱ, Lesb. Fοῖ (*su̯oi) besides Hom. ἑοῖ (*seu̯oi ), PO.S.S. ὅς, Dor. Fός
‘sein” (*su̯os ) besides Hom. ἑός (*seu̯os ), wherefore ἧλιξ ( *su̯ü-li-k-) “ of the same age,
coeval, fellow “;
Alb. ve-të (*su̯e-ti-) ‘selbst”, u- Pron. refl. (*su̯ë-), vajë “girl” (*vari̯ü to *su̯o-ro- “ relative “),
vëla “ brother “ (see above S. 685);

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Maybe Phrygian: vela- f. “family, relatives ” (?) : Alb. vëlla “brother”
Note:
Wrong etymology of Alb. vajë “girl”
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*vargha ) varza , tosk vajë “girl, virgin ” : Lat. virga “ thin branch, rod “ (from
*u̯iz-gü), virgō “ girl, virgin “;
Root u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh -): “to turn, press, strangle ” < rhotacism s/r of Root u̯eis-2 :
“to turn, bend ”.
aLat. sovos , from which in schwachtoniger position suos , Lat. suus ; Osc. suveís ‘sui”
(gen.), súvad ‘suü”, päl. suois ‘suis”, marr. suam ‘suam”, next to which zero grade Umbr.
sue-so loc. sg. ‘suō”; Lat. sē ̆ d, sē ̆ preposition “without”, prefix “beiseite” basic meaning “for
sich, without ” (abl. *s(u̯)ed), Konjunktion “but, however ”; in addition Gk. ἴδιος “ privat, eigen ”,
argiv. *Fhεδιος from IE *su̯ed -i̯os;
Goth. swēs “eigen”, n. “property”, O.H.G. O.S. swüs , O.E. swæ ̄ s , O.Ice. svüss “lieb, traut ”
(as *su̯ēdh -so- or -to- zur root * su̯edh -, see under; M.Du. swüselinc “father -in-law, son- in-
law, brother- in-law”; to O.H.G. gi-swīo (see under) the VN Suīonēs by Tacitus, O.Ice. Svīar
m. pl. ‘schweden ”, svī-düi “from selbst gestorben (not getötet)” , lengthened grade svē-vīss
“eigensinnig ”, Goth. swi-kunÞs “apparent, manifest, obvious ”;
Lith. savę̃s , sevę̃s ‘sui” (gen.) etc., PO.S.S. sãvas ; zero grade O.Pruss. swais = O.C.S.
svojь ‘suus, eigen ”; out of it swojakъ “affinis”, etc.
3. s(u̯)e-bh(o) -, su̯o-bho- “from eigener kind of ”: O.Ind. sabhü ́ “congregation, meeting,
Gemeindehaus ” (less good above S. 105); Goth. sibja, O.H.G. sipp(e)a etc. “family,
Gesamtheit the eigenen Leute ” (*seƀjō ); Gmc. *seƀnō - and *seƀnan - “family” in O.Ice. sjafni
m. “love”, GN sjǫfn f., VN *Seƀnan -ez >Semnones ‘sippegenossen; in addition the VN Lat.
Sabīnī as “die Sippenangehörigen” , Sabelli (*safnolo- ), Samnium = Osc. Safinim ; Lat.
Samnītes ; perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften Illyriern bezogener name with a from

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IE o, compare Slav. sob-; in addition lengthened grade die Gmc. Suēbi , O.H.G. Swübü
‘schwaben ” (Gmc. * swēba -, IE *su̯ēbho - “free, zum eigenen Volk gehörig” ); Russ. (etc.) o-
soba “person”, sobь “Eigenart, character ”, O.C.S. sobьstvo “Eigenart, entity ”, and with su̯-
O.C.S. svoboda “Freiheit” (originally ‘state, status the Sippenangehörigen” ); zero grade
seems O.Pruss. subs ‘selbst”; quite doubtful with e Slav. *sebrъ in Russ. pá-serbъ
‘stiefsohn” and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still klärungsbedũrftiger
nasalization *sębrъ in aSerb. sebrь “free Baner ”, Russ. sjabr “Nachbar, friend ”; compare
Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.
4. su̯ē̆dh -: O.Ind. svadhü ́ “Eigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimstätte” , (Av. x ̌aδüta -
“about sich selbst bestimmend, immortal “ is neuere composition); Gk. ἔθος n. “
consuetude, custom ” (thematic βεσόν ἔθος Hes., lakonisch), participle Hom. ἔθων “
habitual, customary “, perf. εἴωθα , Lesb. εὔωθα “bin habitual, customary “ (*sesu̯ōdha ),
ἐθίζω “gewöhne” , lengthened grade ἦθος n. “custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen ”, pl.
“domicile” (: Gmc. *swēsa -, if from * su̯ēdh -s-o-, see above), ἠθεῖος “traut”, ἔθνος “ bulk,
mass, Völkerschaft” as “family”?;
Lat. sodülis (*su̯edhülis ) “Kamerad, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse ”; soleō “bin habitual,
customary “, with l for * dh; suēscō “werde accustomed “ (*suēdh -skō);
but Goth. sidus “custom”, O.H.G. situ, O.E. sidu, seodu , O.Ice. siðr, acc. pl. siðu m.
“custom” (previously Ger. fem.) not here, da sie i in the root syllable have (Wissmann,
Mũnchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).
5. t- Derivatives: Av. x ̌aē-tu- “angehörig” , x ̌aē-tüt- “Angehörigkeit, affiliation” (due to
eines loc. * su̯ei-, su̯oi-); O.C.S. svatъ “kinsman, relative, relative, Brautwerber ”, (*su̯ō-to-s,
compare Serb. svük “ sister’s husband “, O.C.S. svojakъ “affinis”); Lith. svẽčias , svẽtis
“guest” (actually “foreigner, stranger ”; because of svẽtimas “ strange “, Ltv. svešs “ strange;
guest”, from *su̯e-ti̯os “for sich, allein stehend, hence out of stehend ”; compare Ltv. sevišks

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“ separate, allein ” and Gk. ἑκάς (Hes. βεκάς ), lit. *Fhε-κάς “for sich”, compare ἀνδρα -κάς
“man for man ” and O.Ind. dviśas “to zweien ”; Gk. ἕκαστος (*ἑκασ -στος “for sich stehend ”)
“ein jeder ”, thereafter ἑκάτερος , delph. F εκάτερος “jeder from zweien ”; Hom. ἔτης (Fέτης)
“kinsman, relative, friend ”, el. Fέτας “Privatmann ”.
With anlaut *se- (not *su̯e): O.C.S. *sětъ “guest”, posětiti “besuchen ”; Gk. ἕταρος “ fellow
“, fem. *ἕταιρα , ἑταίρᾱ, wherefore as neues m. ἕταιρος .
6. other Zugehörigkeits - and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under eigenen
Schlagworten *su̯elio [n]-, su̯esor -, su̯ek̂uro -s, suek̂rū -) are:
Maybe Alb. ( *su̯elio vëlla “brother (*brother- in-law, sister ’s husband) ”
O.Ice. sveinn “Bursche, herdsman, shepherd ”, O.S. swēn ‘schweinehirt ”
(Bedeutungsanschluß an swīn ‘swine”), O.E. swün ‘schweinehirt, herdsman, shepherd ”,
poet. “man, warrior ”; Lith. sváinis (*su̯oini̯os) “of Weibes sister ’s husband “, sváinė “die
sister the wife, woman ”, Ltv. svainis “brother the wife, woman ”; O.H.G. (ge)swīo “brother -in-
law, sister ’s husband “, M.H.G. geswīe m. f. “brother- in-law, Schwägerin” , O.Ice. sveit f.
“Kriegerschar ”;
7. Auf a connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (?) die
base from Gmc. *selba- ‘selbst” (-bho- as above in *s(u̯)ebho- ), Goth. silba, O.N. sjálfr , O.E.
self, O.H.G. selb, Ger. selb, -er, -st in addition Ven. sselboi sselboi ‘sibi ipsi” (= O.H.G. selb
selbo ); compare also Gmc. *selda- ‘seldom”, Goth. silda-leiks “wundersam ” (“from rare,
seltsamer Gestalt ”), O.H.G. selt-süni ‘seltsam”, adv. seltan ‘seldom” etc. (‘seldom” from “for
sich, alleinstehend, einzig ”); daß Lat. sōlus “allein, einzig, bare ” a similar IE connection *sō-
lo- entstammt, is possible ; after Szemere ́ nyi (Word 8, 50) from * su̯e-alo-.
8. Vom Reflexivum in the meaning to divide is the stem su̯e- in particles for ‘so” from
which “as” and “if”:

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Hom. ὥς (Fως) postpositive ‘so” from *su̯ō- with suffixalem -s; but ὁτ(τ)ι, Att. ὅτις “was
also always ” (*i̯od-kʷid), Hom. ὅππως, Att. ὅπως “ as” belong to *i̯o- above S. 283
(Schwyzer Gk. 1, 617); Osc. svaí, svae , Umbr. sve, sue “if”, aLat. suad (Festus) ‘sic”; Goth.
swē “as” (relative), swa-swē “as”; Goth. swa, O.N. svü, O.E. swü, swæ ̄ ‘so”, O.S. O.H.G.
nnd. sō; in addition Goth. swa-leiks , O.Ice. slīkr, O.E. swelc, swilc etc., O.H.G. solīh, sulīh
etc. ‘solch”;
Umbr. so-pir ‘siquis”, Osc. svaepis , volsk. sepis ‘siquis”, surur, suror, suront, sururont
“item” (*su̯ō-su̯ō); aLat. sō-c ‘so” (could have evolved from * su̯ō ), Lat. sī “if” (originally ‘so”,
sī dīs placet ), sī-c ‘so”.
References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251 f.,
291, 294 f., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff., Benveniste
BSL 50, 36 ff.;
See also: s. also seni- and su-.
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sē ̆ ik-, sī̆k-
English meaning: to reach for, grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reichen, greifen (with the Hand) ”
Material: Gk. ἵκω (*sīkō ), Dor. εἵκω (*seikō ) “come, gelange, erreiche ”, Ion. Att. Inf. Aor.
ἱκέσθαι (*sĭk-), Praes. ἱκνέομαι , Hom. ἱκά̄νω (*ἱκανFω) ds., ἱκανός “hinreichend, genũgend” ,
ἱκέτης , ἵκτωρ, ἱκτήρ ‘schutzflehender ” (‘schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend ”); προΐσσομαι
“bettle”, προΐκτης “ beggar”, προίξ , προικός f. “gift, present ”, Att. acc. προῖκα “as gift, free ”,
ἴκμενοςοὖρος “ein gũnstiger wind” (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), αἴκτος “unzugänglich” ;
from IE *sē[i]k-: ἥκω “bin angekommen, bin da ”;
contamination from εἱκ- and ἐνεγκ - is ep. Ion. ἤν-εικα “ἤνεγκα” ;
O.Ice. sür “großer Kũbel” = O.E. sü “ bucket, pail “ (*saihaz ), O.Ice. süld ds. ( *saihadla- );
Lith. síekti “die Hand ausstrecken ”, seikiù , seike ́ti “with measure of capacity messen ”, Iter.
saikaũ , -ūti; saĩkas , síekas “ measure of capacity “; síeksnis “Klafter (as Maß)” ;
References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.
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sē(i)-1
English meaning: to sift
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sieben”
Material: Gk. ἤθω, ἤθέ ω ‘siebe”, ἠθμός m. ‘seihtuch, Sieb ”; changing through ablaut
(probably ī-) ἱμαλιά̄ τὸ ἐπίμετρον τ῵ν ἀλεύρων Hes., ἱμαλίς, -ίδος ‘schutzgöttin the Mũhlen”
under likewise; (about Lat. simila “feinstes Weizenmehl ” s. but WH. II 538); M.Ir. sīthlad
“das Sieben ” (das th from sīthal “ bucket, pail “); Welsh hidl, M.Bret. sizl, Bret. sil ‘sieb” from
*sē-tlo- = O.Ice. süld n. ‘sieb” = Goth. *sēÞl , assumed through karel. siekla , finn. seula
‘sieb”; Lith. síetas ‘sieb” = O.C.S. sito ds. (*sēi-to-), Lith. sijóju , -ti ‘sieben”; Slav. *sějǫ, *sěti
(*sějati ) in O.C.S. pro-sěati “σινίασαι ” Serb. sȉjati ‘sieben”, (present-stem *sēi̯a-, preterit-
stem *sii̯ü-); Alb. shosh ‘siebe”(*si̯ü-s);
*sēi- ‘sieben” is probably as “ through ein Geflecht fall lassen ” eine Sonderanwendung
from *sēi- “entsenden, throw, säen, fall lassen” .
References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.
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sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē- : sǝ - and sei- : si-
English meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semenƛ ɫäṭɛ
Deutsche Übersetzung: “entsenden, werfen, fallen lassen, säen” ; besides “nachlassen,
loslassen, säumen (late, langsam, langdauernd); Abspannung, Ruhe; herabsinkend” ;
andrerseits “die Hand whereupon ausstrecken, Anspannung, Kraft ”
Material: A. “entsenden, throw, säen” :
a. O.Ind. sü ́ yaka -, “zum Schleudern bestimmt ”, m. n. “Wurfgeschoß, Pfeil”, m. ‘sword”,
süyikü “Dolch”, sē ́ nü “Wurfgeschoß, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, Heer” , prásita -
“dahinschießend (from birds)” , prásiti - f. “Anlauf, onrush, Wurf, Geschoß” ;
b. ‘säen”: O.Ind. sī́ra- n. ‘saatpflug”, sī́tü “furrow” (*die Besäte); Lat. serō (*si-s-ō), -ere,
sēvī, sůtus ‘säen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen” , sůtiō “das Säen” , sůtor ‘säer”; Goth.
saian (saísō ), O.H.G. süen , O.S. süian , O.E. süwan , O.Ice. sü ‘säen” from Proto-Gmc.
*sējan = Lith.se ́ju (se ́ti) ds., O.C.S. sějǫ (sějati ) ds.; Lat. sēmen “ seed, sperm “ (Sēmōnēs
‘saatgötter” ), O.H.G. O.S. sümo ds. (m. geworden), Lith. pl. se ́men -s, -ys “Flachssaat ”,
O.Pruss. semen ‘samen”, O.C.S.sěmę ‘samen”; O.H.G. etc. süt “das Säen, Saat” , Goth.
mana-sēÞs “(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world ”; zero grade Welsh Bret. had “ seed,
sperm “, Corn. has “ seed, sperm “, further probably O.Ir. sa(i)the (*sǝti̯o -) “ swarm, Wurf
from jungen animals, brood ”, Welsh haid f. “ swarm, troop, multitude, crowd ”, Bret. hed m. “
swarm, swarm of bees ” (also “* seed, sperm = Generation, progeny “, as Goth. manasēÞs );
maybe Alb. hedh “throw” [common Alb. s- > h- shift]
-tlo-formation: Lith. sėklà ‘saat”: with reduplication-grade *sǝi-: Lat. saeculum “gender,
sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert ”; Welsh hoedl “Lebensdauer ”, O.Bret. hoetl , M.Bret. hoazl
ds., Gaul. Deae Sētloceniae ;

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O.Ir. sīl “ seed, sperm “, Welsh hil “ seed, sperm, progeny “ (IE *sē-lo-), Lith. pasėlỹs
“Aussaat, Beisaat ”; zero grade in compound: probably Goth. frasts “kid, child ” from * pro-
s[ǝ]-tis; perhaps M.Ir. ross n. “(flax)samen ”;
strittig is die affiliation from Gk. ἵημι “ throw, cast, sende ”, see above S. 502.
B. “die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power “, presumably from the outlook
the forceful zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:
O.Ice. seilask (*sailjan ) ‘sich strecken, bemũhen” ; Lith. síela “ eagerness “, O.Pruss.
seilin acc. ds., pl. seilins ‘sense”, noseilis “ghost”; Serb. sȉla, Cz. síla “ power “ (*sē ́ ilü); O.Ir.
sīnim “recke, strecke from ”; Lith. ne-seĩ-nyti “not reach ”; M.Ir. sethar ‘strong” (*si-tro ), Welsh
hydr, O.Bret. hitr, hedr, Bret. hezr “bold”.
C. “kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, loslassen; säumen; late, slow, sich lang
hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend ”;
O.Ind. áva-syati , Aor. a-süt “hört auf, schließt; makes halt, verweilt” , áva-sita- “wer sich
niedergelassen hat, wohnhaft ”, avasü ́ na - n. “place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode,
residence; end, death ”; süya ́ - n. “Einkehr, evening ”, süti- f. “decision, end ” (Lex.) = Av. hüti-
“piece, break, section ” (“*das Absetzen am Schluß eines Abschnittes” ); Av. hüϑra- n.
“certain stretch of time, Frist ”(*”Absatz, ein way- and Zeitmaß” );
Gk. presumably ἥσυχος “ peaceful “ (ending as μείλι -χος, from a *sē-tu- “ tranquility “;
similar t- derivatives see under);
Lat. sinō, -ere, sī -vi “lassen, geschehen lassen ”, dēsinere “ablassen, cease ”, dēsivüre
“ablassen ”, pōnō (*po-sĭnō, compare participle positus ); “place, stellen ” (*”low, base-place,
ab-place”), situs ‘stand gelassen; beigesetzt ”; sileō, -ēre “rest, cease (e.g. of Winde),
schweigen ” = Goth. anasilan “(of Winde:) cease, verstummen ” due to eines l-participle *si-
lo-; compare O.E. sül-nes ‘schweigen ” (*sǝi-lo-);
Lat. sētius “later, less, less good ”; sērus “late” (= O.Ir. sīr);

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O.Ir. sīr (= Lat. sērus ) “langdauernd, eternal “, Welsh Corn. Bret. hir “long”, compar. O.Ir.
sīa = Welsh hwy (from *sē-is), superl. O.Ir. sīam , Welsh hwyaf ; M.Ir. sith- “lang, andauernd ”
(Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir “also long ”, Welsh hyd “Lange, Fortdauer, while;
usque ad ”, O.Welsh hit, Corn. hes, Bret. hed, het m. “length” (*si-tu-, -ti-); viell. Welsh hoed
(*sǝi-to-) m. ‘sehnsucht ”;
Goth. seiÞus “late”, Þana -seiÞs “further, still ” (compar.-adv. *sīÞ-iz, as:) O.Ice. sīðr adv.
“less”, sīz “nachdem ” (< sīðes ), O.E. sīð ðüm ‘seitdem”, O.S. sīth, O.H.G. sīd ds., Ger. seit;
O.Ice. sīð adv. “late”, superl. sīzt; with the meaning ‘schlaff herabfallend ” : sīðr
“herabhängend, long” , O.Fris. sīde “low”, O.E. sīd “long, wide, breit ”, O.H.G. sīto adv. “laxe”;
eine Substantivierung therefrom is O.Ice. sīða f. ‘seite (of Körpers)” , O.E. sīde, O.S. sīda,
O.H.G. sīta ‘seite” (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under grown); Goth. sainjan
‘säumen, hesitate” , O.Ice. seinn ‘slow, late”, O.E. sæ ̄ nе , M.H.G. seine ‘slow, idle”, O.E. ü-
sünian ‘slack, weak become ”; changing through ablaut M.H.G. senen (*si-nēn), Ger. sich
sehnen and Swe. dial. sīna “cease milk to give ” (n bare present formant, as in Lat. sinō);
Nor. seimen ‘saumselig, slow ”, O.H.G. lancseimi ‘slow”; changing through ablaut O.E.
siomian (*simian ) “hesitate, hängen, sich senken” , O.H.G. gi-semōn “harren”;
Lith. ãtsainus “careless, neglectful ”, presumably also sietuvà , Ltv. siet(u)s , sietawa “deep
place in river ” (perhaps “deep hinabsinkend ”);
References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The
Heimat the IE Gemeinsprache 25;
See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1 .
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sē(i)-3, -sǝi - : sī- and sei- : si-
English meaning: to bind; strap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden (also durch Zauber), Strick, Riemen ”
Material: O.Ind. syáti, sinü ́ ti , sinōti “binds, binds los ” (perf. siṣǘya , Aor. ásüt, participle sita-),
sayatvá - n. “connection, Befestigung ”, sēta ́ r - m. “Feßler; fesselnd” , prasiti - “ loop, noose,
snare, net, Falle ” (lex.); Av. hü(y) - “bind, fesseln ” (present hayeiti , participle hita-), hita- m.
“Gespann ”;
Ltv. sìet “bind”, Lith. siẽti ds., sijà “Brũckenbalken” , ãtsaja ‘stränge of Pferdes” ;
Hitt. išḫii̯a-, išḫüi, luv. hišḫii̯a - “bind” (Pedersen Hitt. 114 Anm.).
with -bh- formants: O.Ir. soīb “ deceitful, verlogen ” (*soi-bho-), wörtl. “ zauberisch ”, ablaut.
sīabair “Phantom, ghost ”, sīabraid “verzaubert, verwandelt ” (*sei-bh-), PN Find-abair f. =
Welsh Gwen-hwyfar “Ginevra” (“weißes ghost”); s. Vendryès RC 46, 263 ff.;
With m-formant: O.Ind. sīma ́ n - m., sīmü f. ‘scheitel, limit, boundary ”, sīmanta - m. ds.;
Gk. ἱμά̄ς, -άντος ‘strap” (to *ἱμά̄), ἱμάω “pull an einem rope, band in die Höhe” , ἱμονιά̄
“Brunnenseil ”, ἱμαῖος “das Wasserschöpfen betreffend” , ἱμάσσω (Aor. ἱμάσσαι , ἱμάσαι )
“peitschen ”; Ir. sim “ chain “; O.Ice. sīmi m. “rope, band, cord ”, O.E. sīma , O.S. sīmo “band,
strap, rope, manacle ”, O.Ice. seimr “ filament “;
With n-formant: Av. hinu- m. “band, strap, manacle ”, O.E. sinu, O.H.G. senawa , O.Ice.
sin f. ‘sinew” (Proto-Gmc. *sinwü , das after dem alteration from nu̯ to nn from sinu-
reshaped is), M.Ir. sī̆n “ chain, collar, neckband ”; Ltv. pa-sainis “cord”, aif-sainis “bundle”,
Lith. síena “limit, boundary, wall ”, Ltv. siẽna “wall”;
With l-formant: O.Ice. seil f., O.E. sül m. f., O.H.G. seil n. “rope, band, rope, manacle ”,
Goth. in-sailjan “anseilen”, ablauteud O.H.G. silo m. “rope, band, strap ”, O.Ice. sili, seli m.
‘seile”; Lith. àtsailė f. “Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse ”, àtseilis “das vom

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Schwengel an die Achse gehende iron ”; Slav. *sidlo n. (*sitlo- ) in O.C.S. silo “rope, band ”,
Pol. sidɫo “ loop, noose, snare “;
With t-formant still: O.Ind. sē ́ tu- “bindend, fesselnd ”, m. “band, strap, manacle, bridge,
dam, Grenzzeichen ”, Av. haētu - “ dam “; Lat. saeta “ strong hair, esp. the animal, bristle ”;
Welsh Bret. hud “charm, spell ”, O.Corn. hudol “ magician “ from * soi-to- = Gmc. *saiÞa -
“charm, spell ”, GN dat. pl. Saitchamimi[s] , to *SaiÞhamjōz “die through Zauber ihre Gestalt
ändern to be able “ , O.Ice. seiðr m. “band, strap, rope, band ”, seið f. “charm, spell ”; in
addition sīða “conjure, perform magic ”, O.E. -siden f. “charm, spell ”; O.E. süda m. “rope”,
O.H.G. seito m., seita f. “rope, Fallstrick, Saite ”; Lith. saĩtas , siẽtas , Ltv. saĩte “band, strap,
manacle, cord ”, O.Pruss. saytan n. ‘strap”; O.C.S. sětь f. “net”, sitьce “rope”.
References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. Wũst Ural -alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff.
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sē ̆ k-2
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Grammatical information: unthemat. Wurzelpräsens
Material: Alb. shatë “Karst” (*sekti- );
Lat. secō , -üre “cut, clip, abschneiden ”, segmen, segmentum “break, section ”, secespita
“Opfermesser ” (ending unexplained), secīvum “libum est, quod secespita secütur” (: O.C.S.
sěčivo “axe”); secūris “axe” (: O.C.S. sekyra “axe”), sēcula ‘sickle” (kampanisch); with
ablaut Lat. a:saxum “Felsstũck” (compare to meaning rupes : rumpō , Ger. Schere “Кlippe”:
scheren , zur form O.H.G. sahs “knife”, O.C.S. socha ; Lat. a seems reduplication-grade o
besides о in O.H.G. sahs ), perhaps sacēna, scēna “die hoe the Pontifices ” (*sakes-nü);
asignae “κρέα μεριζόμενα” (*an-sek-nü), marr. asignas N. pl. f. “non prosectae (carnes) ”;
Lat. sī̆gnum n. “mark, token, sign, indication “, if originally “eingeschnittene Marke ” (?);
Umbr. prusekatu “ prōsecütō “ , proses̀etir “ prōsectīs “ , asec̨eta “non secta ”, prusec̨ia “
prōsiciüs “ ;
M.Ir. tescaid “cuts, slices, beißt” (*to-eks-sk- ), M.Ir. ēiscid “haut ab” (*in-sek- ); M.Ir. arasc
(*ari-sko-) “abgehauener neck -stump ”, airsce (*ari-ski̯o-) ds.; O.Ir. se(i)che f. ‘skin, fell, fur ”
(: O.Ice. sigg n. “hard skin ” from * seʒi̯a-); but Ir. sēol “kerchief, cloth, sail ”, Welsh hwyl ‘sail”
from * seglo- (: O.Ice. O.E. segl ‘sail” from *sekló -m) are probably Gmc. Lw.;
Welsh hesg , sg. hesgen “carex” (from den incisive scharfen Blättern), O.Corn. heschen
“canna, arundo ”, Bret. hesk (*sek-skü) “reed with schneidenden Blättern” , M.Ir. seisc f. “
bulrush”;
O.H.G. sega , saga , O.E. sagu, sage , O.Ice. sǫg ‘säge”, O.H.G. segisna, segansa , Ger.
Sense ; O.Ice. segi, sigi m. “losgerissenes Fleischstũck, Fleischfaser” ; O.Ice. sigðr m., sigð

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f., O.E. sigðe m., M.L.G. segede , sichte f. ‘sickle” (*seketó -); O.E. secg f. ‘sword” and
“Riedgras ”, M.L.G. segge “Riedgras ”; O.H.G. sahar , Ger. bO.Ir. Sac(h)er ds.; O.Ice. O.E.
segl, O.H.G. segal ‘sail”, O.S. segal , segela “curtain” (*”Tuchstũck” ; see above to Ir. sēol);
O.Ice. sigg n. “hard skin ” (see above to Ir. seiche ); O.Ice. sax n. “knife, sword ”, pl. sǫx
‘scissors”, O.E. seax n. “knife, kurzes sword ”, O.H.G. sahs “knife” (also in mezzi-ra(h)s ,
O.E. mete-seax “knife”); O.Ice. sø ̄ gr “losgerissenes Stũck, stripe” ; O.H.G. suoha “harrow,
furrow” (Dimin. suohili, suoli n.);
Lith. į-sē ̆ kti “eingraben ”, išsē ̆ kti ‘sculpere”; O.C.S. sěkǫ , sěšti “cut, clip”, sěčivo “axe” (:
Lat. secīvum ), sekyra “axe” (next to which *sěkyra in Serb. sjekira after sěkǫ transfigured);
unclear, whether here Lat. sīca “Dolch”, sīcīlis “Lanzenspitze ”; Lith. sỹkis “Hieb, Mal ”, Clr.
syč in. “the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende Teil of Stammes ”, O.E. sügol
(*sǝikolo -), m. ‘stick, club, mace, joint ” = M.H.G. seigel “Leitersprosse, grade ”, M.H.G. dial.
saich “reed”.
References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;
See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed- , skēi -, sken-, skēu -6.
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sēk-3
English meaning: quiet, lazy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nachlassen, träge, ruhig”
Material: Gk. Hom. ἦκα ‘still, leise, sacht, weak, slow ”, ἤκιστος “langsamster ”, Att. ἥκιστα
“am wenigsten, gar nicht ”, Hom. ἥσσων , Att. ἥττων ‘schwächer, geringer” ; reduced grade
Hom.ἀκέων “ closemouthed “ = Adverb. ἀκήν , later as object, Dor. ἀκᾶ (instr. ) “ peaceful,
stillschweigend ”, ἀκαλά -ρροος , ἀκαλα -ρρείτης “gentle flowing “, perhaps ἄκασκα , ἀκασκᾳ
‘sacht”;
Lat. sēgnis (*sēknis ) ‘slow, sleepy, idle ”.
extension from 2. *sē(i)- “ slacken “.
References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 166 f., Frisk 52.
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sēmi- (*ghemi -)
English meaning: half
Deutsche Übersetzung: “halb” as 1. composition part
Material: O.Ind. sümí - “half” (á-sümi - adj. “not half, vollständig” ); Gk. ἡμι- “half” (ἥμισυς “half”
from originally ἥμιτυς m. “ *half”, compare Cret. ἠμιτυ -έκτου, epid. ἡμίτεια; ἡμίνα “ half”); Lat.
sēmi - (sēmus late Adjektivierung); sēmis indekl. “half” probably after bis; O.H.G. sümi -, O.S.
süm-; compare Lat. sēmi-vivus , Gk. ἡμί-βιος, O.H.G. sümi -queck , O.S. süm-quick “halbtot”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*ghem- us) glymsë, gjymsë , Tosc gjysmë “half” [common Alb. gh- > gl - >
gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation] : Rom. jumůtate “half” : Gk. ἥμισυς “ half” preservation
of the old laryngeal.
References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.
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sē[i]dh - : sīdh - and : sǝdh -
English meaning: to strive for a goal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geradeaus auf ein Ziel zugehen ”
Material: O.Ind. sü ́ dhati “kommt zum Ziel, bringt zum Ziel, in order ”, causative südha ́ yati ,
südhu ́ - ‘straight, proficient ”, -südh - (2. composition part) = jAv. - hüd- “lenkend”, hüdrōyü - f.
“desire nachErreichung of Zieles ” (from *hüdra - m., IE *sēdh -ro- “Erreichung of Zieles ”);
zero grade O.Ind. sidhrá - “erfolgreich ”, sídhyati “kommt zum Ziel ”, participle siddhá -, perf.
siṣḗdha - etc.; Av. üsna “erfolgreich ” (*ü-zdh-na-); ablaut neologism is sadh- in O.Ind. sadh-
nōti and sádhis - “place, purpose “;
Gk. ἰ̄θύς (*sīdhus ) ‘straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), adv. geradeaus ”, ἰθύς, -ύος “attack,
Unternehmung ”, ἰθύω “dringe vor ”, ἰ̄θύ̄νω “make straight ”; εἶθαρ “immediately, right away ”,
εὐθύς (from *εἰθύς ) ‘straight”.
References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 350.
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si̯ē[u]-ro- : si̯ǝ-ur(i̯o)-
English meaning: brother- in-law
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bruder der Frau ”?
Note:
From an extended Root se- : reflexive pronoun

Material: O.Ind. syülá- “ brother of the wife, woman ”; Serb.-Church Slavic šurь, Serb. šu ̂ ra,
aRuss. Russ. šu ́ rin (pl. šu ́ rьja , compare bratьja ).

Maybe Alb. ( *hu̯ela) vëlla “brother”
References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht IE Decl. 91; against it Brũckner ZslPh. 4,
217;
See also: whether to sē ̆ i-3 S. 891?
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si̯ū-
English meaning: to sew
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nähen”
Grammatical information: (vor consonant and in present si̯ūu̯ō ), sīu ̯- (in present sīu ̯ i̯ō)
Note: besides sū- (dissimilated from si̯ū-i̯ō); probably to sĕi-3, S. 891
Material: O.Ind. sī́vyati “näht” (= Goth. siujan ), syūta ́ - “genäht” (= Lith. siútas , Russ. šityj ds.,
O.Ice. sjōðr ), syūman - n. “band, strap, rein, suture ” (compare O.Pruss. schumeno , and with
ŭ Gk. ὑμήν), sīvana -m “das Nähen, the suture” , sūtra -m “ filament “; Gk. ὑμήν m. “dũnne
skin, sinew ”; Lat. suō, -ere, suī, sūtum “ sew, zusammennähen” , sūtor ‘schuster”, sūbula “
pricker, awl ” (*sū-dhlü); Goth. siujan , O.Ice. sȳja, O.E. si(o)wian , seowian , O.H.G. siuwan
(preterit siwita ) “ sew “; O.H.G. siut m. “ suture”, O.Ice. sjōðr m., O.E. seod “Beutel” (iu̯ from
IE i̯ū); M.H.G. sūte “ suture”, O.Ice. sūð f. “Plankenverband, board ”; O.H.G. siula, Ger.
Säule “ pricker, awl ” (*si̯ū-dhlü, compare O.C.S. silo and Lat. subula );
O.H.G. soum , O.E. sēam , O.Ice. saumr m. “hem, suture ” (compare O.Ind. syūman -); Lith.
siuvù , siúti “ sew “, Ltv. šuvu (šuju, šu ̃ nu ), šut ds.; Lith. siútas “genäht” , Ltv. suts ds.;
O.Pruss. schumeno ‘schusterdraht ” (: O.Ind. syuman -); O.C.S. šijo ̨ (*si̯ūi̯ō), šiti (= Lith. siúti)
“ sew “, Russ. šityj “genäht” , O.C.S. sьvěnъ “genäht” (*si̯uu̯eno -), silo = Cz. sidlo n. “
pricker, awl ”; further by Trautmann 261 f.; Hitt. šum(m)anza(n) “ filament “, also (?) šuel, šuil
ds.
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.
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skabh -, skambh -
English meaning: to support
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stũtzen”
Material: O.Ind. skabhnü ́ ti , skabhnō ́ ti “ propped “, perf. cü ̆ ska ́ mbha ; skabhüyati “ fastened,
ligated, strengthened, reinforced, made fast; fortified “; skambhá - m., skámbhana -m “ prop,
pillar “, Av. upaskambǝm “under fastening, strengthening “, fraskǝmba -, frasčimbana - “
girders, pillars “; Pers. paškam “ a covered walk between columns, colonnade, piazza,
arcade, gallery, porch, portico “, sogd. šk”np- (*skamb ) “ base of the universe “;

Maybe Alb.Gheg shkamb , Tosc shkëmb ‘seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar ” related to Lat.
scamnum (*skabhnom ).
Lat. scamnum (*skabhnom ) “ bench, footstool “, Dimin. scabillum, scabellum “niedriges
Bänkchen, footstool “ ;
die ar. within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from Av. frasčimbana - (compared
with O.Ind. skámbhana -m) reshuffling through ar. from skabh - after * stembh - (see steb- “
jamb, upright section of a door frame or window frame; stanchion, roof support “) in O.Ind.
stabhnü ́ ti “ plinth, base, base of a pedestal t ”, stambha- “ posts, pillars, columns “ etc.
References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.
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(s)kamb - and (s)kemb -
English meaning: to curve, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krũmmen, biegen”
Note:
Root (s)kamb - and (s)kemb - : “to curve, bend ” derived from Root kam-p- : “to bend”.
Material: Gk. σκαμβός “crooked, bowlegged ”; O.Ir. camb “crooked”, Welsh Corn. cam, Bret.
kamm ds., Gaul. in Cambio- dūnum “Kempten ”, Bret. camhet an rot “Radfelge ” (*cambitü );
zero grades *km̥b- “turn = wenden, swap, vary, exchange, tauschen ” and
“zusammendrehen, fesseln ” in Gaul.-Lat. cambiüre ‘swap, vary, exchange, tauschen ” and
M.Ir. cimb “Tribut, Silber ”, O.Ir. cimbid “captive”, cimbe “ captivity, imprisonment,
confinement “;
With e-vocalism: Gk. κόμβος m. “ band, strap, loop ”, κομβό ω “knũpfe” ; Nor. hempa
“Kleiderstrippe, loop, noose, snare, Henkel ” (also “Zeug from Hanf ”, in welcher meaning
certainly from hamp “Hanf” influenced);
from a basic meaning “crooked go ” from reiht man an: Gk. *σκέμβω “ hinke” erschlossen
from dem names ΢κόμβος, Swe. skumpa “hinken”, skimpa “hũpfen, tanzen” , O.H.G.
scimpfan “ joke drive, push, play, deride “, Ger. schimpfen, Schimpf ; Ger. (nd.) humpen,
humpeln (or to keub-? above S. 590 f.);
*(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp - “bend” (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb-
is still unclear; also das zur nasallosen root for “bend” (?) or “haken” (compare Lith. kimbù ,
kìbti “hangen bleiben ”): kabù, -e ́ti “hangen”, kabìnti “hängen” , kablỹs m. “hook”, kabe ̃ f.
“Heftel, hook ” (but also e-forms as kebẽklis “hook”); O.C.S. skoba f. “fibula”, Russ. skobá “
agrafe, hook, clasp “, wherefore O.Ice. hōp n. ‘small bay ”, O.E. hōp “ring”; against it O.Ice.

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(s)kāi -, (d-), (t-)
English meaning: shining, bright
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hell, leuchtend ”
Material: O.Ind. kētú- m. “Lichterscheinung, Helle, Bild ” (= Goth. haidus ), kēta- m. “mark,
token, sign ”, kētana -m “body, Erkennungszeichen ”, citrá- “augenfällig, lovely, superb,
pretty, splendid, bright ”, n. “apparition ” = Av. čiϑra- “augenfällig, clear, bright” (ablaut. with
O.H.G. heitar );
Lat. probably caesius “γλαυκός , from den Augen ” (from *kait- or *kaid- to- from, compare
Lith. skáistas ) and caelum ‘sky, heaven ” (*kaid- lo- or * kaid-, *kait-slo-, compare with - r-
forms dt. heiter , Lith. skaid-rùs, skáidrus );
Goth. haidus “kind of and Weise ” (originally * ”lichte apparition ”), O.Ice. heiðr m. “honour,
earnings ”, O.E. hüd, hæ ̄ d, O.H.G. heit ‘stand, rank, kind of ” (Ger. suffix - heit); O.Ice. heið n.
“clear, bright sky, heaven ” (: O.Ind. kēta- m.), heið-r adj. “cheerful, uncloudy ”; O.H.G. heitar
“cheerful, gleaming (originally from the cloudless sky, heaven) ”, O.S. hēdar “cheerful”, O.E.
hüdor ds., n. “cheeriness of sky ”;
Lith. skaidrùs, skáidrus “bright, clear, bright ”; Ltv. skaĩdrs ds., “clean”; Lith. skáistas ,
skaistùs “bright”; different (to skēid - under S. 921) Trautmann 263.
Maybe Alb. skaj “edge, end ”
References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;
See also: compare kůi-3 (above S. 519) and sk̂üi- (under).
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(s)kek -, skeg -
English meaning: to spring, move quickly
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen; lebhafte Bewegung ”
Material: Gk. κεκ῅νας λαγωούς . Κρ῅τες Hes. (“ hare” as ‘springer”);
O.Ir. scēn “fright” (*skek- no-); scochid , newer scuchid (*skoketi ) “weicht, geht fort, geht to
end” (Konj.-stem scess- , perf. scüich “ walked fort, war vorũber” ); di-ro-uss-scoch-
“ũbertreffen” (*”hervorspringen ”), Welsh ysgogi “to stir”, Bret. diskogella ‘shake”;
O.H.G. scehan st. V. “hurry, quick, fast fortgehen ”, M.H.G. Ger. geschehen , O.E. scēon
schw. V. “geschehen, hurry ”, M.H.G. schehen schw. V. “quick, fast einherfahren, hurry ”,
O.H.G. skihtīg ‘shy” (Goth. skōhsl n. “böser ghost, fiend, demon ” as “einherfahrend ” or
‘schũttelnd” here?); Causative M.H.G. schicken (“proceed, go ahead lassen ”) “bereiten,
sort, order, arrange, senden ”, Ger. schicken ; O.H.G. gesciht “Ereignis”, Ger. Geschichte ,
M.H.G. schiht “ alignment, layer (by Bergleuten, and otherwise) ”; with gramm. variation:
O.Ice. skaga “hervorspringen, hervorstechen ”, skagi m. “Landzunge ”, lengthened
gradeskōgr m. “wood, forest ”; O.E. tōscecgan ‘sich divide ”, sceaga m. ‘shrubbery, bush ”
(from “wood, forest ”); also O.Ice. skegg n. “beard” (*skaggja -), O.E. sceagga “ hair of the
head “, O.Ice. skeggja f. ‘streitaxt” (compare Ger. Barte ds.);
Church Slavic skokъ m. ‘sprung”, Perfektiv O.C.S. skočiti , Imperf. skakati ‘spring”; with
Alternation sk:ks Lith. šo ́ kti ‘spring”, Ltv. sâkt “begin”, Lith. šankìnti ‘spring make ”.
Auslautvariante auf -g-: skeg - “hurry, spring, shake ” (= ‘spring make ”) in: O.Ind. khajati
“rũhrt um” (Dhütup.), khája - m. “Gewũhl”, khája -, khajaka- m., (lex.) khajü f. “Rũhrstock,
Butterstößel” ; O.Ice. skaka st. V. ‘swing, schnitteln ”, O.E. sceacan ‘shake ( Eng. shake );
hurry, go away, pass over, flee ”; O.S. skakan st. V. “go away, pass over, escape, flee ” (nd.
schacken ‘shake, rũcken” ), O.H.G. unt-scachōndes “fluctivagi ”; O.H.G. scahho m. “

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(s)kel-1
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Note: not reliable from kel- “hit” and kel- “prick” (above S. 545 f.) to separate.
Material: O.Ind. kalü ́ ‘small part ” (: Serb. pro-kola “Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen ”, das at
first to O.C.S. koljǫ “ prick “ and ‘split”, above S. 546);
Arm. čelk”em ‘split, zerschlage ”; probably also k”eli “ rudder, helm “ (meaning as in O.E.
helma , see under); auf anl. sk̂- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem palatal) wiese
c̣elum ‘split”;
Gk. σκάλλω ‘scharre, hacke, grabe ”, σκαλίς “hack, mattock, hoe, Karst ”; σχαλίς “ wooden
fork alsStũtze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze” (under influence of σχάζω “ ritze, schlitze auf” ,
σχάσμα “ incision “); σκαλμό ς “peg, plug, Ruderdolle ” (compare Thrac. σκάλμη, O.H.G.
scalm , O.E. helma , O.Sor. čoɫm, Lith. kélmas); σκύλλω “ flay, tear, rend, plage ” (*skoli̯ō), κο-
σκυλ -μάτια “ Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather ”, σκ῵λος ‘spitzpfahl” (compare Lith. kuõlas
“picket, pole ”; with ŏ: O.C.S. kolъ “peg, plug ” above S. 546); perhaps is also κωλύ ω
“hemme, hindre ” from a *κ῵λος “ peg, plug ” derived ( “anpflöcken” ), the ending - ύω after
dem begriffl. contrast λύω?; σκόλυθρον “ footstool “, σκολύπτειν “verstũmmeln,
beschneiden ” Hes., ἀποσκολύπτω “ kastriere ”; auf eine meaning “from the skin sich
abspaltende scale, husk “ goes back κελεφό ς “Aussätziger” (compare M.Eng. scalle “ crust,
scab, eschar “, nEng. scall (N.. Lw.), Swe. skål ‘skin rash am Munde ”);
Thrac. σκάλμη ‘sword, knife ” (*skolmü );
Alb. halë “ scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the Ähren “ (*skoli̯ü = Goth. skalja ); holë
“thin, fine, tender ”; f. “Zartheit” (*skēl -); hel “Pfrieme, pricker, awl ”, hele “Bratspieß, spit,

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pike, Lanze ” (= σκ῵λος); perhaps shtel” “öffne, make gleaming, sharp, stec ke fire an,
entzũnde” (Lith. skìlti likewise “fire anschlagen ”);
maybe Alb.Gheg skile “fox, smart animal, sharp mind (of a fox) ”
Lat. siliqua “Hũlsenfruchtschote” (whereof silicia “foenum graecum, Bockshorn ”), diss.
from * sciliqua , older *sceliquü: O.C.S. skolьka “ostreum”; Lat. silex, -icis “ pebble “ diss.
from * scilec- older scelic- ; compare M.Ir. sce(i)llec “Fels” (ending after O.Ir. carraic “rocks”);
without anl. s- perhaps here: Lat. culter , -trī “knife” (*kel-tro-s , *kol-tro-s or*kḷ-tros); celtis
f. “chisel” existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;
Welsh chwalu ‘scatter”, Corn. scullye , sculye , Bret. skuĺa ds.;
M.Ir. scoilt , scailt “col, gap”, scoiltim “I split”, Brit. with rearrangement of sk- to ks- (hw-):
Welsh hollt “col, gap”, Corn. felǯa (umlaut) ‘split”, Bret. faouta ds.; M.Ir. sceillec “Fels” (see
above); perhaps M.Ir. scellün “ seed, sperm, Kern ”;
O.Ir. colainn “Fleisch”, Welsh celain “ corpse “ (*kolanī ); Welsh caill, pl. ceilliau
“testicle(n) ”, Bret. kell ds.; Gaul. callio-marcus “Huflattich ” from older *callio marcī “testiculus
equi”; compare Gaul. ebulcalium (from *epülo -callion ) besides epo-calium (*epo-callion )
“ungula caballina ”;
Goth. skilja “Fleischer” ; O.Ice. skilja ‘separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide ”, skil n. (i
after skilja ) “difference, verdict, Bescheid ”, skila “(ent)divide ”; Dutch verschillend “different”
(*skiljand ); M.L.G. schelen ‘separate, distinguish, discern ” (schele “difference, lack, limit,
boundary ”) = O.E. scielian “divide, entfernen ” (*skelōn );
Goth. skildus ‘shield”, O.Ice. skjǫldr m. (out of it M.Ir. scell), O.E. scield , O.S. scild,
O.H.G. scilt ds. (- tu-stem besides Lith. skìltis “abgeschnittene Scheibe ”); in addition Goth.
skillings , O.H.G. etc. scilling ‘small Mũnze, Schilling” from skildu-lings ;
Goth. skalja “Ziegel”, O.Ice. skel f. “bowl”, O.E. sciell f. “husk, Muschelschale ”, M.L.G.
schelle f. “bowl, Fischschuppe ”; O.H.G. scü ̆ la “husk, Schale”, M.H.G. schale also

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‘steinplatte ”, O.E. scealu “husk, bowl ”; O.H.G. fuaz-skal “wooden peg, plug as Verschluß for
den foot”, Ger. Schelle “manica, compes, numella ”, Hand-, Fußschelle ;
O.Ice. skjall n. “Häutchen” , O.E. sceallan m. pl. “testicles”, O.Fris. skall ds. (: Welsh caill);
O.Ice. skalli m. “Kahlkopf ”, as “abgeschnittene cranium ”; also Nor. Swe. skalle ; ablaut. Swe.
skulle ‘skull, cranium ”, older Swe. skolla “dũnne Platte” , O.H.G. scollo m., scolla f. ‘scholle”;
with lengthened grade *skēl- (compare Alb. holë): O.Ice. sküla f. “drinking bowl,
Wagschale ”, O.H.G. O.S. scüla “bowl”;
O.S. skola , O.E. scolu “dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd ”;
without anlaut. s-: Goth. hallus m. “Fels” (*kol-nu-), O.Ice. hallr m. “ stone, Fels ”, hella f.
ds., finn. Lw. kallio ds., (*hallj[ōn] ). O.Ice. hellir “Berghöhle” , Swiss Hell ‘steinplatte ” etc.; see
above S. 544;
O.Ice. hold n. “Fleisch”, O.E. hold n. “corpse”, O.E. holdian “aufschneiden ”, hyldan “die
skin abziehen ”, O.Ice. hylda “aufschneiden ” (based on auf a participle *kl̥-tó-m);
O.H.G. scultirra , O.E. sculdor ‘shoulder” (*skḷ-dhrü ‘scapula as shovel, as
Grabwerkzeug ”);
with formants -mo- and den meaning ‘schneidewerkzeug; geschnittenes wood;
ausgehöhlter dugout canoe, barge” : O.Ice. skǫlm f. “ tine a fork, pod “, pl. ‘scissors”, nd.
E.Fris Dutch schalm “thin board ”, O.Ice. skalma-trē “cloven tree ”, O.H.G. scalm “navis”; also
probably O.H.G. scalmo “Pest, Seuche, corpse ”; M.H.G. schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo
“Todeswũrdiger” (*skalmian -), M.H.G. M.L.G. schelm(e) “ villain “; compare Alb. helm
“mourning, grief, poison “; without anlaut. s-: O.E. helma , Eng. helm “handle, grasp of
Steuerruders, tax ”, M.H.G. halm(e) , helm “Axtstiel”, O.H.G. helmo, halmo “Ruderpinne ”,
Dutch helmstock ds., M.L.G. holm “crossbar, crossbeam, Jochträger” , O.Ice. hjǫlm f. “tax”,
hjalm -vǫlr “Ruderpinne ”;

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*skol-dhü “(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole ” is probably die base from O.H.G. scalta
‘stoßstange, Bootshaken” , scaltan “with a shaft, pole schieben ”, Ger. schalten also
“einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoßen)” and ũbertr. “ walten”, dial. also ‘split”, O.S.
skaldan “ein Fahrzeug vorwärts schieben” , M.H.G. schalte , O.Ice. skalda “Fähre” , M.H.G.
schalter, schelter “bar, bolt”, Ger. Schalter ‘schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken ”;
with formants -go-: M.L.G. schalk ‘sparrenstũtze” E.Fris. schalk “Holzklötzchen as
Unterlage ”, bO.Ir. schalken “zerspalten ”; Swe. skulk “abgesägter stump” ;
Lith. skeliù , skélti ‘split” (the Akzent after skílti?), skilù, skílti ‘sich split”; “fire hit”
(intonation of the heavy basis, as kélnės ); skalà “chip of wood, Lichtspan ”, Iterat. skéldėti
“platzen, break, crack ”; Ltv. šk ́ el̂t ‘split”, šk ́ ēle ̂ t ds., šk ́ ēle “abgeschnittenes Stũck” , etc.;
about Lith. kélmas see above S. 546;
O.C.S. skala “Fels, stone “ (die meaning “bowl” through borrowing from O.H.G. scüla
ds.), Sloven. skála “assula tenuis; Lichtspan ”, Russ. skalina “abgelöste birch bark “; skolьka
“Muschelschale ” (see above Lat. siliqua ), Russ. ščelь “col, gap”, Sloven. ščalja ‘splinter”,
Pol. skalić sie ̨ ‘sichspalten, break, crack ”;
Hitt. iškallüi- “zerreissen, aufschlitzen ”.
root extension skel(e) -p-:
perhaps in O.Ind. kálpatē “wird geordnet, wird zuteil ”, kalpáyati “ordnet an ”, kl̥ptá “fertig,
gerũstet” = Av. hu-kǝrǝpta - ‘schöngeformt” , das though also to kǝhrp - ‘shape” (above S.
620) belong could;
Gk. σκάλοψ “Maulwurf ” (as “Gräber” ); σκόλοψ m. ‘spitzpfahl”;
Lat. scalpō , -ere ‘scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool schneiden, chisel, cut
“ (scalprum , scalper ‘scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meißeln” ), sculpō , -ere (originally in
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O.H.G. scelifa , M.H.G. Ger. dial. schelfe “häutige bowl” , M.L.G. schelver “abgeblättertes
Stũck” , schulvern “abblättern” ; O.Ice. skjǫlf “ bench “, O.E. scielfe “Flur, Stockwerk,
Bretterverschlag ”, scielf m. “ crag “, M.L.G. schelf “Brettgerũst, Regal” ;
without s: Goth. halbs , O.Ice. halfr, O.E. healf , O.S. half, O.H.G. Ger. halb (eig.
“divided”); O.E. hielfe “handle, grasp, Schaft ” (Eng. helve ), O.H.G. M.H.G. halb “Handhabe ”,
Ger. dial. halb, helb ‘stiel”; O.H.G. halftra “bridle, rein ”, O.E. hælftre “ halter “, (from
*”Handhabe ”);
Lith. kálpa “ transom am sled “, kìlpa ‘steigbũgel, loop, noose, snare “, kìlpinis “Armbrust ”,
O.Pruss. kalpus “Rungenstock ”;
Lith. sklempiù , sklem̃pti “ smooth behauen, polish ”.
root extension skel(e) -b-:
O.Ice. skalpr ‘ship”, Dan. dial. skalp ‘samenschote, husk ”, M.L.G. schulpe, scholpe
“Muschel, scale, husk “, Dan. skulp , skulpe “ pod, Fruchtbalg ”, Nor. skolp “ pod, husk ”, Eng.
skalp (N.. Lw.) “cranium, skull ”, O.Ice. skelpa f. “Grimasse ”, skolpr “ chisel “; O.C.S. sklabiti
sę “den Mund aufmachen, lächeln” , Cz. škleb “Zähnefletschen” ;
i-extension: sklei-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-:
O.Ice. slīta “tear, destroy, verbringen ” (slitna intr. “rumpi”), O.E. slītan “tear”, O.S. slītan
‘schleißen, split” , O.H.G. slīzan ‘split, rend, aufbrauchen ”, Ger.verschleißen, schleißen ,
O.Ice. slit ‘slit, crack, Abnũtzung” , O.E. geslit “das Bersten ”, O.H.G. sliz, Ger. Schlitz ,
M.H.G. sleize , Ger. Schleiße “Leuchtspan ”; O.Ice. slīðrar f. pl., slīðrn. pl. ‘sword- or
Messerscheide ” as *s(k)lei-tro-, - trü- from the unerweit. root form sklei- ;
Lith. skleidžiu ̀ , skleĩsti , Ltv. skliêst “ outspread, umblättern” , Lith. sklaidaũ , -ūti “hin and
her blättern” , refl. ‘sich scatter ”, iš-sklaidūti ‘scatter, vertreiben ”, sklį̃sti “auseinanderfließen” ;
Lith. sklaidùs “zerstreut ”, Ltv. sklaidis “ein Herumtreiber, Taugenichts ”; without anlaut. s-:
klaîdît ‘sich herumtreiben ”, klîstu , klîdu , klîst “err”, Lith. klūstu , klūdau , klūsti ‘sich verirren ”

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(without d: Lith. klajóju , -óti “herumirren ”, Ltv. klaijât , -uôt ds. eineoriginally versch. family?);
O.Pruss. sclait, schlüit, schklait “but; without ”, schklüits adv. ‘sonderlich, particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; otherwise
“, adj. ‘schlicht, simple, just ”;
O.E. slīfan ‘spleißen” , Eng. slive, O.E. to-slæ ̄ fan ‘split”, M.L.G. slēf, Nor. sleiv “großer
spoon”.
References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.
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(s)kel-2
English meaning: to be guilty, to owe
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schuldig sein, schulden, sollen ”
Note: only Gmc. and balto-Slav.
Material: Goth. skulan , O.Ice. skulu , O.E. sculan , O.H.G. scolan ‘schuldig sein, mũssen,
sollen”, newer also solan , Ger. sollen ; O.E. scyld f. “blame”, O.H.G. O.Ice. skuld ds.; Goth.
skula m. ‘schuldner ”;
O.Lith. skelù and Lith. skeliù , -e ́ti ‘schuldig sein ”, skylù , (*skįlù), skìlti “in Schulden
geraten”, skolà “blame”; O.Pruss. skellünts “culpable”, ablaut. skallīsnan f. acc. “ obligation
“, poskulīt (paskollēt ) “ermahnen ”;
without s-: Lith. kalte ̃ “blame”, kal̃tas “culpable”.
References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;
See also: compare (s)kel-4 ?
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(s)kel-3
English meaning: to dry out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “austrocknen, dörren”
Material: Gk. σκέλλω “ trockne from, desiccate “ (trans., Fut. σκελ῵ , Aor. ἔσκηλα; intr. Aor.
ἔσκλην, perf. ἔσκληκα), σκελετό ς “ausgetrocknet ”, m. ‘skelett”, n. “Mumie”, σκληρό ς “dry,
hard, rough, unbeugsam ”, σκελιφρ ός “ausgetrocknet, abgemagert ”, σκληφρό ς ‘small and
agile”, ἀ-σκελής 1. “ ohneWiderstandskraft ” (without σκληρότης); 2. “unablässig, of rage,
fury, of Weinen ” (eig. “unversieglich ”); περι -σκελής “very dry, brittle, hartnäckig”, περι -
σκέλεια f. “Hartnäckigkeit” ;
Maybe Alb. ( skol-) hollë “lean, thin ” common Alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutatIon.
Swe. skäll “lean, thin, fade, säuerlich” , nd. schal “dry, arid”, M.L.G. M.H.G. schal ‘schal
from taste; trũb, unclear” , schaln “trũb become” , M.Eng. schalowe ‘schal, faint, languid,
seicht”, Eng. shallow (also probably O.E. sceald ‘seicht, not deep ”, nd. scholl ‘seichtes
water”);
without anlaut. s-: O.Ice. hall-ǣri “Mißjahr” , O.E. hall-heort “erschrocken ”; M.H.G. hel (-ll-)
“weak”, hellec “ tired “, Ger. hellig “faint, languid, erschöpft from thirst “ , M.H.G. hellegen
“exhaust, behelligen ”, nd. hal “dry, lean “; lengthened grade (?) nd. hül, Dutch haal “dry”,
M.Du. hael “ausgetrocknet, arid, schal ”; Dan. dial. hælm ‘still”, Dan. helme “cease”
(“*languish ”, originally vor Hitze or thirst);
Ltv. kàlss “ lean “, kàlstu , kàlst “vertrocknen, wilt ”, kàltêt “dry”.
References: WP. II 597.
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(s)kel -4 (extended klā-, klō -)
English meaning: to bend; crooked
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen; anlehnen; krumm (also sittlich: “verkehrt, unrecht ”),
verkrũmmt”; especially in Körperteilbezeichnungen; “biegsames Gelenk, Ferse, Knie, Hũfte”
Note: (compare also S. 611 f. kolǝ- ‘spinnen”)
Material: Gk. σκέλος m. ‘schenkel”, σκελίς , -ίδος “Hinterfuß, hip, haunch” (Att. σχελίς),
σκελλός “ bowlegged ”, σκολιός “crooked; improbus ”, σκαληνός “tubercular, slant, skew,
crooked”, σκώληξ , -ηκος m. “worm”, σκωλύπτεσθαι “crook, hin and her winden ”, κελλόν
στρεβλόν, πλάγιον Hes., Reduct.-stuf. κυλλός “ writhed, crooked, humped, lamed “, κυλλο -
ποδί̄ων Beiw. of Hephaistos (* κελ-, *κυλ-νός), κυλίνδω , -έω “rolle, wälze” (Ion. Att.
καλινδέω ), κύλινδρος “Walze, pulley, Zylinder ”; κ῵λον “limb, member ”, κωλέᾱ , Att. κωλ῅
“Hũftknochen, ham” , κωλήν , -῅νος, κωλεός ds., κώληψ f. “ popliteus, ankle ” (to 1. - ap-
above S. 50 f.); κωλώτης , -ου m. “Eidechse ” (“with Gliedern versehen ”); ὀκλάζω “hocke low,
base” (Frisk IF. 49, 99 f.); about κλόνις ‘steißbein” see above S. 608;
Alb. tshalë “lame” (*skelno- );
Lat. scelus , -eris “malice, Verruchtheit, Verbrechen ” (formal = σκέλος); coluber, - brī
‘snake” (‘sich windend ”, *kelo-dhro- , *kolo-dhro- ); calx (see under);
O.H.G. (with formants -ko-) scëlah (*skélha -) ‘slant, skew, crooked ”, Ger. scheel (Denom.
M.H.G. schilhen , Ger. schielen ), O.E. sceolh ds., O.Ice. (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr
(*skelkó -) ‘slant, skew, scheeläugig” ; Ice. skæ ̄ ll ‘schiefer mouth ”, O.Ice. skæ ̄ la sik “den
Mund verziehen ”; with labiales extension: O.Ice. skjalfa “tremble, quiver ” = O.E. scielfan ds.,
Eng. to shelve “abschũssigsein” , O.Ice. skjalfr, skelfr “zitternd”?;
without anlaut. s-: Bal.-Slav. *kali̯ō (*koli̯ō) “lehne an ” in Lith. at-si-kal̃ti ‘sich anlehnen ”,
ãt-kalas “angelehnt ”; to Bal.-Slav. *klana- m. (*klǝ-no-) “Neigung” in Lith. klãnas “puddle,

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slop”, ablaut. klõnis m. “valley” (*klü-ni-), klone ̃ “lowland, depression ”; with IE ō: Lith.
kluõnas , Ltv. kluõns m . “Dreschtenne ”; in addition further above S. 509 *klü- “hinlegen ”;
with Bal.-Slav. -ul- = Lat. - al- (ind. -ol[ǝ-]) with k̂-suffix: Lith. kùlšė , kùlšis “hip, haunch ”
(with k-insertion: kulkšìs , kulkšnìs “ankle, Sprunggelenk ”), O.Pruss. culczi “hip, haunch ”;
with - k-suffix: Lith. kul̃nas m., kulnìs f. “hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus “ (*kulk-n- ), Proto-
Slav. . *kulkü f. “hip, haunch ” in LateChurch Slavic klъka “poples”, bg. kъ́lka “hip, haunch,
thigh” (is-kъlčъ́ “verrenke ”); Ser.-Cr. kȕk ds. etc.;
Lat. calx “calcaneus “ (calcō , -üre “tread, stomp ”, calcitrüre “violent ausschlagen ”, calcar
‘sporn”, calceus “ shoe “, tarent. καλτίον ds. from Osc. *calc-tio- ); after Trautmann 145 IE
root nouns *kolk- besides kolk̂-.
References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.
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skendh -
English meaning: to plunge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “untertauchen ”
Note: only Gk. and Balt
Material: Gk. σκινθός “untertauchend ”; Lith. skęstù , skę̃sti “untersinken, ertrinken ”,
causative skandinù , -dìnti “ertränken” ; O.Pruss. auskiēndlai “er go under ”.

Maybe Alb. (*skendh- ) hedh “plunge, throw ” [common Alb. sk- > h- phonetic mutation].

References: WP. II 565, Trautmann 265.
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(s)ken-(d-)
English meaning: to rift; to flay
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abspalten; abgespaltene Haut, Schuppe, Rinde ”
Note: probably extension from sek- “cut, clip”; only Celt. under germO.N.
Material: A. Bret. skant Kollekt. ‘schuppen ” (*skn̥to -), O.Bret. anscantocion pl.
“insquamōsos” , Welsh ysgythru ‘schnitzen” (*sken -tr-);
O.Ice. skinn n. ‘skin, fell, fur ” (*skén -to-, Proto-Gmc. *skinÞa -, compare lapp. Lw. skidde
and runisch ski[n]Þa -leubaR ; O.E. scinn , Eng. skin ds. is Lw. from dem Nord., also M.L.G.
schin “a kind of russisches Ledergeld ”), M.H.G. schint f. “Obstschale ”, Ger. Schind-mähre, -
aas, Dutch dial. schinde ‘skin, fell, fur; bast, bark ”, abgel. verb O.S. biscindian “abrinden,
schälen” , O.H.G. scinten , M.H.G. M.L.G. schinden “enthäuten, ausplũndern, maltreat “ (Ger.
schinden st. V.); O.Ice. skün f. “Borke”, Mod.Ice. also “Häutchen” , M.L.G. schin ‘schuppen
in Haar” (out of it Ger. Schinn , Schinne ), M.Du. schene “dũnne skin, bast” ;
B. besides IE (s)kend - in:
O.Ir. ceinn “ scale, husk, bowl ”, Welsh cenn (*kend-n- ), O.Corn. cenn- en “Häutchen,
skin”, ysgenn ‘schinnen”, M.Bret. quenn ‘skin”, Bret. kenn m. ‘schinnen”, -ken ‘skin” in bu-
gen “Rindshaut ” etc.; Bret. (Vannes) skignan “frog” (*skenni̯ano -); O.Ice. hinna f. “dũnne
skin, Membrane ” (*skend -n-);
compare with a-vocalism: M.Ir. scaindrim “zerspalte ”, scandrad, scaindred “dispersion ”,
scainder “Gefecht”.
References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.
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(s)keng -
English meaning: lame; slant
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinken; schief, schräg”
Material: O.Ind. sákthi - n. (= Av. haxti -) ‘schenkel” (*skak-thi- , IE *skn̥g -ti-; das - thi- after
O.Ind. ásthi - “bone” , above S. 783); khañjati “hinkt” (mind. for *skañj -), khañja - “hinkend”,
khañjana -m. “Bachstelze ”;
Gk. σκάζω (only present and Imp.) “ hinke” (*skn̥gi̯ō ); M.Ir. scingim ‘spring” is probably
reshuffling from O.Ir. scend- ‘spring” (see under ĝhengh - ‘schreiten”);
O.Ice. skakkr “hinkend, slant, skew ”, Swe. dial. skinka “hinken”; without anl. s-: O.H.G.
hinkan “hinken”, Denomin. M.H.G. hanken ds.;
Gmc. *skanka- in Nor. skonk , skank f. ‘schenkel, shinbone ”, O.E. scanca f.
“Unterschenkel ”, M.L.G. schenke ‘schenkel” (Dimin. M.H.G. Ger. Schenkel ), ablaut. O.H.G.
scinkel ‘schenkel”, scincho m., scinca f. “Beinröhre, Schenkel” , Ger. Schinken , on the other
hand O.Fris. skunka , Ger. dial. schunke (*skn̥g -) ds.; without s- M.H.G. hanke ‘schenkel,
hip, haunch ”, tirol. Henkel ‘schenkel”; also LateM.H.G. schank m. “Gestell, Schrank for
Trinkgeräte” and O.S. skenkjan “einschenken ” (from “das vessel schief halten ”), O.H.G.
scenkan ds., M.H.G. schenken ds., also “give” Ger. schenken ; in addition postverbal
M.H.G. schanc “vessel from dem from = Geschenkt wird ” and “gift”;
eine Gmc. root skēh - in O.Ice. sküðr ‘slant, skew ”, M.H.G. schæ ̄ he “ squinting ” etc.
References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.
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(s)kep -1
English meaning: to cover
Deutsche Übersetzung: “decken, verdecken ”
Note: only Gk. and balto-Slav.
Material: Gk. σκέπας , -αος n. “cover, Hũlle, Schutzdach” , Ion. Att. σκέπη f. “cover,
protection, Schirm ”, σκεπάζω , σκεπάω , σκέπω “bedecke, verhũlle, schũtze” ; Lith. kepùrė
“Mũtze” , Ltv. cepure “Mũtze, Hut; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf dem Felde” , Russ. čepe ́ c
“Haube” etc.
References: WP. II 559.
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(s)kerb(h) -, (s)kreb(h) -, nasalized (s)kremb -
English meaning: to turn, curve
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, krũmmen; also especially sich zusammenkrũmmen,
schrumpfen (also vor Hitze, Trockenheit), runzeln ”
Note: extension to (s)ker- “turn” (see also sker- “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
wrinkle up “)
Material: Gk. κάρφος n. “ dry deadwood, chaff ” (*kr̥bh-), κάρφη f. “ trockenes wood, hay ”,
κάρφω “ lasse shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate “, καρφαλέος
“dry, hoarse ”, καρφύ̄ νεσθαι ξηραίνεσθαι. φθείρεσθαι (under likewise) Hes.; κράμβος
“eingeschrumpft, arid, dry ”, κράμβη f. “ Kohl”, κραμβαλέος “ dry, roasted ”, κρομβό ω “roast,
roast” (assim. from *κραμβόω);
Lat. perhaps corbis “basket” (*”geflochten ”); M.Ir. corb “ cart “, probably originally
“Wagenkorb ”;
O.Ice. skorpinn “eingeschrumpft ”, skorpna “ shrink “ (about skarpr “eingeschrumpft, lean
etc.”, O.E. scearp , O.H.G. scarpf ‘sharp” s. also S. 943 under sker- “cut, clip”); nasal.
M.H.G. schrimpf “ scratch “, M.H.G. schrimpfen “rũmpfen, zusammenschrumpfen” = O.Ice.
skreppa “ shrink up, ausgleiten ”, Dan. skrumpe = Ger. schrumpfen , Nor. skramp “mageres
creature”, skrumpa “magere cow ”, Eng. shrimp “toddler” (besides with Gmc. - mm-: O.E.
scrimman “ shrink up, shrink “);
(about Ger. Schärpe , bO.Ir. schärpfen “belt, girdle ”, Dutch sjerp , Eng. scarf ds.,
LateO.H.G. scherbe “ pouch “, nd. schrap “ pouch “, O.Ice. skreppa “Rucksack ” s. Meyer-
Lũbke3 7723, Kluge-Goetze16 653, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 257: all from Lat. scirpea
“Binsentasche ”);

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Mod.Ice. herpa-st ‘sich zusammenkrampfen ”, harpa “nip, pinch ”, O.Ice. munn-herpa “
witch “, Swe. dial. harpa i hop “pull together ”, Nor. hurpe “altes woman ”; Ger. Swiss harpf
“magere cow, böses woman” ; here O.Ice. harpa , O.E. hearpe , O.H.G. har(p)fa “Harfe” (from
the hakigen curvature);
O.H.G. ( h)rimfan , rimpfan “rugare, contrahere ”, Ger. rũmpfen , M.L.G. rimpen “ furrow,
crook”, O.E. *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen “wrinkly”, hrympel “wrinkle”, M.L.G. ramp “cramp”,
M.H.G. rampf “cramp”, O.Ice. hreppr “Distrikt”, Nor. ramp “magerer person ”, Eng. dial. rump
“magere cow ”; (but Nor. rump “abgestumpfter mountain top; buttocks “, M.L.G. rump m.
“trunk, bauchiges vessel ”, Ger. Rumpf rather as “abgehauenes Stũck” to O.C.S. rǫbъ “rag”,
ohen S. 864 f.); besides with Gmc. - m(m)-: M.L.G. ram, ramme “cramp”, O.E. hramma m.
“cramp”, O.Ice. hrammr “Tatze” (actually “verschrumpft ”); Goth. hramjan “kreuzigen ”, O.E.
hremman “hinder, belästigen” , Dutch remmen “hemmen, bremsen ”;
with the Vokalstellung kreb-: O.Ice. hrapi , Nor. Dan. rape “Zwergbirke ” (“*crippled “); to
M.Ir. cruibhe “ein Baumname ” (*krobi̯o -); then (with the imagining of the gekrũmmten
Finger) Nor. rapse “zusammenscharren ”, nd. rapsen “hastig gripe “, O.E. ge-hrespan “ rend
“, O.H.G. raspōn “ snatch “, hrespan “pluck, pile “ (sp from ps); without - s: Nor. rapa “
snatch “, M.L.G. rapen , M.H.G. Ger. raffen “ pile “, Nor. Swe. rappa “an sich reißen, snatch “
= nd. rappen ds.;
O.Ice. hreppa “receive”, O.E. hreppen “anrũhren” , M.L.G. reppen ds.;
Lith. skur̃bti “verkũmmern, grieve “ , Ltv. skurbinât “in die Runde drehen bis zum
Schwindligwerden ”, skùrbt ‘schwindlig become ”, skur̃btiês ‘sich drehen ”; nasalized Lith.
skramblỹs ‘small dickleibiger person, dwarf “, O.Pruss. (with p) sen-skrempūsnan f. acc.
“wrinkle”; with the Vokalstellung * skreb -: Lith. skrembù , skrèbti “dry sein or become ”,
skrebe ́ti “rustle (vontrockenem straw) ”, old skreblỹs “Filz”, Ltv. skreblis “einfältiger person,
hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz ”;

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without s-: Lith. kremblỹs “eine Pilzart ” (probably “wrinkly” or “faltig”); with p-: Ltv. krum̃pa
“ crease “, krum̃pêt “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up “, Lith. krumplỹs “
knuckle “ (also krumslỹs , Ltv. krum̃slis , skrum̃slis ds., also “gristle, knag ”), O.Pruss.
krumslus “Knöchel am Finger” ;
Russ. skórblyj “ wizened “, skorbnutь ‘sich crooked “; koróbitь “crook”, refl. “ crook
oneself, pull together, zusammenschrumpfen ”, nasal. O.C.S. krǫpъ ‘small (contractus) ”,
krǫpě -jǫ, -ti “ shrink up “;
about Lith. kar̃bas “basket”, Russ. kórob , wRuss. koróba ds., O.Pruss. carbio f.
“Mũhlenkasten” , Lith. kar̃bija “basket”, O.C.S. krabьji “arcula” s. Trautmann 117 f.
References: WP. II 588 ff.
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(s)ker -dh- , (s)k or-dh-
English meaning: small, miserable
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kũmmerlich, klein; verkũmmern”
Material: O.Ind. kr̥dhú - “ abbreviated, mutilated, small, mangelhaft ” (comparative
kradhīyam s -, Superlativ kradhiṣṭha -), á-skr̥dhōyu - “not abbreviated, not kärglich” ; Gk.
σκυρθάλιος νεανίσκος Hes., σκύρθαξ μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος Hes., lakon. (with σ = θ) κυρσάνιος
“young person ”, compare κυρσίον μειράκιον Hes.; Lith. skurstù , skurdaũ , skur̃sti
“verkũmmern, in Wachstum zurũckbleiben” , nus-kur̃dęs “in Wachstum verkũmmert” .
References: WP. II 590;
See also: to (s)ker- “cut, clip” as “ truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off ”.
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sker- (d)-
English meaning: to defecate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “cacüre; Mist, Kot of Leibes”
Material: Av. sairya- “ manure, crap, muck, droppings ”, M.Pers. sargōn , Pers. sargīn ds.;
Gk. σκ῵ρ, σκατ ός “ordure”, whereof σκωρία ‘schlacke”;
Lat. mūscerda “Mäusekot” ; sūcerda ‘schweinekot ”, bū-, ovi-cerda have cerda for * scerda
through false Zerlegung from mū[s]scerda ; O.C.S. skarędъ “disgusting ” entscheidet dafũr
certainly nicht, compare O.Ind. chr̥nátti , chardayati “erbricht, speit from ”, M.Ir. sceirdim
‘speie from ”, as d-extension unseres sk̂er-;
O.Ice. skarn , O.E. scearn , afries skern , nd. scharn “crap, muck, droppings ”;
Ltv. sãrn̨i pl. ‘schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente ”, Lith. šarwai “Menstrua ”; Proto-Slav. .
*serǫ (*seri̯ō ), *sьrati “cacüre” (e.g. Serb. sȅrem , srȁti), Russ. sór “crap, muck, droppings ”,
etc.
Hitt. šakkar n., gen. šaknaš “ordure, Exkremente ”, šaknu -u̯ant “impure, unclean ”.
References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk IndoGmc. 25 f.
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(s)ker-1
English meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin
Deutsche Übersetzung: as basis von Worten for “einschrumpfen, runzeln; rauhe Haut,
Schorf, Kruste; vertrocknet, mager, verkũmmert”
Note: probably to sker-3 .
Material: A. Unerweitert in Nor. Swe. skare “hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem Schnee ”? Russ.
skorá etc. ‘skin, Tierhaut ”;
B. with Gutt.-extension: Nor. dial. skarka “frozen crust ”, skjerkna “ through Kälte hard
become”; Nor. dial. skrekling “weakling ”, skrakal “ fragile, easily broken; unstable,
dilapidated , kränklich” , nd. schräkel “verkrũppeltes creature “ , M.H.G. waltschrechel, -
schreckel “fairy demon, ghost, Faun ”; Nor. skråna (*skrahnan ) “verschrumpfen ”, skråen
“dry”, M.L.G. schrü (*skrēha -) “arid, lean “, Ger. schrüh (Nord-Franken) ds., schrähelin
(Oberpfalz) “zauberisches creature, Wichtlein ”, O.Ice. skræ ̄ ling (j)ar (*skrēhila -) pl.
“Eskimos ”, Nor. skrælen “ pitiful “, Ice. skrælna “ shrink “ E.Fris. verschrülen ds.; O.Ice. skrü
f. (skrahō ) ‘stũck dũrren Leders etc. ”;
C. with Dental-extension: Nor. dial. skranta “ lean become ” (etc.); M.H.G. schraz , with
Gmc. d: O.H.G. scrato “larvae, lares mali, pilosus ”, Ger. wood, forest- schratt , with Gmc. tt:
O.Ice. skratti “monstrum, magician “, Swe. skratte “fairy demon, ghost , ghost”, O.H.G.
scraz , screz , M.H.G. schraz, schrez “fairy demon, ghost ”, Ger. bO.Ir. schrätz “in Wachstum
zurũckgebliebener Mensch” ; Nor. skrinn (*skrenÞa -) “arid, lean, unfruchtbar ”; skreda
“weakling ”, M.L.G. schrüde “thin, lean, kũmmerlich” ; Lith.skrentù , skręsti ‘sich with a
trockenen Kruste beziehen ”;

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D. eine bare in Gmc. vorliegende u-basis seems O.Ice. skrǫggr “fox”, Nor. skrogg “wolf”,
Ice. skröggur “ graybeard “, Swe. dial. skragge “devil”, M.H.G. schröuwel ds. (Gmc.
*skrawwa-) , O.Ice. skriūpr “ fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated , mũrbe” ;
Dental extension: O.Ice. hrūðr m. ‘scurf, scab ”, O.S. hrūtho m., O.H.G. rūda, riudī “Raude,
mange; scabies “, O.Ice. skrydda “geschrumpfte skin ”; O.Lith. skraudùs “ brittle, rough” ,
skraudù , skraùsti “rough become ”;
whether here Lith. krenkù , krèkti “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, Ltv. krecēt ds., - ties
“lumpy, klunkerig become ”, kręcumi “Überbleibsel , spawn of frogs “ as “ shrivel, shrink due
to excess dryness, wrinkle up “?
References: WP. II 565 f.
Page(s): 933

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(s)ker-2, skerǝ - : skrē -
English meaning: to spring, to turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, herumspringen ”, also and actually “(sich) drehend
bewegen, schwingen ”
Note: not to separate from (s)ker- “turn”
Material: O.Ind. kiráti (kariṣyati , kīrya ́ tē , kīrn ̣ a -) ‘streut from, vergießt, wirft, schleudert” ; vi-
kira, vi-ṣkira ‘scharrer, ein bird from dem Hũhnergeschlecht” ; Osset. k”álịn ‘schũtte from” ;
Gk. σκαίρω ( *skr̥i̯ō ) ‘spring, hũpfe, dances”, σκάρος n., σκαρθμό ς ‘sprung”, καρθμοί
κινήσεις Hes., σκάρος m. “ ein Meerfisch ”, actually ‘springer”; σκαρίς f. ‘springwurm ” Hes.;
ablaut. σκιρτά ω ‘spring”; with anl. ἀ- (bloßer suggestion?) ἀσκαρίζω ‘spring, zapple” ,
wherefore ἀσκαρίς, -ίδος ‘small Eingeweidewurm, Larve a Wassermũcke” ;
O.H.G. scerōn “bratty sein ”, M.H.G. scher(e)n “hurry”, Ger. sich scheren ‘sich packen ”,
M.L.G. scheren “ mock, scoff “ and “run, hurry ”, and. scern n. “illusio, subsannatio ”, O.H.G.
scern m. “ joke, Mutwille ” (scirno “histrio”), O.Ice. sküri m. “young seagull ”, skirja f. “young
cow”, M.L.G. scherke “kind of small seagull ” (of unsteten Flug);
skrē- perhaps in M.H.G. schræ ̄ jen, schræn ‘spray, whisk “, schrü f. “hail, hoarfrost ,
snow”, schrüt m. “Wasserstäubchen, drip” and O.Ice. skræ ̄ -ma-sk “flee”, Swe. skrämma
“frighten” tr. (“aufspringen make ”);
O.E. secge-scēre “cicada locusta ”, compare Lith. skėrỹs , skėrẽlis “ locust, grasshopper “
(: Gk. σκαρίς, ἀσκαρίς); bait. FlN *Skērijü > wRuss. Ščara; арг. Skarra (*Skarü ); O.C.S.
skorъ “quick, fast ”; very doubtful O.C.S. ašterъ , Russ. jáščerica “Eidechse ” (anl. a- die IE
preposition * ō??);

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eine extension skreg - in O.H.G. screcchōn “auffahren, aufspringen, hũpfen” , hewi-
screcko “ locust, grasshopper “, Kaus. screcken “aufspringen make, bange make ”, Ger.
schrecken etc.; Wissmann nom. postverb. 190.
d-extension (s)kre -d- and (s)ker -d-:
Ai kūrdati ‘springt, hũpft” is nicht IE; Gk. κράδη f. ‘schwinge, Wipfel ”, κραδάω ‘swing,
brandish, schwanke ”, κραδαίνω ds.; κόρδᾱξ “lustiger Tanz in the Komödie” , (σ)κορδίνημα “
dizziness, giddiness; swindle “, σκορδινᾶσθαι ‘sich gähnend recken, agitated sein”
(probably also κορδύλη “club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb,
Kopfputz ”); Alb. hardh-ëlë, -ëjë, -itsë “Eidechse ” (*skord -); Lat. cardō “Tũrangel;
Wendepunkt ” (“Drehpunkt ”; from the un extension root also O.E. heorr (a), O.Ice. hjarri
“Tũrangel” and with IE t: O.H.G. scerdo “fishing rod ”);
M.Ir. ceird “das Schreiten ”, O.Ir. fo-cerdaim “throw, cast ”, Welsh cerddaf “wandle” (with
other Vokalstellung O.Bret. credam “vado”), next to which without d das causative cuirithir
(*kor-ei̯e-trai) “wirft, legt, places “; with Welsh go-gerdd f. “Burleske ” compare Ger. Scherz ;
O.Ice. hrata “fall, waver, hurry ”, O.E. hratian ds. (besides also hraÞian, hradian with IE t;
O.H.G. hardilla “Bachstelze ” = “*Wipperin ”); M.H.G. razzen “rage, clamor ” (and - probably
secondary - “rattle, clash ”, as M.L.G. ratelen “clatter”, O.E. hratele “Klapperschote ”); M.H.G.
scherzen “fröhlich spring, sich delight “ , M.H.G. schërz “pleasure, game ”, Ger. scherzen,
Scherz , M.H.G. scharz , schurz m. ‘sprung”; O.Ice. skart n. “kostbare clothing ”, Nor. skertast
‘spaßen” , skarta “leichtfertiges Frauenzimmer ”; perhaps O.H.G. hros O.E. hors etc. ‘steed”,
see above S. 583 f.;
Lith.-žem. pakìrsti , preterit pakìrdo “from dem sleep auffahren ”;
eine b-extension in: O.Ice. hrapa “hinabstũrzen” , intr. “hurry”, M.L.G. rapp “rash, hasty,
violent”, sik reppen “hurry”; M.Ir. crip, crib (with bb) “quick, fast ”;

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(s)ker-3
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen ”
Note: (see also 1. (s)ker- “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up “ and 2. (s)ker-
‘spring”)
Material: A. Av. skarǝna - “ round “, skürayat̃ -raϑa- EN., actually “the den chariot kreisen
läßt”;
Alb. perhaps kërrús , kurrús “beuge, bend ”;
Gk. κυρτός “crooked” (old u- coloring, compare Russ. kortočki , as well as Church Slavic
sъ-krъčiti “pull together ” etc.); κορωνό ς “ writhed, crooked, humped “; κορώνη “ allerlei
Gekrũmmtes, Gebogenes etc. ” (Lat. Lw. corōna ), perhaps as *korō[u̯]-no-s zur u-basis
*(s)kereu -;
Lat. curvus “crooked, writhed, crooked, humped, arched ” (forms -u̯o-); cortīna “round
vessel, Kessel; the Dreifuß Apollos with dem Kessel darauf; Himmelswölbung” ; from a
participle *kr̥-to- “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “ derived;
M.Ir. cor, acc. pl. curu “Kreise”, Welsh cor-wynt , Bret. cor-uent “turbo”;
Russ. kórtočki pl. f. “hockende, kauernde position “, Clr. kortáty śa ‘sich durchhelfen,
rackern” (if “* crook oneself “? compare Gk. κυρτός).
α) guttural extensions:
ker-k-, besides kir-k- (from redupl. * ki-kro-) and (s)krek-:
Doubtful O.Ind. kŕ̥küṭa - n. “Halsgelenk ”, kr̥ka- m. (uncovered) “larynx”;
Gk. κίρκος m. “ ring” (κιρκόω “feßle with a ring”), usually (seit Homer) κρίκος (in addition
κιρσός, κρισσός, Dor. κριξός m. Poll. Hes. “ Krampfader ” as “vortretende Aderringe ”); Lat.

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circus “Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. die (round) racecourse “, preposition circum
“ringsumheretc ”, circü (after suprü , extrü ); the Umbr. Monatsname kurc̨lasiu as “circulüriō” ?;
(s)krek - in nd. schrēge, schräge , M.H.G. schræge “ slantwise “, M.L.G. M.H.G. schrage
“kreuzweisestehende Holzfũße” ; Clr. kórkuš m. “ nape “, korkoši pl. “Achseln”, Cz. krk “
neck “ etc. (compare above O.Ind. kr̥ka-); Church Slavic sъ-krъčiti “pull together ”, Russ.
kórču , -itь ds., “Gesichter cut, clip ”, kórča, korč “cramp”, okorča “gebogener Teil of
Schlittens ”, Cz. dial. krkoška “knag am wood ”, krkva “wrinkle, crease “ etc.; also wRuss.
korch “fist” etc. from * kъrk-so-?;
nasalized (s)krenk -: presumably Russ. krjákatь “eine andere Wendung nehmen ”, krjač
“Knebelholz ”, krjáčitь “festbinden ”; Church Slavic kručina (*krǫčina ) “χολέρα, epilepsia” ,
Sloven. u-kroknem, -niti “ crook oneself “, u-kročiti ds., Cz. kručina “broom”, Pol. kręcz
(*krǫčь) “Kopfdrehen, dizziness, giddiness; swindle; (old) Starrkrampf ”;
with -g-: (s)ker -g-.
Nor. hork (O.Ice. * hǫrk f.) “Weidenband ”, dial. also “runzeliges woman ”, herkja
“zusammenbinden ”, hurkl “bumpiness, knag ”, harkal “knorrig”; Russ. korgá “verkrũppelter
tree”, korža ́ vyj “verschrumpft, verkũmmert, hard” (etc.);
nasalized (s)kreng -: O.Ice. hrøkkva (hrǫkk ) ‘sich kräuseln, crook, zusammenschrumpfen”
(*hrenkwan ), Kaus. hrøkkva ‘schlingen, kräuseln” (*krankwjan ), Dan. rynke “ furrow “, O.Ice.
hrukka , M.H.G. runke “wrinkle”; m. anlaut sk- O.Ice. skrukka “runzeliges woman ”, Nor.
skrukk “wrinkle”, Swe. skrynka “ furrow “, O.E. scrincan “ shrink up, verschrumpfen,
verwelken ”, M.L.G. schrinken “ shrink up “; Gael. sgreang “wrinkle” is perhaps O.E. Lw.;
as “verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten ”: M.L.G. M.H.G. schrank(e) “Gitter, fence,
Verschluß” , Ger. Schrank, Schranke , M.L.G. M.H.G. schrenken “verschränken,
beschränken, hinder” ; O.H.G. scranc “deceit”, screnchan “to collapse bringen ”, O.E.
screncan “ein leg stellen, cheat, deceive ”;

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(s)kregh -, nasalized: ( s)krengh -:
Umbr. cringatro, krenkatrum , krikatru “cinctum” ; urgem. *hrengaz in finn. rengas , O.Ice.
hringr , O.E. O.S. O.H.G. hring “ring”, O.Ice. hringja ‘small round vessel ” and ‘spange” =
O.H.G. rinka , O.E. hringe ‘spange”, O.H.G. O.S. hringon “ringeln, einen circle build “; in
addition probably as “Rundstab ”, Goth. hrugga ‘staff”, O.E. hrung f. “Leitersprosse,
Speiche”, Eng. rung “Leitersprosse ”, M.L.G. M.H.G. runge “Wagenrunge ”; O.C.S. krǫgъ “
circle “, Church Slavic kruglъ, okruglъ “ round “ etc.;
β) Dental extension kert- “turn”, see above S. 584 f.
γ) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h) -, (s)kremb - “turn” see under esp. Schlagwort.
B. i-basis (s)krei -:
Lat. scrinium “rollenförmige Kapsel, shrine” (*round container);
Lith. skriejù (for *skrejù ), skriẽti “in Kreise bewegen, in Bogen fly ”, Ltv. skrìenu (skreju ),
skrìet “run, fly”, O.Lith. skrelis “Fittich”, O.C.S. krilo (*krī-dlo-) n. “Flũgel”; Lith. kreĩvas
“winded, slant, skew ”, E.Lith. kraĩvas ‘slant, skew ”, apū-kraivis “ writhed, crooked, humped “,
ablaut.krìvis ‘schief gewachsener Mensch ”; O.Pruss. grēiwa -kaulin acc. “Rippe” (“krummer
bone”; dissim. from krēiwa -kaulin ), Russ. (etc.) kriv “crooked”, O.C.S. razkriviti “crook”; Ltv.
krails “ bent, curved, writhed, crooked, humped “; Ltv. kreĩlis “Linkhand ”, ḱeĩris (dissim. from
*kreiris ) ds., Lith. kairỹs ds. (dissim. from * krairỹs ); O.C.S. krinica “vessel, crock, pitcher ”,
okrinъ “ paten “, Russ. kriníca “Kufe, stream, brook, wellspring ”;
α) With Dentalen:
(s)krei- t-: Lat. crīsō , -üre “with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife,
woman)”, *creitsō or *crītsō ; M.Ir. crith “Zittern, fever ”, Welsh cryd “ cradle, fever ”, with s-:
ysgryd , Bret. skrija “vor fear tremble ”; O.Ice. hrīð f. “ attack, storm; Zwischenzeit, period (of
time) “, O.E. hrīÞ f. ‘storm”, O.H.G. ( h)rīdōn “tremble”, ablaut. (h)rit(t)o “fever”, O.E. hrið
“fever”, O.Ice. hreiðr n. “nest” (“*wickerwork ”); from dem concept the bogenförmigen

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Bewegung is verständlich O.Ice. skrīða ‘sich langsam vorwärts bewegen, grovel, truckle,
creep “ (from Wũrmern), O.E. scrīÞan , O.S. scrīthan and skrīdan , O.H.G. scrītan ‘schreiten”,
O.H.G. scrit “ footstep “, O.Ice. skriðr “run, flow, Vorwärtsschreiten” , O.E. scriÞe, scride m.
“run, flow ”, skrid n. “ cart “; Ltv. kraitât “lurch”; Lith. skriečiu ̀ , skriẽsti “turn, in circle
herumdrehen ”, skrūtis “Radfelge ”, O.Pruss. scritayle ds., Lith. apskritùs “ round “, skritulỹs “
circle, Kniescheibe ”, Ltv. skritulis “wheel”, Lith. skritinỹs “ball, Globus ”.
(s)kreid -:
Lith. skrindù, skrìsti “fly, kreisen ”, skridine ́ti “kreisen (from birds) ”, skrūdauti “in Kreise
gehn”, skriedžiu ̀ , skriẽsti “fly”, skraidaũ , -ūti “hin and her in Bogen fly ”, skraidùs “quick, fast ”;
Ltv. skraidelêt “umherlaufen ”, skrìedinât “antreiben ”.
β) With Labialen: (s)kreip -:
O.Ice. hreife m. “Handwurzel ”, hreifa ‘swing”; Lith. kreipiù , kreipti “turn, wenden ”, kraipaũ,
-ūti, Iter. krypstù, krỹpti ‘sich drehen ”; O.C.S. skrěnja “εὐτραπελία, scurrilitas” (*skroipni̯ü );
Slav. *krě(p)sъ (*kroip-so- ) in O.C.S. vъz-krěšǫ , -iti “auferstehen lassen (from den Toten) ”,
Church Slavic krěsъ m. “τροπή , temporum mutatio ”, Serb. krȉjes “Johannisfeuer ”; ablaut.
O.C.S.vъs-krьsnǫti “auferstehen ”.
(s)kreib -: O.Ice. hrip n. “ wooden vessel ”, M.Eng. rip “creel”, O.H.G. href “ pannier
“(originally “Geflochtenes ”); Ltv. kribas pl. “netting in sled “.
s-extension (s)krei -s-, esp. from “vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake ”.
M.Ir. cressaim ‘shake, swing, brandish ” (*kristō );
Goth. af-, us-hrisjan “ab-, ausschũtteln” , O.E. O.S. hrissan “to shake, tremble ”; O.Ice. hrīs
n. “ shrubbery, rod ”, O.E. hrīs n. “twig, branch, rod ”, O.H.G. hrīs “Reis, rod, deadwood,
shrubbery, bush ”; Nor. risla “bush , twig, branch , Wipfel eines Baumes ; Ähre” , Swe. ressna
“(Hopfen)ranke ”, ressn “Docke gehechelten Flachses ” etc.; Lat. crīnis “hair, esp. hair of the
head “ (*crisnis , compare:) cris-ta “the comb am Kopfe the animal ”, O.Ice. hrista ‘shake”,

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M.L.G. risten “flax, wattle, braid ”; O.H.G. rīsta, Ger. Reiste “zusammengedrehter tussock,
bundle generally “; with ĭ: nd. riste, risse ds., Dutch riste (and rijste ) also “Traubenkamm,
Rispe, row ”; O.Pruss. craysi “Halm”, crays “hay”;
here as p-derivative also: Lat. crispus “ frizzy, sich kräuselnd, vibrierend” , crispō, -üre
“kräuseln, swing” , intr. “tremble”, Gaul. PN. Crixos , Welsh crych “ frizzy “, Bret. crech ds.;
M.H.G. rispen “kräuseln” , rispeln ds., rispe “Gezweig, shrubbery “, O.H.G. hrispahi
“virgultum ”, Ger. Rispe “deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle, bũschliger Blũtenstand” , in the
Weberei “eine gewisse Lage the Fäden” , Eng. dial. risp ‘stengel from Schlingflanzen,
Ranken”.
C. u-basis (s)kreu -:
compare above S. 935 to Gk. κορωνός ; O.Welsh crunn , M.Welsh crwnn , fem. cronn ,
O.Bret. cron “ round “, M.Ir. cruind “ round “, zur basic form *krundi , compare Gk. κοκρυν -
δακοί κυλλοί ;
Sloven. krúliti “verstũmmeln, rings behacken” , Serb. krùljav “lame, crippled “, Pol. królić
(for krulić ) “ furrow “;
compare also O.Ind. karū ́-kara- m. “whirl of Halses and Rũckgrates” ;
k-extension (s)kreu -k-: O.Ind. kruñcati (Dhütup.) “krũmmt sich” ; Lat. crux “Marterholz ”
(originally “round picket, pole ”); Ir. crūach f. “heap, barn, haystack, hill ”, Gaul. *krouka “
acme, apex “, worfrom * krōkka , krūk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), Welsh crug m.
“cippus, tumulus ”, Corn. O.Bret. cruc “hill”, Bret. crug, O.Brit.-Lat. Penno-crucium PN.;
O.Ice. hryggr “backbone, spine ”, O.E. hrycg , O.S. hruggi , O.H.G. (h)rukki “back”; O.Ice.
hrūga f. “heap”, hraukr “heap” , O.E. hrēac “Kornhaufe ”, Dutch rook ds., changing through
ablaut O.E. cornhrycce f. “Korndieme ”, Eng. rick ds.; Lith. kriáuklė “Meerschnecke” ,
kriáuklas “Rippe”; Ltv. kruknêt “ writhed, crooked, humped sit ”;
A t-extension seems krū ̆ t- “Körperwölbung” above S. 624.

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(s)ker -4, (s)kerǝ -, (s)krē -
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Material: I. A. O.Ind. ava-, apa-skara- “Exkremente (Ausscheidung) ”; kr̥ṇüti , kr̥ṇōti “verletzt,
slays “ (lex.), utkīrn ̣ a - “ausgeschnitten, eingeritzt ”, samutkīrn ̣ a - “durchbohrt ”; O.Ind. cárman -,
Av. čarǝman - “fell, fur, skin ”; presumably O.Ind. kr̥vi- (unbel.) “ein Webergerät” (: Russ. dial.
červь ‘sickle”, Lith. kir̃vis “axe” (?);
Arm. k”orem “I scratch ”, k”erem ‘scratch, scrape “;
Gk. κείρω (κερ῵ , ἐκάρην , κέκαρμαι , καρτός ) “abschneiden; shave, shear; abfressen ”,
κέρμα n. ‘schnitzel, small Mũnze” , κορμός m. “(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk ”,
κορμάζω “zerstũckle” ; κόρις m. “bedbug” (= Russ. korь f. “Motte”: “incisive, biting,
zerbeißend” ); gen. καρός “Nichts” in τίω δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, compare also καριμοίρους
τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾳ μοίρᾳ... Hes., further ἀκαρί n. “Milbe”, ἀκαρής, ἀκαριαῖος “winzig”, Hes.;
“incisive” seems die basic meaning from κάρνος and κάρ “louse” Hes.; to latter perhaps
κάρον , κάρος “Kũmmel” (from the A ̈ hnlichkeit of Kũmmelkornes with a louse ); with Gk.
κώρυκος “leather sack ” compare Ir. curach “Hautboot ”, Welsh corwg, cwrwg ds. from
*kŏrukos ; compare further O.Ice. hǫrr “Leinenkleid ”, O.H.G. harra ‘sack, bag ”; with a
meaning ‘schneidender derision, ridicule ” here κέρτομος “höhnend” , κερτομέω “höhne,
lästere” (*κερ-στομος “ein Lästermaul habend” ? in 1. part ein root noun [ s]ker-, or ein -[ e]s-
stem * ker-s-); σκέραφος , κέραφος “reprimand ” Hes., σκέρ-βολος λοίδορος , σκερβολεῖ
ἀπατᾳ Hes., σκερβόλλω ‘schmähe” ;
Alb. hirrë f. “Molke” (*sker-nü; das h after harr); Lidén KZ . 61, 9 f.;

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Alb. sh-kjer “reiße apart” , harr (*skor-n-) “cut, bite from, jäte” , tsharɛ ‘spoil, verwũsten,
sich separate ”, tshartës ‘scharfrichter ”, lengthened grade korr, kuarr (*kēr-n-ō) ‘schneide ab,
ernte”;
Lat. corium “ thick skin, bag, leather ”; carō, carnis f. “Fleisch”, originally ‘stũck Fleisch” as
pl. carnēs ; Umbr. karu “part”, dat. karne , abl. pl. karnus “carnibus ”, Osc. carneis “partis”;
Umbr. kartu “distribuito ”; Lat. curtus “ abbreviated, mutilated ” (*kr̥-tó-);
O.Ir. scar(a)im (*sk erü-mi) “I slit, separate ”, Welsh ysgar “Trennen”, gwa-sgar ‘scatter”;
Kaus.-iterative O.Ir. scu(i)rim ‘spanne die Pferde ab ”, scor “ paddock for abgespannte
Zugtiere”; auf a to-participle in addition based on M.Ir. aurscartad (*air-uss-scart -) “Fegen,
Reinigen ”, diuscart(a)im (*dī-uss-scart -) “entferne”; Welsh ysgarthu, dyscarthu “clean”,
ysgarth “rubbish, Spũlicht” , carthen “purgatoria ” under likewise; M.Ir. scairt “net um die
Gedärme, Zwerchfell” ; Ir. cert ‘small”; nicht certainly covered is M.Ir. coire ‘sword” (see
under Goth. haírus ); Ir. curach , Welsh corwg, cwrwg “Hautboot ” to Gk. κώρυκος ? see
above;
O.Ice. skera “cut, clip, prick, abmachen ”, O.H.G. sceran ‘shave, shear, abschneiden ”,
O.E. scieran ds., O.S. sker-sahs ‘schermesser ”; O.H.G. scero “Maulwurf ”, Ger. Schermaus,
Nor. vatn-skjer under likewise ‘spitzmaus ” (compare under O.E. scierfe-mūs ‘spitzmaus ”);
Kaus.-Iter. O.H.G. scerian , O.S. skerjan , O.E. scierian “allot, decide, define, ordain,
determine ”; O.Ice. skǫr f. “hair; edge; end ”, O.E. scearu f. “das Haarschneiden; allotment “,
O.H.G. scara “Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude, crowd etc. ”, M.L.G. schare f. ds. (out of it
O.Ice.skǫr f., skari m. “troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass ”); with not clear meaning-
development O.H.G. haram-skara , O.S. harm-skara , O.E. hearm-scearu “ punishment,
plague”;
O.H.G. scar, scaro m., scara f. “ plowshare “, O.E. scear m. n. ds., Nor. skere (*skarjan- )
ds.; O.Ice. sker n. (*skarja- ) “cliff” (out of it M.L.G. schere f. “Felszacke, cliff ”, Ger. Schäre );

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ablaut. O.E. score “(felsiges) seashore, Kũste” , scorian “overhang, from Klippen under
likewise”, M.L.G. schore , schare “Kũste, bank, border, shore” , next to which with - rr-:
O.H.G. scorra ‘schroffer Fels ”, scorrēn “hervorragen, from rocks or bone ”;
O.Ice. skarðr “ damages, verstummelt, verringert ”, O.S. skard “zerhauen, verwundet ”,
O.H.G. scart , M.H.G. schart “zerhauen, schartig”, O.E. sceard ds., O.Ice. skarð n. ‘scharte,
hole, lack, damage, pity ”, M.H.G. Ger. scharte , O.E. sceard n. “piece, fragment ”, ablaut.
O.Ice. skorða f. “cloven staff ”, “am oberen end cloven pad ” (compare in similar meaning
M.L.G. schore, schare ‘strebepfahl, pad ” = Eng. shore );
O.Ice. skor f. “ incision, incisure, crack ”, M.L.G. schore m. ds., nnd. schör , schär “frail,
breakable, brittle “;
O.Ice. skyr n. (*skurja- ) “ coagulated milk ” (: skera-sk ‘sich divide = curdle, coagulate,
harden “); skurðr m. “das Schneiden ”; O.H.G. skerm, skirm ‘shield (“*from Häuten” ),
protection, Bedeckung ”, M.H.G. scherm , schirm , O.H.G. skirmen (*skirmjan ), O.S.
biskirmian “beschirmen ”;
s-los perhaps O.Ice. hǫrund n. “Fleisch”; M.H.G. häre, härwer “herb” (“incisive of taste ”;
Proto-Gmc. *har- wa in finn. karvas “herb”); Goth. haírus , O.Ice. hjǫrr, O.E. heoru , O.S. heru
m. ‘sword” (see above M.Ir. coire );
lengthened grade O.H.G. scür, scüra , pl. scüri ‘scissors”, O.S. sküra f. ds., O.E. scēar
“Pflugscher ”, pl. scerero , O.Ice. skæ ̄ ri n. pl. ‘scissors”, hræ ̄-skæ ̄ rr “in Leichen hackend
(eagle)”; M.H.G. schuor f. ‘schur”, O.Ice. skø ̄ ra “fight, struggle ”;
Lith. skiriù , skìrti , Ltv. šk ́ ir̃t ‘separate, divide ”, Lith. karnà f. “Lindenbast ”, Ltv. àizkar̂t
“anrũhren” ; Lith. kę̃ra, kẽro, kérti ‘sich loslösen” ; skarà ‘scrap, shred, rag ”; O.Pruss.
kērmens “body” (see under); Lith. kir̃vis , Ltv. cirvis “axe”; presumably of concept the
abgespaltenen Hautschuppe from: Lith. karaĩ pl. ‘steinpocken ” (Slav. Lw.?), prakarùs
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Russ. korь f. “ measles “ and “Motte” (“*Schererin ”); aRuss. kora “bark”, Russ. etc. korá
“bark, crust ”; whereof among others Church Slavic koricę pl. “Zimt”, Russ. koríca ds., kórka
“bowl, bark, crust ”, korětь “hard become ”, Bulg. koráv “ stiff, hard ”, Serb. o-kòreti se “ stiff,
hard become ” etc. (O.C.S. korьcъ “a measure of capacity “, Russ. koréc “Mũhlkasten;
scoop etc. ”, Slov. korec “Körbchen under likewise” ; perhaps to O.Ind. carú- “Kessel” etc., s.
kʷer-);
Russ. dial. červь ‘sickle” (= Lith. kir̃vis , O.Ind. kr̥vi-, see above); Bal.-Slav. * kermen - and
keru̯a - n. “belly, body ” in O.Pruss. kērmens m. “body”; Slav. *červo n. in O.C.S. čre ̌ vo “lower
abdomen, belly ”, Russ. čere ̈ vo ds. etc. (originally “ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide ”);
doubtful O.C.S. čre ̌ vьjь ‘sandal”, Russ. old čerevьji pl. ‘schuhe” etc. (*’skin, leather ”?);
Church Slavic krъnъ “mutilated ”, okrъniti “amputieren ”, Russ. dial. kórnyj “from kleinem
growth, short ”, kornátь ‘stutzen”, (etc. = O.Ind. -kīrn ̣ a -); presumably (as “abgeschnittene
shaft, pole ”) O.C.S. krъma “ rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes ”, r. kormá ‘schiffshinterteil ”
etc.; perhaps R.C.S. čre ̌ nъ “Handgriff ”, Russ. če ́ ren “Heft, Stiel, handle, grasp eines
Messers; Pfropfen ”.
B. Dental extensions:
α) (s)ker -d-:
Illyr. Scordus (mons), ΢κάρδον (ὄρος): Lith. skardùs ‘steil” see under (Jokl, Eberts
Reallex. 6, 37); O.Ir. scerdid “kratzt ab ”;
Maybe Alb. ( *skord-) kodrë “hill”
after den divided Wurzelknollen: Gk. σκόρ(ο)δον n. “ garlic “, Alb. hurdhë , hudhrë ds.
(*skord-);
O.H.G. scherze, scherzel “abgeschnittenes Stũck” ; O.H.G. scurz ‘short” (M.H.G.
schũrzen “kũrzen” , schurz “gekũrztes garment” , Ger. Schurz , Schũrze ), O.E. scort ‘short”,

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scortian “kũrzer become, fehlen, lack” (scyrte f. ‘schurz, Hemd ”; Eng. short ‘short”, shirt
“Hemd”), O.Ice. skorta “fehlen, lack ”, skort n., skortr m. “lack”;
with other Vokalstellung (influence of Gmc. *skraut- , *skrut- ?) M.L.G. schratelen “carve,
slit”;
maybe Alb. (*scyrte) shkurt ‘short”
Note:
Illyr. TN Scordisci meant: “ men with shirts, kilts (like women) ” hence Alb. (*skodra ) kodra
“hill” actually meant: “(*short) low mountain, low hill ” [common drop of initial s- in Alb. sk > k ]
Lith. skerdžiu ̀ , sker̃sti “(Schweine) schlachten ”, Ltv. šk ́ ē ̨ ržu , šk ́ e”rst ‘split, aufschneiden ”,
Lith. skérdžiu , skérdėti “Risse bekommen ”, ablaut. skardūti ‘schroten”; skardùs ‘steil”,
skar̃dis m. ‘steiles bank, border, shore ” (see above Illyr. Scordus ), skurdùs “painful”, nu-
skur̃des “zerlumpt ”, E.Lith. skurstù , skur̃sti “lack leiden ”; Ltv. skürdît ‘split up, cut up, divide ”,
Lith. suskir̃dusios kójos “aufgesprungene Fũße” , O.Pruss. scurdis “Bicke, Mũhleisen” ,
O.C.S. o-skrъdъ m. “tool zum Behauen the Steine ”, Russ. oskórd “big hatchet ”, skorodá
“harrow”, Cz. oskrd “Mũhleisen, Spitzhammer” ;nasal. Lith. skrándas “alter Pelz ”, skrañdis
“Viehmagen ”, Ltv. skrandas pl. “rag, clout ”, O.Pruss. scrundos pl. ‘scissors”.
About sker- dh- see below esp. Schlagwort.
β) (s)ker -t-, (s)kre -t-:
O.Ind. kr̥ntáti newer kartati “cuts, slices ” = Av. kǝrǝntaiti (besides kǝrǝnaoiti = O.Ind.
kr̥ṇōti , above S. 938) “cuts, slices; schindet ”; participle perf. pass. kr̥ttá- (Av. -kǝrǝsta -);
O.Ind. kartanam “das Schneiden ”, kr̥tí- m. or f. “knife”, Av. karǝti - “knife”, Pers. kürd ds.;
O.Ind. karta- m. ‘separation, Unterscheidung ”, kartá - m. “pit, pothole, hole ” (küṭa ́ “depth,
ground” out of it mind. development), perhaps Av. -kaša - “bay”; es can partizipiale to-
formations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; O.Ind. kŕ̥tti- f. “fell, fur”, ni-kr̥tti-
“Niedermetzlung ”; O.Ind. kŕ̥tvaḥ “...Male”, -kŕ̥t e.g.sa-kŕ̥t, Av. ha-kǝrǝt̃ “once”, originally “with

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a Hieb”, as in O.Ind. sakr̥d -üchinna ́ - “auf einmalabgetrennt ”, Av. hakǝrǝt̃ -jan- “auf einmal
tötend” (compare O.C.S. kratъ “mal”, Lith. kar̃tas ds.);
O.Ind. kaṭu- (mi. from * kart-u-) “(*incisive) sharp, biting ” (: Lith. kartùs “bitter”);
Arm. k”ert”em “pull die skin ab, schäle ab” ;
Alb. kjëth ‘schere” (*kertō );
Lat. cortex “bark, Borke ”, scortum “fell, fur, Tierhaut, Hure ”, cēna “meal” = Osc. kersnu
“cēna” , kerssnaís “cēnis” (*kert-snü ‘share”); Umbr. śesna “cēnam”, c̨ersnatur “cēnüti” ;
O.H.G. herdo “vellus”, O.E. heorda m. “fell, fur”, Ger. Swiss herde , härde ‘sheep- or
goatskin “; O.E. herðan pl. “testicles” (“*Hautsack ”; from *haruÞjan ) with other Vokalstellung
O.Ice. hreðjar pl. “Hodensack ”; perhaps here also Goth. hairÞra , O.H.G. herdar n.,
O.E.hreðer m. “ intestines, entrails “; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in M.L.G. schrüt (-d-)
“ein in the Länge abgeschnittenes Stũck” , schrüden “abschneiden ”, schrüt (-d-) “ slantwise
(eine other Linieschneidend) ”; at most to-participle zur basis skrē-;
nasalized (Gmc. * skrenÞ -, compare O.Ind. kr̥ntati ): O.H.G. skrindan , -tan “break, crack,
Risse bekommen ”, Nor. skrinda “ incisure “; zero grade O.H.G. scrunda, - ta “col, gap,
crack”, Ger. Schrund(e) , Nor. skrunda “hutch”; with gradation M.H.G. schranz (e) “crack, slit,
geschlitztes garment “ (O.H.G. * scrantussa , compare scruntussa “crack”); wFris. schrander
‘sharp” (from Verstand), etc.; without s-: M.L.G. uprinden “aufbersten ” (from Wunden);
Lith. kertù kir̃sti “haue sharp, schlage violent ”, kir̃stas “beaten”, Ltv. cē ̨̀rtu , cìrst “hew, hit,
hacken”; Lith. kir̃tis “Hieb”, O.Pruss. kirtis ds., Lith. ker̃slas “Aderlaßeisen” (*kert-s-lo-),
besides ker̃stas “Lanzette ”; O.Pruss. kersle “hoe, axe ” (= Russ. če ́ reslo ́ etc.); Lith. karsa
“cave”(*kartsü ), Lith. kartùs , O.Pruss. nom. pl. kürtai “bitter”; O.Pruss. scordo (consigns
stordo ) ‘schwarte” i.e. “menschliche Kopfhaut ” (Balt *skartü ); Lith. kertùkas ‘spitzmaus ” (:
Clr. čerte ́ c ́ “große dormouse “, compare of einfachen * sker- O.H.G. scero “Maulwurf ” etc.);
Lith. kar̃tas “mal”, víens kart víens “einmal eins ”, Ltv. viênkǜršs ‘simple, just ” (see above to

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O.Ind. kŕ̥tvas , -kr̥t), Lith. kartà “Lage, layer “, Ltv. kü ̀ rta “order, layer, Lage ”; Lith. kirtas
“Tierlager ”;
as “abgeschnittenes Stũck Holz” Lith. kártis “ shaft, pole ”, Ltv. kãrts ds., O.Pruss. kartano
f. ds.; Balt *karta- “trough” (out of it finn. kartta ds.) in O.Pruss. pra-cartis m. ds., Lith. prã-
kartas ds.; besides Proto-Slav.. * karūta - n. “trough, trough ” in Church Slavic koryto “alveus”,
Russ. korūto “trough, trough ” etc.; with through das nasal present bedingter other
Vokalstellung Lith. krintù , kritaũ , krìsti “abfallen, from Blättern, Frũchten” (compare O.Ind.
kr̥ntátram “cleft, gap, col, gap, Zerklũftung” );
O.C.S. na-črъtati “ὑπογράψαι” , R.C.S. črъtu , čre ̌ sti “cut, clip”, Russ. old o-čeresti “eine
limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine ” (etc.); Clr. čerte ́ c ́ “big, giant dormouse “
(compare above to Lith. kertùkas ); Clr. čereslo ́ , Pol. trzosɫo “Pflugmesser, Sech ”, Sloven.
čre ́slo , Cz. tříslo “Gerberlohe ”; perhaps Russ. old čerešča , mBulg. (ablaut.) o-črьšta , o-
črъšta “tent” (if “from Fellen or bark ”, *k(e)rst-i̯-ü, compare O.Ind. kŕ̥t-ti-); perhaps Russ.
(etc.) čere ̈ t “ reed “ (from den schneidenden Blättern); Church Slavic kratъ -kъ (= O.Ind.
kaṭu-, Lith. kartùs ), Russ. korótkij ‘short” (etc.); O.C.S. sъ-krašto ̨ , -kratiti “verkũrzen; sich
short fassen, endigen ”; O.C.S. kratъ in tri kraty “dreimal” etc., Pol. trzy-kroć ds. (etc., see
above to Lith. kar̃tas “mal”);
Hitt. kartüi - “abschneiden, beseitigen ”.
About perhaps cognate words for “quer” see under *skert -s- “quer”.
C. guttural extension:
*krok- no- in Welsh croen ‘skin”, pl. crwyn , O.Corn. croin ds.; croinoc “rubeta” > Corn.
cronek “crapaud” besides *krok-inü in Gaul.-Lat. crocina “mastruca ”, O.C.S. kruzno , Russ.
korzno ds.; out of it borrowed O.H.G. krusina , kursinna (wherefore Ger. Kũrschner ), O.Fris.
kersna , LateO.E. crus(e)ne “Pelzrock ”, M.Lat. crusina ; *krokkeno- in M.Ir. crocann , Ir.
croiceann ‘skin”, Bret. kroc”hen, M.Corn. crōghen ds.

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D. Labial extensions:
α) (s)kerb/h/ -, (s)kreb(h) -:
M.Ir. cerb ‘sharp, incisive ”, cer(b)aim “cut, bite”;
O.E. sceorpan ‘scratch, scrape, gnaw “ (probably also “*cut, clip ”, compare sceorp
“dress”); O.Ice. skarpr “eingeschrumpft, lean, strong, sharp ”, O.E. scearp , O.S. skarp
‘sharp, rough, bitter ”, O.H.G. scarf , scarph , M.H.G. scharf , -pf “rough, incisive ”; O.H.G.
skurfen, scurphen , M.H.G. schũr(p)fen “aufschneiden, disembowel, (fire) anschlagen ”, Ger.
schũrfen ;
Bal.-Slav. *skirbü f. “Ritze” (*skerbhü) in Ltv. šk ́ ir̃ba f. “Ritze, col, gap ”, ablaut. šk ́ erbala
and skarba f. ‘splinter” and skar̂bs (= Ger. ‘scharf”) ‘sharp, rough ”; in addition Lith. skirbti “
sour become ”, Ltv. šk ́ erbs “herb, sour ”; Slav. *ščьrbъ m., *ščьrba f. in Pol. szczerb m.
‘scharte, incisure “, Slov. ščr̂b ‘schartig”, ščŕba ‘scharte” etc.; Russ. ščerba ́ f. “crack,
Scharte, scar ”;
Bal.-Slav. *skurbü (*skorbhü) in Lith. žem. skur̃bti “be in woefulness “, skur̃bė f.
“ruefulness ”, Ltv. skùrbstu , skùrbt “ senseless, unconscious become ”; Slav. *skъrba f. in
Slov. *škŕba ‘scharte, Zahnlũcke” , also Slav. skъrbь f. in O.C.S. skrъbь , R.C.S. skъrbь ,
Serb. skr̂b, Russ. skorbь “ruefulness, care “, skórbnutь “wither, wilt, mortify ”, Slov. skrbẹ́ti
“care for, worry ”;
Lat. scrobis m. f. “pit, pothole ”; O.E. screpan ‘scratch, scrape ”, M.H.G. schreffen st. V. “
rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape ”; O.Ice. skrapa (*skrapōn ) ‘scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape ”,
M.L.G. schrapen ds., M.H.G. schraffen “die skin ritzen, schröpfen” , schrapfe (*skrappō ́ )
“tool zum Kratzen ”, whereof schrapfen “ curry “, M.L.G. schrappen ‘scrape, scratch,
scrape”; M.H.G. schrepfen (*skrapjan ), Ger. ‘schröpfen ”;
Lith. skrebė́ti “rustle, sough, rustle ”, Ltv. skrabt “hollow out, scratch, scrape, scrape ”,
skrabinât “benagen ”, skribinât ds. (neologism from * skrebinat ); Lith. átskrabai m. pl. “offal”;

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R.C.S. o-skrebъ “abgeschabt habend ”, Russ. skrebú , skrestí (skrestь , also skrebátь )
‘scrape, scratch, scrape ”, Iterat. Cz. škrabati ‘scratch, scrape ”;
with reduced grade: Welsh crafu ‘scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten ”; Ltv. kribinât
“abnagen ”;
lengthened grade: skrēbh -, skrōbh -, with r-suffix the name the Hainbuche (after dem
gesägten leaf): Alb. shko-zë (*skrēbh -r-), O.Pruss. scober- wis (*skrōbher -), Lith. skrúoblas
(*skrōbh -ro-), newer skroblùs , but Ltv. (with secondary ü) skübardis , skübarde (*skrōbhar -)
“Rotbuche ”, s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare Lith. skir̃pstas under S. 945;
zero grade Gk. σκαρφᾶσθαι σκεδάννυσθαι Hes.;
compare also gerbh -, above S. 386, and Welsh cramen S. 945.
β) (s)kerp -, (s)krep -:
O.Ind. kr̥püṇa - m. ‘sword”, kr̥püṇī f. ‘scissors, Dolch ”; karpara- n. ‘shard” m. “bowl,
cranium” (: O.Pruss. kerpetis “cranium”, O.C.S. čre ̌ pъ ‘shard”, O.H.G. scirbi ‘shard”);
Alb. karpë , karmë (*korp-n- ) “Fels, cliff ” (compare Lat. saxum : secō ; insecure krep,
shkrep “Fels, slope ”); in addition Thrac. Καρπάτης ὄρος “ Karpaten ”;
Gk. καρπός “fruit” (“Abgeschnittenes, Abgepflũcktes”), καρπίζομαι, καρπόομαι “ ernte” ;
κρώπιον ‘sickle” (IE *krōp-); with s- probably σκορπίος ‘scorpion, ein stachliger Seefisch ”;
Lat. carpō , -ere “pluck, abpflũcken” , originally “abtrennen ”, glO.S.S. scarpo i.e. excarpo
“eligo”, scarpinat ‘scripithaen ” (O.E. “die hen scharrt ”); carpinus “Hainbuche ” etc. (after dem
gesägten leaf); compare Hitt. karpina- “ein tree”;
M.Ir. corrán ‘sickle”, cirrim ‘schlage ab, verstũmmle” (-rr- from -rp-) perhaps Ir. corr,
Welsh cor “cusp, peak ” (: σκορπίος);
O.H.G. herbist , O.E. hærfest “autumn” (“time of Pflũckens, Erntens” ; probably ein
Superlativ *karpistos “ at best zum Pflũcken geeignet” ); O.Ice. harfr m. herfi n. “harrow”;

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with s-: O.E. sceorfan st. V. “bite, zerfressen ”, gesceorfan “tear, scrape ”; scyrft “das
Schneiden ”, O.H.G. scirbi , M.H.G. schirbe , later scherbe ‘shard (*scharfkantig incisive);
head, testa ” (see above to O.Ind. karpara- ), M.L.G. scherve “bowl”; O.H.G. scerf , M.L.G.
scherf “halber Pfennig, kleinste Scheidemũnze” , Ger. Scherflein ; O.E. scearfian (*skarƀōn )
‘scrape, tear ” = M.L.G. scharven (besides scherven from *skarƀjan ) “in small Stũcke carve,
slit”, O.H.G. scarbōn ds., M.L.G. scharf ‘shard”, O.Ice. skarfr ‘schräges Endstũck” , Nor.
skarv “cliff”;
maybe Alb. shkrep “cliff, rock ”, shkrif ‘soften”?
with other Vokalfolge: O.H.G. screvōn “incidere”, M.L.G. schreve m. “line (“*Ritzung ”),
line”, Swe. skreva “Felskluft”, O.Ice. skref n. “ footstep “ (“*cleft, gap ”); O.E. scræf “cave”,
M.H.G. schraf, schrave “zerklũftete Felsklippe” , M.L.G. schravel ‘spiky, schroff ”; M.H.G.
scrove , schroffe m. ‘spitzer (*schneidender) stone, cliff ”, back formation Ger. adj. schroff ;
as “rissige, rough skin ” here die Postverbalia O.Ice. skurfa f. ‘scurf, scab ”, Swe. skorf ,
O.E. skurf, scēorf m. ‘scurf, scab, crust, eschar “ (to scēorfan , see above), O.H.G. scorf ds.
(besides Nor. skorpa “crust”, M.H.G. besides schorf also schorpf from geminiertem
*skorp[p]- ), compare Lith. kárpa “ wart “, Ltv. kãrpa, kürpis ds.;
Lith. kerpù , kir̃pti “with the Schere schneiden ”, Iterat. karpūti, atkarpaĩ , ãtkarpos
‘schnitzel”; krapšty ́ ti ‘scratch, stochern ” (onomatopoeic word?); Ltv. cē ̨̀rpu , cìrpt ‘shave,
shear”, cir̃pe f. ‘sickle”; Iterat. kü ̀ rpît ‘scratch, die Erde aufwerfen ” (compare O.N. harfr,
herfi); O.Pruss. kerpetis “cranium” (compare O.Ind. karpara- );
with s-: Ltv. šk ́ ērpe ̂ t “lawn schneiden ”, šk ́ ērpis “Pflugmesser ”, šk ́ ērpele “wooden splinter ”,
šk ́ irpta ‘scharte”; with zero grade i: Lith. skir̃pstas “Rũster” , O.Pruss. skerptus ds. (after den
gesägten Blättern), Lith. skir̃pstus “Rotbuche ”;

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O.C.S. čre ̌ pъ ‘shard” (in den neueren Slav. Sprachen partly also “cranium”); presumably
also Proto-Slav. *čъrpǫ, čer (p)ti in O.C.S. črъpǫ, čre ̌ ti “ scoop “ (“with a shard Wasser
scoop “); Russ. dial. čerp ‘sickle” probably contaminated from červ and serp m. ds.;
compare also kerǝp - “rag” above S. 581.
E. (s)krē -m-, (s)krǝ -m-:
Welsh cramen f. ‘scurf, scab ” (with -mm-), Bret. crammen, cremmen ds. (das - mm-
expressive or from *- b-m-); M.Ir. screm f. “Oberfläche, skin” (with - mm-);
afränk. *scramasaks in “cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant ” (Gregor v. Tours),
compare also scramis (besides scutis, spatis, lanceis, sagittis ) in the Lex Visigothorum;
M.H.G. schram f.” scratch , Schwertwunde ”, m. “Felsspalt, hole ”, schramen “tear open” ;
besides with mm : M.L.G. schram (-mm-) m. “Ritze, incisure “, schramme f. “Ritze, scratch “
(out of it Ger. Schramme ); ablaut. O.Ice. skrüma “wound, scratch; axe ”;
Lith. krãmas , Ltv. krama “ crust, scab, eschar “; Lith. krim̃sti “ gnaw, plague ”, Ltv. krìmst “
gnaw, klauben ”;
Church Slavic pokromь “margo panni ”, Russ. kromá “Brotschnitte, edge ”, Church Slavic
ukromь adv. ‘singulatim ”(“*abgetrennt ”), O.C.S. kromě adv. “außen, outside “ ; ablaut. Russ.
dial. kremь f. “break, section of Waldes ”;
presumably O.C.S. kremy, kremen ь “Feuerstein ”; Ltv. krems ds., ablaut. krams.
F. (s)ker -s-:
Hom. ἀκερσεκόμης “with ungeschorenen Haaren ”; Att. κουρά̄ “das Abscheren the hair ”;
κουρίς , -ίδος f. “razor”, κούριμος “geschoren ”, κουρεύς “barber” etc., κουρίξ “by den Haaren
fassend”, κορσόν κορμόν Hes., κορσόω ‘schere”, κορσωτός “geschoren ” etc.;
Att. inschr. κουρον “lignum sectum ”; αἱμακουρί αι “Blutopfer ”, κούρειον “a sacrificial animal
“;
M.Ir. Welsh etc. corr “verkũmmert, dwarfish “ (*korso- );

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Toch. A kärs ̣ t -, В kärst - “abschneiden, destroy ”; Hitt. karš-, karšii̯a - “abschneiden,
verstũmmeln” etc.
II. i-basis skerī̆ -, skrē ̆ i -, skrī̆- “cut, clip, divide ” also particularly “ through Sieben Grobes
and Feines divide ”; see above Gk. κείρω, καρ῅ναι, Lith. skiriù .
α) Gk. κρί̄νω (*κρῐν-ι̯ω, compare Fut . κρῐν῵ , and Lesb. κρίννω) ‘scheide, unterscheide,
entscheide ”, participle κριτός; κρίμνον “ coarse meal, flour ” (“das Gesiebte ”), κρῖμα, κρίμα n.
“ verdict, judgement ”, κριτής m. “ judge”, κρίσις f. “ verdict “, διακριδόν “ separate “; κρησέρα
“feines Sieb ”(derivative from *κρ῅σις, *krē[i] -tis “crētiō, Sieben” );
Lat. cernō, -ere ‘sichten, divide; distinct wahrnehmen (distinguish, discern), erkennen ”
(*crĭ-nō); certus (= κριτός) “ geschieden, entschieden, certainly, surely ”, perf. crē-vī-
(whereupon previously crētum ), ex-crē-mentum “Ausscheidung ”, screa (*skrēi̯ü ) “Auswurf”,
screüre ‘sich räuspern” ; discrīmen “trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum; Unterscheidung;
entscheidender, kritischer instant, eye blink ”, crībrum ‘sieb, Durchschlag ” (*krē ̆ i-dhrom );
O.Ir. criathar (*krē ̆ i-tro-) ‘sieb”, O.Welsh cruitr ds. (Welsh crwydr “das Hin- and hergehen,
Wandern”), Corn. croider , M.Bret. croezr Bret. krouer ‘sieb”; Welsh go-grynu ‘sieben” (*upo-
kri-nō), Bret. gourner ‘sieb”, Welsh gwa-gr, gogr ds.; Gaul.-rom. crinare ‘split”, oberItal.
crena “cleft, fissure ”, etc.; about Ir. crīch “limit, boundary, Gebiet ”, Welsh crip, crib, Corn.
Bret. krib “comb”, see above S. 619;
O.E. hrīdder, hrīddel ‘sieb”, O.H.G. rītera , Ger. Reiter “ coarse Sieb ” (*krē ̆ i- or *krī-dhrom );
Goth. hrains (*kroini- ), O.Ice. hreinn , O.S. hrēn(i), O.H.G. hreini “pure”, Ger. rein, dial. “ fine-
ground, sieved “;
Bal.-Slav. *krei̯ō ‘slit, separate, scheide ” in Ltv. krijât “flay”, krija f. “ bark, outer covering
of a tree “, Lith. krìjas m. ‘siebreifen ”, pl. krìjos “bast, bark ”, skrìjos ‘siebreifen ”;
Maybe Alb. krasit “cut”, Alb. kreh (*kre-sko ) “comb, dress the hair ”, [common Alb. -sk- > -h-
phonetic mutation], kryje “head (with hair) ”.

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Proto-Slav. . *krojǫ , *krojiti (previous causative) in Church Slavic krojiti “περιτέμνειν, -
σχίζειν, dissecüre” , Russ. krojú , krojítь “cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieben ”;
Proto-Slav. . *krajь (Bal.-Slav. *krōi̯a - m.) in O.C.S. krajь “edge, bank, border, shore ”,
Russ. kraj “edge, region; end ”, krájnij “äußerst” ; with ablaut O.C.S. iskrь “nahe” ; Proto-Slav. .
*krida in O.Sor. křida , nsorb. kśida f. ‘sieb”.
β) (d-present?) (s)kreid - in:
M.Ir. scrissid “cuts, slices ” (*skrid-t- );
Goth. dis-skreitan “tear trans. ”, dis-skritnan “tear intr.”, Ger. Swiss schrīssen , schreißen ,
bO.Ir. schritzen “ rend, schlitzen ”, schritz “crack”; O.S. hrītan or hrītian “ rend, ritzen,
schreiben ”, O.S. Run. hrita “ritzen, carve “.
γ) (s)krei -t-: O.E. mid-hriðre n. “Zwerchfell ”; O.Fris. mid-hrith(ere) ds.
δ) Labial extensions:
(s)kerībh - in Gk. σκαρῑφάομαι and σκαρῑφεύω ‘scratch, ritze auf, einen Umriß” , σκάρῑφος
m. ‘stylus, Umriß, Skizze” ; Lat. scrībō , -ere “with a stylus graben, einzeichnen, schreiben ”,
Osc. scriftas nom. pl. ‘scriptae”, Umbr. screihtor ‘scripti”; Lat. Lwe. are O.H.G. scrīban ,
O.S.skrīƀan , O.Fris. skrīfa ‘schreiben ” and die originally kirchlichen words O.E. scrīfan “a
punishment, esp. eine kirchliche penance, atonement auferlegen ”, O.Ice. skript “Beichte,
punishment “; unclear is das p (= bb) in M.Ir. scrīp(a)id “kratzt”;
with IE -p-: O.Ice. hrīfa ‘scratch, scrape, scratch ”; hrīfa f. “ rake “, O.Fris. hrīvia , Dutch
rijven “ rake, rake “, O.E. gehrīfnian “abreißen” ; lett skrīpa ̂ t ‘scratch, scrape, scribble;
einschreiben ”, skrīpsts “krummes Schnitzmesser ”, skrīpa “eingeritzter stripe ”.
III. u-basis (s)keru -, (s)kreu -, compare perhaps Lith. kir̃vis “axe”, Russ. červь ‘sickle” etc.;
O.E.scréawa m. ‘spitzmaus ”, scierfe-mūs ds.:
(s)kreut -: Gk. κρουτεῖται “kernt from ” Hes.;

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Lat. scrūtillus “venter suillus condita farte expletus ”, dial. scrōtum “Hodensack ”,
hyperurbanisiert scrautum “ quiver “ (scrūta “junk” from Gk. γρύ̄τη “junk”, as scrōfa from
γρομφάς ); scrūtor, -ürī “untersuchen, durchstöbern” ;
M.Welsh ysgrud ‘skelett” (*skrou- to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;
O.H.G. scrōtan “hew, hit, cut, clip, schroten ”; also “dress zuschneiden ” (hence Schröder ,
Schröter ), scrōt “cut” (M.H.G. schrolle “clod of earth ” from *skruð -lá-??), O.E. scrēadian
‘schälen, abschneiden” , *scrēad(e) f. ‘stũck Zeug” , skrūd n. “dress” = O.Ice. skrūð n.
“kostbares Zeug, dress ”; (without s-: O.Ice. hrjōða “leeren, vertreiben, verheeren ”, hrjōðr
“Vernichter ”); O.H.G. scrutōn , scrodōn , scrutilōn “erforschen, durchforschen ”, scrod
‘scrutatio”, and Goth. and-hruskan “nachforschen ” (*krū ̆ t-skō); here probably with NO.S.
and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated O.Pruss. scrundos f. pl. ‘scissors”.
(s)keru -p-, (s)kreu -p-:
Lat. scrūpus ‘scharfer, spitzer stone “, scrūpulus ‘spitziges small stone “ (scrīpulus
nachscrīptus ) and (as scrūpulum ) “kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maßes; ängstliche
Genauigkeit (as “auf spitzen Steinen going ”), Skrupel ”, scrūpeus ‘steinig”;
perhaps as “kratzend ” = Swe. skroflig “ uneven, rough, hoarse ” etc.;
Pol. skorupa etc. ‘shard”.
References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff.,
Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;
See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.
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(s)kert -s-
English meaning: across
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “quer, quer durch ”
Note: (“in Querschnitt ”; to [s]ker-t- “cut, clip”)
Material: Arm. -xeṙ “aufsässig, widerspenstig” (wũrde also IE -rs- voraussetzen);
Gk. ἐγ-κάρσιος , ἐπι-κάρσιος ‘slant, skew, in die Quere ”, κάρσιον πλάγιον Hes.;
Bal.-Slav. *(s)kersa - in арг. kirscha , kirschan (zero grade), kerscha, kērschan “about”;
Lith. sker̃sas adj. “quer, zwerch ”, Ltv. šk ́ e ̀ rs , adv., šk ́ ē ̀ rsu “quer”, R.C.S. čre ̌ sъ (and after
other preposition auf zъ : čre ̌ zъ), Russ. čerez “ through, about - out”; also O.C.S. čre ̌ sla
nom. pl. “ loins” as “Zwerchfell, Quere of Körpers” ?
References: WP. II 590, Trautmann 129 f.
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skeub -, skeubh -, skeug -
English meaning: to move; throw, shoot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dahinschießen (flink); schießen, werfen, schieben”
Material: Goth. af-skiuban “wegschieben, verstoßen” , O.E. scēofan and scūfan ‘schieben”,
O.H.G. scioban ‘schieben” (hat Ger. also die meaning “eilig go”), O.Ice. skūfa and skȳfa
‘schieben, fortstoßen” , intensive with gemin. Tenuis M.H.G. Ger. schupfen , Nor. skuppa ds.,
O.H.G. scupha, scopha ‘schaukelbrett ”; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: Nor. skubba “rub,
scour, rub, clean ”, M.H.G. schoppen “ stuff “ and with long Spirans Eng. scoff “ derision,
ridicule”; O.H.G. scūf(a)la ‘schaufel = shovel”, scūbla ds., O.E. scofl ds., M.L.G. schuppe ,
Dutch schop f. ds. ( -pp-); M.H.G. schūft “Galopp”;
auf skeub - wird zurũckgefũhrt O.Ice. skopa “run, spring ”, O.Ice. skaup and skop n. “
derision “, O.E. scop “Dichter” (Nachbildung after Lat. mimus ), O.H.G. scof, scoph m.
“Dichter”, n. “ poem, derision “;
Lith. skùbti “hurry”, skùbinti “beeilen”, skubùs , skubrùs “agile, hasty ”; O.C.S. skubǫ ,
skubati “pluck, rend “;
skeug - in M.Eng. mnl. schokken “bump, poke ”, M.L.G. schocken “tremble”, nd. schocken,
sckucken ‘shake, swing ”, M.H.G. schocken ‘swing, tanzen ”;
maybe from skeu -k- here as “gehetzt”: Gmc. *skeuhwa- ‘shy” in O.E. scēoh , Eng. shy,
M.H.G. schiech ; out of it O.E. scyhhan , O.H.G. sciuhen , Ger. scheuchen ; with ablaut and
gramm.variation Gmc. *skugwa- ‘shy” in M.L.G. schǖ(we) , Swe. skugg ; O.C.S. ščuti
“hetzen” (*skou- );
References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and
Skop BSB. 1954, 2.
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skeud -1
English meaning: to protest, grumble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “unwillig, mũrrisch sein” , in Balt also von körperlichem Schmerze
Material: Gk. σκυδμαίνω, σκύζομαι “rage against, grolle ”, σκυθρός (diss. from * σκυδ -θρός) “
grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad ”, σκυθρωπός ds., σκυθράζω “bin unwilling “;
Lith. pra-skundù , -skudaũ , -skùsti “to ache, to exhaust begin “, skundà “ accusation “,
praskundà “pain”, núoskunda “pity”, skùndžiu , skų́sti ‘sich bemoan “; Ltv. skund-u , -êt
“mißgũnstig, envious sein, be angry with” ; Lith. skaudùs “ painful, sullen, violent ”, skaũsta
(skaude ́ti ) “es schmerzt ”, Ltv. skàužu , skàust “ envious sein, injure, hurt ”, skaudêt ds.; Lith.
skaudulỹs “ulcer”.
References: WP. II 554;
See also: compare also keu̯ǝd - above S. 595 f.
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(s)keud -2
English meaning: to throw, shoot
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, schießen, hetzen” ; intr. “dahinschießen, eilen,
hervorschließen”
Material: O.Ind. cō ́ dati , cōda ́ yati “treibt an, throngs ”, Pers. čust “agile, tätig, fitting” , O.Ind.
skundatē “ hurries “ (Dhütup.);
Gk. κυδίας “ Zahnkeim ”, Hes. (?); Alb. heth “throw, cast, worfle ” (for *hedh from
*skoudei̯ō ?);
This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root sē(i)-2 : sǝi- : sī- : sē-: sǝ- and sei-: si-:
(to throw, send, let fall, sow) : derived Alb. (*seth), hedh “throw”.
O.Ice. skjōta , O.E. scēotan “toss, fling, bump, poke, schießen” , O.H.G. sciozan
‘schießen , throw, schnellend bewegen ”; O.H.G. scoz “Geschoß, sprout” , scuz ‘schuß, Wurf,
quickness “, O.Ice.skjōtr , O.E. scēot “quick, fast ”, Goth. skaut “lap, hem ”, O.Ice. skaut n.
“Zipfel, point, edge, lap, protrusion ”, O.H.G. scōz “Zipfel, Kleiderschoß, Rockschoß” , M.L.G.
schott (-tt-) “(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, Verschluß” , whereof schutten “abdämmen, hinder,
shield “, M.H.G. Ger. schũtzen ;
without anlaut. s-: M.H.G. hossen, hotzen “quick, fast run ”, Ger. dial. hutzen “antreiben,
hetzen” (as O.Ind. cō ́ dati ), also “bump, poke ”;
Lith. skudrùs , skaudrùs “agile”; Ltv. skaudrs ds., skudra “Ameise”; O.C.S. is-kydati
“herauswerfen ”, Russ. kidátь “throw”, kídkij “rash, hasty, willing, ready, greedy “.
References: WP. II 554 f.;
See also: s. also under skeu- 5 and skeub- .
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(s)keu-1
English meaning: to perform, commit
Deutsche Übersetzung: “herrichten, ausfũhren”
Material: Gk. σκεῦος n. (mostly pl.) “appliance, armament, armor ”, σκευή “armament, armor,
clothing, Tracht ”, σκευάζω “bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an ”;
O.Ice. heyja , O.E. híegan “ commit “;
O.C.S. prě-kutiti “adorn, embellish, adorn ”, Russ. kutitь “ carouse, sich with Klatsch
befassen, rage, clamor ”, Church Slavic kutiti “machinari ”, Cz. kutiti, kutati “drive, push,
schäkern” , also (refl.) “wũhlen, dig, schũren” ; die Slav. words based on auf a *kou-tü
perhaps “ front “.
References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear ”).
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(s)keu -2, (s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū -
English meaning: to cover, wrap
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedecken, umhũllen”
Material: O.Ind. skunüti , skunō ́ ti, sküuti “bedeckt”; doubtful ku-kūla- “Hũlsen, armament,
armor”, püm ̣ su -kūla- “Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Mönche” ;
Arm. c̣iw “roof, cover ” (*skēu ̯ o -); with anl. kh-: Arm. xuc̣ ‘stube” (*khū ̆-sk̂ho -, at most zur
s-extension), fraglicher xavar “dark” (*khou̯o -, forms Arm. - ar), xu-p” “cover”, xul, xlik
“cottage”, xlay (*khū ̆ lati -) “ female Kopfverhũllung, Schleier; dress”;
Gk. σκύ̄νια pl. “ brows “, ἐπισκύνιον ‘skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen ” (compare O.Ind.
skunü ́ ti ); σκύλος n. “Tierhaut, bowl ”, σκύλον “abgezogene Tierhaut ”, σκῦλον ds. “dem Feind
abgenommene Rũstung” ; doubtful κ῵ας, pl. κώεα “Fließ”;
Lat. obscūrus “*bedeckt ” = “dark”; cūlus “the Hintere ”;
O.Ir. cūl m. “back, rump ”, Welsh cil “back”; O.Ir. cūl (*kū-lü-) f. “ angle, hideout “ = Welsh
etc. cil, ysgil “ hideout “; Ir. cuarün , Welsh curan “ shoe “; perhaps Celt.-Lat. cucullus “ cowl
“ (compare above O.Ind. ku-kūla-?);
O.Ice. skjü f. “barn” (*skeu̯ü ), probably also O.Ice. hü f. ‘skin” in hross-hü under likewise
(*skou̯ü ), sküli “cottage, room ” (Gmc. * skawalan -); skȳ n. (*skeui̯o -) “cloud, Verdunklung ”,
O.E. scīo, O.S. scio “cloud”; O.E. scu(w)a m. ‘shadow, darkness, protection ”, O.H.G.
scuwo, scū m. ‘shadow”, scū-c(h)ar n. “mirror”, actually ‘schattengefäß” , O.Ice. skuggi m.
‘shadow, Spiegelbild, ghost ”, skugg-sjü f. “mirror”, Goth. skuggwa m. “mirror”; O.H.G.
skugin(a) , M.H.G. schiune , Ger. Scheune (“Obdach”), Nor. dial. skyggne m. “cottage, hiding
place, nook, bolt-hole ”; O.Ice. skaun f. (or skaunn m.) ‘shield”; Nor. skūme “dark”, O.Ice.
skūmi m. “dawn, twilight ”, M.L.G. schummer “dawn, twilight ” (: Ltv. skumt ); O.Ice. hūm n. “

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twilight “, PN. Hymir “Verdunkler ”; perhaps O.H.G. scūm ‘scum, froth, foam ” (if
“deckendes ”);
maybe Alb. (*scūm ) shkumë “foam”
O.Ice. skjōl n. “ hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn ”, skjōla “Bũtte, Kũbel” ,
(“Verwahrungsraum ”), changing through ablaut O.Ice. skȳli, M.L.G. schūle n. “ hideout “,
O.Fris. skule “cottage”; O.Ice. skȳla “beschũtzen” , M.H.G. schūlen “ bent sein, lurk, lugen ”;
O.H.G. scūr m. “Wetterdach, protection ” (: Lat. obscūrus ), M.H.G. schūr “Obdach,
Schirm”, O.Ice. skūr f. ‘skin the Mandel ”, O.H.G. skūra , sciura , (*skūrja ) “barn, barn”; with
formants -ko-and lengthened grade ō[u] probably Goth. skōhs , O.Ice. skōr, pl. skūar ,
O.H.G. scuoh “ shoe “ (actually “deckendes Oberleder of Schuhes ”, compare above Ir.
cūarün “ shoe “ and M.Du. schoe ‘sword scabbard, sheath “);
Lith. kẽvalas “Eierschale ”, Ltv. ča ̀ ula “bowl, husk ”; Ltv. kūja “vulva”; Ltv. skaût “ hug,
embrace, hold tight “, skumstu , skùmt ‘sad become ” (“obscurüri” ); but Lith. skūra ̀ “leather,
bark, outer covering of a tree “, Ltv. skura “husk” from weiß Russ. skyra.
A. Dental extensions (respectively formations with Dentalformantien):
(s)keu -t-:
Gk. σκῦτος n. ‘skin, leather ”, ἐγκυτί , ἐγκυτίς “bis auf die skin ”, κύτος n. “Hũlle, skin” and
“vessel, Urne, cavity ”, κυτίς ‘small Kasten, Bũchse”, κυσό ς ἡ πυγή ; ἤ γυναικεῖον αἰ δοῖον
Hes.; (*κυτ-ι̯ος or *κυθ-ι̯ός), κύτ(τ)αρος “ cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle, Eichelnapf ”, κύσσαρος
“ünus” (*κυτFαρος); about Lat. cuturnium “vas, quo in sacrificiis vinum fundebatur ” s. WH. I
320;
Lat. cutis ‘skin”; cunnu s “pudendum muliebre ” (*kut-nos);
Welsh cwd “Hodensack ”; M.Welsh eskit, esgit , Welsh esgid , Corn. eskit, esgis “ shoe “
(*ped-skūti-);
O.Ice. hūð, O.E. hȳd, O.H.G. hūt (*hūdi -) “Haut” (Swiss hut “husk, Fruchtschale ”);

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O.H.G. hodo , O.Fris. hotha “testicle”; O.E. hoðma m. “ darkness “, O.H.G. hutta “cottage”
(*kuti̯ǘ or *kudhi̯ü : out of it O.S. hutta , huttia );
O.Lith. kutỹs “Beutel, Geldkatze ”; Balt *keutü ‘skin”, O.Pruss. keuto , Lith. kiáutas “bowl,
husk”, dial. kẽvetas m. ds.; kiãvalas m. “Eierschale ” (*keu̯olo -), Ltv. ča ̀ ula f. “bowl”, ča ̀ umala
f. “hard bowl” (Trautmann 132);
nasalized * kunti̯ō “preserve ” perhaps in O.C.S. sъkǫtati “beruhigen, stillen ”, Russ. kútatь
“verhũllen” etc., O.Pruss. -kūnti “pflegt”, Inf. pokūnst, pakūnst “preserve, protect ” and with
intonation change Slav. * kǫta f. in O.C.S. kǫšta “σκηνή” , Clr. kúča “ pigpen” (Trautmann
145).
(s)keudh -:
O.Ind. kuhara- n. “cave”, kuhaka- m. ‘schelm, Gaukler, cheater “, kuhayate “betrũgt” ,
kuhū ́ - f. “Neumond ” (“the versteckte moon ”); pamir dial. skīð “hohe Mũtze from Schaffell” ;
Gk. κεύθω “verberge ”, κεῦθος n., κευθμών “ verborgene depth ”, κευθμό ς “verborgener
place, cavity, Saulache ”;
M.Ir. codal ‘skin”;
O.E. hȳdan “conceal”; here or to *skeut- Goth. skauda-(raip) acc. sg. “ shoe (riemen) ”,
O.Ice. skauð f. “vagina”, pl. “Vorhaut; Elender, Scheusal ”, skjōða f. “Beutel, sack, bag ”,
M.L.G. schōde n. “vagina” (beim horse), f. “ pod, pea ”, M.H.G. schōte “ pod,
Samengehäuse” ;
unclear is Lat. cūdō , -ōnis “helmet from fell, fur ” (Lw.?); in the meaning nahe steht Av.
xaōδa - m., ар. xaudü - “Hut, Карре; helmet” .
В. guttural extension (s)keu-k̂-:
O.Ind. kō ́ s ́ a - m. “ container, Schatzkammer etc. ” (late also kóṣa -, das perhaps ind.
development from kō ́ s ́ a - is); doubtful kōs ́ aka - m. n. “egg, testicle, Gehäuse” , kuśapa - m.
(uncovered) “Trinkgeschirr ”, kuśayá - m. (uncovered) “ cistern “; kukṣí - m. “belly, womb,

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cavity”; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic mutation Pers. kus “vulva”; Av. kusra- ‘sich
wölbend, hollow” , vīkusra -, hankusra- ‘sich auseinander- , zusammenwölbend” ;
Lith. kūšy ̃ s (Plur. kūšy ̃ s ), Ltv. kũsis , kũsa “vulvahaare ” (*kūki - or *kūksi -); Lith. kiáušė
‘skull, cranium ”, kiaũšis “egg, testicle ”, Pruss.-Ltv. ḱaušis “egg”; Lith. káušas “großer dipper
“, Ltv. kaûss “ platter, Kochlöffel” .
C. s-extension (s)keu -s-:
Perhaps O.Ind. koṣṭha - m. n. “ container, lower abdomen, Vorratskammer ” under
likewise, kuṣṭha - m. “Lendenhöhle” (?), kúṣṭhikü “Inhalt the Gedärme” , Pers. kušt “ groin “
(Arm. Lw. kušt “belly, groin, body ”);
Gk. κύστις, -εως, -ιδος “ bladder, Beutel ”, κύσθος “ vulva”;
doubtful Lat. custōs “Wächter ”, compare WH. I 319;
Welsh cwthr “After, Mastdarm ” (*kuzdhro -);
O.Ice. hauss m. “cranium”; ablaut. Nor. dial. hūse m. “Fischkopf ”, O.H.G. hūso “Hausen”,
after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten Kopf;
Ger. dial. hosen “husk, pod “, O.E. hosa m. ‘strumpf, husk ”, O.Ice. O.H.G. hosa “trouser”;
presumably here Goth. O.Ice. O.E. O.S. O.H.G. hūs “house”, compare nd. hūske
“Kerngehäuse, sheath, Tũte” under likewise;
Goth. huzd , O.Ice. hodd f. (?), O.E. O.S. hord, O.H.G. hort “treasure, tribute, Hort” (*kuz-
dho- = Gk. κύσθος); Swe. hydda “cottage”, dial. hodda, hudda ‘schuppen, Gefängnisraum” ,
aschw. hydda “conceal”.
References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132,
145.
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(s)keup -, skeub (h)-
English meaning: bundle, flock, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bũschel, Schopf, Quaste” ; only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.Ice. skauf “ bundle, tassel “, O.E. scēaf , O.H.G. scoub “bundle, bundle of straw,
fascicle, sheaf “, Ger. dial. Schaub “bundle, bundle of straw ”, O.Ice. skūfr “ tassel, fringe,
bundle “; O.H.G. scubil “ bundle of hair or straw or like that, heap, pile “;
O.E. scyfel(e) f. “ women’s bonnet, tuft of feathers ” (with p: O.Ice. skypill, skupla ds.);
Maybe Alb. scype , shqiponjë (diminutive) “eagle, bird (*tuft of feathers?) ”
O.H.G. scobar “haystack, barn, heap, part. from grain or hay ”, M.H.G. schober hür “
bundle, hair “;
Goth. skufta (dat. sg. ) “ hair of the head “, O.Ice. skopt ds.; M.H.G. schopf m. “ tuft, crest,
tuft of feathers; shock of hair “, schopfen and (nd.) schoppen “ stuff (originally with bundles
of hay, hair etc.), be swollen “; with precisely such Gmc. pp: Nor. hupp “ tassel “, O.H.G.
hopfo “ hop, vine, plant which creeps or climbs as it grows “;
perhaps as “ roof covered with straw bundles “ here nd. schupp “ protective roof “ (Ger.
Schuppen ), O.H.G. scopf m. “ building without front wall, barn ”, Ger. bO.Ir. Swiss schopf m.
ds., O.E. scypen f. ‘stall”, Eng. shippen , O.E. scoppa m. “ shed, stall “ (Eng. shop “ junk
shop, knick-knack shop “);
Serb. ču ̏ pa “ shock of hair “, Russ. čupъ , čubъ , Cz. čup, čub “ tuft, crest, tuft of feathers;
shock of hair “;
perhaps Slav. *kyta (*kūp-tü) in Russ. kíta “ Stengel und Blätter lang stieliger Pflanzen “ ,
kítka “ catkin in trees “ etc., and Russ. kistь (*kūp-sti-) “ tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes,
hand “, Bulg. kíska (from kystъka ) “ bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers “,
Ser.-Cr. kȍščica “kind of paintbrush ”, old also kist, Pol. kiść “ tassel, broom, bush, bundle “.

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(s)keut -, (s)keudh -
English meaning: to shrink
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einschrumpfen ”
Note: only Gmc. and Baltic
Material: Gmc. partly - tt-, partly - dd-: Swe. dial. hott, hodd m. ‘small, eingeschrumpfter
person”, Dutch hotten “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, N.Ger. hotten “ shrivel, shrink due to
excess dryness, wrinkle up “, Dutch hot, M.L.G. hotte “ coagulated milk ”, Ger. dial. hutzeln,
verhutzeln “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up “, verhutzelt “verschrumpft,
vertrocknet ”;
Lith. ap-kiaũsti “verkũmmern” ; kūstu ̀ , kūdau ̃ , kũsti “abmagern ”, sukũdęs “ wizened “.
References: WP. II 553.
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skē ̆ i-bh- , -p-, nasalized ski-m-bh-
English meaning: slant; to limp
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schief, hinken(d) ”
Material: O.Ice. skeifr ‘slant, skew ” (*skoipo -), O.E. scüf, scüb ds. (in scüf-fōt ‘schieffũßig” ),
M.L.G. schēf ds. (Ger. dial. scheif ), next to which ( *skēipo -) M.H.G. (md. nd.) schief , and
(as Gmc. * skibba -) hess.-fränk. schepp ‘slant, skew ”, as well as (as Gmc. * skippa -) M.H.G.
schipfes adv. “quer”;
Lith. paskybei “quer”, skybas “keilförmiges Stũck Land” ; Ltv. šk ́ ībs ‘slant, skew ”, šk ́ ieb -u, -
t ‘schief neigen, kippen ”; compare Gk. σκίψαι ὀκλάσαι. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes.;
nasalized Gk. σκιμβός “lame”, σκιμβάζειν “hinken”.
IE skē ̆ i-p-, -bh- extended from skē ̆ i-, compare *skai-u̯o-s (*skǝi-u̯o-s) ‘slant, skew, link ”;
besides M.H.G. schie-f steht schæ ̄ he and schie-c ; zur unerweiterten root perhaps Nor.
skina , skjena “biesen”, O.S. skena “durchgehen ” (of Pferde), ablaut. Nor. skeina ‘schief zur
Seite fliegen ”.
References: WP. II 546, Wissmann nom. postverb. 151.
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skē ̆i-
English meaning: to cut, separate
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden, trennen, scheiden ”
Note: extension from sek-; initial sound partly also sk̂-, skh-, sk̂h-, as in the continuing
formation
Material: I. O.Ind. chyati “ clips “, participle chüta -, chitá - “ cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off “,
Kaus. chüyayati (with sk̂-, like:)

Maybe Alb. (*chüyayati ) çaj, çajta (aor.), çava (aor.) “cut, separate ”.
Av. fra-sünǝm “ destruction “, sü-, sya- “ to fight “;
Gk. σχάω ( *skhǝi̯ō , Impf. ἔσχwν, Inf. κατα -σχᾶν), σχάζω (neologism, Schwyzer Gk. 1,
716) “ scratches, slits “ and “ drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open “, σχάσις “ the
scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go “, σχάσμα n., σχασμός m. “ incision “,
σχαστήριον “ fleam, latch, bolt “, σχαστηρί α “ the rope (serving for the separation of the
spectators) before the racetrack “;
Maybe Alb. (*sciō) shquanj “distinguish ”, (*scie ) shqyenj “tear, split ”.
Lat. sciō, scīre “ to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do “ (“ part, make a
distinction “), dēscīscō , -ere “ to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize, renounce
“, scīscō, -ere “ to investigate, inquire; poLith. to vote, ordain, resolve “ and “ try to find out “,
plēbīscītum “ a decree of the people “, scītus “ knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious; pretty,
fine; adv. scite, skillfully “ (like M.H.G. geschīde , Ger. gescheit to *skēi -t-) in the meaning “
eliminate “ (compare O.Ice. skīta under S. 921) M.Ir. sceïd “ vomits “ (*skei-i̯e-ti, IE *skei-),
verbal n. sceith f. (from * sceth , IE *ski-tü, therefrom:) Welsh chwydu , Bret. c”houeda ,
M.Corn. hweža “ vomit “; from Ir. scethach “ to the travelling rupture “ places O.Ice. skjaðak

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n. “ ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and
rheumatism and dizziness) “;
M.Ir. scïan f. “ knife “, (*skii̯enü ) out of it Welsh ysgïen “ knife, sword “; M.Ir. scaīlid “ lets
go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses “ (*skǝi -l-), O.Ir. erscaīliud “ breakup, dissection,
dissipation, fragmentation “;
O.Ice. skeina “ wound lightly “; as “ * split off piece of wood, under likewise “: M.H.G.
schīe m. f. “ fencing post, pale “, O.E. scīa m. “ shinbone “, next to which (compare O.H.G.
bīa : bini “ bee “)
Gmc. * ski-nō(n) in O.E. scinu f., scine -bün n. ‘shinbone”, O.H.G. scina ‘shinbone”, also
“needle”, Nor. skĭna ‘small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread “; O.Fris. skidel “bones of the
arm” (-dla forms); West Flem. schier “block of wood ” (*skī-ro-); from “*distinguish, discern ”
from: O.H.G. skērī ‘sharp, sharp witted, shrewd ” (*skēiro -); M.H.G. schier “quick, fast ”, adv.
O.H.G. skēro , skioro “quick, fast ”, M.H.G. schier(e) ds., “fast”;
Ltv. šk”ieva “ fissure in wood “ and Lith. skivytas ‘scrap, shred ” have probably v from dv,
so that to d-extension Lith. skíedžiu , Ltv. šk”iežu;
Maybe Alb.Gheg shkũ-, shkũeva aor., Tosc shqyenj, shqeva aor. “tear, rind ”
O.C.S. cěvnica “λύρα” (eig. ‘shepherd’s pipe”), Russ. cěvjë “handle, grasp, Handhabe ”
and ‘shinbone”, cěvka “coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses ”, etc.; besides with
palatal: Lith. šeiva ̀ , šaiva ̀ , Ltv. saiva “ weaver ’s reel “ (Bal.-Slav. * kōi-u̯ü, *(s)kēi-u̯ü,
*(s)k̂ōiu̯ü ).
II. Dental extensions skē ̆ i-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms- to-):
A. forms on -d-; in Ar. and Arm. with sk̂-, in Balt with sk-:
O.Ind. chinátti , themat. chindati “clips, cuts, splits ”, Kaus. chēdayati; chēda - m. “cut,
break, section ”, chitti- “the fissures ” (: Lat. scissiō ), chidrá - “breaks, splits ”, n. “cleft, fissure,
hole”, chidira - m. (lex.) “axe, sword ” (: Av. sidara- , Gk. σκιδαρός, O.H.G. scëtar , Ltv. šk”idrs

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“leaking”; full grade Lith. skied -rà); Av. saēd - ‘split”, avahisiδyüt̃ “ he may split “, sidara- (leg.
sidra -) n. “hole, aperture, crack ”, a-sista- “ not split “, balūčī sindag ‘split, break, rupture ”;
Arm. c̣tim “ ritze mich, zerkratze mir with den Nägeln die Haut “ ;
Gk. σχίζω ‘split, slit, separate ”, σχιστός (= Av. á-sista- , Lat. scissus ) “divided, apart,
separated; divisible ”, σχίδαξ ‘splinter, shingle ”, σχίζα f. “ piece of wood “, σχινδαλμ ός, Koine
σκινδαλμό ς “wooden splinter ”, ἀνασχινδυλεύ ω “ to spear to ”; makedon. σκοῖδος “ authority;
administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of
the Seven Planets ”;
Lat. scindō, -ere, scicidī, scissum “ to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate “; scissiō “the
fissures”;
M.Bret. squeigaff , Bret. skeja “cut, clip” (-ž- from - dj-, *skidi̯ō ); Welsh ysgwydd (*skeid -),
Corn. scuid , Bret. scoaz ‘scapula”;
O.Ir. scīath ‘scapula, wing ” (Þ instead of ð after scīath ‘shield”);
without anlaut. s- perhaps Welsh cwys f. “furrow” (*kēid-tü-);
O.H.G. scīzan , O.E. scītan , O.Ice. skīta “excrete feces, defecate ” (*”eliminate “), M.H.G.
schīze f., O.Ice. skītr m. “diarrhea”; O.H.G. scetar “thin, incomplete, fragmentary ”, M.H.G.
schiter (e) ds., Ger. (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = O.Ind. chidrá - etc.);
maybe Alb. (*skīta) skitë “diarrhea”
without anlaut. s- perhaps O.Ice. hīt f. “ a furry sack “;
Lith. skíedžiu , skíesti ‘separate, divide ”, Iter. skáidyti (: Goth. skaidan , O.Ind. chedayati ),
skiedà and skiedrà , skiedarà “chip, splinter ”, skíemenys pl. “ der Raum, durch welche das
Weberschifflein geworfen wird “, ap-skīde ̨ s “ zerfranst “, paskūsti “ scatter “; without anlaut.
s- (through diss. loss?) probably sukìdęs “ tattered, ragged, fray “;
Ltv. šk ́ iedu , šk ́ iest ‘scatter, waste, spread ”, šk ́ iemen ́ i pl. “ die ũber den Weberhefteln sich
kreuzenden Fäden = the weaver ’s little boat or SHUTTLE = this might be the hefteln (small

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booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers “, šk ́ īstu , šk ́ īst “break up ”, šk ́ idrs “leaking,
thin”, skaîda “chip, splinter ”; about Ltv. šk ́ ieva “col, gap”, see above S. 920;
with it identica l Lith. skíedžiu , skíesti “dilute”, skūstas “thin fluid ”, Ltv. skaidīt “ dilute
potables “, šk ́ īsts “thin fluid ” (and “clean, clear, bright, chaste “), šk ́ īstīt “clean, säubern” ,
šk ́ īdinüt “thin, make fluid ”, šk ́ idrs “thin fluid”; O.Pruss. skīstan acc. “clean”, skīstai “chaste”;
O.C.S. čistъ “clean”, čistiti “clean”, če ̌ s ́ to ̨ , če ̌ stiti “clean”, Church Slavic če ̌ diti “ seihen “;
Russ. ščíryj “veritable, genuine ”; compare also above S. 917;
B. forms in -t-:
O.Ir. scīath m. ‘shield”, Welsh ysgwyd , O.Bret. scoit, Bret. skoed ds. = O.C.S. štitъ
‘shield”, (originally “board”), next to which with gradation O.Pruss. staytan (lies scaytan )
‘shield” and Lat. scūtum ds.;
Alb. (*scūtum ) shqyt ‘shield”
O.Ice. skīð n. “piece of wood, snowshoe ” (‘ski”), O.E. scīd “piece of wood ”; O.H.G. scīt
“bit of wood, piece of wood ” (*skīto -), M.H.G. schīten ‘split”, schīden ‘separate, divide ”,
geschīde “brainy, sly, cunning ”, O.Ice. skīðī n. “vagina”; changing through ablaut M.H.G.
scheite “chip of wood ” and zero grade O.H.G. scidōn “divide”, scidunga ‘separation ”,
M.H.G. schit, -of m. ‘separation, differentiation “;
Goth. skaidan “divide”, O.E. scēadan “divide, scatter, shed ” (so also mnl. scheiden “ shed
blood “); O.H.G. sceidan (participle ki-sceitan ) “divide”; O.Ice. skeið n. “ part of space or
time, career “, O.S. skēth m. “difference ”, M.H.G. scheit f. ‘separation, watershed ”;
O.E.scēada , mnl. schēde , O.S. skēðlo “ vertices, vertex “, M.L.G. schēdel m., schēdele f.
ds., O.H.G. sceitilo ds.;
O.Ice. skeið f. “ weaver’s comb “, pl. “ sword scabbard “ (“ eig. die beiden Holzscheiben
in this = wooden discs “), O.E. skæ ̄ ð, scēað , O.H.G. sceida ‘sword scabbard ”, also
‘separation, limit, boundary ”, O.S. skēðia ds., O.E. sceaðel “ weaver’s comb “;

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M.H.G. schedel “cranium, also dry measure “, mnl. schedel “cover, lid, eyelid ” (Dutch
scheel “cover”), M.L.G. schedel, schidele “box, case, bag ” from *skiÞla -, IE *ski-tlo- , actually
“( truncated) brainpan, skullcap “; in to-participle of skēit- or skēi-d- (compare Lat. scissus )
based on O.H.G. scesso “cliff, rock ”;
III. Labial extensions:
skē ̆ i-p-: Gk. σκοῖπος m. “ the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a
building “; σκί̄πων “ staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch “ (eig. “*
cleaved, divided = split off branch “);
Maybe Alb. shqeponj “walk with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick ” : shqiponja,
shkabonja, gabonja “eagle, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons “, shqip “clear,
fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language) ” also shqiptonj “enounce, pronounce,
enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly) ”, shqiptar “Albanian (who speaks clearly) ”; tshkep “
unstitch” (see Root du̯ō(u) : “two”) : qep “ stitch”.
Gk. σκίμπους “ kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked
in for the night “ (*σκιμποπους), σκίμπω, σκίμπτω “ insert “; Lat. scīpiō m. ‘staff”; s. also S.
543 under k̂eipo - “picket, pole ” and S. 930 f. skēp -; Gk. σκοίψ ψώρα Hes. (the itch, scurvy,
scab, mange = of skin flaking off);
O.H.G. scivaro “ wood splinter or spall ”, Ger. Schiefer , M.L.G. schever , M.Eng. scifra ,
nEng. shiver ‘splinter, shred ”, M.H.G. schebe f. “ Abfall beim Flachsbrechen “, Ger. Schäbe ,
Eng. shive ‘slice, cut”, further (as “ cut-off piece of a trunk “), O.Ice. skīfa, O.S. skīƀa ,
O.H.G. scība “ disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread, “, Ger. Scheibe , wherefore
O.Ice. skīfa “ split, divide into sheaves “, M.L.G. schīven , M.H.G. schīben “ roll, Kegel
scheiben “ (Kegel schieben through distortion), O.Fris. skīvia “divide”.
skei-b-: Goth. O.Ice. O.E. skip n. ‘ship, boat ” (“* ausgeschnittener, gehöhlter dugout
canoe “), O.H.G. scif, scef ‘ship, Weberschiff “ also “ vessel “, sciphi n. “ drinking vessel,

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bowl, saucer “, M.H.G. schipfe “ shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging)
“; in addition (as “ divide = distribute “) O.Ice. skipa “ allot, decide, define, ordain, determine,
sort, order, arrange “, M.L.G. schippen ds.; O.Ice. skipta “divide, decide, determine, swap,
vary, exchange ”, O.E. sciftan , M.L.G. schiften , schichten “divide, sort, order, arrange ”;
Lith. skiẽbti “unpick”, Ltv. šk ́ ibît “hew, hit, cut, clip, branching out “.
Note:
The root Root skē ̆ i- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for Alb. language because Alb. people
chose it to design clear speech: Alb. (*skei-b- ), shqip “clear speech, separated words ”,
(*skipta ) shqipto ‘speak clearly ”, (*skipta ) shqiptar “people who speak clearly ”. Alb. people
employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their language.
Hence people who didn ”t speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of Alb. so importan t
became the clear Indo European language to Alb. that they finally switched from the name
Arban (Alban) to (* skipta ) shqiptar “people who speak clearly ”. Other Alb. Derivatives:
(*Schäbe ) shkabë “eagle (with sharp talons) ”, Alb.Gheg (*scipioni ) Shqipni “land of eagles ”.
Obviously Alb. association of (* skipta ) shqiptar “people who speak clearly ” and (* skipion )
shqiponjë “eagle” was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army. Illyrians who
didn”t speak Lat. translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as: scipio -onis , m. “a
staff, wand ” = Alb. (*scipioni ) shqiponjë “the eagle (itself) ”, also Alb. (*scipioni ) Shqipni “land
of eagles ”. When Gergj Kastrioti “king of Epirus ” presented his heraldic emblem of the eagle
(the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed the name of his people.
Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their Hittite heritage.
References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.
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(s)kē ̆ p-2, (s)kō ̆p- and (s)kā ̆ p-; (s)kē ̆ b(h)-, skob(h) - and
skā ̆ b(h)-
English meaning: to work with a sharp instrument
Deutsche Übersetzung: “with scharfem Werkzeug schneiden, spalten ”
Material: A. Forms in -b: (there are listed here only the definite Gmc. forms; Lat. and Bal.-
Slav. with b see by the root form in bh); skab - “ form carving “.
Goth. gaskapjan st. V. “make”, O.Ice. skepja , O.E. scieppan , O.H.G. scepfen , M.H.G.
schepfen , from which Ger. schöpfen ; to preterit M.H.G. schuof , participle “ geschaffen =
created “ would create a new present ‘schaffen = make, create ”, as Swe. skapa , Dan.
scabe ; deverbative ō-verbs are O.Ice. aschw. skapa “ make, furnish, found, install “, O.H.G.
scaffōn “ build, effectuate “ (Wissmann nom. postverb. 73); O.E. ge-sceap n. ‘shape,
creature”, O.S. gi-scapu pl. n. “fate, destiny ”; O.Ice. skap n. “ shape, mood “ etc.; -skapr e.g.
in vin-skapr “ friendship ”; O.H.G. scaf m. “ shape, structure “, -scaf and - scaft f., Ger. -
schaft ; WestGmc. *skap n. “(engraved) vessel ” in: O.S. skap n. “ Schaff, ship ”, O.H.G. skaf
“vessel, Schaff “, whereof scepfen “ draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away;
drain dry, empty out “ (after scepfen “ bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin
to “ early with strong inflection); diminutive O.S. skepil , O.H.G. skeffil “ bushel “; ablaut.
M.L.G. schōpe “ scoop “, M.H.G. schuofe f. “ Schöpfgefäß “ .
B. forms auf -bh: (including Lat. and Bal.-Slav. forms with zweideutigem - b-).
Lat. scabō, -ere, scübī ‘scrape, scratch, rub ”, scůbiēs f. “ scab, mange, itch; roughness;
itching desire; mange “, scaber “rough, scabby “; with o: scobis f. “ filings, chips, shavings,
sawdust “, scobīna “ file, rasp “; M.Ir. (s)cīp (with bb) “hand” (expressive gemination); Goth.
skaban ‘scrape, shave, shear ”, O.Ice. skafa ‘scrape, scratch, scrape ”, O.E. scafan ds.
(O.Ice. O.E. preterit skōf, as Lat. scübī ); and. scaban ‘scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip ”,

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O.H.G. scaba “ plane “, O.Ice. skafa “ rasper “; O.Ice. skabb , O.E. sceabb “ scabies “,
M.H.G. schebīc “ scabby, measly “, older Ger. Schäbe “ scabies “, and. scavatho “ mange;
scabies “; Ice. skōfir f. pl. “ scrape, singed crust “, M.L.G. schōve (and schōpe ) f. “ scale,
husk “, O.H.G. schuoppa ds.;
Ltv. skabrs (= Lat. scaber ) ‘splitterig, sharp ”, skabrums “ sharpness, scabrousness “, Lith.
skabùs ‘sharp, incisive ”, skabù , -e ́ti “cut, clip, hew, hit “, skóbti “hollow out ”, nuskóbti “ pick “,
skóbas , Ltv. skübs ‘sour” (*’sharp, incisive ”); O.C.S. skoblь “ rasper”, Russ. skóbelь “ plane
“; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here O.C.S. chabъ “evil, bad”, chabiti ‘spoil”.
C. forms auf -p:
Pers. küfaδ, küvaδ “ burrows, digs, splits “, küf “cleft, fissure ”, šiküftan ‘split”;
Alb. kep “ hew stones, cut out “ (IE *kopō or *kapō ), wherefore kmesë , këmés , kamés f.
“hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife ” (*kapneti̯ü ), sqep “ angle, bill, beak, neb ”;
Maybe Alb. ( *kaponti̯ü ) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba “ eagle “ : sqep “ beak of the eagle “,
shqipta, shqip “ clear, sharp (language) “, shqiptonj “ speak clearly, divide words “, shqep “
(*split), rip, tear; unpick “ : qep ‘sew”
Gk. σκέπαρνος, -ον “hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes ”, σκόπελος m. “ lookoutplace:
hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock “ (Ven. *skopelo- ); κόπτω “ hit, haue;
belästige, ermũde”, κόπος m. “ blow, knock ”, κοπάζω “ermũde”, κόπις “(ermũdender)
babbler “, κοπίς, -ίδος f. ‘schlachtmesser ”, κοπεύς m. “ chisel”, κόπανον “ hatchet,
Mörserstößel”, κοπάς, -άδος “ beschnitten ”, κόμμα n. “ incision, break, section ”; with a-
vocalism:σκάπτω “ grabe, hacke ”, σκαπάνη “ hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit ”, (σ)κάπετος
“ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole ”; durchEntgleisung after θάπτω : τάφος also
forms with φ: ἐ σκάφην, σκάφος “ das ditch, trench, channel, grave ”, σκάφη, σκαφίς f.,
σκάφιον n. “ Wanne, trough, trough ”, σκάφος ‘schiffsbauch ”;

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Ven. (Illyr.?) FlN *Skopelantia ‘schefflenz ” (Baden): Gk. σκόπελος (Krahe PBB. 69, 486
ff.);
Lat. capō , capus “Kapaun” (“verschnitten ”, compare O.Bulg. skopьcь ), because of the
romO.N. Abkömmlinge ( Ital. cappone etc.) more properly (with expressive pp): cappō ;
cappulüre “zerhauen ”, concipilüre “in kleine Stũcke zerhauen ”; Lat. a places eine ü̆-root
skü ̆ p - ahead; also Lat. scapulae ‘scapula, shoulder ”, Umbr. scapla ‘scapulam ” (from the
Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);
Gaul.-rom. capanna “cottage” (: Serb. kòpa “barn, haystack ”), probably Ven.-Illyr.
element in Gallischen;
Gmc. *hēbjō besides * habbō with expressive gemination, also * habjō : O.H.G. hü ̆ bba ,
hü ̆ ppa , heppa , M.Lat. hapia , M.H.G. happe , heppe ‘scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser ”;
balto-Slav. skē ̆ pa - m. “etwas Abgespaltenes ” in:
Ltv. šk ́ e ̨̀ps ‘spear, javelin, spit, pike ”, šk ́ e ̃ pele f. “abgeschnittenes Stũck Holz” ; ablaut.
Lith. skãpsnė f. ‘stũck Stoff” ; O.C.S. štapъ (*skēpos ), Sloven. šča ́ p ‘stick”, Russ. ščap
“Anhieb (eines Baumes ”), Russ. ščepa ́ “chip of wood ”, ščepa ́ tь , ščepítь ‘split”, O.C.S.
skopьcь “Verschnittener ” (Ger. Lw. Schöps ), skopiti “verschneiden ”; Lith. skãplis “Hohlaxt”,
skãptas “krummes Schnitzmesser ”, skopiù , skõpti “with dem knife aushöhlen” , skoptùvas
“Hohlmesser ”;
maybe Alb. (*skop ) shkop ‘stick”
Lith. kapóti , Ltv. kapât “hacken, hew, hit ”, Lith. kapõnė , Ltv. kapüns “Hackmesser ”, Lith.
kaplỹs “hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt ”, Ltv. kaplis “hack, mattock, hoe ”, Lith. kãpas , Ltv. kaps
“grave(hũgel)” , O.Pruss. enkopts “bury”;
O.C.S. kopajǫ , kopati “dig”, vъkopati “bury” , Serb. kòpa “barn, haystack, heap ”, Bulg.
kopá ds., etc.;

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O.C.S. kopьje “Lanze”; probably Slav. *čepъ “*abgeschnittener bough ”, in Russ. dial.
čopъ “twig, branch of grapevine, Rebe ”, bg. čep “bough”, Ser.-Cr. če ̏ pur “ stalk, stem of a
plant “ under likewise; perhaps belongs die family *küp- ‘stũck Land” and *kap- ut “head”
(above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for ‘stick, staff ”:
Gk. σκη̃πτρον ‘staff”, Dor. σκᾶπτον ds. = Ion. *σκ῅πτον in σκηπτοῦχος “ zeptertragend ”,
σκᾶπος κλάδος Hes., σκηπάνη ‘staff, Szepter ”, Hom. σκηπάνιον ds. = Dor. σκᾱπάνιον
Hes.; σκήπτω ‘stũtze, swing, brandish with power “ , intr. and med. ‘sich stũtzen; sich with
Kraft auf etwas throw ”, σκηπτός ‘sudden niederfahrender whirlwind, Wetterstrahl,
misfortune ”; Lat. scüpus ‘schaft, Stiel, Stengel, stem ”, scōpa f. “dũnner twig, branch, Reis” ,
pl. “Reisigbesen ”, scōpiō, -ōnis m. “the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape hängen; stem of
Spargels ”, scōpus ds.;
O.H.G. skaft ‘schaft , spear, javelin ”, O.S. skaft ‘spear, javelin ”, Dutch schacht “Federkiel,
Lanzenschaft ”, O.E. sceaft m., O.Ice. skapt n. ‘schaft, shaft, pole, spear, javelin ”.
References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.
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skēth -, skǝth -
English meaning: to scold
Deutsche Übersetzung: “beschädigen”
Material: Gk. ἀσκηθής (Proto-Gk. η) “unversehrt, wohlbehalten ” (from *σκ῅θος n.); dubious
Arm. xat”arem “destroy, smash, destroy ”;
M.Ir. scīth “ tired “, escid “ fatigueless “ (Welsh esgud “agile, astir “ etc. with still unclear
voc.), next to which with st-suffix M.Ir. scīs “Ermũdung” ;
st. V. Goth. skaÞjan, skōÞ , O.E. sceððan “injure, hurt ”, denominativ O.Ice. skaða , O.E.
skaðian , O.H.G. scadōn, scadēn “harm”; Goth. skaÞis n. “damage”, O.Ice. skaði “damage,
loss, death ”, O.E. scaða , O.H.G. scado “damage”, noun agentis O.E. sceaða “ damager,
devil”, O.S. scatho , O.H.G. scado “ damager, fiend ”; with gradation ō as in Präteritum O.Ice.
skōð ‘schädliches thing, weapon” , skø ̄ ðr ‘schädlich” .
References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann nom. postverb. 73 f.
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skēt- : skǝt -
English meaning: to spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen, hũpfen, hervorquellen”
Material: Lat. scateō , -ēre, arch. scatō , -ĕre ‘spring up, bubble ”, scatebra f. ‘sprudel”,
scaturriō ‘sprudlehervor ”; compare Gk. ἐσκατάμιζεν ἐσκάριζεν Hes.;
Westfäl. schō ̨ t “Laich”, nfränk. schaiden (ai = wgrm. ü) “laichen”, perhaps West fäl.
schåden “Ertrag give, of wheat ”;
O.E. sceadd m. “Maifisch”, Ger. Schad (e) ds., Nor. dial. skadd ‘small Schnäpel” ,
wherefore (Lw.) Welsh ysgadan “Häring” , M.Ir. scatán , Ir. scadán ds.;
O.Lith. skastu, skatau, skasti ‘spring, hũpfen” , su-skantù , -skačiau ̃ , -skàsti “aufhũpfen” ;
eine IE additional form auf -d perhaps in: Nor. skat “Wipfel eines Baumes ”, skata “in eine
cusp, peak auslaufen ”, O.Ice. skata f. “Elster, Glattrochen ”.
References: WP. II 538 f., WH. II 491.
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skē ̆ u-3, ksē ̆ u-
English meaning: to sneeze
Deutsche Übersetzung: “niesen” (Schallwort)
Material: O.Ind. kṣüuti “niest”, kṣuta - “das Niesen ”; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- phonetic
mutation O.Lith. skiaudžiu , skiaudėti ‘sneeze” (similarly čia ́ udžiu , -dėti), Ltv. šk ́ auju , šk ́ üvu ,
šk ́ aut , Iterat. šk ́ au ̃ de ̂ t ‘sneeze” (viel strong abweichend Slav. kъchnǫti , kychati and čьchati ,
compare O.Ind. chikkü “Niesen”);
through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s - (*kneus- , *sneus- ) in Pers.
išnōša , ašnōša “Niesen”; O.Ice. hnjōsa , M.Eng. nēsen , O.H.G. niosan (participle ginoran );
O.Ice. hnø ̄ ri m., O.E. hnora “Niesen”, O.S. hnioxwrt “Nießwurz” ; besides M.Eng. snēsen ,
Eng. sneeze ; compare nd. snūsen , Dan. snuse ‘schnoben, wittern ” under likewise; similarly
also Lith. šniau ̃ kti ‘schnupfen ”.
References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.
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skēu-6(t-)
English meaning: to cut, separate, scratch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden, trennen, kratzen, scharren, stochern, stöbern”
Note: extension from sek- “cut, clip”
Material: O.Ind. sküu -ti, skunüti, skunōti ‘stört, stöbert, stochert” , with ü- “zerkleinert through
Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals) ”, ava-skavá - m. “ein worm ”, ni-
ṣkávam “zerfetzend ”, cō-ṣkū-yü ́ tē ‘scharrt together ”;
with r-formants: Gk. σκῦρος (σκύρος) m. ‘spall, Abfall beim Behauen the Steine ”,
σκῡρωτὰ ὁδός “gepflasterter way ”;
Lith. skiaure ̃ “durchlöcherter Kahn as Fischbehälter” ;
without anlaut. s-: Lith. kiáuras “durchlöchert, divided “ , originally “hollow” (*kēuro -);
kiauraĩ preposition “hindurch ”, Ltv. caũrs “was ein hole hat, hollow is ”, caũr preposition “
through, hindurch ”; Lith. kiùrstu “löcherig become” , pra-kiùręs “durchlöchert” ;
O.S. skø ̄ r (from *skø ̄ yrr ) “ fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated “, Swe. Nor. skȳr
ds.; Goth. skaúrō ‘shovel” (in winÞi -skaúrō “winnowing shovel ”), O.H.G. scora , M.H.G.
schor ‘shovel, hoe ”, schorn “zusammenscharren, kehren, fortstoßen” , schũrn “einen Anstoß
give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen, schũren”; O.Ice. skora “cut, clip, count ”, O.E.
scorian “chop, cut, reject ” (eig. “wegstoßen” ); mit rj > rg: O.H.G. skurgan , M.H.G. schũrgen
‘schieben, drive, push, bump, poke ”; compare M.H.G. md. schiuren, schūren ‘scour, rub,
clean, clean, fegen ” = Dan. skure , Swe. skura ds.;
with formants -lo-: M.H.G. schiel (*skē ̆ ulo -) ‘splinter, abgesprungenes or ragged Stũck” ;
Ltv. skurinât “lausen, ruffle; tousle “, refl. ‘sich kratzen, krauen ”;
with t-extension: M.Ir. scothaid “clips, cuts ” (*skutãti ), scoth f. “cutting edge, cusp, peak ”,
also “ hair lock “; M.H.G. hudele “rag”; Lith. skutù , skusti ‘scrape, schälen” , skùtas ‘scrap,

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shred, rag ”, skùtenos “Abschabsel ”, O.Lith. skutnà “Kahlkopf, abgeschabte place ”; Ltv.
skuotitiês ‘sich schuppen ”, šk ́ aute “ sharp edge ”; Lith. skiáutis ‘stũck Zeug” , skiautere ̃
“Hahnenkamm ”; perhaps Lat. scutilus “thin” and Gk. σκυτάλη “club, mace, joint, stick ”,
σκύταλον ds., σκυταλίς ‘staff, cudgel, club, Walze ” (*”abgespaltenes Aststũck” or likewise);
here σκύτη κεφαλή Hes., σκύτα τὸν τράχηλον . ΢ικελοί Hes.;
about E.Lith. skvẽtas “rag” compare Specht IE Decl. 56; thereafter probably skver̂nas ds.
from * skernas ;
References: WP. II 552 f.
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(s)k(h)ai -, (s)k(h)ai -d-, (s)k(h)ai -t-
English meaning: to hit, kick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, puffen ”
Material: Lat. caedō , -ere (occīdō etc.) “hew, hit, strike, slay ”, caedēs ‘schlachten, Morden ”,
caementum (*caid-smento- ) “Bruchstein ”, caelum “chisel” (*caid-slo- ), caia (*caidi̯ü ) f.
“Prũgel” , caiō, -üre “hew, hit, strike ”, ancaesa “vasa caelata ”, ancīle n. ‘small shield ” (*ambi-
caid-sli- );

Alb. qiell ‘sky, heaven ” from Ital. cielo ‘sky” < Lat. caelum (1) -i n. “the burin or engraving
tool”, caelum (2) -i n. “the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home of the gods;
fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc.. ”.
k(h)ai - in mnl. heie “Rammblock ”, M.H.G. Ger. heie “beetle, hammer, wooden hammer,
Ramme”, mnl. heien “hit, bump, poke, rammen ”, Ger. Swiss heien ‘stomp, Hanf break,
rupture”;
khai-t- in Arm. xait” “prick, prick, sting ”, xait”em “ prick “, xit”am “bin ängstlich” , xit” “
grieving heit, heftiger pain ”; against it xirt ‘stutzig, ängstlich, argwöhnisch” from * khid- ro-;
References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about O.Ind. khidáti “reißt, presses”
(ǝ), secondary khédü f. “Druck, load ” s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-28.
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(s)k(h)ed -, (s)k(h)e -n-d-
English meaning: to crush, scatter
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerspalten, zerstreuen ”
Note: (extension from sek- “cut, clip”)
Material: O.Ind. skhadatē (uncovered) ‘splits” (*skhn̥d -?); Av. sčandayeiti “zerbricht,
vernichtet ”, skǝnda - m. “ destruction “ etc.; M.Pers. škastan “break, rupture, grind ”;
Arm. šert “chip, splinter, wooden log ” (*skhedri -);
Gk. σκεδάννυμι (Aor. also without s-: ἐκέδασσα, ἐκέδασθεν) “ zersplittere, zersprenge,
zerstreue ”, ablaut. σκίδνημι ds., σκίδναμαι, κίδναμαι ‘sich scatter (from Menschenmengen) ”;
σκιδαρόν ἀραιόνHe s.;
Alb. tshanj , tshaj ‘split, tear, rend, plow ” (*sked -ni̯ō); Lat. scindula, scandula f. ‘shingle”;
M.Eng. scateren ‘scatter”, Eng. scatter ds., shatter “break, rupture, grind ”, M.L.G.
schateren “with Gekrach apart reißen, loud lachen” ;
maybe Alb. (*scater -) shkatëronj “destroy, break ”
Lith. skedervà ‘splinter”, Ltv. škedēns ‘small, abgespaltenes bit of wood ”; Lith. kede ́ti
“break, crack ”, kedénti “pluck, wool krämpeln” ;
O.C.S. skǫdъ “arm, small ”; Russ. šče ́ dryj “ generous “ (“*vergeudend, sein Gut
zersplitternd ”), Sloven. ščedljìv “ economical “ (“*knauserig = abzwackend ”).
References: WP. II 558 f., WH. II 488 f.
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skhel -
English meaning: to stumble
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘straucheln, fehltreten ”
Note: (?) only altind. and armen.
Material: O.Ind. skhálatē ‘stolpert, sways, geht fehl ”, skhalita- “taumelnd fehlgegangen;
whereof etwas fehlt, to wenig ”; Arm. sxalem, sxalim ‘strauchle, irre, sũndige, verfehle;
werde verfehlt, vermißt, frail; tue eine Fehlg eburt”, sxal “fault, error, mistake, lack;
fehlerhaft, lacking, to wenig ”, sxalak “taumelnd (in intoxication) ”.
References: WP. II 599;
See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-4 ?
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sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)-
English meaning: needle, thorn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nadel or Dorn von Pflanzen ”
Material: O.Ir. scē, gen. pl. sciad “Hagedorn ” (*sku̯ii̯-at-s); Welsh ysbyddad ds., Corn.
spethes ↓Brombeerstrauch, Dorngestrũpp” , Bret. spezad ‘stachelbeeren ”; Lith. skujà
“Tannennadel and -zapfen ”, Ltv. skujas “Tannenreisig ”; Russ. chvojá f., chvoj m. “Nadeln
and Zweige the Nadelhölzer” (etc.; Berneker 408 considers affiliation also from Russ. chuj
“penis” as *(s)khoui̯os ).
Alb. (*sku-) huni, hunj pl. “needle, thorn, stake ”, [common Alb. sk- > h- shift].
References: WP. II 602, Trautmann 268.
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skordho -, -ā-
English meaning: vessel; potsherd
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfanne, Scherbe ”?
Material: O.H.G. scart -īsarn , M.H.G. schart m. n., scharte f. “eiserne Pfanne ”;
O.C.S. skrada “Tiegel, Pfanne, stove, hearth ” (also skvrada, skovrada , Pol. skowroda ,
Russ. skovorodá ; v kann from Slav. skver- “melt”, O.C.S. raskvьrǫ etc., ũbernommen sein);
Ltv. skürds, skürde “Blech, Weißblech” hat, if zugehörig, its meaning maybe evolved from
‘shard (sharp and thin) ”.
Maybe truncated Alb. (*skordho- ) shkrinj “melt”;
References: WP. II 601.
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skot-
English meaning: shadow, darkness
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schatten, Dunkel ”
Material: Gk. σκότος “ darkness ” (m., later n.); O.Ir. (lengthened grade) scüth n. ‘shadow,
protection, mirror ”;
M.Welsh isgaud, cy-sgawd , Welsh cy-sgod , O.Corn. scod , neuCorn. skēz, Bret. skeud
‘shadow”; Goth. skadus m., O.E. sceadu f., scead n., O.H.G. scato, -awes ‘shadow”, Nor.
skodda, skadda “fog”.

maybe Alb. skaj “edge, remote border, end ” related to eng. sky ME. [ON skū cloud, rel. to
OE sceo , OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa , OHG scuwo , ON skuggi shade, shadow,
Goth. skuggwa mirror.]
maybe Alb. hie ‘shadow”, hi “ash, gray ” [common Alb. sk- > h- shift].

References: WP. II 600.
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(s)kū ̆ t-
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rũtteln”
Material: Lith. kutù, kutė́ti “aufrũtteln” , kustù and kuntù, kutaũ, kùsti ‘sich aufrũtteln, sich
erholen”, kutrùs “hurtig”, kutà “ tassel, fringe ”;
besides with anlaut. s-:
O.S. scuddian “with a Schwunge ausgießen” , O.H.G. scutten , O.Fris. skedda ‘shake,
upset”, Ger. schũtten , M.Du. M.Eng. schuderen , Eng. shudder ‘shudder, tremble ” (*”to
shake”), Ger. schaudern (rheinfränk. word with nd. d), O.H.G. scutilōn , Ger. schũtteln ;
O.E.scūdan , sćyndan , O.Ice. skynda “drive, push ” and skunda “beschleunigen; hurry ”, O.S.
farskundian “anreizen, aufhetzen ”, O.H.G. scunten “antreiben, stir, tease, irritate ”; O.C.S.
skytati se ̨ “vagari”.
Maybe Alb. shkund ‘shake” from Alb. probably derived Lat. scindo scindere scidi scissum
“to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate ”.

References: WP. II 601 f.;
See also: s. also above S. 632 under ku̯ēt-.
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sk̂āi-, sk̂ǝi- : sk̂ī-
English meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gedämpft schimmern; Schatten (Abglanz)”
Material: O.Ind. chüyü ́ “ radiance, Schimmer, shadow ”, Av. a-saya- “wer keinen shadow
wirft”, Pers. süya ‘shadow, protection ”;
Gk. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ü) ‘shadow”, σκιερός, Hom. σκιόεις ‘schattig, dark ”, σκίρον
‘sonnenschirm ” (formal = Alb. hir, with length Goth. skeirs ); with the grade sk̂ü[i]-: σκηνή ,
Dor.σκᾱνά̄ “tent, Bũhne, Szene”, σκ῅νος, Dor. σκᾶνος n. “tent; body (as Hũlle the soul)” ;
σκ῅ν “ butterfly, Motte ” Hes.; σκίναρ n. “ body”;
Note:
From Gk. σκιά ‘shadow” + Gk. οὑρά “tail” derived Gk. σκίουρος, Lat. sciurus -i , pl. sciuridae
m.’squirrel”, Alb. from a reshuffled Lat. cognate derived Alb. (*sciuridae ) cetër, ketër
‘squirrel” from Alb. derived Bulg. katerica ‘squirrel”. Typical of Alb. is the drop of initial s-: sc-
> c- also the shift c > k .
Alb. hē, hie ‘shadow” (*sk̂ii̯ü), hir “ grace “ (= Gk. σκίρον), (h)ona ‘shadow” (*skēi -n-?),
Gheg huj “god”;
Typical Alb. phonetic mutation sk- > h- initials.
O.Ice. skī n. “Heuchelei ” (: Gk. σκιά̄), Goth. skeinan ‘shine, appear, seem, gleam, shine,
gleam”, O.Ice. skīna ds., O.H.G. O.E. scīnan ds., Ger. scheinen (n-present, compare O.C.S.
sinǫti ; if also in Lat. scintilla ‘spark” eine formation from a similar originator from is present,
is doubtful (derivative eines *sk̂i-nto- “gleaming ”?); O.Ice. skīn n., O.S. skīn, O.H.G. scīn m.
‘shine, radiance “; O.E. O.S. scima , M.H.G. scheme ‘shadow”, Ger. Schemen
‘schattenhafte shape ”, O.Ice. skimi m. “ radiance “, Ger. schimmern , Schimmel etc.; Goth.
skeima ‘shiner, torch ”, O.H.G. O.S. scīmo , O.E. scīma m. “light, radiance “; M.H.G. scheim

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ds.; without s- probably Nor. hīm, hīma , as skīm “dũnne cover, Häutchen” (as
“durchscheinend ”, compare:) O.Ice. skjür m. “durchsichtige skin, Fensterrahmen ”;
Goth. skeirs “clear, bright ”, O.Ice. skīrr, O.E. scīr “durchsichtig, bright, clean ”, M.H.G. (md.)
schīr “lauter”, Ger. schier ; O.Ice. skæ ̄ rr “clean, clear, bright ” (*skairi-r ), O.Fris. skēria
“clean”;
Ltv. seja (*k̂ei̯ü) ‘shadow, Spiegelbild, face ”;
O.C.S. sijati, sinǫti “gleam, hell become ”, sěnь ‘shadow” (besides stěnь for *scěnь ); Cz.
čiry ́ “lauter”, Russ. ščíryj “veritable, genuine ” (Goth. Lw.?), Church Slavic *širъ “ open open
“, adv. širy ́ etc.;
Toch. В skiyo ‘shadow” (= Gk. σκιά̄).
References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.
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sk̂ed-
English meaning: to cover
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedecken ”?
Material: O.Ind. chadati (uncovered), chüda ́ yati “bedeck, verbirgt ”, chattra -m ‘schirm” ,
chadíṣ - n. “cover, roof ”; Av. südayantī - “ein garment ” (skyth. trouser?), afghO.N. psōlǝl “to
put on, wear ” (*pati-upa-sad- ); O.H.G. hüz m., M.H.G. hæ ̄ ze n. “Rock, clothing ”, O.E.
hæ ̄ teru nom. pl. n. “dress”.
References: WP. II 558, Holthausen AltEng. Wb. 146.
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(s)k̂el-
English meaning: to spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘springen”
Material: O.Ind. śalabha - m. “ locust, grasshopper “, śalúna - m. “ein bestimmtes insect ”,
śülūra - m. “frog”;
M.H.G. schel ‘springend, auffahrend, aufgebracht ”, schellec ‘springend, angry, irate,
wild”, O.H.G. scelo ‘schellhengst ” (“Bespringer ”), Ger. schälen “ spring, jump “, M.H.G.
schelch “Bockhirsch ”; O.Ice. skelkr “fear” as “*erschreckt auffahrend ”; for Goth. etc. skalks
‘servant” assumes man eine basic meaning ‘springer, Laufbursche ” and dissimilation from
*skal-[s]kas- ;
Lith. šuoly ̃ s “Galopp”, Ltv. suôlis “ footstep “.
Maybe Alb. ( šk̂el-) *shkel “(*spring?), step ”, gemination (* [s]kal-[s]kal -as) karkalec
“grasshopper ” : O.Ind. śalabha - m. “locust, grasshopper ”
Heuschrecke
References: WP. II 600.
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(s)k̂em-
English meaning: disabled
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verstũmmelt” , also “hornlos”
Material: O.Ind. śámala - n. “fault, error, damage, pity ”; O.Ice. PN. Hamall , O.E. hamola ,
O.H.G. hamal “mutilated ” (Ger. “Hammel”); O.Ice. hamla , O.H.G. hamalōn etc.
“verstũmmeln” ; with expressive -mm-: O.Ice. skammr , O.E. O.H.G. scamm ‘short”; O.H.G.
hamm, hammēr “mutilated ”.
References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;
See also: in addition also k̂em- above S. 556.
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sk̂ē̆u-
English meaning: to throw, shoot, push
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, schießen, stoßen” ; intr. “dahinschießen”
Note: only balto-Slav.
Material: Lith. ša ́ uju , ša ́ uti ‘schießen (with a Feuerwaffe” ), šu ̃ vis ‘schuß” ; ša ́ udyti “mehrfach
schießen, herumschießen, herumfliegen” ;
Ltv. šau ̃ t (*sk̂jauti ) ‘schießen, rasch zufahren” , šaudrs “hasty, stormy, hot tempered ”;
O.C.S. sujǫ, sovati “bump, poke, schieben ”; O.C.S. sulica , Cz. sudlice ‘spear, lance ”.
References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300;
See also: s. also under skeu-5 .
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sk̂lēk -, sk̂lǝk -
English meaning: wet; to sprinkle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “naß, spritzen, sprengen ”?
Material: O.Ice. slag n. “Nässe (from rain)” , sleginn “benetzt”, Nor. slagen “humid, wet ”,
Swe. slaga ‘swamp, marsh ”; M.L.G. slagge ‘schlackiges, rainy weather “, Swe. slagga-
väder ds.; Ger. dial. slack ‘schneequatsch ”; nd. slack “big, giant and heavy drip ”, slackern
“verschũtten, pollute “ , besleckern “beklecken ”; ablaut. O.E. sloh “morass”, M.L.G. slōch
ds.;
Lith. šla ̃ kas “drip, Fleck, Kleck ” (in the meaning ‘schlacke” dt. Lw.), šlakstau ̃ , -ūti
“mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle “, šlaku ̀ , -e ́ti “drip, trickle ”, šlekiù, šle ̃kti ‘spray”, Ltv. slaka
“Anfeuchtung ”, slacît “naßmachen, sprinkle, fein rain” .
References: WP. II 602 f., 705;
See also: compare also sresk- “drip”?
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(s)kʷalo-s
English meaning: a large fish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eine größere Fischart”
Note: or vielmehr kʷalo -s ?
Material: Lat. squalus “ein größerer Meerfisch” ; das s- could but previously secondary from
squatus ds., squüma “ scale, husk “ bezogen sein;
O.Ice. hvalr m. (besides - hveli n.) “whale” (i-stem), O.E. hwæl , Eng. whale , O.S. O.H.G.
hwal ds., besides O.H.G. hwelira (Gmc. *hvali-s -ōn-), Ger. Waller , Weller and M.H.G.
“Wels” (Gmc. * hvali-s), wherefore also O.Pruss. kalis “Wels”; the mythische fish Av. kora- is
die Iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola “fish”, later kal, to tscherem. kol, lapp. guole ,
finn. kala etc.; die ganze family also probably finno-uGk. origin.
References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Eng. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and
Ugrofinnen 241 f.
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slak-
English meaning: to hit, hammer
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, hämmern”
Note: only Irish and Germanic
Material: M.Ir. slacc ‘sword”, Ir. slacaire ‘schläger” (with expressive - kk-); M.Ir. slachta
“beaten”, Ir. slacht m. “good apparition, from gutem blow, knock ”, Gael. slachdaim “hit with
dem hammer ”, slachdan “club, mace, joint ”;
Goth. slahan , O.Ice. slü, O.E. slēan , O.S. O.H.G. slahan (sluoc , sluogen , geslagen ) “hit”;
O.H.G. slagon , O.Fris. slagia ds.; O.Ice. slü f. “ shaft, pole, bar, bolt ”, O.E. slahe , slēa
“Weberkamm” , M.H.G. sla, slage ‘schlagwerkzeug ”, M.L.G. slawe “Hufbeschlag ”, M.H.G.
slouwe ‘spoor, Fährte” (*slagwō ); lengthened grade O.Ice. slø ̄ gr “hinterlistig ” (“*board up;
strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash “); Goth. slauhts f. ‘schlachtung ” (*sl̥k-ti-);
O.Ice. slüttr f. “Mahd”, slütr f. ‘schlachtfleisch ”, O.H.G. slahta “Tötung, Schlachtung” ; with a
meaning as Ger. jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock “kind of”: O.H.G. gislaht “edel
geartet”, gislahti n. ‘stem, quality “, Ger. Geschlecht.
References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.
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(s)lā ̆ gʷ-
English meaning: to grab
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, ergreifen ”
Material: Gk. (ep. Ion. ) λάζομαι (present and Impf.) “ take, catch , ergreife (*λαγ(ʷ)ι̯ω); after
αἴνυμαι is Ion. Att. λάζυμαι, böot. λαδδουσθη reshaped; Aor. ἔλλαβε ( Hom.), ἔλαβον, aegin.
λhαβών, Att. inschr. Λ hαβετος or -ητος, perf. Att. εἴληφα (*σεσλᾱφα), Fut. λήψομαι, Ion.
λάψομαι, present Ion. Att. λαμβάνω (to λαβεῖν neologism); λάβρος “ violent, boisterous;
voracious, greedy “, λάβρᾱξ m. “Meerwolf ” (fish), Hom. λαβρεύομαι “ babble cheeky,
vorlaut”, λαβρ -αγόρης “ cheeky redend ”, λαβροῦσθαι ‘sich whereupon fall ”;
O.E. læccan “catch, gripe “ (= λάζομαι from * slagʷi̯ō ), Eng. latch .
References: WP. II 707, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 649, 698, 699.
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(s)leidh -
English meaning: slippery, to slide
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlũpfrig, gleiten”
Note: extension from lei-3, slei- above S. 662 f.
Material: O.Ind. srédhati “gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs “; Gk. ὀλισθάνω, Aor. ὤλισθον “gleite”,
ὀλισθηρός ‘schlũpfrig” , ὄλισθος m. “Glätte, Schlũpfrigkeit” (*lidh- to-s) based on auf - dhō- or
-tō- present; anlaut as in ὀλιβρός from the related root (s)leib -, above S. 663;
M.Ir. slōet “Floss”, Ir. slaod “gleitende mass ”, with unclear dd;
O.E. slīdan , M.H.G. slīten “glide, slide, rutschen ”, O.E. slide m. “Ausgleiten, fall ”, O.H.G.
slito, O.Ice. sleði “ sled “ (compare Ltv. slidas ‘schlittschuhe ”), O.E. slidor ‘schlũpfrig,
smooth “, slidrian “ausgleiten ”, nd. slidderen , Ger. schlittern ;
Lith. slūstu , slūdau , slūsti “glide, slide ”, Ltv. slist, slīst ds., slîdēt “rutschen, glide, slide ”,
Lith. slidùs “ smooth, schlũpfrig” , Ltv. slids ds., slidas pl. ‘schlittschuhe ”, slaids “abschũssig,
smooth “, sliẽde ‘spoor, Geleise (of cart) ”; O.Pruss. slidenikis “Leithund ”;
O.C.S. slědъ ‘spoor”, Russ. slěd ds., sležy ́ , sledítь ‘spũre, folge” etc.
in addition probably n-present sli-n-dhō in Lith. lendù, lindaú, līsti, Ltv. lìenu , lìdu, lìst “
grovel, truckle, creep , hineinschlũpfen” , and through Ablautentgleisung Gmc. *slind-, sland- ,
slund- in Goth. fra-slindan “verschlingen ” (actually “glide, slide lassen ”), O.H.G. slintan ds.,
M.H.G. slint, slunt “gullet”, äDutch slinderen “glide, slide, grovel, truckle, creep “, M.H.G.
lendern “amble”, Dutch lunderen “zaudern”;
compare with other extension sli-n-dō, Gmc. *slint- in O.Ice. sletta slatt “ sink, glide, slide,
hängen” (*slintan ), sletta “hit, throw, spray ” (*slantjan ), Swe. slinta “fall, glide, slide ”, Swe.
dial. släntra = nd. slentern , Dutch slenteren , Ger. schlenzen “amble”, ablaut. Nor. Dan.
sluntre “uN.entlich sein ”, nd. sluntern ds., Ger. schlunzen “careless, neglectful go ”;

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slenk -, sleng -
English meaning: to wind, turn; to creep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “winden, drehen; sich schlingen, kriechen ”
Material: 1. auf -k: Welsh llyngyr pl. “Wũrmer” , M.Bret. lencquernenn , Bret. lenkernenn
“Eingeweidewurm ” (*slinkurī -), M.Bret. lencr ‘schleichend ”; O.H.G. slingan , O.E. slingan st.
V. ‘swing, winden, flax, wattle, braid ”, refl. ‘sich schlängeln, grovel, truckle, creep “, O.Ice.
slyngva (slǫng ) “throw, toss, fling, zwirnen ” (v present formant), Kaus. sløngva “throw, toss,
fling”, O.H.G. slango ‘snake”, O.Ice. sløngva ‘schleuder ”, O.H.G. slinga “ loop, noose, snare
“, slengira ‘schleuder ”;
Lith. slenkù , sliñkti ‘slink” (from the snake), slìnka , slankà “Faulenzer ”, slañkius m.
“Bergrutsch ”; Ltv. slìkt ‘sich senken, in Wasser untergehen ”, slìесе f. “ Sledge skid “
(*slenkē -);in addition (because of Ganges) Bal.-Slav. *slü ̆ nkü f. ‘schnepfe”, in Lith. slankà ,
Ltv. slùoka (sekundärer ē-stem O.Pruss. slanke , Lith. slañkė ), Proto-Slav.. * slǫka in Russ.
slúka ‘schnepfe”.
2. auf -g: O.E. slincan st. V. “ grovel, truckle, creep “, O.S. slinka “ grovel, truckle, creep ,
sich schmiegen ”, M.L.G. Dutch slinken “zusammenschrumpfen ”; M.H.G. slanc “ slim, lean “
(eig. “pliable”), M.L.G. slank “pliable”, Nor. dial. slakk ‘schmächtig, slim “ .
References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.
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sleub(h) -
English meaning: to slide, slip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gleiten, schlũpfen”
Note: only Lat. and Gmc.; compare also sleuĝ -.
Material: Lat. lūbricus ‘schlũpfrig, smooth “ ;
Goth. sliupan ‘slink”, O.H.G. sliofan , Ger. schliefen , O.E. slūpan “glide, slide, schlũpfen” ,
M.L.G. slūpen ‘schlũpfen, slink” , Goth. afslaupjan “abstreifen ”, O.E. slīepan “an- or disrobe
“, O.H.G. M.H.G. sloufen ‘schlũpfen lassen, an - or disrobe “, M.H.G. sluft (eig. ‘schlupf”),
Ger. Schlucht , M.H.G. slupfer(ic) , Ger. schlũpfrig (ro-forms as in lūbricus ), O.E. slyppe
“dough, mucus ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. slouf “das Schlũpfen, duct, tube, pipe” , M.H.G. sloufe “duct,
tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote ”, Ger.Schleife , older Schläufe , dial. Schlaufe , etc.;
in Gmc. also *sluƀ - (IE *sleup- or * sleubh -): O.E. slīefan “(dress) anziehen ”, slīefe f.
“Ärmel” (Eng. sleeve ), nl. sloof ‘schũrze” , Ger. dial. Schlaube ds.
References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.
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(s)leug-, (s)leuk -
English meaning: to swallow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlucken ”
Grammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-n-gō, (s)lu-n-kō
Material: Gk. λύγξ, -γγος f., λυγμός (probably * λυγγμός ) m. “the Schlucken ”, λύζω “have den
Schlucken ”, (*λύγγι̯ω), λυγγάνομαι Hes. ‘schluchze ”; *(s)leuk- in λυγκαίνω ds., λαυκανίη (v.
l. λευκανίη ) “throat, gullet ”; λύγδην ‘schluchzend ”;
O.Ir. slucim , Ir. sloigim ‘schlucke” (*slunk-ō), Welsh llyncu , Bret. lonka ‘schlucken ”,
O.Bret. roluncas “hat verschlungen ”; *(s)lung- in O.Ir. - lungu “I eat, trinke ”, Welsh llewa “eat,
drink” (*lugamü );
Nor. slūka st. V. “verschlingen ”, M.L.G. slūken st. V. “hinunterschlucken ”, M.H.G.
schlūchen sch. V. ‘schlingen, schlucken ”, LateO.H.G. slūch m. “gullet”, M.H.G. slūch “gullet,
abyss”; with ū: O.Ice. slok n. “trough, Wasserrinne ”, M.L.G. sloke “gullet, gulp ”, with kk:
M.H.G. slũcke “aperture “, slucken ‘schlingen, schlucken , schluchzen ”, M.L.G. slucken ,
Dutch slokken ‘schlingen”; with au Nor.sløykja “rinnenartige Vertiefung ”;
Lith. pa-laũkis “ dewlap of Rindes ”; Clr. ɫūkaty , wRuss. ɫkać ‘schlucken ”.
References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.
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(s)leuĝ-, (s)leuk̂-
English meaning: to slide, slip
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gleiten, schlũpfen”
Note: only Gmc. and balto-Slav.; compare also sleub- .
Material: Dutch sluiken ‘slink, schmuggeln ”, Swiss slūche “go sluggishly ”, slūchi
“langsamer, schleichender, heimtũckischer person” ; M.H.G. slūch ‘schlangenhaut, hose ”
(eig. “worein geschlũpft wird” ), Ger. Schlauch , and. slūk ‘squümas” ; besides Gmc. sluh-,
slug- (IE *sleuk- ) in Swe. dial. slu(v) (*slūhwō ) “die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in
Horn or Hufe ”, Nor.slo “the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe ”, M.L.G. slū “Fruchthũlse,
Fruchtbalg, bowl ”, nnd. also slūwe , N.dt. dial. Schlaube , M.Eng. slughe , slouh (Eng. slough )
“abgestreifte Schlangenhaut ”; nd. slū, Ger. schlau, sũddt. dial. schlauch ds. (*slūha -, eig.
‘schleichend ”);
Lith. šliu ̃ že s pl. ‘schlittschuhe ”, šliau ̃ žti “ grovel, truckle, creep “ (šl- from sl-), Ltv. šl”uža ̂ t
‘slither”; Russ. lūža ‘snowshoe; Schlittenbalken ”, Clr. ɫūžva ‘skier”, Russ. dial. lyzgátь “auf
dem Eise gleiten, slither ”, lyznútь , lyzgonútь “davonrennen ”, Bulg. lъ́zgav “ smooth “,
lъ́zgam se “laufeSchlittschuh, gleite ”.
References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.
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(s)leup-, (s)leub(h) -
English meaning: to hang loose
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff herabhängen(d)”
Note: only germO.N. and Baltic
Material: O.E. lyft “weak” = M.Du. luft, lucht “link”, oFris. luf ‘slack, tired “, O.Ice. lūfa
“dichtes Нааг” (probably “*dense and long niederhängendes” ), M.L.G. lobbe “hängende lip,
Manschette ”, Dutch lobbig ‘schlotterig, slack ”, Ice. lubba f. “großer codfish” ; nd. sluf, Dutch
slof “faint, languid, slack ”, sluffen “go sluggishly ”, Eng. sloven “nachlässiger, unreinlicher
person”; Dutch slobbe ‘slime, mud ”, Eng. slobber, slubber “geifern, befoul “, nd. slubberen “
slurp “, Mod.Ice. slupra “ slurp “ (imagining of Herabhängenlassens beim food, eating, of
hängenden Schleimes and Schlammigen);
Lith. lū ́ pa f. “lip” (: M.N.Ger. lobbe ) and slùbnas ‘slack, faint, languid ”.
References: WP. II 710.
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(s)leu-
English meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff herabhängend, schlaff”
Note: esp. with extensions; out of Gmc. only barely provable, in this but very reich entfaltet
Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: Goth. slawan ‘schweigen ” (*slawēn “*faint, languid sein ”
from an adj. * slawa -?);
with m-suffix: Nor. slum ‘slack, thin (from Grashalmen) ”, sluma ‘schlaff and go
sluggishly ”, Dan. older slum “ slumber “, O.E. slūma m. “ slumber “, late M.H.G. (md.)
slumen , slummern , schlummern = drowse”; Nor. sløyma “quick, fast to langem, weichen
Stroh wachsen ”;
with n-suffix: Alem. schlūne “ drowse “, M.H.G. slūn “Faulenzer ”;
with r-suffix: Nor. slūre “träger person” , slūren “faint, languid, sleepy “, slora , slura “lose
hangen, drag ”, M.H.G. slūr m. “Umherschlendern; Faulpelz ”, M.L.G. sluren ‘shiver, swerve,
träge sein” ; Dutch (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor “liederliche person ”; M.H.G. slier (*sleura -) m. n.
‘slime, mud, loam, clay “ (Ger. dial. Schlier ds., Schliere ‘schleimige mass ”, tirol. schlieren
“glide, slide, schlũpfen” ), Eng. slear , sleer ‘schmieren ”, slur ‘slime, mud ”, Verb. ‘schmieren,
glide, slide ”.
(s)leug -:
Nd. slūk ‘slack”, Dutch sluik “ lean, hager, smooth “, Eng. slouch “den Kopf hängen, idle
and careless, neglectful go ”; O.Ice. slokinn “erloschen ”, slokna “erlöschen, die” ; sløkkva
“löschen, slay” ; Nor. sloka “faul sein ”, nd. slokeren ‘slack sein, shiver ”, with kk: slukkern ds.
(Ger. Schlucker ), slukk ‘sad”, slokk ‘slack, weak ”, Nor. slauk ‘schlaffer person ”, slauka ‘sich
schleppen ”, O.E. slēac ‘slack”; without s-: O.Ice. loka ‘schlaff herabhangen lassen ”, Nor.
lukr, lugr “lose, schlotternd ”; besides with expressive voiced-nonaspirated gemination Nor.

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Swe. slugga ‘schwerfällig go” (Eng. slug, slug-gish “ sleepy, idle ” is skand. Lw.), M.L.G.
luggich ds.;presumably Lith. slúgstu , slúgau , slúgti “ abate, small become ”.
(s)leut -:
M.Ir. lott (lōt?) “Hure” seems Gmc. Lw.; compare under O.Ice. lodda , in addition lydda
“faules woman ”;
O.E. līedre “nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable “, M.H.G. liederlich “light
and dainty, slight, leichtfertig ”, Ger. liederlich (*liuÞri -); O.H.G. lotar, M.H.G. loter, lotter “
lax, leichtfertig ” (Ger. Lotterbube ), also “idle” (Ger. Lotterbank ), O.E. loddere “ beggar”, O.S.
lyddare f. “untaugliche person ”, O.Ice. lodda f. “wife, woman ”; here with the meaning “lose
hängendes Tuch, scrap, shred” perhaps O.H.G. lūthara, lūdara “ diaper, cradle “, O.S.
lūthara “Kinderwindel ”; with ŭ O.H.G. lodera ds., O.S. lodara ‘scrap, shred ” and O.H.G.
ludo, lodo “ coarse Wollenzeug , Überwurf out of it ” , Ger. Loden , O.S. lotho , O.E. loÞa m.
“mantle”, O.Ice. loði “Lodenmantel ” (in the meaning from loðenn , above S. 685, influenced);
Serb. lûtȁm , lútati “amble”, ablaut. Russ. lytátь ‘sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen ”;
presumably also аčесh. lútovū “ frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; eitel ”, Ltv.
lutêt, lutinât “verzärteln” ;
With s-: Goth. af-slauÞjan “in Bestũrzung versetzen” (if “*slack, feeble make ”, from an
adj. *slauÞa -), af-slauÞnan “in Bestũrzung geraten” ; O.Ice. sloðra ‘sich vorwärts
schleppen ”, slyðra “ fibre, filament “, M.H.G. slot(t)ern , sloten “wobble, sway, tremble ”, Ger.
schlottern , Dutch slodderen ds., slodder “liederliche person ”; M.H.G. slūdern “ swerve, toss,
fling”, slūder ‘schleuder ”, slūderer “wer ũbereilt and liederlich arbeitet” , slū(de)r -affe
“Mũßiggänger” (Schlaraffe ), bO.Ir. schlaudern also “lose hin and her drive ”;
Ice. slydda ‘snow and rain durcheinander ”, sludda “clump saliva or nasal mucus “, Eng.
dial. slud ‘slime, mud ”, sũddt. schludern “to snow and rain zugleich ”, M.H.G. slate ‘slime,

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mud, Tauwetter ”, Ger. dial. schlott, schlutt ds.; ablaut. M.H.G. slōte ‘slime, mud, loam, clay
“;
with Gmc. t-: O.Fris. slüt, M.L.G. slōt m. “Wassergraben, puddle, slop, swamp, marsh ”,
Eng. sleet (O.E.*slīete ), ‘schloßen, graupel “ , nd. slöten “hail”, M.H.G. slōz, slōze , Ger.
Schloße , Nor. slutr “rain and Schnee durcheinander ”, O.Ice. slota “herabhängen” , Swe. dial.
“faul sein ”, with lengthened zero grade O.Ice. slūta “herabhängen, hangen, lässig sein” ,
Ger. dial. schlossen ‘slack become, tauen ” (schlotzen “with smut to tun have, careless,
neglectful sein ” with - tt-).
References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.
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(s)lēg - : (s)lǝg - and (s)leg -
English meaning: weak, feeble
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlaff, matt sein ” (from “loslassen ”), from ‘schlaff” about
“weichlich ” also “wollũstig”
Note: nasal. (s)leng - (= leng- ‘swing, waver ”?)
Material: O.Ind. laṅga - “lame”; Gk. λήγω “lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. “make
weichen” (*slēgō ), ἄλληκτος (*σλ-) “unaufhörlich” , λαγάσσαι ἀφεῖναι Hes., λαγαρός ‘slack,
schmächtig, thin” , Hom. λαγωός , Ion. λαγός , Att. λαγώς , -ώ “hare” (*(s)lǝg -ōusos “with
schlaffen ears ”), λαγών , -ονος usually pl. “the groin, Dũnnen” (formal = O.Ice. laki
“Faltmagen ”), λάγανον “dũnner wide cake” (formal = O.S. lakan etc. “kerchief, cloth” ),
λωγάνιον “ dewlap “ (compare Swe. slōka ‘schlaff herabhängen” ), nasalized presumably
here λαγγάζω “ hesitate “, λαγγών “Zaudern”, λαγγεύαι φεύγαι Hes. (*”faint, languid sein,
schlaff and unschlũssig sein” ); with the meaning “ lustful “: λάγνος “horny, lustful ”, λαγνεύειν
“ lustful sein ”, λαγνεία “Geilheit, sensuality, voluptuousness ”, λωγάς πόρνη Hes. (besides
with ĕ-voc. λέγαι δε γυναῖκες = ἀκόλαστοι Archil., ἐλεγαίνειν “ἀσελγαίνειν” EM.;
Lat. laxus ‘slack, wide, capacious “, nasal. langueō , -ēre “faint, languid, slack,
abgespannt sein ”;
O.Ir. lacc (with expressive gg) ‘slack, weak ”; M.Welsh llacc, Welsh llac ‘slack” derives
because of seines cc instead of ch from Eng. slack ;
M.L.G. lak ‘slack, lose ”, Dutch lak, Ger. dial. lack ds., M.Du. lak also “ lustful “, O.Ice. lakr
and (full grade) lükr “evil, bad, small ”; with gradation ō Swe. dial. lōka ‘schlaff
herabhängen” , O.Ice. lōkr “Dummkopf, Faulpelz ”; Gmc. *lakana- “baumelnder rag, Zipfel ” in
O.S. lakan “kerchief, cloth ”, O.H.G. lahhan ds. (Ger. Laken from dem Nd., formal compare

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Gk. λάγανον), O.Ice. laki m. “Quappe”; the manyplies of the ruminant, Faltmagen ” (=
λαγών), lack, fault, error” ;
with s-: O.Ice. slakr ‘slack” (poet.), slakna “erschlaffen ”, O.S. M.L.G. slac ‘slack, weak ”,
participle O.S. gislekit ‘stumpf gemacht ”, M.L.G. slak-sīde “Bauchseite ” (as λαγών and Ger.
Weichen ), O.E. slæc ‘slack, idle, slow ”, O.H.G. slah- ‘slack, idle ”, O.E. sleccan (*slekjan )
‘schwächen” ;
with gradation ō: O.Ice. slōkr “ein schlaffer Bursche ”, Nor. slōken ‘slack”, Swe. slōka
‘schlaff herabhängen lassen” , dial. “träge sein” , slōk and (with ē) slåk “leichtsinniges
woman”, O.S. slökifriÞ , -frilla “Kebsweib ”;
nasalized probably Swe. slinka “nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, hinken ”, O.H.G. slinc, Dutch
slink “link”, M.H.G. link, Ger. link; O.H.G. lenka “die Linke ”, Swe. linka and lanka ‘somewhat
hinken”, lunka ‘slowly go”, Dan. slunken ‘slack, schlotterig ” (*’schlaff dahergehen ”); perhaps
Swe. dial. slank, sũddt. schlank ‘scrap, shred, thin ”;
Ltv. leǵę̄ns ‘slack, soft ”;
doubtful Russ. pere-slěga “fault, error in Gewebe ” (*”Auslassen of Fadens ”??), Sloven.
presll gast “fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak ”;
whether also Toch. A slükkär ‘sad”?
References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.
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slēgʷ-
English meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drũcken, bedrũcken, mißhandeln”
Material: Gk. λώβη f. ‘schimpfliche Behandlung, disgrace, shame, maltreatment, damage,
ruin”, λωβάομαι “behandle schimpflich, mißhandle, verstũmmle, frevle, schädige” ;
Lith. slogà “plague, Landplage ”, with secondary ablaut.: Ltv. slüga “damage, complaint “;
Lith.slogùs “beschwerlich ”, slogìnti “plague”, sluogaĩ “Hölzer zum Beschweren
eingeweichten Flachses ”; with uo: Lith. slúogas , Ltv. sluogs “clot, chunk, stone, load ”,
sluodzît “beschweren, niederpressen, thrash ”, sluogât, sluoguôt ds.; with ē: Lith. sle ́g-iu, -ti “
distress, press ”, Ltv. slēgt ‘shut” (*”zudrũcken” ), Lith. slėgtis , slėgte ̃ “Presse, Kelter ”, Ltv. at-
slēga ‘schloß” , slēgs “burden”.
References: WP. II 714.
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(s)lī- (: slǝi - or slōi-), slī-u̯o-
English meaning: blueish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bläulich”
Material: Lat. līveō, -ēre “bleifarbig, bläulich sein” , līvor “bläuliche paint, color” , līvidus
“bläulich” (based on auf an adj. *slī-u̯os or *lī-u̯o-s);
O.Ir. lī “paint, color, radiance “, Welsh lliw, O.Corn. liu, nCorn. lyw ds., O.Bret. Bret. liou
“paint, color ” (“paint, color ” from “blue” verallgemeinert), O.Bret. liou “naevum”, da-liu (lies
du-liu) “fuscus”; Gaul. PN Līvō; but Lat. Līvius perhaps etrusk.
R.C.S. slíva “plum” etc., from which Lith. slyvà , O.Pruss. sliwaytos ds. borrowed; Slov.
slîv “bläulich” is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen;
with formants -ko-: O.H.G. slēha , slēwa (*sloi-kʷo-), O.E. slüh (Eng. sloe), Ger. ‘schlehe”,
Swe. slå(n) ds.; compare Martinet Word 12, 4.
References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer 2, 660.
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slougo -, -ā- f.
English meaning: help, service
Deutsche Übersetzung: “das Helfen, Dienen ”
Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch
Material: O.Ir. slōg, slūag m. “Heer, Schaar ”, teg-lach (*tego-slougo- ) “Hausgenossenschaft,
family “, Welsh llu “Heer” , O.Welsh telu, M.Welsh teilu, newer teulu “ cortege “, Welsh “
household, family “, O.Corn. luu, M.Corn. lu “bulk, mass, Schaar, Heer ”; Gaul. VN Catu-
slugi (leg. -slōgi) “Kampfesscharen ”; Lith. žemait. slaugaũ , slaugūti “ support, help ”, slaugà
“das Dienen ”, pã-slauga “help, Hilfeleistung ”; O.C.S. sluga m. ‘servant”; in addition O.C.S.
služo ̨ , služiti “ serve “, etc.
References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.
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(s)lr̥g- and sler-
English meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwurzel
Material: Gk. λάρυγξ, -υγγος m. “ gullet” (perhaps after φάρυγξ reshaped);
Lat. lurco(r), - üre, -ürī ‘schlemmen, devour “, if auf *lurgicos being based on; lurcō , -ōnis
m. “ gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater “;
M.H.G. slurc “gullet”, slurken ‘schlucken ”, Nor. Swe. slurk “gulp, mouthful “, Nor. Swe.
slurka “in großen Zũgen slurp “ ; Ger. schlũrchen “careless, neglectful go ”;
an onomatopoeic root sler- with variant extensions in Ltv. slarpata “alter rag ”, slarpatât
“lumpig einhergehen ”: Swe. slarfva ‘scrap, shred, rag ”; Ltv. slarkše ̂ t (besides slarpše ̂ t ) “go
sluggishly ”: Ger. schlarken ‘schleifend go ” (schlarfen ds.).
References: WP. II 716, WH. I 837.
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smeg (h)-
English meaning: to taste
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmecken ”
Note: only Gmc. and Balt
Material: M.H.G. smach “taste, smell, odor ”, M.L.G. smak(e) “das Schmecken, taste, smell,
odor”, smaken , O.Fris. smakia , M.Eng. smakin “ taste “;
with -kk- O.H.G. smac (-ckes ) “taste”, smecken trans. and intrans. “ taste “, O.E. smæcc m.
“taste, smell, odor ”, Ice. smekkr ds.; with - g- (IE variant * smegh -): O.H.G. gismagmo “taste”,
gismag , gismah ‘schmackhaft ”;
Lith. smaguriaĩ “ tidbit “, smaguriaúti “naschen ”, smagùris “ forefinger “ (actually
“Naschfinger, Näscher” ); perhaps is smeg(h)- as s-form with Lith. mė́gti “wohlgefallen ” etc.
identical,
References: WP. II 689.
See also: s. mē ̆ gh - “wohlgesinnt ” above S. 707.
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(s)mei-1, smeu -
English meaning: to laugh, surprise
Deutsche Übersetzung: “lächeln, erstaunen”
Material: O.Ind. smáyatē , -ati “lächelt” , Kaus. smüpayati ; smita - “lächelnd” , vi-smita-
“erstaunt”, smaya- n. “ astonishment “, smēra - “lächelnd” (= Lat. mīrus );
Gk. (with d-extension) μεῖδος γέλως Hes., φιλομμειδή ς “gern lächelnd”, μείδησα, μειδιά ω
“lachen”;
Lat. mīrus “ wonderful “ (formation as clürus , = O.Ind. smēra -); Lat. cōmis , old cosmis
“compliant, friendly ”, as “with Lächeln” , from a root nouns smi-;
O.Ir. mīad n. “fame, pride ”, ablaut. moīdid “rũhmt sich” ;
Alem. šmīǝ “astonish”; M.Eng. smīlin , Eng. smile , Dan. smile , Nor. smila “lächeln” ; O.E.
gül-smæ ̄ re “zum Lachen geneigt ”;
Ltv. smeju , smiêt “verlachen ”, smaĩda “das Lächeln” (in -d- probably with dem Gk. to
compare); smaidît “lächeln, schmeicheln, mock “ ;
O.C.S. smějǫ (*smei -i̯ō), smijati sę “lachen”, směchъ “das laughter “;
Toch. A smi- “lächeln” .
Besides smeu - in:
M.H.G. smieren, smielen , older Dutch smuylen “lacheln”, probably also M.H.G. smollen
“from Unwillen schweigen, schmollen ; lächeln” ; Russ. uchmyĺátьsá “lächeln, schmunzeln” ,
dial. chmylítь “lächeln” , probably also Pol. dial. chmlić się ‘sich verfinstern, ein
verdrießliches face machen” .
References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31.
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smeit -, smit -
English meaning: to throw
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen”
Material: Av. hamista- “niedergeworfen, oppressed ” (*ham-[h]mista -, with in Simplex
erfolgtem Anlautswandel from sm- to [ h]m-); hamaēstar - “wer niederwirft, oppressed ”;
maēϑ - “throw” , with AbLat., * ēmittere ex ” = “mug, rob ” (mōiϑat̃ ), with ü- “(an sich) come
lassen” (ümiϑnüiti ), with paiti- “*zurũckschicken” = “den Laufpaß give, absagen” , with ham-
“mug, rob ” (hǝmiϑyüt̃); with ham + aibī “zulassen, den Zutritt gestatten ”;
Lat. mittō , -ere, mīsi, missum “go lassen, run lassen; send, senden ”, with expressive
intensification from * smītō (*smeitō ), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest.
References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.
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smek -
English meaning: chin, beard
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kinn, Mundpartie, Bart ”
Note: in O.Ind. with k̂
Material: O.Ind. śmaśru - n. “beard, whisker, moustache ” (assim. from * smaśru-); Arm.
mauruk”, moruk” “beard”; Alb. mjekrë “chin, beard ” (*smekrü );
Note:
Common Alb. shift sm > m ; drop of initial s- in Alb.
perhaps Lat. müla “Kinnbacke, maxilla “, Dimin. maxilla (*sm ek-slü, dessen vowel with dem
Arm. a vergleichbar wäre); Ir. smech “chin” (*smekü ), presumably O.E. smæ ̄ ras m. pl.
“Lippen” (*smahria -), in addition as “Lippenblũtler” Mod.Ice. smæ ̄ ra f., smüri m., Nor.
Dan.smæ ̄ re m., Swe. dial. smäre m. “Кlее” , after other to smei - “lächeln” ; Lith. smãkras m.,
smakrà f. “chin”, Ltv. smakrs “chin, palate ”; Hitt. zama (n)kur “beard” (*smokur or *smokru- ).
References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.
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smel-1
English meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder
Deutsche Übersetzung: “langsam and rauchend verbrennen, schwelen ”
Material: M.Ir. smül , smōl , smūal f. “fire, blaze, glow, ash ”; mnl. smölen , Dutch smeulen
“gleam, smolder “, nd. smelen, smölen ds., ō-grade Flem. smoel “muggy”; M.Eng. smolder
‘smoke”, nEng. smoulder ; also (compare rauchen : riechen ), M.Eng. smel , smul (-ll-) ‘smell,
odor”, Eng. smell ;
O.Sor. smalić ‘singe”, nsorb. smališ ‘singe, schwärzen” , Clr. prysmaɫūty “anbrennen ”.
With k-extension: Lith. smilkstù , smil̃kti “einen schwachen Dunst or Rauch from sich
give”, smilkūti “räuchern” , smelkiù , smel̃kti “ersticken ”;
besides in Gmc. with r- O.E. smorian “ersticken (tr.) ”, M.L.G. smoren “dämpfen, ersticken
(tr.and intr.), schmoren ”, Flem. smoren ‘smoke, misty sein ”, M.L.G. smurten “ersticken ”,
M.Eng. smorther , Eng. smother “vapor”.
References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.
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smel-2
English meaning: gray
Deutsche Übersetzung: “grau, staubfarben ”?
Material: Gk. μελίη “ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz ” (ἐυμμελίης “with a guten
Eschenspeer bewaffnet ”), μέλινος , μείλινος “eschen” (*[σ]μελF-ιᾱ, -ινος), perhaps from the
grauen Farbe of Holzesund to O.Lith. smėlùs “aschgrau, falb ”, Lith. pasme ̃lti “cloudy, dark
become”.
References: WP. II 692;
See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f.
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smerd -, smord -
English meaning: to stink
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stinken”
Material: Gk. σμόρδωνες pl. ‘stänker” Hes.; σμορδοῦν συνουσιάζειν; Lith. smìrdžiu , smirde ́ti
‘stink”, Ltv. smir̂dêt ds., Lith. smirdėle ̃ “dwarf elder ”, smardìnti ‘stinkend make ”, Ltv.
smerdelis ‘stänker”, smards “ fetidness “, Lith. smár [d]vé, O.Lith. smarstas “ fetidness “
(also smarstė , smarstvas , smársas ‘schlechteres fat ”, actually “ bad-smelling fat ”), O.Pruss.
smorde “ alder buckthorn, alder dogwood “; O.C.S. smrъděti, Russ. smerdétь ‘stink”, Russ.
smórod “ fetidness “, smoródina “ black currant “, Pol. smród , Cz. smrad “ fetidness “; in
addition probably Lat. merda “ordure, ordure of Leibes ”.
maybe Alb. *merda, mut ‘shit”.
smerd- ‘stink” is eine probably already IE verselbständigte Anwendung from ( s)merd - in
Ger. schmerzen , Lat. mordēre , s. mer-, merd - “aufreiben ” (above S. 736 f), originally also
“beißender smell, odor” .
Alb. mortje “death”, marr “take away (taboo for die) ”
It seems that from this taboo was born Root mǝ-r, gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós : (hand) from Root
smerd -, smord - : (to stink, *die, take away).

References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.
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smeru -
English meaning: grease, fat
Deutsche Übersetzung: and A ̈ hnliches : ‘schmer, Fett ”
Material: Gk. probably σμύρις ‘schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren ”, (σ)μυρίζω “poliere
through Reiben, anoint, smear, rub ”, μύρον n. “wohlriechendes Salböl, Pflanzensaft” ,
perhaps also ( σ)μῦρος “a kind of Aal, Muräne” as “fettig sich anfũhlend” ;
Lat. perhaps in medullae pl. “Mark from bone and Pflanzen ”, through influence of medius
from * merulla transfigured; O.Ir. smi(u)r m., gen. smera “Mark”, Welsh mer “Mark”; O.Ice.
smiǫr n., O.E. smeoru , O.H.G. smero (gen. smerwes ) ‘schmer, fat ”, whereof O.Ice. smyria,
smyrva “bestreichen, anoint ”, O.E. smierwan “anoint”, O.H.G. smirwen “anoint, schmieren ”,
Ger. Schmer , schmieren , Schmirgel ; with other stem formation Goth. smaírÞr n. “fat”,
smarnōs “ordure, crap, muck, droppings ” (meaning as Ger. schmierig , Dutch smerig “kotig,
dirty, filthy ”).
References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.
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(s)mer-
English meaning: to remember; to care for
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gedenken, sich erinnern, sorgen ”
Material: 1. O.Ind. smárati “ reminds sich, gedenkt ”, smaraṇa - n., smŕ̥ti - “Gedenken,
Gedächtnis” , Av. maraiti , hišmaraiti “(be)merkt ”, mimara- “eingedenk ”; Arm. mormok”
“Bedauern, Mißvergnũgen, distress, affliction” (with formants -ok” from a *mor-m[or]o- with
fractured reduplication); Gk. μέρμερος “was viel Sinnen, Sorgen required “; μερμαίρω,
μερμηρίζω “care, sinne, hesitate “; μέρμηρᾰ f. “ care, Sinnen ”, μεριμνάω “care, bin bedacht,
grũble” , post-verbal μέριμνα f. “ care, Besorgnis ”; also μάρτυς , -ρος, Hom. μάρτυρος , Cret.
μαιτυρ - “Zeuge”? different above S. 735;
Lat. memor “eingedenk ” (compare Av. mimara- ds., O.E. ge-mimor ds.), memoria
“Gedächtnis” ; Morta “eine Parze ”;
O.Ir. airm(m)ert f. “forbid”, Welsh armerth “Vorbereitung ” (*smert- ), M.Ir. mertaid “richtet
ein”, Bret. merzout “gewahr become ”, Vannes armerhein “einrichten ”; Gaul. PN Smerius ,
Smertullus , GN Smertrios ; Ro-smerta “die Voraussehende ”; O.Brit. VN ΢μέρται .
O.Ice. Mīmir “a giant “; O.E. mimorian ‘sich remind ”, ge-mimor “bekannt”, mümrian
“ũberetwas sinnen” , Dutch mijmeren “deep nachsinnen ”; Goth. maúrnan , O.E. murnan ,
O.H.G. mornēn “care for, worry, ängstlich besorgt sein” ;
O.Lith. mere ́ti “care for, worry ”, lengthened grade Serb. máriti ‘sich kũmmern um” , etc.
(*mōr -);
2. as ‘sinnen, sinnend dastehen ” = “hesitate” probably die group Lat. mora f. “Verzug,
delay”, O.Ir. mar(a)im “bleibe”; Corn. Bret. mar “doubt”;
3. here as “jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes ” also Gk. μείρομαι
(*σμερι̯ομαι) “erhalte allotment “, μοῖρα “ allotment, fate, destiny ” (*sm-, compare Hom. κατὰ

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μμοῖραν), perf. Hom. ἔμμορε “hatAnteil ”, εἵμαρται (*σέ-σμαρται ) “es is durchs lot, fate
zugeteilt”, εἱμαρμένη “fate, destiny ”, μέρος n., μερίς f. “ allotment, part ”, μερίζω “divide”,
μόρος m. “lot, fate, fate, destiny, person ’s lot in life ”, κάσμορος δύστηνος Hes. (*κατσμορος ;
κάμμορος Od. is newer formation), Hom. ἄμμορος “unteilhaftig ”, ἠμορίς ἐστερημένη Hes.,
lak. μόρᾱ “dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres ”, μόριον “part”; probably also
ἁμαρτάνω “verfehle” due to eines * ἄ-hμαρτος “unteilhaftig ”; Lat. mereō , -ēre and mereor , -
ērī “earn, erwerbe ” (i.e. “erhalte allotment “, “erwerbe mir meinen allotment “), merenda
“Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal ” (“*wherewith person and animal to consider is ”).
References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF . 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes E ́ t . Celt. 2, 133
f., Duval E ́ t . Celt. 6, 219 ff.
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(s)meukh -, (s)meug -, (s)meugh -
English meaning: to smoke, smoke n.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rauchen, Rauch ”
Material: Arm. mux, gen. mxoy ‘smoke”; Gk. σμύ̄χω (χ = kh or gh; ἐσμύγην from the g-form)
“lasse verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume ”; Ir. mūch ‘smoke”, Welsh mwg (with
Alternation ū : u), Corn. mok ds., Bret. moug , mog “fire”, moged ‘smoke” (-kh- or -k-);
with - g: Gk. σμυγ῅ναι; Arm. murk , gen. mrkoy ‘sengend” (*smū ̆ gro -);
O.E. smēocan ‘smoke”, mnl. smieken and smuiken ‘smoke”; Kaus. O.E. smīecan ‘smoke,
räuchern” , M.L.G. smōken ‘schmauchen, räuchern, through Rauch ersticken ”; O.E. smīec
m. ‘smoke”, M.H.G. smouch ‘smoke, haze, mist ”; O.E. smoca m. ‘smoke”, smocian ‘smoke,
räuchern” ;
Lith. smáugiu , smáugti “ersticken (originally through smoke), erwũrgen” ; perhaps Russ.
smúglyj , Clr. smuhɫyj ‘schwarzbraun ” (‘smoke-color “); die Bal.-Slav. words at most with gh,
whereupon also Arm. moyg “brown, dark ” as *smougho- in comparison käme; unclear das
relationship to R.C.S. smaglъ “dark, brown ”, Russ. smága “flame; smut ”, Cz. smahnouti
“dehydrate, desiccate, schmachten ”.
References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.
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sme, smā
English meaning: really, particle of emphasis
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise, etwa “wahrlich, indeed ”
Material: Ai smü ̆ emphasizing particle, Gk. μά in Schwũren Beteuerungspartikel, Thess. μά
“but, δέ”; *μᾶ (= O.Ind. smü) extended to μά̄ν, Ion.-Att. μήν “indeed, yet ”, Ion. (infolge
Funktionsschwächung) gekũrzt to μέν , emphasizing particle; Lat. nam “for”, originally
Versicherungspartikel, maybe from * mün transfigured; Hitt. - ma “but”, s. Schwyzer Gk. 2,
569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.
References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.
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smēi-2 : smǝi - : smī̆-
English meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnitzen, with einem scharfen Werkzeug arbeiten ”
Material: Gk. σμί̄λη ‘schnitzmesser ”, σμῐνύ̄η, σμῐνύς “hack, mattock, hoe ”;
Goth. aiza-smiÞa “ smith “, O.Ice. smiðr “worker in wood (these das geschichtlich ältere)
and metal “, O.E. smið “ smith, Radmacher ”, O.H.G. smid “ smith “; O.H.G. smīda “ metal,
Metallschmuck ”, gismīdi “Metallschmuck, Geschmeide ”, O.Ice. smīð f. “kunstfertige work ”;
O.H.G. smeidar “Metallkũnstler” ; eine s-lose root form is probably mai- (mǝi-) “hew, hit,
cavitate “, see there;
doubtful Ltv. smicens “black Spitzmaus ” (“*nibbler “?? or to smidzis , above S. 966?), Lith.
smailùs ‘sharp, naschhaft ”, smìlius “Näscher, forefinger “ .
References: WP. II 686.
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smē-, smeī-, sm-ei-
English meaning: to smear, rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmieren, darũberwischen, -streichen; darũber hinreiben”
Material: Gk. Infin. σμ῅ν, Aor. σμ῅σαι ‘schmieren, abwischen, abrade ”, 3. sg. pass. σμ῅ται,
σμᾶται; σμήχω, σμ῅ξαι ds., σμώχειν “ grind “, σμ῅μα f. “ ointment “, σμ῵διξ, -ιγγος f.
“blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme ”, σμώνη (Gramm.) “gust of wind ”; Lat. macula “Fleck,
Makel; Masche in Stickereien ” probably from smǝ-tlü;
smēi - (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei - extended (or d-present) in:
smeid -: Arm. mic ‘smut” (*smidi̯o -); Goth. bi-smeitan “besmear, bestreichen ”, ga-smeitan
‘schmieren, stroke ”, O.H.G. smīzan ‘stroke, schmieren, hit ”, Ger. schmeißen , O.H.G.
bismīzan “besmear ”, O.E. besmītan ds.; Nor. dial. smita , abl. smīta “thin aufschmieren ”;
O.E. smittian “ blemish, anstecken ”, M.H.G. schmitzen “anstreichen, geißeln, hit” , Ger.
verschmitzt ; O.E. smitte f. “Fleck”, M.H.G. smitze f. “Fleck, smut ”;
O.C.S. smědъ “fuscus”, also in Russ. FlN., perhaps as “*schmierig ” here (“doubtful”,
Vasmer 2, 670 f.).
smē[i]k -: smīk- “zerriebenes, winziges Krũmchen” :
Gk. σμῑκρός, (σ)μικρός ‘small, kleinlich, short ”, Dor. Ion. μικκός ‘small” (Kurzbildung as
lippus , γύννις ); Lat. mīca “ein Krũmchen, bißchen” , mīcidus “winzig”; O.H.G. smühi ‘small,
little, low ”, O.Ice. smür (*smüha -) ‘small”, O.E. smēalīc “fine, painstaking “, O.H.G. smühen
‘small make, verringern ”, Ger. schmähen, Schmach , O.H.G. gismühteōn “ dwindle “, Ger.
schmachten, ver-schmachten; O.Fris. forsmüia “verschmähen” , M.L.G. smüginge
‘schmähung” .
In similar turn in “das Kleine, Zierliche ”:

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smē[i]g - : smī̆g -; Pol. smagɫy “ slim, schmächtig” ; śmigɫ y ds., śmiga “dũnne rod” (a
borrowing from dt. schmiegen is certainly nicht to think); Lith. smaĩgas “ shaft, pole ”; Ltv.
smidzis “Milbe, Wasserfloh ”;
with ĝ: Lith. susmìžęs ‘small, crippled “; Mod.Ice. smeikr “ smooth, shy ”; O.E. smicre
“beautiful, dainty ”, O.H.G. smechar, smehhar , M.H.G. smecker “ slim, schmachtig ”, Nor.
smikr n. “feines Schnitzwerk ” (besides without s- and with other Gutturalstufe migr n. “allzu
feine Arbeit ”, migren ‘schmächtig” );
eine deutlichere meaning ‘schmieren, stroke ” in Nor. smika ‘stroke, smooth ”, smeikja “
caress, schmeicheln ”, Ger. schmeicheln , O.E. smücian ds., M.H.G. smicke “the vorderste
Teil a Peitsche; Schmiß, wound” , M.H.G. smicke, sminke “ makeup “.
A u-variant (s)mēu - : (s)mǝu - : (s)mu - seems vorzuliegen in O.Ice. mü (*mawēn ) “wear
out, scrape “, Nor. mugg m. n. ( *muwwa- ) ‘sägemehl” ; O.Ice. mōa-sk (*mōwōn ) “verdaut
become”; Ger. bO.Ir. schmaudeln ‘schmeicheln ”.
References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.
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smog -
English meaning: to weigh heavily
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwer lastend, sich with einer schweren Last abmũhen”
Material: Gk. μόγος “toil, Anstrengung ”, μογερός (σμογερόν Hes.) “mũhselig”, μογέ ω
‘strenge mich an ”, μόγις adv. “barely” (originally nom. sg. ‘sich mũhend” = “nur with toil ”);
μόχθος (*μόξτος) m. “ Anstrengung, toil ”, μοχθεῖν ‘sich abmũhen”, μοχθηρό ς “mũhselig” ;
μοχλός (*μοξλός) “ Hebebaum, Hebel ”, μοχλ -έω, -εύω “budge away, move away ”; Lith.
(žem.) smagùs “ heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag ”, Ltv. smags , smagrs ‘schwer from
Gewicht, lastend ”.
References: WP. II 692.
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(s)nadh -
English meaning: to cut, slice
Deutsche Übersetzung: “einschneiden, schnitzen ”
Note: only Celt. and WestGmc.
Material: Ir. snad - “carve, cut, clip ”, snass m. “cut, Hieb ”, Welsh naddu “to chip, to cut ”,
O.Welsh nedim , Welsh neddyf “Krummaxt ”, M.Bret. ezeff “Queraxt”, Bret. eze, neze ds.;
O.H.G. snatta , M.H.G. snatte ‘strieme, Wundmal ”, Alem. schnattwa, schnättwe “ incision
“ (*snadwō ), Swiss schnätzen “carve”, nd. snü ̊ t “limit, boundary ”, Ger. Schnate “Wundmal,
limit, boundary ”; without s: O.Ice. naddr m. ‘sting, prick, Pfeil ”.
References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.
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snā-, snǝ -(t-), snāu -, sn-eu-, sn-et-
English meaning: to flow, swim; damp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließen, Feuchtigkeit”
Material: 1. O.Ind. snü ́ ti, snüyatē “badet (sich) ”, participle snüta ́ -, Av. snayeitē “wäscht,
purifies, cleans through Spũlen” , participle snüta -; d(h)-present -snüδayǝn ; O.Ind. snüpa ́ yati
‘schwemmt ”, snápana - “zum Baden dienend (of water) ”; in addition Lat. Neptunus above S.
316;
Gk. νήχω, -ομαι ‘schwimme ” (formation as σμήχω, ψήχω under dgl; IE gh or kh); ν῅σος,
Dor. νᾶσος “island” as ‘schwimmer ”;
Lat. nō, nüre (*snü-i̯ō) ‘swim”, Umbr. snata, snatu acc. pl. n. “ūmecta” ; O.Ir. snüm
“dasSchwimmen ”, Welsh nawf ds., Bret. neun̄vi ‘swim”; M.Ir. snüid ‘schwimmt, crawls, flows
“;
2. auf *snǝ-t- based on Lat. natō, -üre ‘swim, flows “; Ven. FlN Nati-sō(n), *Natusis Ger.
Netze ; Welsh naid f. ‘sprung” (*snati̯ü ), Bret. n(e)ijal “fly”, Corn. nyge “fly, swim ”, M.Welsh
dienad (*dī-ro-natü) “Tosen of Meeres ”, and Arm. nay “damp, fluid ”;
3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot- based on probably Gk. νότος ‘sũdwind” (“Regenwind ”), νότιος,
νοτερός “damp”, νοτίς f. “Nässe” ; Thrac. FlN Νέστος, S. 759?
4. Beside snü- lies snüu - and sneu -:
O.Ind. snüuti , participle snuta- “triefen, eine Flũssigkeit of Körpers, particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Muttermilch,
entlassen ” (present IE *snüu -ti or lengthened gradees * snēu -ti); Gk. νά̆ω, Imperf. ναῖον, Eol.
ναύω “flow” (*σναFι̯ω); Ζεὺς νά̄ Fιος (Dodona ) as strömend gedacht , whereof νᾱιάς, Ion.
νηιάς, -άδος , also νᾱΐς, Ion. νηΐς, -ΐδος ‘stream, brook-, Quellnymphe ”, Νηρεύς, Νηρηΐδες
(*σνᾱF-ερο-, substantivized probably in νηρόν τὸ ταπεινόν Hes., das as “ Meerestiefe ” to

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understand, comprehend sein wird; but νηρίδας τὰςκοίλας πέτρας Hes. perhaps to ner-
“penetrate ”), reduced grade νᾱρός (*νᾰερός) “ rinnend, flowing “, ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρροος
Hes., Att. voc. νᾶτορ m. ‘stream”, νᾶμα (*νᾰFεμα) “Flũssigkeit, wellspring” , νᾱσμός
(*νᾰFεσμός) “ watercourse, wellspring, stream, brook ”; M.Ir. snüu , snō ‘stream” (*snüu ̯ ü );
5. from *sneu - from: νέω (Fut. νεύσομαι) ‘schwimme ”, lak. νόα πηγή , ἔ-ννυθεν ἐκέχυντο
Hes. Lat. nūtriō, -īre “ suckle, nähren” , derivative from a *sneu-trī fem. “milk fließen
lassend”;
as d-extension from sneu - one understands M.Ir. snūad (also FlN) “river”; “caesaries ”
(“*herabfließend” ), M.H.G. snuz “catarrh”, Nor. snott , O.E. gesnott n. “Katarrh”, O.Ice. snȳta ,
O.H.G. snūzen , Ger. schneuzen , Nor. snūt m. ‘snout”, Ger. Schnauze ;
with p: M.H.G. snupfe , O.Ice. snoppe “catarrh”, M.H.G. snūfen “wheeze”, snūben “pant,
sniff, snort ” under likewise; after Wissmann, nom. postverb. 178 f. are Gmc. snub -, snup -,
snud -, snut-, snug -, snuk - lautmalend (as also snab -, snap -, snad-, snat-, snak -, ebda. 187
f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- “pant, sniff, snort, pusten ”, also to obigem
*sneu- ;
with IE t: M.H.G. snudel, snuder, snūde “catarrh”, O.H.G. snūden “pant, sniff, snort,
schnarchen ”, O.Ice.snyðja ‘snuffle, sniff, wittern (of dog) ”, snuðra, snoðra ds.;
whether here Thrac. νύ̄σᾱ “Nymphe”?
References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.
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sneigʷh -
English meaning: to snow; snow, *rain
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneien, (sich) zusammen ballen ”
Note:
Root sneigʷh - : “to snow; snow ” derived from a zero grade ( *suu̯-etos , *su̯eri̯ō) : O.Ind.
sunō ́ ti “ squeezed, pressed “ = Av. hunaoiti of Root seu-1, seʷǝ- : sū- : “juice; liquid, rain ”.
Material: Präkrit. siṇeha - (= O.Ind. snēha -) ‘snow”; Av. snaēža - “to snow”, paM.Ir. šugni
žǝnij ‘snow”, (*snaiga -); Gk. νίφα acc. ‘snow”, Hom. ἀγάννιφος “ much snowed on, snow-
capt “, νείφει (νί̄ φει) “ it is snowing “, νιφάς “ snowflake “ (νιφετός “ snowstorm, snowfall “),
Lat. nix, nivis ‘snow”, nivit “ it is snowing “ (probably ī); nasal -präs. ninguit (ninxit ) ds.;
Ir. snigid “ it drips, is raining “, snige n. “drip, flux “, snecht(a)e ‘snow” (to t-forms compare
νιφετός); Welsh nyf ‘snow”, nyfio “to snow”;
O.H.G. O.E. snīwan “to snow” (st. V., participle gi-snigan , compare still Ger. bO.Ir.
participle geschniwen ; otherwise Ger. schw. V.), O.Ice. snūr “ it is snowing “ (participle
snifinn “ snowy “); Goth. snaiws ‘snow” = O.E. snüw , O.H.G. snēo (gen. snēwes );
Lith. sniẽgas , Ltv. snìegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) ‘snow”, snaĩgala “ snowflake
“, sniẽga “ it is snowing “, Inf. snìgti , O.Pruss. snaygis ‘snow”, O.C.S. sněgъ ‘snow”.
Sumerian šeg 4: “frost; cold shudder, chills ”, šeg 8/9: ‘snow; ice” (cf., sigga ).
References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner
BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare O.Ind. sníhyati “become damp, sticky “, snēha - m. “ stickiness,
oil, fat “.
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sneit-
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Material: Goth. sneiÞan , O.Ice. snīða “cut, clip, reap ”, O.E. snīðan “cut, clip, hew, hit ”, O.S.
snīthan , O.H.G. snīdan “cut, clip”; O.Ice. sneið “abgeschnittenes Stũck” , M.H.G. sneite “
through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau ” under likewise; O.H.G. snit “the cut”, M.H.G.
snīde “cutting edge ”, intensive. *snittōn in M.H.G. snitzen “carve”; O.Ice. sneis ‘small
(abgeschnittener) twig, branch ”, O.E. snæ ̄ s, snüs ‘spit, pike, Speiler ”, M.H.G. sneise “row,
cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird ” (*snoid-tü);
Clr. snït “clot, chunk ”, Cz. snět “bough” (*snoito-s ); compare perhaps M.Ir. snéid ‘small,
short”, whether from O.Ir. *snéith ?
References: WP. II 695 f.
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(s)nerb-
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”?
Material: Gk. νορβεῖ ἐνταμεῖται , νορβά καλή Hes. (as Ger. ‘schneidig”?); also Goth. at-
snarpjan “anfassen ”?; O.Ice. snarpr ‘sharp, hart, uneven ”, snerpa “ sharpen “, Dutch
snerpen “bite (from Wunden), ache ”, Westfäl. snirpsch ‘sharp (of wind) ”; O.H.G. snerfan
“together pull, drag ”; without s-: Mod.Ice. norpa “ freeze “.
References: WP. II 701;
See also: whether to obigem sner-b- (sner-2 )?
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(s)ner -1, (s)nur -
English meaning: to murmur, grumble
Deutsche Übersetzung: schallnachahmend “murren, knurren under likewise ”
Material: Gk. ἔνυρεν ἔτρισεν ; ἐνυρήσεις θρηνήσεις ; ὀνυρίζεαι ὀδύρεται Hes.; M.H.G. snarren
“ burr, babble, chatter “, snerren “ babble, chatter “, snurren ‘sough, rustle, sausen ”,
snurrære , snurrinc “ merrymaker, fool ”, Ger. schnarren, schnurren, Schnurre , Eng. snarl “
growl “, M.Eng. snorin , nEng. snore ‘schnarchen ”, M.Eng. sneren , nEng. sneer “verächtlich
lachen”; M.Eng. nurnen “hersagen ”, Swe. dial. norna , nyrna “zuflũstern” , O.Ice. norn
‘schicksalsgöttin” , M.H.G. narren , nerren “ growl “, O.H.G. narro “fool”;
Lith. niùrniu , niurnė́ti “drone, grumble, growl “; Ltv. ńura “ein weinerlicher person ”, ńurât
“drone, grumble, spinnen as eine cat “.
Auf -d: M.Eng. snurtin ‘schnarchen ”, M.H.G. snarz ‘schnarre, Wachtelkönig” ; Ltv. ńur̃dêt
“murmur, drone, grumble, growl “.
Auf -g: Nor. Swe. snerka “prusten, schnarchen ”, Swe. snurka “röcheln” , M.L.G. snorken ,
snarken ‘schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort ”, M.H.G. snarchen ds., Ger. schnarchen ; Nor. nurka
“creak, growl “, Dutch nurken “drone, grumble, nörgeln” ; Lith. snarglỹs “ nasal mucus “, Ltv.
snurgalas ds. (“*rattling, clashing , röchelnd” ); snirguôt ‘schluchzen; fauchen as die Gänse” ;
Ltv. nir̂guôtiês “höhnisch lachen” , ńur̂gt “die Zähne show” ; also probably Lith. nar̃glyti
‘somewhat slowly tun ” (meaning similarly as in Swiss norggen “ohne Erfolg arbeiten ”).
Auf -k: O.Ice. snǫrgla (*snargulōn ) “röcheln” , Ger. nörgeln, nergeln “undeutlich sprechen,
with verdrießlichem näselnden Tone tadeln” ; Lith. niurksaũ , -óti “ dismal or brũtend
dasitzen”, Ltv. ńurk”êt, ńur̂kstêt , ńur̂kšêt “drone, grumble, murmur, growl “, ńęrka “ein
weinerlicher person ”, ńar̂kšêt “weinerlich sein, creak ”, ńir̂kstêt “ gnash, ein Geräusch make,
as if etwas bricht ”, snirkt “ gnash “.

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(s)ner-2
English meaning: to turn, wind, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden (also von Fäden and Flechtwerk),
zusammendrehen, zusammenschnũren; sich zusammenwinden, einschrumpfen”
Note: perhaps extension to snē- ds.
Material: O.Ind. nŕ̥tyati “tanzt”, nr̥tí- f. “Tanz, game ”, nr̥tú- “tanzend”, narma- n., narmá - m. “
joke “, naríṣṭü f. ds., etc.; mIran. nür- “catch”(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);
Gk. νάρναξ κιβωτός Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. λάρναξ “ Kasten, hutch,
vessel”; through Weitergreifen dieses dissim. Wandels also *νάρκος (from the k-extension,
see under), still receive in ναρκίον ἀ σκός Hes., to λάρκος “ basket”;
O.S. naru, O.E. nearu , Eng. narrow “eng” (*nar- wa- actually “zusammengeschnũrt” ),
O.Ice. inNǫrva -sund “Gibraltar ” (besides Niǫrva -sund and Ger. Nehrung ‘schmale
Landzunge ” from * ner-wa-), O.H.G. narwa f., narwo m. ‘scar” (i.e. “zusammengezogene
Wundränder” ), also “ansa, fibulatura ”, Ger. Narbe dial. also “ agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen
an Tũren” as Nor. norve “ agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp ” (and Ltv. nãrs, nüre “ agrafe, hook,
clasp “);
Ger. bO.Ir. der-narren ‘starr become, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in
particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost ” (“*shrink up, -krampfen ”), narr
“mißratene verschrumpfte fruit” , narr (Swiss) krampfartige Spannung ”, narrennagel
“unförmig ausgewachsener Nagel” ; zero grade (with s-) Ger. schnurren, ein-schnurren, -
schnorren “zusammenschrumpfen ”, Ice. snurða “knot an a Faden, bildlich of
Nasenrũmpfen” ;

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lengthened grade O.Ice. nüri “ groin “ (“Einschnũrung of Leibes” ), M.H.G. næ ̄ rlich
“concise, genau, young “ and with gradation O.Ice. Nōri “Zwergname ”, nōr n. “narrow bay,
Sund”, Dan. Swe. nōr “toddler, whole small kid, child ”;
probably O.H.G. snuor “cord, band, strap, rope, cable ”, Dan.-Swe. snōr ds., Goth. snōrjō
“geflochtener basket ”, O.E. snēr (*snōri̯ō ) ‘saite a Harfe ”, O.Ice. snø ̄ ri n. “gedrehtes rope,
band”;
Lith. neriù , nérti “ submerge, einschlũpfen, einfädeln” , nyrù, preterit niraũ , nìrti ‘sich
schlängeln, ranken” , íšnìrti ‘sich dislocate, luxate, crick “, nãras “ aquanaut “, narỹs “ loop,
noose, snare; joint, limb, member ”; Ltv. nãrs, nüre “ agrafe, hook, clasp “;
Russ. nerët , neretó “kind of fish snaring net ”;
here belongs ner-3 , above S. 766.
extensions:
sner-b- with Gmc. p: Nor. dial. snerpa st. V. “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
wrinkle up, shrink up “, O.H.G. ( bi-, fir-) snerfan “den Mund zusammenziehen, die Miene
verfinstern ”, bO.Ir. schnurfen ‘sich einziehen, shrink “ = Nor. snurpa “fälteln, lose
zusammennähen” , Nor. snerp ‘skin auf the milk ”.
sner-g-: O.E. sneorcan st. V. “ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up “, Nor.
snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. “dũnne skin auf the milk” , O.Ice. snerkja (*snarkian ) “pull
together, furrow “.
(s)ner -k-: Arm. nergev “tenuis, gracilis ” (“*zusammengeschnũrt or eingeschrumpft” );
Gk. νάρκη “das solidification , cramp, Lähmung; Krampfrochen” , ναρκᾶν “erstarren ” (see
also above about νάρκιον , λάρκος ); O.H.G. sner(a)han (st. V.) ‘schlingen, tie, bind, knot ,
bind”, M.H.G. snërhen “ tie, bind, knot, bind, pull together ”, O.H.G. snar(a)ha “ loop, noose,
snare “, O.Ice. snara (*snarhōn ) ‘schlingen, tie, bind, knot, winden ”, snara f. “ loop, noose,
snare “ (skand. Lw. is O.E. snēare f. “ loop, noose, snare “), snarr “rash, hasty, sharp ”,

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sneubh -
English meaning: to woo, marry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “freien, heiraten ”
Material: Lat. nubō , -ere, -psi, -ptum “marry, from the wife, woman ”, prōnuba “Ehestifterin,
Brautfrau ”, cōnūbium (*co-snūbiom ) “ matrimony “;
R.C.S. snubiti “verkuppeln ”, Cz. snoubiti “freien, verloben ” (Kaus. * snoubhei̯ō ); with
secondary nasalization Proto-Slav.. dial. * snǫb -;
nasal. Gk. νύμφη “ bride, virgin, Nymphe ”, νύμφιος “ bridegroom “, νυμφεύ ω “verlobe”;
probably as *snusos from the connection through Heirat and extension to snē ̆ u - “Fäden
zusammendrehen, tie, bind, knot “.
References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 683.
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sneud(h) -1
English meaning: drowsy, to drowse
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schläfrig, schlummern”
Note: perhaps to sneudh-2 .
Material: Gk. νυστάζω ‘sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful ”, νύσταλος , -λέος “ sleepy “;
Lith. snáudžiu , snáusti , Ltv. snaũžu “ drowse “, Lith. snaudãlius “ drowsy person ”, snaudulỹs
“ slumber “, Ltv. snaũdule ‘schlafratze ”, Lith. snústu , snúdau , snústi “einschlummern ”,
snudà , snùdis ‘schläfer, Träumer” .
References: WP. II 697.
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sneudh -2
English meaning: mist
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nebel; neblig, dũster”
Material: Av. snaoδa- “ clouds”, sũdbaluči nōd “leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwolke ”; Gk.
νυθόν ἄφωνον . σκοτεινόν , νυθ῵δες σκοτειν῵δες Hes.; Lat. nūbēs “cloud”, in addition
obnūbō, -ere “verhũllen” (durchs perf. obnūbī also formal from nūbō , nupsī “marry” sharp
geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: “(sich) bewölken” = “(sich)
cover”, at first of sky, heaven, then generally; Welsh nudd “fog” (to GN Nudd see above S.
768);
possibly originally as “ dampness “ = *sneudh- the extension from sneu - besides snüu -
and snü- (see there) “flow”; as “benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy “ perhaps to
sneud(h)-1 .
References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.
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(s)nēbh -ri-, (s)nōbh -ri-
English meaning: narrow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eng, dũnn, schmal” (Gmc. also “flink” from “mager”)
Note: only armen. and germO.N.
Material: Arm. nurb “eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, thin under likewise ” (*snōbh -ri-, =
O.Ice. *snø ̄ fr );
O.Ice. snæ ̄ fr (gen. -rs) “eng; quick, fast ”, aschw. snæ ̄ ver “ narrow, tight, slim, slender,
thin, eng ”, O.Ice. snæ ̄ fugr “rash, hasty, agile ”, with gradation O.Ice. snø ̄ fr “quick, fast, agile ”,
reduced grade snǫfurligr “rash, hasty ”; s-lose Nebenformen aschw. næ ̄ ver and nø ̄ ver ,
O.Ice. nø ̄ fr (neutr. nø ̄ frt) “rash, hasty, agile ” (in addition also M.H.G. , Ger. Alem. nuofer
“alert, awake, smart, fresh, sober ”, Ger. bO.Ir. nuober ).
References: WP. II 698.
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(snēp -), snōp -, snǝp -
English meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “to einem Strick zusammendrehen, Bund, Garbe ”
Material: Lat. (etrusk.?) napurae ‘strohseile ”; O.H.G. snuaba “vitta”, snuobili “ small chain “;
O.C.S. snopъ “δέσμη , fasciculus, ἐπίδεσμος , ligatura ”, Russ. snopъ etc. “ fascicle, sheaf “;

References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.
See also: probably extension to (s)nē - “zusammendrehen ”.
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snēu- : snū - and snĕu -
English meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “drehen”, especially “Fäden zusammendrehen, knũpfen” ;
andrerseits ‘sich drehen, schnelle Bewegung ”
Material: O.Ind. snü ́ van - (n.) and snüva ́ n - “band, strap, sinew ”; reshuffling eines r/n- neuter:
a-snüvira ́ - “ohne Sehnen ” (snuta - “from the sinew ”), Av. snüvarǝ ‘sinew” (snüuya - “from an
Tiersehne gefertigt ”); Arm. neard ‘sinew, filament, Fiber ” (*snēu ̯ r̥t ); Gk. νεῦρον ‘sinew”,
νευρά ‘sinew, bowstring “; Lat. nervus ‘sinew, tendon; muscle, Nerv ”;
Alb. nus “Bindfaden, cord ” (*snu-ti̯o-);
O.Ice. snūa (snera , snūinn ) “winden, zwirnen, wenden ” (*snōwan ), snūðr , gen. - ar m. “
loop, noose, snare “ and “ quickness “, O.E. snūd m. “haste, hurry ”, O.Ice. snūðigr ‘sich
herumdrehend (of Mũhlstein), quick, fast” , Goth. sniwan , O.E. snēowan “hurry”, O.Ice.
snøggr “quick, fast ” (*snawwu -), Nor. snaa “hurry”(*snawēn ); *sneu-mi̯o- “hurrying” in Goth.
sniumjan “hurry”, sniumundō “hasty”, O.H.G. sniumi adj. “rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning ”,
O.E. snēome adv. “rash, hasty, alsbald ” (besides steht ein unerklärtes O.Ice. snemma,
snimma “zeitig, bald ”);
Ltv. snaujis “ loop, noose, snare “; O.C.S. snovǫ and snujǫ , snuti “anzetteln, ordīrī” , Iter.
osnyvati , Russ. snovátь “anzetteln ” and “quick, fast hin and her go ”.
Toch. В ṣñaura ‘sehnen, Nerven ”.
cognitional with ( s)nē- and presumably out of it um originally formant - u̯- extended.
References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.
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(s)nē- and (s)nēi -
English meaning: to sew together, to web, spin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fäden zusammendrehen, with dem Faden hantieren” , daher
“weben, spinnen ” and “ sew “
Note: (maybe from dem present snē-i̯ō; or umgekehrt snē- from snēi-?); compare die related
roots snep-, snēu -, sneu-, (s)ner -, also nētr-”Natter”; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.
Material: O.Ind. (unbel.) snüyati “umwindet, dressed “, snü ́ yu, snüyu - f., n. “band, strap,
sinew” (in addition probably nīví-, nīvī- “umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz ”);
Gk. νῆ ‘spinnt” (*σνήι̯ει ; ἔννη “ nebat”, ἐύννητος “ good gesponnen ” prove Anl. sn-), Fut.
νήσω; νή θω ‘spinne”, ν῅μα “ Gespinst, filament “ (= Lat. nēmen), ν῅σις “ the spinning “ (:
O.H.G. nüt “ suture”), ν῅τρον “ distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) “;
νώμενος, ν῵ντα Gramm. probably from *νη -όμενος, *νήοντα;
Lat. neō, nēre (*snē-i̯ō) ‘spinnen”, nēmen “Gespinst, Gewebe ”, nētus ds.;
M.Ir. snīid “dreht; binds, afflicts, mũht sich ab” ; Welsh nyddu “nēre” , Corn. nethe , M.Bret.
nezaff ds. ( *sn(i)i̯ō); M.Ir. snīm m. “the spinning, Drehen; distress “; gradation snō- in O.Ir.
snüth(e) “ filament “, Bret. neud ds.; (but Welsh ysnoden “lace, band ”, Corn. snod “vitta”
from Eng. snood “Haarband ”); O.Ir. snüthat “needle”, Welsh nodwydd “acus, acicula ”,
O.Corn. notuid , M.Bret. nadoez “needle”;
O.H.G. nüu “nähe” (= Lat. neō, Gk. νῆ, O.Ind. snüyati , yet without s-), nüt “ suture”; Goth.
nēÞla , O.Ice. nül, O.H.G. nüdala , O.E. næ ̄ dl f. “needle” (O.Ice. snæ ̄ lda “Handspindel ”,
probably reconverted from * snæ ̄ ð [i]la); *snō- in agutn. snōÞ , Mod.Swe. snod (d) “cord”, O.E.
snōd f. “head fascia ” (: O.Ir.s nüth , Ltv. snüte );
Ltv. snüju , snüt “ lax zusammendrehen, spinnen ”, snüte , snüne , snãt(e)ne f. “leinene
cover”;s-los: nâtns “leinen, zwirnen ”, nât(e)ne = snãt(e)ne ; *nī- as zero grade to * nēi- (see

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snusós
English meaning: daughter- in-law
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwiegertochter ”
Grammatical information: f. o-stem
Material: O.Ind. snuṣǘ ds. (after den Fem. auf ü- reshaped); Arm. nu, gen. nuoy ds., Gk.
νυός ds.; Lat. nurus , -ūs ds. (after socrus reshaped); O.H.G. snur, snora , O.E. snoru , O.Ice.
snor, snør, Ger. Schnur “ daughter- in-law “ (after den ü-stem), krimGoth. schnos (Hs.
schuos ); s.-Church Slavic snъcha ds.; perhaps also Alb. nuse “bride” (*snusiē ).
Note:
Amazingly Gk. νυός, Arm. nu, nurus , Alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of Alb. sn- >
n- or the drop of initial s-.

References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht IE
Decl. 90 f. to O.Ind. sanóti “erwirbt, gewinnt ”, above S. 906; s. though above sneubh -.
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solo-, sol(e)u̯o-
English meaning: whole, integrate
Deutsche Übersetzung: under likewise “wohlbehalten, ganz ”
Material: O.Ind. sárva - “unversehrt, whole, all, jeder ”, Av. haurva -, ар. haruva - “unversehrt,
whole” (= Gk. ὅλος , οὖλος , Alb. gjalë , compare also Lat. salvus ), O.Ind. sarvü ́ tat (i)-
“Unversehrtheit, welfare, salvation ”, Av. haurvatüt - “Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare “ (=
Gk. ὁλότης); Arm. olj (*soli̯o-) “fit, healthy, whole, vollständig” ; Gk. Att. ὅλος , Ion. οὖλος
(*ὁλFος) “vollständig, whole” , voc. οὖλε (: Lat. salvē from *salvĕ ) through reinterpretation to
an Imperativ);
besides with vollerer Formansstufe ὁλοός (from *ὁλεFός), ὁλοεῖται ὑγιαίνει Hes.; Alb.
gjalë ‘strong, fat, alert, awake, smart ”, ngjal “belebe, heal, mäste” (*solu̯o -); zero grade: Lat.
salvus “heil, fit, healthy, gerettet ”, salvē (see above), Umbr. sal(u)uom ‘salvum”, Osc. salavs
‘salvus”, päl. Salauatur PN ‘salvator” from * salvo- (*saluu̯o - or *salou̯o - = Gk. ὁλοός ), Lat.
salūs , -tis “Unverletztheit, Gesundheit, Wohlergehen ”, salū-bris “the Gesundheit zuträglich” ,
Sallustius (with lengthened - ll-); besides *solos in soli-dus, soldus “dense = gediegen,
massiv” and “tight, firm, vollständig, whole” , solōx “dense, filzig ”, solidüre “ to make firm or
solid “, päl. solois “omnibus ”;
Ital. *sollos (*sol-no-) in altLat. sollus “totus et solidus ”, Lat. sollers, sollemnis etc., Osc.
sullus “omnes”; but Welsh Bret. holl, oll, Corn. oll “whole, all ”, belong to O.Ir. oll (above S.
24); Toch. A salu “vollständig”, В sol-me “whole”.
References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;
See also: perhaps in ablaut to sēl-, above sel-6 S. 900.
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so(s), sā
English meaning: dem. stem; he, she
Deutsche Übersetzung: "ὁ, ἡ"
Grammatical information: originally only nom. sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-; fem. also
sī
Material: O.Ind. sá and saḥ (*sos), f. sü ́, Av. ha and hō, f. hü (also in O.Ind. ē-ṣá, Av. aē-ša
“this”; with particle - u O.Ind. a-süu, Av. hüu, ap. hauv m. f. “this, diese ”, compare Gk.
οὗ[ιος]);
Gk. ὁ, ἡ (Dor. ἁ:) article (Att. etc. also pl. οἱ, αἱ compared with älterem Dor. τοί, ταί );
substantivisch ὅς (καὶ ὅς, ἦδ”ὅς) from * sos (or si̯os), wherefore sich n. ὅ, acc. ὅν, ἥν etc.
gesellte; further das with den το -forms as Relativum gebrauchte ὅς by Herodot; *so-u- , sü-u
in οὗ[τος], αὕ[τη]; ὅ -δε “this”;
Alb. * so, *sü in k-ũ “this”, këjó “diese” (*ke-o) and a-ǘ “ that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that we ll-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter) ”, a-jó
“illa”; aLat. sa-psa “ipsa”, sum, sam, sōs, süs “eum, eam, eos, eas ”; *so- in Osc. exo- “hic”
(e.g. abl. f. exac ) from * e-ke-so- (to Vorderglied s. ko- “this”);
Gaul. so-sin, so-sio acc. sg. n., O.Ir. ( s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s
prefixedes Pron. the 3. sg. f. and 3. pl. ( impu “circum eos ” imb + ṡu from *sōns ) etc.; O.Ir.
demonstrative - so (*sos) “this, -e, - es”; Bret. ho-n “unser”, ho-z “euer”;
Goth. sa, sō, O.Ice. sü, sū; O.E. sē ̆ m.;
Toch. A m. sǝ-m, f. sü-m, n. tǝ-m; Toch. В m. se (*so), f. sü, n. te;
to anaphorischen so belongs also gthAv. hōi, jAv. hē, šē, ap. šaiy, Gk. οἱ “ihm”;

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besides ein erweit. stem s(i)i̯o-, s(i)i̯ü-: O.Ind. syáḥ and (after sá) syá m. syü ́ f., ap. hyah
m., hyü f.; perhaps O.Ir. se “this” from *si̯od, and - se, -sa particula augens the 1. sg.; very
doubtful is Zurũckfũhrung from O.Ice. siü “this” on previous * si̯o.
Fem. *sī: Gk. ‘sie” (Soph.), O.Ir. sī ‘sie”, Goth. si, O.H.G. sī, si ‘sie”; in addition after
Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig si in Run. si-ainaR “that”, sa-si
“this”, su-si “diese”, Þat-si “dieses”; genus-indifferent are acc. O.Ind. sīm, Av. hīm, ap. šim.
References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gk. 1, 610 f.,
Pedersen Toch. 1113 f.
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speĝ-
English meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf hin- or zusehen ”
Note: (or spō ̆ g ̂ -)
Material: O.Ice. spakr ‘smart, peaceful, gentle ”, speki f. “Verstand, Weisheit ”, spekt
(*spakiÞō ) f. “Weisheit ”, spekja “weismachen, besänftigen” ;
O.C.S. pažo ̨ , paziti “achten auf ”, with sę ‘sich hũten” .
References: WP. II 660;
See also: compare spek̂ - “ peer “ and O.E. specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g- .
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spek̂-
English meaning: to watch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spähen, scharf hinsehen ”
Material: O.Ind. spáśati (Dhütup.), páśyati “ sees “, participle spaṣṭá - (= Av. spašta -, Lat.
spectus ), spáṭ ‘späher” (= Av. spas , Lat. au-, haru-spex ), spáśa - ds. (: Gk. σκοπός ), Av.
spasyeiti ‘späht” (= Lat. speciō , Gk. σκέπτομαι ), spas ‘späher”, spaštar - ds. (= Lat. -spector ,
umb. spetur-e ), spasan- “hinspähend auf” (= O.H.G. speho ‘späher” ); Arm. spasem “I
erwarte” is Iran. Lw.;
Gk. σκέπτομαι “look, see ” (σκεπ - reconverted from * spek -); σκοπός ‘späher; purpose “ ,
σκοπεῖν “observe, aim, untersuchen ”, σκοπή , σκοπιά : “Warte”, σκέψις “Betrachtung ”; Alb.
pashë “I sah” (*[s]pok̂-s-?);
Lat. speciō , -ere, -xī, -ctum ‘see” (con-spiciō etc.), spectō , -üre “anschauen ”, speciēs
‘sight, prestige, Aussehen, apparition ”, au-, haru-spex ; specus , -ūs “cave”, speculum
“mirror”, speculor , -ürī “ peer “; Umbr. speture ‘spectōrī” , speturie ‘spectōriae” ;
O.H.G. spehōn “ peer “, in addition speha f. “aufmerksames Betrachten, Untersuchung,
Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen ”; O.Ice. spü “Wahrsagung ” (*spahō : Gk. σκοπή ? yet point at
spü- auf root stress and is post- verbal origin verdächtig, s. Wissmann nom. postv. 1, 41);
spü “wahrsagen ” (*spahōn , s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spür “wahrsagend, prophetisch ”
(*spaha-s ); O.S. O.H.G. spühi ‘smart, skilful ”.
References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;
See also: compare speĝ - “hinsehen ”.
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(s)pel-
English meaning: to speak aloud; to tell
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut, nachdrũcklich sprechen”
Material: Arm. aṙa-spel ‘sage, proverb, saying, riddle “;
Goth. spill n. “ narration, Sage, fable ”, O.Ice. spjall n. “ narration, discourse “, O.E. spell
n. “ narration, discourse, Predigt ” (Eng. gospel = O.E. gōd-spell ) “Evangelium ”; O.H.G. spel,
-les n. “ narration, discourse, Märchen” , O.H.G. M.H.G. bī-spel “belehrende narration, fable,
Gleichnis ”, Ger. Beispiel ;
therefrom Goth. spillōn “ promulgate, tell ”, O.Ice. spialla “talk, erwähnen” , O.E. spellian
“talk, tell” (Eng. spell), O.H.G. got-spellōn “evangelizare ”, M.H.G. spellen “tell, talk, babble,
chatter “;
with it are as s-lose forms compatible Gk. ἀπειλή “ threat; prahlerische Versprechung ”
(ἀπειλέω “drohe; gelobe, verheiße; rũhme mich, boast, brag” ), whether from * ἀπελνι̯α ,
wherein ἀ- am ehesten die preposition *n̥ “in”; (also Gmc. - ll- probably from - ln-) Ltv. pel̂t
“vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander ”, pal”as (Plur.) “reprimand, Schmähung” , iz-pal”uôt
“proficient ausschmähen” , as well as Toch. päl-, pül- “ praise “.
References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.
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spend -
English meaning: to offer libation
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ein Trankopfer darbringen; geloben ”
Material: Gk. σπένδω “verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende ”, Med.
‘schließe einen pact, covenant ”; σπονδή ‘spende, Trankopfer; pl. Verträge” ;
Lat. spondeō , -ēre (Kaus.-Iter.) “feierlich promise, sich verbũrgen” ; sponsa “die Verlobte ”;
respondēre “eine Ghegenleistung promise; antworten ”; despondēre animum “den courage
sinken lassen ”; Hitt. šipand - ‘spenden, sacrifice ”.
References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hitt. 166.
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(s)pen -1(d-)
English meaning: to pull; to spin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, spannen ” and ‘spinnen”, indem die to webenden Fäden
zuerst ausgespannt wurden
Note: (s)pen - : spē(i) - “ziehen” = pen- “feed”: pü- “Vieh weiden, feed ” = bhü- : bhen- ‘speak”;
compare das different vokalisierte pü ̆ n- “Gewebe”, above S. 788.
Material: 1. forms without - s-:
Arm. hanum , Aor. hanay and henum , Aor. heni “to weave, zusammennähen” ; s. above
Meillet Esquisse2 55, 105, 111 f.;
Gk. πένομαι ‘strenge mich an, mũhe mich ab, have Mangel”, πόνος “mũhsame work,
hardship, distress “, πονέω “mũhe mich ab, etc.”, πονηρό ς “in schlechtem Zustande,
schadhaft, lasterhaft ”, πένης “ arm, poor ”, πενία “lack, poverty ”, πειν῅ν ‘starve”, from which
probably retrograd πείνη “ hunger” and πάτος ἔνδυμα τ῅ ς ῝Ηρας Hes. as *pn̥-tos; diese or
eine similar t-formation lies also dem O.Ir. ēt- “kleiden” the basic;
Lith. pinù, pìnti “flax, wattle, braid ”, pántis m. f., O.Pruss. panto f. “manacle ”, Ltv. pinu, pît
“flax, wattle, braid ”, pinekls “manacle ”;
O.C.S. pьnǫ, pęti ‘spannen”, ablaut. opona f. “curtain”, ponjava “Umhang, dress ”, pǫto
“manacle ”(Serb. pȕto), wherefore among others Russ. prepjátь “hinder”, raspjátь
“kreuzigen ”, pjatь , pnutь “with dem Fußestoßen” and O.C.S. pęta “calcaneus “ (Serb.
petasati “with den Fũßen ausschlagen” ), Russ. pjatá , Serb. péta, Lith. péntis m. “ds.; back
the axe, the scythe ”, O.Pruss. pentis “calcaneus “;
perhaps Alb. pendë , pëndë “pair Ochsen; Joch (piece of wood as field measure) ” from a
*pentü “*Gespann ”; also penk “Koppel”;
2. forms with anlaut. s-:

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Lat. sponte “from eigenem Antrieb, from freiem Willen ”;
Goth. O.H.G. O.E. spinnan , O.Ice. spinna ‘spinnen” (*spenu̯ō , compare spannan S. 982
from *spǝ-nu̯ō), O.H.G. spinna “ spider”; with einfachem n: O.Ice. spuni m. “Gespinst ”, O.E.
spinel , O.H.G. spinala (and spinnila ) “ spindle”.
3. extension (s)pen -d-:
Lith. spéndžiu , spę́sti “einen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen) ”, O.Lith. spándau , -yti
‘spannen”, Lith. spanskus “eng, drũckend” , spą́stas “Falle”, Ltv. spiêst “press, constrain,
oblige”, iterative spaidît , spuôsts “Fallstrick, Falle ”, Ltv. spendele “ feather an a Schlosse ”,
spanda ‘strickwerk am Pflug ”, as also püm. spundr “plough”, Gk. σπινδεῖρα ἄροτρον Hes.
(i.e. σπινδ῅ρα);
O.C.S. pęndь ‘span”, pǫditi “urge, press, push, drive, push ” (originally perhaps “ein Vieh
an gespanntem Strick vorwärtsziehen” ); presumably also as “gespannt hängen” , Lat.
pendeō, -ēre “hangen, herabhangen ”, pendō , -ĕre “wägen, schätzen, pay” (to Wägen
aufhängen), Umbr. ampentu “impenditō” ; whether also O.E. finta m. “tail, Folge ”?
References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.
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speno -, stē ̆ no -, p(ǝ)stē ̆ no -
English meaning: teat; brost
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zitze, Brustwarze, Brust ”
Material: 1. anlaut sp: O.Ir. sine m. “teat”: bō tri -phne = bō trī sine “cow with drei Zitzen ”,
M.Ir. sineSeüin “uvula”;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*sini) gjini “brost, teat ” [common Alb. s- > gj - phonetic mutation] probably
homonym with Alb. gji “bay, harbor ” : contaminated by Lat. sinus “a bent surface, hollow,
coil, curve, fold, winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf.
heart, secret feelings ”.
O.Ice. speni m. “teat, nipple “ (O.S. spini also “Zäpfchen in Halse” ), M.L.G. spene ds.; o-
grade O.E. spane, spanu f. “ nipple “, spanan “entwöhnen” ; M.H.G. spen f. “brost ,
Muttermilch ” (probably * spani ; compare Ger. Span-ferkel ); reduced grade M.L.G. spone f.,
O.H.G. spunni , M.H.G. spũnne and spune “ nipple “; Lith. spenỹs “teat, Zäpfchen in Halse,
Ohrläppchen” , O.Pruss. spenis “teat”.
2. M.Pers. Pers. pistün “ female brost ” (*pǝstüna -), Av. fštüna - m. Du. “ds., nipple, knot ”
(*pstüna ), ǝrǝavafšnyü ̊ “the hochbusigen ”, O.Ind. stána - “brost, esp. female “; Arm. stin “
female brost ” (*stē ̆ no -; gen. sg. stean ); Gk. στηνίον στ῅θος Hes. (daß στ῅θος related sei, is
heavy credible; hat besides θήνιον, τιθήνη einst ein *θη -θος, *τ῅ -θος bestanden, das
besides στηνίον eine parallel formation στ῅θος ins Leben treten ließ??).
The association the Anlaute under p(ǝ)stē ̆ n- seems possible .
References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, IE Decl. 86.
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sperĝh -, spreĝh -, nasal. sprenĝh -
English meaning: to hurry, to spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich hastig bewegen, eilen, springen ”
Note: Erweit. from sper- “ twitch, schnellen ”.
Material: O.Ind. spr̥háyati “begehrt, empfindet envy “, Av. ü-spǝrǝzatü “war bestrebt ”;
Gk. σπέρχομαι “ storm along, hurry ( σπερχόμενος “hasty, hasty, rash, hasty ”),
boisterous, aufgebracht sein ”, σπέρχω “dränge, drive” , σπερχνός “quick, fast, hasty ”,
ἀσπερχές adv. “violent, ardent “; here Welsh ffraeth (see 996);
O.Ice. springa ‘spring, hervorbrechen ”, O.E. O.S. O.H.G. springan ds.; Kaus. O.H.G.
sprengen ‘spring make (ein horse), (zer)sprengen ” and ‘strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln ”,
O.Ice. sprengja “ sprinkle “, O.E. sprengan “ outspread, break, crack; burst, säen” ; M.H.G.
sprinc (-g-) ‘sprung, wellspring ”, O.E. spring “Wasserquell ”, Eng. spring “ds., Sprungfeder,
Knospenspringen, spring “; old Ablautform *sprōgh - in O.Ice. sprōga ‘spring, run ”.
References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.
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(s)per-1
English meaning: rafter; pole, spear
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sparren; Stange, Speer ”; verbal “with Sparren verspreizen,
stũtzen, stemmen, sich sperren”
Note: originally denominativ
Material: Lat. sparus , sparum “kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and dũrftige
Kriegswaffe ” (*sp ero-); in addition a kind of fish sparus , Gk. σπάρος; Alb. shparr , shperdhë
“oak” (as “timber”; rr from rn); Gmc. * speru - in O.Ice. spjǫr ‘spear, javelin ”, O.E. spere n.,
O.Fris. spiri, spere , sper, O.S. O.H.G. sper, M.H.G. sper m. n., Ger. Speer m., O.H.G.
spereboum “aesculus ”; O.Ice. spari , sparri m. ‘speiler, Sparren, balk, beam ”, sperra f.
(*sparriōn ) “roof beam ”, O.H.G. sparro “balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole ”, Ger. Sparren ;
therefrom O.Ice. sperra “with Sparren versehen; die Beine spreizen, aussperren,
verhindern ”; O.Ice. sperra , O.E. be-, ge- sparrian “verrammeln ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. sperren “
through einenSperrbalken verschließen, sperren ; ausspreizen ”;
other formations O.H.G. spirdren “nītī” (j-Verb as muntren , s. Schatz, Germanica for
Siewers 367);
without anl. s-: Lat. paries “wall” (originally “die Seitenstũtzen eines Zeltes under
likewise”); Slav. *pьrǫ, *perti “prop, support ”, with podъ - “fulcire”, with za- “claudere ”, e.g.
O.C.S. podъpьrǫ, prěti “prop, support ”, zaprěti ‘shut”, Russ. u-perétь ‘stemmen, an or
against etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, sträuben” ,
zaperétь “versperren, verschließen” , Pol. przeć ‘spreizen, sperren ”, O.C.S. podъporъ , -pora
“fulcrum, baculum ”, Russ. upór “pad, Strebepfeiler ” etc.
References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.
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sper-2(g-)
English meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Vogelnamen, besonders ‘sperling”
Material: Goth. sparwa , O.E. spearwa , O.H.G. sparo ‘sparrow” (*Proto-Gmc. *sparwan- );
M.H.G. sperlinc Ger. Sperling , diminutive; O.Ice. spǫrr ds. from * sparwa-z , compare also
Ger. Sperber , O.H.G. sparwü ̆ ri (Endglied after O.H.G. aro “ eagle “ transfigured?);
Gk. σπαράσιον ὄρνεον ἐμφερες στρουθῶ Hes. (*σπαρ Fn̥-ti̯om); das formantische u̯ also
(??) in Gk. ψά̄ρ, Ion. ep. ψήρ (Hom. acc. pl. ψ῅ρας ), gen. ψᾱρός ‘star” (originally * ψά̄ρF-ς,
gen. *ψαρFός?), newer ψά̆ρος, ψᾱρος , ψᾶρος m. ds., ψᾱρός ‘stargrau”; in addition probably
O.S. sprü, Dutch spreeuw , N.Fris.sprian , M.L.G. sprēn , nd. (Ger. ) sprehe ‘star”;
Corn. frau, Bret. frâo “crow” (*sprawü); daß Lat. parra “ein bird, dessen Geschrei
Unglũckbedeutete” , Umbr. parfam, parfa “parram” (*parsa ) ein s-loser kinsman, relative sei,
is quite dubious;
Toch. A spürün ̃ “ein bird”;
forms auf g: Gk. PN ΢ποργίλος ‘sparrow”, (σ)πέργουλος ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον Hes.; O.H.G.
sperk , sperch , spirch ‘sparrow”, O.Pruss. spergla -wanag [is] ‘sperber” (eig. ‘sperlingsgeier ”),
ablaut. spurglis m. ‘sparrow”.
References: WP. II 666 f., WH. II 257, Trautmann 275.
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sper-3
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden ”
Material: Gk. σπεῖρα f. “ convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser) ”,
σπειράω “coil, wickle ”, σπείρᾱμα “ convolution, diaper “; σπάρτος m. “ein shrub, bush, from
dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht ”, σπάρτον , σπάρτη “gedrehtes or geflochtenes
rope, band ”; σπυρίς (Ion. σφυρίς) “geflochtener basket ” (from dem acc. σπυρίδα derives
through etrusk. mediation Lat. sporta “geflochtener basket ”);
O.Lith. spartas “band, strap ”; probably here Arm. p”arem, p”arim “umschließe, umarme” .
g-extension spereg -, nasal. spreng - “winden, umwickeln, dadurch eng
zusammenschnũren” :
Gk. σπάργω “wickle ein ”, σπάργανον “ diaper “;
Lith. springstù , spriñgti “ strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken) ”, sprenge ́ti ds.,
sprangùs “wũrgend” , Ltv. sprangât “einschnũren” .
References: WP. II 667 f., Trautmann 279.
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sp(h)ei : sp(h)ī̆ and sp(h)ē : sp(h)ǝ -2
English meaning: to pull, drag
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, spannen ”
Material: Gk. σπάω, σπ῵ (*spǝ-sō) “pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krämpfen
an, pull ein, suck ein ”; σφάκελος m. “Zuckung, cramp ”; σπασμός m. “Ziehen, Zuckung,
cramp”, σπάσμα n. ds. “rag, scrap, shred ”; σπα-δ- e.g. in παρασπάς , -σπάδος f.
“Pflanzenabsenker ”, σπάδιξ “abgerissenerZweig ”, σπαδών m. “ twitch, cramp, σπάδων
“Verschnittener ”, Ion. σπαδίζω “pull ab, reiße ab (δέρμα )”, argiv. σπάδιον “στάδιον” (“in die
Länge gezogen” ); das sonstige στάδιον “ racecourse “, probably through support in στάδιος
‘stehend”; σπάτος n. ‘skin” (“*Abgezogenes ”);
partly auf a present *spǝ-nō ́ and spǝ-nu̯ṓ based on probably die Gmc. family O.H.G.
spanan “locken, stir, tease, irritate ” (“*anziehen ”), O.S. spanan “locken, veranlassen,
antreiben ”, O.E. spanan ds., O.H.G. spennen (*spanjan ) “allure, entice, anreizen ” = O.Ice.
spenja “allure, entice, ũberreden” , Nor. spana (*spanōn ) ‘spannen, strecken ”, span m.
‘spannung ”, O.H.G. spanst “Antrieb, Reiz, Lockung ”; gi-spanst “Verlockung, deception “,
M.H.G. ( ge)-spenst “Verlockung, devilish delusion, Gespenst ”, Ger. abspenstig machen ,
widerspenstig ; M.H.G. spün “discord, fight, contentio ” (*spē-n-), widerspün ds., widerspæ ̄ ne
“widerspenstig ”; O.H.G. spannan (*spǝnu ̯ ō ) ‘spannen, anspannen ”; intr. ‘sich dehnen,
gespannt inerwartungsvoller Spannung sein ”, M.H.G. spannen ds.; O.E. spannan ‘spannen,
festbinden, anfũgen” , M.H.G. span , -nnes ‘spannung, Zerwũrfnis, discord” , O.H.G. spanna ,
O.E. spann f., O.Ice. spǫnn f. ‘span”, Kaus. O.Ice. spenna “umspannen, umschließen, urge,
press, push ”, M.H.G. spennen ‘spannen, dehnen ”; eine Gmc. Gutturalableitung in addition
in Ger. Spange ; O.H.G. spanga , O.E. spang ds., O.Ice. spǫng “dũnnePlatte, Eisscholle” ;
spanst wird Gmc. formation from spanan from sein.

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Auf a to-participle *spǝ-tós with the meaning from Lat. tenuis “thin, also watery, from
Flũssigkeiten” based on probably O.S. spædher ‘schmächtig, tender, young “ , schw. späd ,
Dan. spæd “tender”, O.Ice. spað “dũnne soup” ;
the same meaning “tenuis” with i-vocalism in:
Gk. σπι-νός “ lean “; O.Ir. sēim (*spē ̆ imi -) “exilis, macer ”, sēime “Dũnne” ;
with guttural extension: Gk. σπίκανον σπάνιον Hes., σπιγνόν μικρόν, βραχ ύ Hes.; O.Ice.
spiki m. “Meise”; Swe. dial. spikjin “thin, schmächtig, lean “ , Swe. dial. spink ‘schmächtiger
person”, Nor. spiken “arid, lean, geräuchert” (O.Ice. spiki-lax “gedörrter salmon” ), Ice.
speikja “dehydrate, desiccate ”, Swe. spink ‘splinter”, M.L.G. spik “dry” (Ger. Spick -aal etc.).
References: WP. II 655 f.;
See also: in addition sp(h)ē̆i-3, (s)pen -1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu -d-.
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(s)p(h)elg -
English meaning: to split, splinter
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spalten”
Note: (further formations from (s)p(h)el - ds.)
Material: Arm. p”elk “langes Stũck wood or Stoff” ; O.Ice. spjalkir pl. ‘speiler”, O.E. spelc ,
spilc “chip, splinter, Holzschiene ”, E.Fris. spalke ‘splinter”, spalken “break, crack, split ”,
O.Ice. spelkja , O.E. spilcan ‘schienen”; compare Welsh fflochen “wooden splinter ”
(*splokitnü );
Gk. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεῖ , ληρεῖ Hes.; Lith. paspilgęs “thin in straw (of corn, grain), in
Wachstum zurũckgeblieben” , become better to a eigenen family the meaning “verkũmmern,
kũmmerlich” zusammengeschlossen.
References: WP. II 680.
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sp(h)elĝh(en, -ā), splenĝh -, splē ̆ g ̂ h -
English meaning: spleen
Note: taboo deformed
Material: O.Ind. plīha ́ n -, Av. spǝrǝzan - m., Arm. p”aicaɫn, Gk. σπλήν (*σπληγχ, compare
σπλάγχνα nom. pl. “ intestines, entrails “), Lat. liēn, O.Ir. selg f., M.Bret. felc”h, O.C.S.
slězena .

Maybe from Av. spǝrǝzan derived Alb. ( *spelǝtan) shpretna ‘spleen”.
References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18,
451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120.
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(s)p(h)el -1
English meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spalten, abspalten, absplittern, abreißen”
Material: O.Ind. sphaṭati (Dhütup.) “reißt, springt auf” , sphaṭita - “gesprungen, zerfetzt ”,
sphaṭikü - “Bergkristall ” (‘sich blättrig abspaltend” ), *sphüṭa ́ yati ‘splits”, covered das participle
sphüṭita -; sphuṭáti ‘splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reißt” (sek. sphōṭati ); besides diesen t-
Präsentien (: O.H.G. spaltan ) das to-participle sphuṭa - “aufgeblũht, open “ (: Goth. spilda );
O.Ind. paṭati ‘splits sich, cracks ”, püṭayati ‘splits, breaks, rips ” (: paṭú- ‘sharp”, Gk. πλατύς
‘salzig”? s.under *pl̥tú-s);
phálati “cracks, springt divided “, phálakam “(*cloven wood) board, lath, leaf, shield,
Holzbank ”, phüla - m. “ plowshare “ (“zugespitztes Aststũck” ?);
Maybe Alb. pluar (*pë-luar) “ plowshare “ derived from O.Ind. phüla - m. “ plowshare “ see
Root leu-2 (*leuĝh -): to cut off, separate, free
O.Pers. Glosse σπαρα -βάραι οἱ γερροφόροι Hes. ‘schildtragend ”, Pers. ispar, sipar ‘shield”
(O.Ind. pharam, spharam ‘shield”, uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after
phálakam directed);
Gk. σφαλάσσειν τέμνειν, κεντεῖν Hes., σφάλαξ ‘stechdorn ”, ἀσπάλαθος m. ds. (“ *whereof
man sich reißt, scarifies “), σφάλαξ, ἀ σφάλαξ, σπάλαξ, ἀ σπάλαξ “ Maulwurf ” (“die Erde
aufreißend”), σπαλύσσεται σπαράσσεται, ταράσσεται Hes., ἄσπαλον σκῦτος Hes.,
σπάλαυθρον ‘schũreisen”; σπόλια τὰ παρατιλλόμενα ἐρίδια ἀπὸ τ῵ν σκελ῵ν τ῵ν προβάτων
Hes. (: Lat. spolium ), Att. σπολάς “abgezogenes fell, fur ” and “Überwurf from Leder ,
brostplate, mantle ”, Eol. σπαλίς, Att. ψαλίς ‘scissors”; to σφαλάσσειν also σφαλό ς
“Fußblock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe” and σφάλλω “ throw (originally with “Prũgeln” ), toss,
fling, bump, poke ” and “(at first beim Ringen) ein leg stellen, in fight, struggle behindern ”,

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from which “bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive ”, Med. “waver, fall, sich
irren”, ἀσφαλής “unerschũtterlich, ohne sich fortstoßen to lassen” - “ peaceful, certainly ”,
σφαλερό ς ‘schlũpfrig”, σφάλμα “ falscher footstep “; σφέλας “ wooden log, club, cudgel;
ausgehöhlter Block, bench “ ;
from dem Alb. perhaps palë ‘seite, party “ (*polnü , compare O.C.S. polъ ‘seite, bank,
border, shore, gender, sex, half ”); popëlë “Felsstũck, Scholle” , plis (*pli-ti̯o-) “clod of earth ”,
plish “ reed “ (*pli-si̯o-):
Lat. spolium “abgezogene or abgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene Rũstung,
booty”;
with t-Erweit.: O.H.G. spaltan , M.L.G. spalden ‘split”, Goth. spilda (*speltü ) ‘schreibtafel ”,
O.Ice. spjald (*speltos ) “board”, O.E. speld ‘splint; bit of wood ”, M.H.G. spelte
“abgespaltenes bit of wood, Handgerät the Weberei” ; O.Ice. spjall, spell “damage” (*spelÞa -
, -i-), O.E. spilð, spild “Vernichtung, Ruin ”, whereof O.Ice. spilla , spella ‘spoil, slay ”
(*spelÞjan , *spelÞōn ), O.S. spildian , O.E. spildan “destroy”, O.H.G. spildan , spilden “waste,
spread, verschwenden ”, O.S. spildi “ generous “; Gmc. t in M.L.G. spelte “ cloven Stũck” ,
E.Fris. spalter ds., Gmc. * speltō (out of it Lat. spelta ) in O.H.G. spelza V.Lat. spelta (from
which:) ‘spelt”; Eng. spelter “Zink” (*spaldiz -); O.E. spaldur “Balsam” (*spalduz - “ effluence
from cloven Pflanzen ”); n-present O.E. spillan , M.H.G. spillen ‘split” (*spelljan ), wherefore
without s- Swe. fjäll ‘schinnen in Haar ”; O.Ice. spǫlr “dũnne flache shaft, pole” , M.Eng. spale
ds., M.H.G. spale “Leitersprosse ”; probably (as “thin, flaches bit of wood ”) O.H.G. spuolo
m., Ice. spōle “Weberschiffchen ”, Nor. spōle “coil, spool ” (Gmc. * spōlan -); O.H.G. spuola
(Gmc. *spōlōn -) “coil, spool ”, “duct, tube, pipe, Federkiel ”; without anl. s-: O.Ice. fjǫl “board”
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with t-Erweit., but without s- probably Ir. alta(i)n , Welsh ellyn, O.Welsh elinn
‘schermesser ”, O.Bret. altin gl. “ferula”, M.Bret. autenn , Bret. aotenn ‘schermesser ”
(*paltinü ); M.Welsh allaw ‘shave” (*altü-mu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173.
Lith. spãlis , pl. spãliai , Ltv. spal”i “Flachsschäben” ; Ltv. spals “handle, grasp, Handhabe ”;
O.Pruss. spelanxtis ‘splinter”;
O.C.S. ras-platiti ‘split” (*poltiti , compare Ger. spalten , O.Ind. sphaṭati ), platъ “ῥάκος,
scrap, shred ”, polěno “piece of wood wood ”, polica “board”, palica , aRuss. palъka ‘stick”,
Russ. ras-polótь “entzweischneiden ”, pо́lotь, poltь “(abgeschnittene) Speckseite ”, poltina
“half”, O.C.S. polъ, gen. - u “half, Seite, bank, border, shore, gender, sex ”; O.Bulg. plěvǫ ,
plěti (Russ. polótъ ) “jäten” , plěvelъ “weed”; *o-pelnъ in Cz. oplen , oplin “Gipfstock,
Rungenstock ”, Sloven. oplẹ̀n “Wagengipfenholz ” etc.;
with dem v from plěvǫ (*pelu̯ō ) is zusammenzuhalten: Ltv. spal̃va “ feather, Gefieder,
hair”, spil̃va “husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras ”, spìlvęns “Bettkissen ” etc.;
Toch. A spültk -, В spalk- ‘sich anstrengen ”;
References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck
Zink under Zinn, 157 ff.
See also: with ( s)p(h)el- ‘split” hängen possibly together: pel- ‘skin, fell, fur ”, spelg- ‘split”,
splei- ‘split”, plēi- “naked, bald, bleak ”, plēk ̂- plēik- “ rend “, pleu (s-, -k-) “ausrupfen ”, plas-
“abspalten ”.
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(s)p(h)el -2
English meaning: to shine, shimmer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, schimmern”
Material: O.Ind. sphuliŋga - m. ‘spark” (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = Arm. p”ail, IE *sph eli-), vi-
sphulíŋga - ds., vi-spuliŋgaka ́ - “Funken sprũhend” ; Arm. p”ail, gen. p”ailic̣ “ radiance,
Schimmer ”, p”ailem “gleams, schimmere ”; p”aɫp”aɫim, p”oɫp”oɫim “gleams”.
g-extension sp(h)el -g-, nasal. (s)p(h)leng -:
Ltv. spul̃guôt “gleam, sparkle, glitter ”, spul̃gis “the Funkelnde = the morning star ”,
spul̃gans , spil̃gans “ shimmering, gleaming ”; nasal. Gmc. *flinka- “flimmernd, also from
rascher Bewegung ” in nd. (Ger. ) flink “rash, hasty, quick, fast ”, flinkern “gleam, shimmer ”,
M.H.G. kupfervlinke “Kupfererz ”, changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) Ger.
flunkern “flicker; einem etwas vormachen ”, and perhaps Ltv. plañga , pluñga , pleñga
“blister”.
d-extension, nasal. (s)plēnd -, (s)plǝnd -:
Gk. σπληδός m. (σπληδώ f. Hes.) “ash”; Lat. splendeō, -ēre “gleam, shimmer ”, O.Lith.
spléndžiu , splende ́ti “gleam, shine ”; perhaps also O.Ir. lēss (*lanssu - from *plǝnd -tu-) “light”;
M.Ir. lainnech “gleaming ” (*plǝndi̯üko ).
References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.
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sp(h)e(n)d -
English meaning: to shiver, to shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zucken, zappeln ” and (about “flackern”) “glänzen”
Material: O.Ind. spandatē ‘shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from ”, spanda - m. “ twitch,
movement ”, snüyu -spanda- “Pulsschlag ”, spandana- m. “zuckend”; Gk. σφενδόνη
‘schleuder ”, σφαδάζω “zucke, zapple, bewege mich violent ”(*σφn̥δ-); σφόνδυλος ,
σπόνδυλος m. “whirl an the spindle, etc. ”; unnasalized σφεδανός , σφοδρός “violent, keen,
eager”; older Dutch spat “cramp”, Ger. Spat(h), M.H.G. spat, E.Fris. spat(t), spad (de) “
tumefaction am Pferdefuß” (Gmc. d, dd besides t, tt kann new Variation sein), nd. Dutch
spatten “ twitch, wriggle “;
here Lith. spį́stu , spį́sti “erglänzen” , spìndžiu , spinde ́ti “gleam”, Ltv. atspîst
“wiedererglänzen” , spîdêt “gleam, gleam, shine ”, ablaut. spuôžs “gleaming, bright,
luminous ” (*spandús ), spuôdrs “gleaming, durchsichtig, clean ” (*spondros ).
References: WP. II 664, Trautmann 275;
See also: compare *sp(h)eng- “gleam”.
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sp(h)eng -
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen”
Note: (and *speg -?)
Material: Lith. spingu , spinge ́ti “gleam”, spiñgis “Durchbau in Walde ”;
Ltv. spĩgana “eine Lufterscheinung, dragon, witch “, spĩgans ds., spĩganis “Irrlicht”,
spĩgulis “Johanneswũrmchen” , spĩguluot ‘shimmer”; spuoga ‘spiegelbild ”, spuogalas f. pl. “
radiance “, spuogât “gleam”;
O.Pruss. soanxti (leg. spanxti ) ‘spark”;
to this group as “*blinzelnd ” also Lith. spañgas “undeutlich seeing “, apspañgęs
“verblendet ”, spangỹs “Halbblinder, Schielender ”; also O.E. spincan “Funken sprũhen” ,
Eng. spunk ‘spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder ” as “*phosphoreszierend ”;
da helle light- and onomatopoeic words Schallempfindungen frequent, often with the
same words bezeichnet become, possibly also Lith. speñgti “ clink “, Ltv. spìegt “as eine
mouse pfeifen ” angereiht become;
perhaps IE spheng -, also to Gk. φέγγος n. “ light, shine ”, φέγγω “ leuchte, erhelle ”;
da *spend- “gleam” eine Zerlegung in * sp(h)en-g-, -d- zur Erwägung places, kann speng-
not zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:
(s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from Ger. Spuk from M.L.G. spōk ‘spuk, ghost ”
(Gmc.*spōk -); if in addition also the group from M.L.G. spakeren ‘sprũhen” (etc.)?.
References: WP. II 663 f.
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sp(h)erd(h) -, (s)p(h)red(h) -, nasal. sp(h)rend(h) -
English meaning: to rush; to spring; running
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zucken, springen ”
Note: d(h)-extension to 1. and 2. sp(h)er -.
Material: O.Ind. spárdhatē , spūrdha ́ ti (perf. paspr̥dhḗ , Inf. spūrdha ́ sē ) “wetteifern, fight ”,
spŕ̥dh - f. “Wetteifer, fight, struggle ” (: Goth. spaúrds ), Av. spǝrǝd - f. “ eagerness “; Gk. in
spartO.N. names ΢περθίης; Goth. spaúrds f. “ racecourse “, O.E. spyrd m. “ racecourse,
Wettlauf”, O.H.G. spurt “ racecourse “.
In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:
Gk. σπυρθίζειν “aufspringen, wriggle, violent bewegt sein ”; O.Ice. spraðka “ wriggle “,
Nor. spradla ds. (*spraðla ), Westfäl. spraddeln ds., O.H.G. spratalōn ds., O.H.G. sprata
“linea, regula, norma ”, M.H.G. spretzen ‘spray”; O.Ice. sporðr m. “tail; äußerstes end from
etwas”, M.H.G. sporte “tail”, O.Ice. *sperðill , pl. *sper[ð]lar assumed from Nor. dial. speril,
sperl, spæl “kurzen tail ”;
with Gmc. t: Swe. sprata “with den Fũßen umherstoßen, strampeln” , Nor. spratla “
wriggle “, O.H.G. sprazzalōn “ wriggle “, M.H.G. spretzen (*sprattian ) “ausspritzen ”, Ger.
bO.Ir. spratzeln ‘spray, sprũhen” , M.L.G. spartelen, spertelen, sportelen “ wriggle “;
nasal. O.Ice. spretta (*sprintan ) “auffahren, aufspringen, sprossen, spray, aufgehen (from
the sun) ”, Kaus. spretta (*sprantian ; partly also sprattian ?) “losreißen, separate” , M.H.G.
sprenzen schw. V. “ sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmũcken, putzen” and ‘sich
spreizen, einherstolzieren ”; M.H.G. sprinz “das Aufspringen the Blumen, Farbenschmelz ”,
Ger. bO.Ir. sprinz “aufgeschossener junger person ”, O.H.G. spranz “crack”, M.H.G. spranz
“das Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen ”, M.Eng. sprenten ‘spring, run ”, N.Eng.
sprent ‘spring, burst ”, sprent “ smirch, stain, splotch “;

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Lith. sprándas “Genick, nape “, Ltv. sprañda ds., Lith. sprindỹs ‘span”, Ltv. sprîdis ds.;
with Gmc. d:
O.E. sprind “agile, lively, strong ”, O.Ice. sprund f. “Ritze, cleft, fissure; wife, woman ”;
O.C.S. predajǫ , -ati ‘spring; tremble ”, Russ. prjádatь , prjánutь “hũpfen, spring” , ablaut.
Pol. prąd ‘stromschnelle ”, Slov. prôdek “alert, awake, smart ” etc.
References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.
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sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erǝ -
English meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zucken, with dem Fuße wegstoßen, zappeln, schnellen”
Grammatical information: spr̥i̯ō , spr̥-nü-mi ds.;
Note: compare per-1’sprũhen, spray” , further: sper- ‘sparrow”, sper- ‘sparren”, sp(h)er-
“Mistkũgelchen” , sp(h)ereg- “ twitch “, sperĝh - ‘sich hastig bewege n”, sp(h)ered(h) - “ twitch
“, sp(h)reig- ‘strotzen”
Material: O.Ind. sphuráti ‘stößt with dem Fuße weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks, zittert,
zappelt”, ápaspharīḥ Aor. Inj. ‘schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch ” (: Lat. aspernürī ), apa-
sphúra - “wegstoßend” (: Lat. asper -), sphúra - “zuckend”, sphuraṇa - “blinking, gleaming,
funkelnd ”, n. “ twitch, Funkeln, Erscheinen ”, visphürita -m “das Schnellen ”; sphūrti - “das
Hervorbrechen, Offenbarwerden ” (*sphr̥̄-ti-, compare Lith. spìrti ), pharpharüyate “bewegt
sich heftig hin and her ”; spr̥- “losmachen ”, spr̥ṇóti “wehrt ab ”, spr̥ṇüti “ slays “;
Av. spar(aiti) “tritt, stößt” , with frü “rushes, hastes ”, with vi “auseinandertreten, -stomp ”,
sparman - n. perhaps “Tritt, shove “, Pers. sipardan “tread”;
Arm. spaṙnal “bedrohen ” (IE sp-);
Gk. σπαίρω, ἀσπαίρω (ἀ- Vokalvorschlag) “zucke, zapple ” (= Lith. spiriù ), σπαίρει
ἅλλεται , σκιρτᾳ , πηδᾳ Hes. (aspiriert σφαῖρα “Ball zum Spielen ”?), aspiriert σφυρόν “ankle,
calcaneus “, wovonσφῦρα “hammer, beetle, hammer ” (to σφυρόν compare O.H.G. spuri-
halz “hinkend”, eig. “knöchel -lame”);
Lat. spernō , -ere, sprē-vī, -tum “back-, fortstoßen, verschmähen, despise “ , aspernor, - ürī
“from sich weisen ”, asper “rough, harsh, abstoßend” (: O.Ind. apa-sphúra -);

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O.Ir. seir “calcaneus “ (*speret -s), acc. Du. di pherid , Welsh ffēr, ffern “ the ankle, ankle
bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart “; M.Bret. fer ds.; Welsh uffarn
“ankle” from * opi-sp er-no-;
O.Ice. sperna “with den Fũßen ausschlagen, wegstoßen” (: Lat. spernō ), O.E. speornan
ds., O.H.G. firspirnit ‘stößt an, tritt fehl” ; O.Ice. sporna (-aða) “with dem Fuße ausschlagen” ,
O.E. spurnan , spornan “ds., also “zurũckstoßen, despise “ , O.S. O.H.G. spurnan “tread,
with dem Fuße bump, poke” ; O.H.G. spornōn “with the calcaneus ausschlagen, dem Fuße
bump, poke ”, spurnen (spurnta ) ds., “zurũckstoßen” (spurnida “Anstoß” ), O.Ice. spyrna
“with dem Fuße bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen”; without präsensbildendes n:
O.Ice. spora “with Fũßen treten” , O.E. sporettan “with dem Fuße bump, poke” ; O.Ice. spori ,
O.E. spora , spura , O.H.G. sporo ‘sporn”; O.Ice. O.E. O.H.G. spor n. “ footprint “, M.H.G.
spur, spũr f. n. ‘spoor”, O.H.G. spuri -halz “lame, hinkend, from horses ” (see above to
σφυρόν), O.H.G. (etc.) spurjan , spurren “the spoor nachgehen, erforschen, skillful “; O.E.
spearwa m. “calf”, M.H.G. spar-golze f. “ein Teil the Beinbekleidung ” (perhaps
“Wadenstutzen ”); with erweiterndem g: O.Ice. sparka “with dem Fuße bump, poke ”, in
addition postverbal spark “Getrampel ”;
Lith. spiriù , spìrti “with dem Fuße bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige” (from
the heavy basis), ablaut. ãtsparas “Widerstand ”, spárdau , -yti “continual with den Fũßen
bump, poke ”; Ltv. sper̂t “ausschlagen (of Pferde), with dem Fuße bump, poke” ; spars “
energy, Schwung, Wucht ”; Lith. spartùs “ausgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively ”, O.Pruss.
sparts “mighty”, sperclan “Zehballen ”; but Lith. spurzde ́ti ‘sich with den Flũgeln jiggle or
flutter”, suspùrsti from birds “in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten ”, then generally “in
heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become ” are probably onomatopoeic words (compare
Ger. brr!).
References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.

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(s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreu -
English meaning: to sprinkle, scatter
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘streuen, säen; sprengen, spritzen, sprũhen; also vom Aufspringen
from Knospen, Pflanzentrieben ”
Note: probably with sp(h)er-1 “ twitch “ identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.
Material: A. Arm. p”arat “zerstreut ” (*ph er-), p”aratem “zerstreue, entferne, take away “
(compare Gk. σποράς, -άδος ); perhaps also sp”ṙem “zerstreue ”, sp”ir “zerstreut, verstreut,
vast, spacious ” (wäre *sphēro -);
Gk. σπείρω ‘streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, sprũhe” (σπερ῵, ἔσπαρκα , ἐσπάρην ), σπέρμα
n. “ seed, sperm “, σπορά , σπόρος m. “das Säen, die Saat” , σποράς , -άδος “verstreut ”, adv.
σποράδην , σπαρνός “dũnngesät, sparse “ ;
M.Ir. sreb ‘stream” (*spre-bhü); srüb ‘stream, Sturzbach, Schaar ” (*sprō-bhu-);
O.H.G. sprüt “das Spritzen, Sprũhen” , M.L.G. sprē-wedel ‘sprengwedel ”; with dem by
Gmc. roots auf langen vowel auftretenden w Proto-Gmc. * sprēwēn in Nor. spraa, ä. Dan.
spraaes “ brittle, brittle become ”, Dan. dial. spraae ‘sich öffnen, from Knospen; break,
crack”, Swe. dial. språ, språs “ sprout, sich öffnen, break, crack” , Nor. spra from * sprada
(and spræ from *sprēwjan ) ‘spray, sprinkle “; derived O.Ice. spræ ̄ na ‘spray, trans. and intr. ”;
*sprēwjan in M.H.G. spræ ̄ jen , spræ ̄ wen , mnl. spraeien “ whisk “; *sprōwjan in Ger. sprũhen ,
nl. sproeien ds.; Nor. sprōa ‘strebepfeiler, pad ” (*sprōwōn ; to meaning see below); d-
present nl. sproeten ‘spray”, sproetelen “bubble out ”, M.L.G. sprōte “(Spritzer =) Fleck,
Sommersprosse ”.
B. i-basis sprei -d-, -t-:
O.H.G. sprīzan , spreiz “in Stũcke splittern, spray” , O.Ice. sprita “apart sperren ” (after
fisherman, The Lehnwörter of Awn. 40 from M.H.G. sprîten borrowed); Nor. sprita ‘spray”;

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M.H.G. sprīten and (with grammatischem variation) sprīden ‘sich ausbreiten, sich scatter,
zersplittern ”, Kaus. O.S. spreda ‘scatter, outspread “, Nor. spreida , O.E. spræ ̄ dan ds.,
O.H.G. spreitan , M.H.G. Ger. spreiten ;
O.Lith. sprainas “ stiff, starr, ũbersichtig, of eye” (probably *spraid- na-s, actually “die
Augen weit aufspreizend ”), Ltv. spriêst ‘spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen ”
(“*spreizen ”), spraids ‘stelle, where Leute zusammengedrängt stand” , debes-spraislis
“Himmelsgewölbe” ; in addition presumably Lith. spréndžiu ‘spanne with the hand ”.
C. extension spreu -: O.H.G. spriu , gen. spriuwes “chaff”; O.E. sprēawlian ‘sich
krampfhaft bewegen ”; Ger. spröde = M.Eng. sprēÞe ds. (*sprauÞia - actually “light
zerspringend ”);
Welsh ffrau “(Hervorsprudeln), stream ”, ffreuo “hervorspritzen ” (*sprou̯ -), ffraw “agile,
lively” (*sprōu ̯ o -), cyffro “erregen”, deffro “awake, animate ” (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.);
O.Ir. sruth (*spru-tu-) m. “river” = Welsh etc. ffrwd ds.; Gaul. FlN Υρουδιος gen. (leg.
Υρουτυος ), Ger. FlN Frutz (Vorarlberg), oberItal. fruda ‘sturzbach ”; Bret. Vannes fru
‘sprũhregen” (*spreus- ); also Ger. Sprudel?
Ltv. spraûjuôs, spraûtiês “hervordringen, emporkommen ”; Lith. spriaũnas “ funny, fresh,
alert, awake, smart, ausgelassen ”.
spreu -d- (d-extension, perhaps originally from a d-present) ‘spray, quick, fast
hervorkommen, sprout” etc.):
Welsh ffrwst m. “Hast” (*sprud- to- or -stu-);
Goth. sprautō adv. “quick, fast, bald ”; M.H.G. spriezen “ sprout”, and. ūtsprūtan
“hervorsprießen” , O.Fris. sprūta “germinate, sprout ”, Eng. sprout ; O.E. spryttan “ sprout”,
nd. sprũtten ‘spray”, M.H.G. sprũtzen “ sprout, spray ”; O.Ice. sproti m. “young sprout in a
tree, Stecken ”, O.H.G. sprozzo ‘sprout, scion, shoot ”; M.L.G. sprote(le) “(*Spritzer =) Fleck,
Sommersprosse ”, Ger.Sommersprosse ; M.L.G. sprūte , md. sprūze ds.; O.E. sprēot “ shaft,

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pole”, Dutch spriet (out of it Ger. Spriet ); Nor. spraut, sprauta ‘stellholz in the Falle ”, sprøyta
“Fenstersprosse, Spannstock in a loom ”; O.H.G. spriuzen ‘spreizen , prop, support,
stemmen ”, spriuza ‘spreize , pad, Strebe ”;
Lith. spriáusti “hineinzwängen, clamp “; ablaut. sprústi “from a clamp infolge of Druckes
herauskommen ”; Ltv. spraûst “hineinstecken ”, ablaut. sprū-st “eingeklemmt become ”.
spreu -g-, -k- in identical Bedeutungsumfang:
Ger. nd. spriegel, sprũgel, sprugel, sprogel ‘schnellbogen ; gespannter Bogen to a
Überdeckung ; Sprenkel beim Vogelfang ”, luxemb. spriegel ‘sperrholz zum
Auseinanderspannen ”;
Ltv. spruga , spruñga “clamp”, spruñǵis “toggle”;
Lith. sprūgsti “entspringen, escape; to get away “, Ltv. sprauga “Lũcke” ; probably also (as
“zerprengen, zerstieben make ”), Ltv. spràugt “coarse mahlen, schroten ”; with k: Ltv. sprukt “
escape; to get away, entgleiten ”; spruksts “ein Leichtfũßiger, Springer” , spraukt
“durchzwängen, escape, flee” .
Maybe Alb. (*spreu-k -) shpërthenj “bloom, blow ” [common Alb. -k- > -th- phonetic mutation].
(s)preus - see above S. 809 f. ( (s)preus- )
References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff.
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sp(h)er -3
English meaning: cattle excrements
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for die Mistkũgelchen von Ziegen and Schafen , also
Pille, Ball ũberhaupt (letzteres erst through U ̈ bertragung ?)
Material: Gk. σφυράς (Att.), σπυράς , σπύραθος (also πύραθος ) “Mistkũgelchen from
Ziegen and Schafen ”, σφυράς , σπυράς also “ pellet, globule, Pille generally “; Lith. spìros
‘schafmistkũgelchen” , Ltv. spiras “Mistkũgelchen the sheep, Ziegen, Hasen; große graue
Erbsen”, pires ‘schafmist”;
with dh-extension: Gk. σπορθύγγια τρίβολα τὰ διαχωρήματα τ῵ν αἰγ῵ν, ἅ τινες
σπυράδας καλοῦσιν Hes.; Mod.Ice. sparð n. ‘schafmist”, sperðill “Ziegenmist ”.
References: WP. II 672.
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(s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erǝg -
English meaning: to tear; rag, snippet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reißen; Fetzen”
Material: Arm. p”ert” “ ragged Stũck” (*sperk- to-); O.Ice. spiǫrr f. ‘scrap, shred, abgerissener
Streifen Tuch ” (Proto-Gmc. *sperrō );
Gk. σπαράσσω , Att. -άττω “tear, rend, zerre ” (probably analogical for - άζω), σπάραγμα “
ragged Stũck” , σπαραγμός “das Zerren, Reißen; cramp” ;
nasal. perhaps O.Bulg. prǫžiti , prǫžati “lacerare”.
References: WP. II 668.
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(s)p(h)eu -d-
English meaning: to press, hurry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drũcken, with Nachdruck betreiben, eilen”
Material: Pers. poy “haste, hurry ” (Iran. * pauda -), parth. pwd “run, flow ”;
Gk. σπεύδω ‘spute mich, hurry; bin emsig, strebe, strenge mich an ”; trans. “treibe an,
beschleunige ” (originally “dränge, push, press” , as in σπούδαξ “Mörserkeule” , i.e.
“Zerdrũcker” Hes.); σπουδή f. “haste, hurry, eagerness, Bestrebung ”, σπουδαῖ ος “hasty,
keen, eager, fleißig” , σπουδάζω ‘spute mich, betreibe with eagerness “;
perhaps Alb. punë “work, business “ (*pudnü );
Note: There is no phonetic mutation in Alb. of the nature: dnü > nü ; Root (s)p(h)eu -d-
English meaning: “to press, hurry ” etymology suggest that Alb. puna “work derived from
zero grade of Hitt. ḫappinaḫḫ- “become rich ” see Root op-1 English meaning: “to work,
perform”.
whether d-extension a root spēu - : speu- : spū ̆-, possibly to O.Ind. sphü -vayati “mästet,
verstärkt” , O.E. spōwan “thrive” (different above under 2. spēi-); compare also Gk.
ἐσφυδωμένος “ vollgestopft with food, eating ”, σφυδ῵ν ἰσχυρός, σκληρός Hes.,
διασφυδ῵σαι αὐξ῅σαι Hes.; doubtful Gk.σφύζω (Fut. σφύξω) “ zucke, bewege mich violent,
fiebere, strebe eager “, σφυγμός m., σφύξις f. “ Zuckung, Puls ”, ἀσφυκτέω “bin ohne
Pulsschlag ” (*sphug- );
O.H.G. spioz “Kampfspieß” , Ger. Spieß, asächs. spiot , O.Ice. spjót ‘spit, pike”, spūta
“peg, plug ”; whether here without s-: Nor. föysa “antreiben ”, Mod.Ice. fausi “hitzige person,
fool” (*poud- to-)?
Lith. spáusti “press”, Iter. spáudyti ; spaudà “Presse”; ablaut, spũdinti “hurry, flee ”, spūde ́ti
‘sich abmũhen” .

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(s)p(h)ē̆i-1 : (s)p(h)ī̆-
English meaning: sharp, sharp stick
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitz, spitzes Holzstũck”
Note: extended with -d, -g, -k, -l, -n, -r, -t
Material: 1. O.Ind. sphyá - m. “chip of wood, staff, Spiere, rudder “;
2. O.H.G. M.H.G. spiz “Bratspieß” (different from Spieß ‘spear, javelin ” from O.H.G.
spioz ), O.E. spitu ds.; Nor. spita f. “peg, plug” ; spit m. “cusp, peak, dũnner Wasserstrahl” ;
Swe. speta “peg, plug ”; O.H.G. spizzi “ pointed “; o-grade M.L.G. speis (s)e “long spit, pike ”
(*spoid -tü); perhaps here Lat. cuspis , -idis f. “cusp, peak, spit, pike ”, whether from * curi-spis
“Lanzenspitze ” (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);
3. Lat. spīca , spīcus , -um “Ähre” , spīculum “Lanzenspitze ”, V.Lat. spīcürium ‘speicher”;
Dutch spie “peg, plug, bolt “ (*spīχōn ); Arm. p”k”in “Pfeil” (*phīkīno -);
O.H.G. speihha , O.S. spēca f., O.E. spüca m. ‘speiche, ray ”; md. spīcher , Ger.
Speichernagel , M.L.G. nnd. spīker “eiserner nail ”, Eng. spike , O.E. spīcing ds., O.Ice. spīkr
m. “nail”, spīk f. “wooden splinter ”, Nor. spīk ‘speiche”, O.E. spīc ‘spitzes Landstũck” , bO.Ir.
spickel “wedge”;
Lith. speigliaĩ ‘stacheln”;
4. Gk. σπίλος f., σπιλάς, -άδος f. “ Riff”; M.H.G. spīl m. “cusp, peak of Speeres ”, Ger. dial.
Speil “chip, splinter, splinter, wedge ”, M.L.G. nnd. spīle “Bratspieß” ; O.E. spilu f. “peg, cusp,
peak”, O.Ice. spila f. “thin, schmales Stũck wood” , etc.; (das langvokalische Gmc. *spīlō
could also * spīðlō sein, in gramm. variation with M.H.G. spidel , spedel , Ger. dial. speidel
‘splinter”); Cz. spíle ‘stecknadel ”, Ltv. spīle “Holznagel ”;
5. Lat. spīna “backbone, spine, thorn ” (in addition Umbr. spinia , spina “columnam ”?),
spīna crīnülis “Haarnadel ”, spīnus “briar”; O.S. O.H.G. spinela, spenula “Haarnadel, buckle

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“, M.H.G. spenel ‘stecknadel, Spen nadel”; Ltv. spina “Gerte, rod ”, ält. Pol. spina “backbone,
spine”, Russ. spiná “back”; s-los at most Gmc. * finnō , *finōn in O.E. finn, Ger. Finne
“Floßfeder, Spitzflosse” , Swe. fina “Flosse”, Nor. finn “ grass bristles “, M.H.G. vinne “nail;
Finne in the skin ”, next to which Swe. fime, Flem. vimme “Flosse, Achel ”;
maybe Alb. shpina ‘spine”, *shpino-, shpoj “pierce, prick ”, shpata ‘sword” from Lat. spatha -
ae f. “a broad two-edged sword ”, Alb. shpatulla ‘shoulder blade ” from Lat. spathula dim. of
spatha - ae.
Toch. A spin- “Hacken, peg, plug ”;
6. O.E. spīr “Halm, sprout ”, Eng. spire ‘sprout; Turmspitze ”, M.L.G. spīr “germ, sprout- ,
Grasspitze , Ähre , Turmspitze, very small person ”, O.Ice. spīra ‘stiel, young scion, shoot,
Rohrstab under likewise ”;
7. Lith. spitulỹs ‘star auf the Tierstirn ”, spitẽlė , spitule ̃ “die needle, the thorn in the buckle
“, spitnà ds.; perhaps is in Lat. secespita “Opfermesser ” ein cognate * spita contain;
References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.
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sp(h)ē(i) -3, spī- and sphē - : sphǝ -
English meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gedeihen, sich ausdehnen = dick werden, vorwärtskommen, Erfolg
haben, gelingen ”
Material: O.Ind. sphü ́ yatē “wird fat, obese, nimmt to ”, participle sphīta ́ - ‘swollen,
wohlhabend, dense, full ”, sphüta - “big, large, strong ”, sphītí - f. “the prospering; flourishing “,
sphütí - f. “Mästung, prospering; flourishing “ , Kaus. sphüva ́ yati “mästet, verstärkt” , sphüra ́ -
“vast, spacious, wide, big, large ”, sphirá - “fat, obese ” (IE *sphǝ -ró- = O.C.S. sporъ, O.H.G.
spar); with formants -ko- (as Ltv. spē ̀ ks ): pīva-sphüka ́ - “from Fett strotzend ”;
O.Ind. vi-ṣpitám is strittiger meaning;
from the aspIr. form sphē -: ἐρί-σφηλον “ἐρισθεν῅” , ἄσφηλοι ἀσθενεῖς; σφηλὸν γὰρ τὸ
ἰσχυρόν Hes.; without s- Arm. p”art”am “rich”;
Lat. spatium “Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration ”; spēs , -ēī, pl. spērēs f. “ expectation,
hope”, spērō , -üre “hoffe”; originally “from Hoffnung geschwellt ”; prosperus “gũnstig, lucky”
(*pro-spǝ-ro-);
maybe Alb. (*spatium ) shpat “precipice, mountain, forest ”, (*spērēs ) shpresonj “ I hope”.
M.Welsh ffysgiaw , Corn. fesky “Eilen” (*spid-sk -);
Goth. spēdiza “later”, spēdumists ‘Lateester ”, O.H.G. spüti , adv. spüto “late” (eig. “*sich
hinziehend ”);
O.E. spōwan “thrive, glũcken” , O.H.G. spuon ‘succeed”, Gmc. *spōði - in O.H.G. spuot ,
O.S. spōd , O.E. spēd “ prospering; flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry ”, Ger. sich
sputen ; O.H.G. etc. spar see under;
Lith. spe ́ti “ have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able “, spe ́rus “ quick “, spe ̃tas
m. “ leisure “, spėme ̃ f. “haste, hurry ”; spe ̃kas and spėkà “ power “;

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Maybe Alb. (*spe ́t-) shpejt “ quick “
Ltv. spẽt “vermögen, to be able “ , spē ̀ ks “ force, strength, power ” (probably also Ltv. spīte
“ contrariness “, spîtîgs “defiant”); ;
maybe Alb. (*spẽt-) shpëtim ‘salvage”, (-im m. noun suffix) shpëtoj ‘save, preserve, keep ” (-
o verb suffix).
O.C.S. spějǫ , spěti “Erfolg have ”; spěсhъ m. “ a busying one ’s self about or application to
a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study
“, spěšiti “hurry”;
maybe Alb. shpesh “often, frequent ”, shpejt “fast”
O.C.S. sporъ (= O.Ind. sphirá - etc.) “rich”, in neueren Slav. Sprachen also (and probably
das ursprũnglichere) “ lange lasting, lang ausreichend ”, so Russ. spóryj , Serb. spȍr “lang
lasting “, hence on the other hand also “lange ausreichend, economical “, Cz. sporý
“ergiebig, ausgiebig ” and “ economical, sparse “, spořiti ‘spare” (dt. influence?), O.H.G. spar
“ economical, concise ”, O.E. spær , O.Ice. sparr “ economical, penurious “ (: sporъ );
Hitt. išpüi “ißt sich satt” , 3. pl. išpii̯anzi .
Von spĭ- (: speĭ-) from:
with the meaning “fat, thick ” and g-formants: O.Ind. sphij- (nom. sg. sphik , Du. sphijüu ;
sphicüu through Entgleisung after d. nom. sg.?), sphigī “Arschbacke, hip, haunch ”; O.Ice.
spik n., O.E. spic n., O.H.G. spec , -ckes “bacon”;
With Dentalformantien: Gk. σπίδνος “vast, spacious, wide, eben ”, σπιδόεις , σπιδνός
(Hes.) ds., σπιδόθεν “from weitem ”, ἑλεσ-[σ]πίς, -σπίδος ‘sumpffläche” , ἀσπιδής (*αν-
σπιδής with preposition ἀν) “ capacious “, ἀσπίς, -ίδος ‘shield”, (“*dem body entlang
gebreitete surface, plain, area ”?), σπίζω “ἐκτείνω” ;
Lat. spissus (*spid- to-) “dense, thick, slow, zögernd” ;
with dh: σπιθάμη ‘span (the hand) ”, σπιθίαι σανίδες νεώς Hes.;

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with t: Lith. speičiu ̀ , speĩsti “encircle”, spiẽsti ‘schwärmen” , spintù , spìsti “in
Schwärmenausbrechen, from bees” , Ltv. spiêts ‘swarm of bees ” (participle Lith. spìstas
“gedrängt” , Lat.spissus ); compare also Ltv. spaile , spailis “line, Schwaden of Mähers” (-l-
maybe from - dl-), Lith. spielóti “in den Nährahmen einspannen” , Ltv. spailes “ cloven
Stecken zum Einklemmen ”, spī̀le, spī̀lis “eine Zwicke, Zwickeisen; Holznägel; need,
Verlegenheit ” (M.H.G. Lw.?), spī̀lis also “zeltartig ausgespannte Leinwand ”, spī̀le ̂ t “ clamp -
pinch, tweak, nip, spannen ”.
With g-formant:
Gk. σφίγγω ‘schnũre ein, klemme ein” , σφιγκτήρ “cord, band, strap; muscle “;
Ltv. spaiglis, spaigle “Krebsgabel ”; Gmc. with the meaning “ausspannen = spreizen ”:
Ger. dial. spaichen “ausschreiten ”, ausspaichen “with Schritten or ausgespannten Fingern
ausmessen ”, Nor. speika “with steifen (gespannten) Beinen go ”, spīka “widerspenstig sein ”.
References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92,
Vasmer 2, 707, 710;
See also: in addition spēi-2 and spen -1.
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sp(h)ē -, sp(h)ǝ -(dh-)
English meaning: long flat piece of wood
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “langes, flaches Holzstũck”
Material: Gk. σφήν, -ός m. “ wedge”; maybe from *σφανσ -, IE *sphǝnes -;
Gmc. * spē-nu-s in: O.H.G. M.L.G. spün “chip of wood ”, O.E. spōn ds. (Eng. spoon
‘spoon” ), O.Fris. span , spon “flat pectoral, chest decoration “, O.Ice. spünn , spōnn “chip,
splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte ”; borrowed finn. paana “ shingle, chip, splinter ”;
maybe Alb. (*spon ) shponj “pierce, prick ”
with dh-formants: Gk. σπάθη “ breites flaches Holz the Weber; Ruderblatt, scapula,
langes breites sword ”; compare Hitt. išpatar ‘spit, pike ”, A. Kammenhuber Festschr.
Sommer, 105;
Gmc. *spaðan : O.S. spado , O.E. spada m., - e, -u f. ‘spade”; Ger. Spaten ;
maybe Alb. shpata ‘sword”, s(ë)pata “axe”
with g-formants: Nor. spæk “chip, splinter ”, Mod.Ice. Nor. sprækja ; changing through
ablaut spake “ shaft, pole ”, O.E. spæc n. “twig, branch ”, O.H.G. spahha, -o “dry brushwood
“, Ger. dial. Spach, Spachen “chip, splinter, wooden log ”, Spache ‘speicher” and (as “arid,
as ein Stecken ”) M.L.G. spak , M.H.G. spach “arid”, etc.;
with t-forms probably Gmc. * spēÞa -, spēða - in M.H.G. spüt “blättrig brechendes Gestein,
Spat”, Ger. dial. also spaad , Dutch spaath .
References: WP. II 652 f.;
See also: to sp(h)ēi -2, sp(h)ē -.
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(s)p(h)i̯ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu ̯- (*ps(h)i̯ēu- < -ĝʷhi̯ēu -)
English meaning: to spit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘speien, spucken ” and ähnliche Nachahmungen of Spucklautes
Note: die i̯-losen forms at least partly through dissimilation in i̯o-present *sp[i̯]ū-i̯ō.
Material: O.Ind. ṣṭhīvati ‘spit, speit from ” (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound with
ni(ḥ)-, daher ṣ- from s-; ṣt-v dissimil. from ṣp-v, so that = Goth. speiwan ), ṣṭhyūtá - “gespuckt,
gespien”; Av. spüma - ‘saliva, mucus ”; Gk. πτύ̄ω ‘spucke”, πτύαλον, πτύελον ‘saliva”, πῡτίζω
(dissimil . from *πτῡτίζω) ‘spucke, spritze ” (πτυ: - from *pi̯ū-; compare with Inlautbehandlung
the group ἐπιφθύσδω Theokr. “despuō”; ψύττει πτύει Hes. with φÞ - from φθ -); Lat. spuō, -
ere, spūtum ‘spit, spucken ”, despuō ‘spucke from, verschmähe” ; Goth. speiwan , O.Ice.
spȳja , O.E. O.S. O.H.G. spīwan ‘spit”, O.Ice. spȳta ‘spit”, (in addition O.Ice. schw. spotta ,
Dan. spotte , O.Fris. spottia , M.L.G. spotten , O.H.G. spottōn “ mock “), E.Fris. spũjen
‘spucken, sprũhen” , M.Du. Du. spuwen ‘spucken, spit ”; Lith. spiáuju , spiáuti ‘spit”, O.C.S.
pljujǫ , pljьvati ds.;
Maybe Alb.Gheg pshtyj , Tosc pështyj ‘spit”, shpëtonj “escape, drip ” : O.Ind. kṣīvati ‘spit” :
Gk. ψύττει; common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Gk.- Illyr. - Alb. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -ps- phonetic
mutatIon.
Arm. t”uk” ‘saliva”, t”k”anem ‘spucke, speie from ” (t” kann, although from pt- deducible
not dem Gk. πτ < πι̯ gleichgesetzt become), Osset. t”u, Pers. tuf, tuh ‘saliva” from an O.Ind.
(LexikoGk. ) thutkara- , thūthū as Wiedergabe of Spucklautes vergleichbaren Lautgebärde;
again etwas different O.Ind. kṣīvati (Dhütup.) ‘spit, speit from ”, common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ-
phonetic mutation Gk. σίαλον, Ion. σίελον ‘saliva, slobber ”, Cypr. σῖαι (Cod. σίαι < *σιFαι,
Bechtel Gk. Dial. I 412, or *σῖσαι?) πτ ύσαι (Cod. πτ῅σαι). Π άφιοι Hes.
References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 325, 752, 4.

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sp(h)reig -
English meaning: to abound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strotzen, prall gespannt sein ”
Note: compare (s)p(h)ereg-
Material: Gk. σφριγάω “ to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling ,
swell, bin in voller vitality, bin begierig, lascivious ”, σφρίγoς n. ‘strotzende fullness, wealth ”;
Nor. sprikja “ausspannen, spreizen ”, intr. “entspannt sein, strotzen, to swell ”, Swe. dial.
sprika “ausspannen ”.
References: WP. II 683 f.
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(s)pingo -
English meaning: sparrow, finch
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sperling, Fink ”, vom piependen Laute
Material: Gk. σπίγγος (Hes.), σπίζα (*σπιγγι̯α) “finch” (similarly σπύγγας , σπινθών , σπίνος
“finch”), σπιζίᾱς m. ‘sperber” (meaning ‘sperlingstößer” as in Ger. Sperber: O.H.G. sparo
‘sparrow”), σπίζω “ piepe”; Swe. spink , spikke ‘small bird, sparrow under ä.” , Eng. (from dem
Nord.) spink “finch”; O.Ind.phiŋgaka - m. “ein best. bird, the gabelschwänzige Wũrger”
(meaning as in σπιζίας, see above);
besides without anlaut. s- O.H.G. fincho , O.E. finc, Eng. finch “finch”, therefrom
independent onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnung in Fr. pinson , Ital. pincione , span,
pinzon , as probably also in Swe. pink ‘sparrow”, Eng. dial. pink, pinch “finch”.
References: WP. II 682.
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(s)pī̆ko-
English meaning: woodpecker, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘specht and andere größere Vögel”
Material: O.Ind. piká- m. “the indische cuckoo ”; Lat. pīca “Elster”, pīcus ‘specht”; Umbr.
peico “picum” (ei for ī), Ital. VN Pīcentes ; with anlaut. s: O.H.G. speh , speht , O.Ice. spæ ̄ tr ,
Nor. spett (a), Swe. spett , Dan. spætte ‘specht”; O.Pruss. picle “Krammetsvogel ”.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.
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(s)pleiĝh -
English meaning: to spread the legs
Deutsche Übersetzung: “die Beine spreizen ”
Material: O.Ind. *plē ́ hatē “goes, bewegt sich ”; Gk. πλίσσομαι ‘schreite from ”, ἐκπλίσσομαι
“klaffe apart (from Wunden) ”, πλιχάς f. “die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkeln ”, στόμα
διαπεπλιχός “offenstehender mouth ”; with anl. s- probably O.Ir. sliassait f. ‘schenkel”
(*spleigh-s -ontī); about O.Ir. lingid ‘springt”, preterit leblang- (*ple-plong- ?) s. Thurneysen
Gk. p. 687.
References: WP. II 684 ., Pisani Me ́ l . Boisacq II, 181 ff.
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(s)plei -
English meaning: to split, cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spalten, abspalten, spleißen”
Note: compare S. 985 under (s)p(h)el- 1 and plēi- “naked, bald, bleak, bare ” (see 834), if
actually “entrindet, flayed “.
Material: Ltv. plītes ‘small crumbs “, plivin̨a “abgelöste flatternde bark, outer covering of a
tree, Schelfer ”; very doubtful O.Ice. fleinn “abstehender hook an a Geräte” , O.E. flün f. m.,
flü f. “Pfeil, spear, lance ”;
d-present (or d-extensions): M.H.G. splīzen , O.Fris. splīta ‘spleißen, split; intr. sich split” ,
nd. nl. splitten ‘sich split”, M.H.G. splitter (Gmc. *splitra- ) ‘splinter”, Swe. splittra , M.L.G.
splitteren “zersplittern ”;
nasalized Nor. splint “wooden nail, wedge ”, Eng. splint , splent “ cloven Stũck Holz,
splinter, chip, splinter ”, Eng. nd. nl. splinter ‘splinter, chip, splinter ”; without s-: Nor. flinter
‘shred”, nl. flenter ‘scrap, shred ”; O.Ice. fletta (*flintōn ) in fletta-grjōt “Feuerstein ”, Swe. flinta
ds.; Nor. flint ‘spall”, O.E. flint “Feuerstein, Fels ”, M.L.G. vlint-stēn (besides O.H.G. flins,
M.H.G. M.L.G. vlins “ pebble, harter stone “, probably as *flint-sa- , descendant eines - es-
stem); M.L.G. nd. vlîse (out of it Ger. Fliese ) ‘steinplättchen” , O.Ice. flīs ‘splinter” (*plīd-to-);
besides with Gmc. d: Nor. flindra “dũnne Scheibe or splinter” , Eng. flinders ‘stöcke,
Stũmpfe” and Nor. splindra “großer flat wooden splinter”, ä Dan. splind, splinder ‘splinter”,
splinde ‘splittern”;
O.Ir. sliss ‘schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter ”, slissiu ‘schnitzel, lath ” (*splid-ti-, -tiō);
aberslind “Ziegel, flat stone “ to Bret. sklent ‘schiefer” and probably rearrangement from Lat.
scindula : *scindla - *sklinda.
References: WP. II 684.

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(s)poimno -, -ā
English meaning: foam
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schaum, Gischt ”
Material: O.Ind. phē ́ na - m. ‘scum, froth, foam, Feim ”; Osset. fink, fink”ä ds.; Lat. spūma f.
‘scum, froth, foam, Gischt ”, pūmex m. “Bimsstein ” (from seiner schaumartig porösen
Beschaffenheit);
O.H.G. feim, O.E. füm “Feim, scum, froth, foam ”; Lith. spáinė ‘schaumstreifen auf
bewegter sea ”, O.Pruss. spoayno ‘scum, froth, foam ” (*spáinü ), O.C.S. pěna (Russ. péna ,
Ser.-Cr. pjȅna ) ‘scum, froth, foam ”.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.
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srebh -, sr̥bh- and serbh - (*ghreb -)
English meaning: to sip, swallow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlũrfen”
Material: Arm. arbi (*sr̥bh-) “I trank”, arb “Zechgelage ”; Gk. ῥοφέω (Ion. ῥυφέω) ‘schlũrfe”
(also ῥόφειν EM.), ῥοπτό ς “geschlũrft” , ῥόφημα ( Ion. ῥύφημα) n., ῥόφος m. “ broth, thick
Trank”; Alb. gjerp (*serbhō ) “I sip, swallow ”, gjerbë “drop, drip ”;
Wrong etymology; rather Alb. (*gherb- ) gjerb “I sip, swallow ” [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Lat. sorbeō, -ēre “ slurp “; M.Ir. srub ‘snout” (*srobu -); Lith. srebiù, sre ̃bti “ slurp “ (also
sriobiù , sriaubiù , perhaps due toeines * srubiu ), ablaut. surbiù , sur̃bti ‘suck, slurp “, Ltv.
surbju, surbt “ slurp “ (-ur-reduced grade to srobh- or sorbh -?; compare also Pol. sarbać ),
Ltv. strebju , strèbt “ slurp, auslöffeln” , stręba ‘somewhat to Schlũrfendes; ein Betrunkener” ;
Proto-Slav. . *serbjǫ , *sьrbati “ slurp “, with variant Ausgleichungen in Sloven. srẹ́bati , Cz.
střebati etc.; perhaps also M.H.G. sũrpfeln, sũrfeln “ slurp “, Ice. sarpr “craw the Vögel” ,
O.Ice. as Spitzname ( “*gullet”), with Gmc. p from gemin. pp; also Dutch slorpen, slurpen ,
Ger. schlurfen with l after schlucken.
References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze
setzte * s(u̯)erbh-, *srubh - O.N.
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sr-edh -, sr-et-
English meaning: to whirl, wave, boil
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strudeln, wallen, brausen, rauschen ”
Note: extension from 1. ser-
Material: Gk. ῥόθος m. “das Wogenrauschen ”, ἁλί-ρροθος “meerumrauscht ”, ταχύ-ρροθοι
λόγοι ‘schnelldahinrauschende words ”, ἐπίρροθος (and ἐπιτάρροθος ) “herbeisausend; also
from Göttern: zur help” , ῥόθιος “ roaring “, assimil. ῥάθαγος τάραχος Hes.; perhaps also
Lateeres ῥώθων, mostly pl. ῥώθωνες “Nasenlöcher, nose” as Trivialausdruck “*Schnarcher,
Rassler”; in addition ῥέθεα pl. “Nasenlöcher, nose” ; compare ῥί̄ς, ῥῑνός f. “ nose” as “the
flowing “ zur root form *srēi- : srī-;
O.Corn. stret gl. “latex”, M.Corn. streyth “river” ; M.Ir. srithit f. “ray from milk or blood ” (*sr̥t-
n̥tī); O.H.G. stredan, strad , M.H.G. streden “roar, strudeln, cook” , stredunga, stridunga
“Aufwallung ”, M.H.G. stradem “whirlpool ”, late M.H.G. and Ger. Strudel .
References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wörter 220.
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(s)reigh -
English meaning: to climb, creep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “klettern, mũhsam kriechen” ?
Note: (also (s)reikh -?)
Material: O.Ind. ríṅgati (voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and
ríṅkhati “bewegt sich mũhsam, crawls” (from children);
Gk. ἀνα-ρριχάομαι, ἀρριχάομαι “mũhselig with Handen and Fũßen emporklettern” .
References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gk. Wb. 103.
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srenk -
English meaning: to snore
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schnarchen ”
Material: Gk. ῥέγκω, ῥέγχω ‘schnarche; snort ”; ῥέγκος n., ῥέγξις f. ‘schnarchen ”, ῥόγκος,
ῥογμός ds.; O.Ir. srennim ‘schnarche ” (*srenk -nü-mi); M.Ir. srēimm n. ‘schnarchen ” (*srenk -
smn̥), also srĕimm through influence of srennim ;
a similar onomatopoeic words Schallnachahmung entspringt probably Gk. ῥύγχος
‘schweinsrũssel, snout, bill, beak, neb” ; whether Arm. *ṙungn , pl. ṙngun -k”, ṙǝngun -k̄
“Nasenlöcher, nose” out of it borrowed or under IE *srungh- with it common origin sei, is
doubtful.
References: WP. II 705.
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sresk -
English meaning: to drizzle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tropfen”?
Material: Av. srask- (srasča -) “triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen ”, sraska- m. (Pers. sirišk )
“tears, Weinen ”, mp. srixt “dropped”, Arm. srskel (*srēsk - or srōsk -) ‘sprinkle”; borrowing of
Arm. words from dem Aryan wäre die Vorbedingung for die connection from Av. srask- ,
Arm. srskel as *k̂lek-skō- with Lith. šla ̃ kas “drip”, šlake ́ti “drip, trickle ”, šle ̃kti ‘spray” (see
above S. 607 k̂leu- ‘spũlen” ).
References: WP. II 602 f., 705.
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sreup -
English meaning: scabby, dirt
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schorfiger Schmutz am Körper”
Material: Gk. ῥύπος m. ‘smut, Unreinlichkeit ”, ῥυπόω, ῥυπαίνω ‘sully”, ῥυπαρός “dirty,
filthy”, ῥυπάω “bin dirty, filthy ”, ῥύπος n. “wheys”, ῥύπτω “clean”, Med. “wash mich,
schneuze mich ”; Proto-Slav.. *strupъ (from * sreupos or *sroupos ) “wound” (aksl; eig. “*scurf,
scab auf the wound ”), “ poison, pus ” (Slov.), ‘scurf, scab ” (nBulg. Russ.), ‘skin rash by
children” (Ser.-Cr.), “ crust, scab, eschar “ (Pol. Cz. ); ablaut. Church Slavic strъpъtъ
“roughness, Härte” .
References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.
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sreu-
English meaning: to flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließen”
Material: O.Ind. srávati “ flows “ (= Gk. ῥέω), srava- m. “das Fließen” (= Gk. ῥόος, O.C.S. o-
strovъ), giri-sravü “Bergstrom ” (= Gk. ῥοή, Lith. sravà ), srutá - flowing, geflossen ” (= Gk.
ῥυτός = fem. Lith. srutà ; zero grade Ltv. strauts ), srutí- f. “way, das Fließen” (= Gk. ῥύσις ,
perhaps Arm. aṙu), sravát - f. “river” (= Gk. - ρεFετ-ης), O.Ind. srōtah ̣ n., O.Pers. rautah- n.,
Pers. rōd “river”; causative srůváyati “makes flow ”, srüva - m. “ effluence “;
Av. ( ravan -), gen. pl. raonąm “the Flũsse” , urvant- (sru-vant- ) “ flowing “; from einem d(h)-
present from (: Gk. ῥυθ-μός?): Av. raoδaiti “ flows “, raoδah- n. “river”, urūd f. “Flußlauf, bed”
(O.Ind. visrúh - f. ‘stream” or likewise?);
Arm. aṙoganem , oṙoganem “benetze” (*srou̯-), compare O.Lith. srãvinu “make bluten ”),
probably also aṙu “canal” (*srutis or *srui̯os );
Gk. ῥέω “flow” (Fut. ῥεύσομαι, Аог. Epidaur. ἐξερρύᾱ , Kalymna ἐ[γ]-ρυᾳ Konj. from
*sruu̯ü -; compare Lith. pasrùvo “floß” from -üt; usually * sreu̯ē - in ἐρρύην, Lith. sravė́ti; to this
beiden heavy Basen O.Ind. Inf. srávitavē ); ῥόος (Cypr. ῥόFος), Att. ῥοῦς m. “ current, flood ”,
περί-ρροος “ rings umflossen ” (also ἀψό-ροος for ũberliefertes ἄψορρος), ῥοή (korkyr. dat.
pl. ρhοFαῖσιν) “das Strömen, stream” (= Lith. sravà ), ῥυτός “ flowing, strömend”, περίρρυτος
“rings umflossen ” (= O.Ind. pari-sruta -), ῥύσις f. “das Strömen” , ῥύας, -άδος “ rinnend” ,
ῥύδην, Hom. ῥυδόνadv. “in U ̈ berfluß” ; ῥεῦμα n. ‘strömen, river; surge “ ; ἀκαλα -ρρείτης
“gentle flowing “, βαθυ -ρρείτης “ deep flowing “, ἐυ-ρρείτης “ rich flowing “, (*-ρρεFετης,
compare O.Ind. sravat -), as Ion. ῥέεθρον, Att. ῥεῖθρον n. “Flußlauf, riverbed “ from themat.
*sreu̯e - derive ; ῥυθμός, Ion. ῥυσμός (“ the wash of the waves of Meeres compared)
regelmäßige Bewegung, Rhythmus” ; Thrac.΢τρύ̄μων river name, ΢τρύ̄ μη Stadtname;

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O.Ir. sruaimm n. “river” , O.Bret. strum “copia (lactis) ” (= Gk. ῥεῦμα, if not ablaut equally
with Gmc. * strauma -); but O.Ir. sruth “river” , Welsh ffrwd etc., from * spru-tu-; compare
Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.;
O.H.G. stroum , O.E. strēam , O.Ice. straumr ‘stream” (: Ltv. straume , Pol. strumień );
Lith. sraviù , srave ́ti (old sravù ) “gelinde fließen, seep, drip” , sraũjas “rasch flowing “,
sravà “das Fließen, Menstruieren” , srove ̃ , Ltv. strüve , stràume ‘stream”, strauts
“Regenbach, Stromschnelle ”, Lith. srutà “Jauche”; O.C.S. struja “current”, ostrovъ “island”
(“das Umflossene ”), Pol. strumień ‘stream, brook ”;
IE sreu- is extension from ser- “flow”.
References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.
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srīg-, srīgos -
English meaning: cold, frost
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kälte, F rost”
Material: Gk. ῥῖγος n. “ frost”, ῥῑγέω, perf. m. present-meaning ἔρρῑγα “ freeze, shudder,
erschauern ”; ῥῑγώω “friere”;
Lat. frīgus, -oris n. (= Gk. ῥῖγος) “ coldness, frost ”, frīgeō, -ēre “cold sein, freeze, gefroren
sein”, frīgidus “cold”.
References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *( s)rēig ̂-, to Lat. rigeō
‘starre”, rigor “ solidification (vor coldness) ”, Lith. réižtis ‘sich strecken ” (different above S.
855, 862.)
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stag-
English meaning: to drop, drizzle
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sickern, tröpfeln, leise rinnen”
Material: Gk. στάζω, στάξω σταγ῅ναι “drip, trickle, einträufeln tr., drip, trickle lassen; drip,
trickle intr., rinnen ”, στακτός “tröpfelnd, tropfend” , σταγών , -όνος f. “drip”, στάγες pl. ds.;
Lat. stügnum “jedes ausgetretene Gewässer, sea, pond, pool, Tũmpel, pool or langsam
running Gewässer” ;
Lat. (Celt. Lw.?) stagnum “Zinn” (“das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare ”), O.Ir. stün “Zinn”;
Welsh ystaen , nCorn. stean , Bret. stean (from dem Lat.?);
O.Bret. staer , Bret. ster “river, stream, brook ” (*stagrü ), Welsh taen “conspersio,
adspersio ” (*stagnü ).
References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.
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(s)tāi-
English meaning: to conceal; to steal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “heimlich um etwas bringen, hehlen, stehlen ”
Material: O.Ind. stüya ́ t “ clandestine, hide, conceal ”, stüyú-, tüyú- “thief” (= O.C.S. taj adv.
“geheim”, if from * tüi̯u; Gk. τηΰ-σιος); stē ́ ya -m “ theft “, stēna ́ - “thief”; Av. tüyu- “thief”, tüya- “
theft “; Gk. τηυσίη ὁδός “ein way, the einen um die Mũhe the intention betrũgt” (*τᾱΰ-τιος,
from *τᾱι̯υ-τᾱ), τήτη ἀπορία , ἔνδεια , στέρησις Hes., τητάω “bringe um etwas, rob ”, Med.
“darbe”; O.Ir. tüid “thief” (= O.Bulg. tatь, das - d analogical); O.C.S. taj “ clandestine “, tajǫ,
tajiti “verhehlen ”, tatь “thief”; Hitt. tajezzi, tajazzi ‘stiehlt”.
References: WP. II 610, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 69.
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stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā-
English meaning: to condense, press together
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verdichten, zusammendrängen, stopfen; sich verdichten, gerinnen,
stocken”
Note: in addition stē ̆ ib (h)-, stē ̆ ip - “ shaft, pole etc. ”
Material: O.Ind. styü ́ yatē “gerinnt, wird hart ”, participle styüna -; (Gramm.) prastīma -
“gedrängt, gehäuft” , stīma ́ - “idle” (eig. “gestockt”), viṣṭīmín - Bez. of pudenda, stíyü f. “träges,
stehendes water ”, stimita - ‘schwerfällig, idle, unbeweglich, damp” ; Av. stü(y)- “heap, mass ”;
Gk. στέᾱρ, στέᾱτος ‘stehendes fat, tallow, suet ” (*stüi̯r̥); Hom. ἀγχι-στῖνος “nahe
aneinandergedrängt” (compare O.Ind. styü-na-); στί̄α f., στῖον n. “ small stone “; στίλη “drip”
(compare Lat. stīria , stīlla);
Lat. stīria “frozen drip, icicle ”, Dimin. stīlla “drip” (*stīr[e]lü );
Mod.Ice. stīrur ‘stiffness in the eyes ”, Nor. stīra, O.Ice. stira, Dan. Swe. stirra “gaze,
stare”, E.Fris. stīr “ stiff, starr ”, Ger. stier, stieren ; Lith. styrstù , stỹrti “erstarren ”, stūrau , -oti “
stiff and lũmmelhaft dastehen” ;
O.Ice. stīm n. “ restlessness, din, fuss, noise ”, Nor. stīm “Fischschwarm” , M.H.G. stīm,
steim “bunte bulk, mass, Getũmmel” ;
Goth. stains , O.Ice. steinn , O.E. stün, O.H.G. stein “ stone “;
O.C.S. sténa “wall”, stěnь nъ ‘steinig”;
perhaps also O.Ice. stī n. ‘stall”, stīa “einhegen ”, O.E. stig, stī “ pigpen; hall ”, M.L.G. stege
“corral, pen, fold ”, O.H.G. stīga , M.H.G. stīge , stīje ‘stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle ”;
Lith. stìngti “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, Ltv. stingt “ compact become ”, stingrs ‘stramm,
starr, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, stiff “;
about Lat. timeō “dread mich ”, etc. s. WH. II 682.

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stāk-, stek -
English meaning: to stand; to put
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stehen, stellen; stehend, Ständer = aufrecht stehender Pfahl”
Note: extension from stü- ‘stand”
Material: O.Ind. stákati “widersteht ”, Av. staxta - “tight, firm, strong” , staxra - ‘strong, tight,
firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern ”; Umbr. stakaz ‘statūtus” ;
O.H.G. stahal n. m. O.Ice. stül n. (derived O.H.G. stehli , O.E. stiele n.) ‘stahl” (from dem
Gmc. derives O.Pruss. staclan ‘stahl”), Gmc. *stahla- probably = Av. staxra- , IE *stóklo -;
O.Ice. stagl n. “wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient ”, Nor. stagle “picket, pole ”, staga “ stiff go”,
O.Ice. stag n., O.E. stæg n. “rope, hawser ” (“*das steif gespannte ”);
with other meaning change ( ‘stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become ”) O.Ice. stakka f.
‘stummel” , stakkaðr , stǫkuttr ‘short”, Dan. stak-aandet “kurzatmig ”; Lith. stokà “lack”,
stokstù , stõkti “to lack begin ”.
References: WP. II 611, WH. II 585.
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stā- : stǝ-
English meaning: to stand
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stehen, stellen ”
Note: reduplicated si-stü-, extended stüi- : stī̆-, stüu- : stū ̆- and st-eu-
Material: A. O.Ind. tiṣṭhati , Av. hištaiti , ap. 3. sg. Impf. a-ištata ‘stehn” (: Lat. sistō, Ir. -
sissiur ; athematic still Gk. ἵστημι, during late O.H.G. sestōn “disponere ” from dem romO.N.
Ital. assestüre “ bring in order “ borrowed is), Aor. O.Ind. á-sthü-m (= Gk. ἔστην), perf.
tasthü ́ u , tasthimá , tasthivas- ; Gk. ἵστημι ( Dor. ἵστᾱμι ) ‘stelle”, Aor. ἔστην, perf. ἕστηκα,
ἕσταμεν, ἑσταώς (ἐπί -σταμαι “ verstehe ” probably neologism after Aor. ἐπι-σταίμην, ἐ πι-
στάμενος); ἱ στός “Mastbaum, the senkrechte Weberbaum, Gewebe ”;
Av. ap. stüya - ‘stellen; Med. sich stellen ”;
Lat. sistō ‘stelle”, Umbr. sestu ‘sistō”, volsk. sistiatiens ‘statuērunt” ;
O.Ir. tair-(ś)issiur ‘stehe, bleibe stand ”, ar-sissedar “insistitur, innititur ”, fo-sissedar “tritt
ein for” (sessam “das Stehen ”, sessed ds. etc.);
Lat. stō (stüre , stetī) = Umbr. stahu ‘stehe”, *stü-i̯ō; altLat. probably also trans. ‘stellen”;
Osc. staít (*stai̯ei̯eti ) ‘stat” pl. stahínt , eestínt (*ēstai̯ei̯ent ) “extant”; O.Ir. ad-tüu, -tō “I
befinde mich, bin ” (*stü-i̯ō), 3. sg. (ad)-tü = Welsh taw “daß es is” from *stü-t, unpersönl.
Passiv tüthar “man is (mad, wicked, evil) ”from *stü-to-ro (?), M.Welsh Impersonale ny-m-
dawr “es kũmmert mich nicht” , Corn. ny-m-deur (*tü-ro-) “I will not ”; O.Ir. ness - (*ni-stü-)
“niedertreten ” in com-ness- ds., “verurteilen ”, dī-ness “ despise “, to-ness- “betreten”, ar-
ossa “erwartet” (*are-uks-stü-); assae “light to tun ” from * ad-stü-i̯o- “adponendus ”;
Note:
Maybe Alb. stan “winter station for animals ” from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of
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O.S. O.H.G. stün, stēn ‘stand”; Reimwortbildungen to gēn, gün “go” (see 419); with t-
extension: preterit Goth. stōÞ, O.Ice. stōð, O.S. stōd, O.H.G. stuot (mostly stuont after dem
present) “I stand”, wherefore with present nasalization Goth. O.S. standan , O.Ice. standa ,
O.E. stondan , O.H.G. stantan ‘stand”; in addition O.H.G. stanta “Kũbel, Kufe” and with
neuem ablaut O.Ice. stund “time(punkt), while, hour, length ”, O.E. stund f. “bestimmte time,
hour, Mal” , O.S. stunda “time(punkt) ”, O.H.G. stunta ds., LateM.H.G. also “hour”;
Lith. stóju (*stüi̯ō ), stóti “tread”, O.C.S. *stajǫ , stati ‘sich stellen ”, stojǫ stojati (*stǝi̯ēti )
‘stand”; Toch. В ste “is”, 3. pl. stare .
B. IE n-present *stǝ-nü- in Av. fra-stanvanti ‘sie come voran ”, Arm. stanam “erstehe,
erwerbe”, Gk. Cret. στανύω ‘stelle” (neologism Gk. ἱστάνω); Lat. prae-stinüre “den Preis
vorher feststellen, buy ”, dēstinüre “festmachen, festsetzen, fest beschließen” (dēstina
“pad”), obstinüre “auf etwas bestehen ”; Alb. shtonj “vermehre ” (“*stelle, staple auf ”); O.C.S.
stanǫ (Inf. stati) “werde mich stellen, tread ”; O.Pruss. postünimai “wir become ”, postüt
“become”, stünintei ‘stehend”; Toch. В stäm - ‘stand”; compare also die nouns with n-
formant.
C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:
O.Ind. ni-ṣṭhǘ- “hervorstehend, -ragend ”, pari-ṣṭhǘ- “(*herumstehend =) hemmend ”, f. “
hindrance “, pr̥thivi -ṣṭhü- (and -ṣṭhá-) “auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend ”, rathē -ṣṭhǘ-
“auf dem cart stehend, kämpfend” = Av. raϑaē-štü- “warrior”; Gk. θέμις, -στος “ right, law “
(originally Göttername “die fest and unverbrũchlich Stehende”, *θεμί -στᾱ), Gk. μετανάστης
“wer seinen ursprũnglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verändert hat” ; O.Ir.
hiress “faith, belief ” (prefix *[p]eri + stü).
D. -st-o-: O.Ind. e.g. prati-ṣṭhá- ‘standing firm ” (-ṣṭhü f. ‘stillestehen, Beharren ”), duḥ-stha-
= Gk. δύσ[σ]τος “δύστηνος” , bala-stha- “in voller Kraft stehend ” under likewise; Subst. pra-

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stha- m. “Bergebene ” (“hervorstehend ”) = O.Ir. ross “ foreland, promontory, wood, forest ”,
M.Bret. ross “hill”, Welsh rhos “moor, fen ”;
Maybe Alb. ( rhi) rri ‘stand”
O.C.S. adj. ‘straight, schlicht, simple, just ”; O.Ind. pr̥-ṣṭhá- n. “back” etc. (see 813); Gk.
παστός “Bettvorhang ” (compare with d-suffix Gk. παραστάς, παστάς etc. in the same
place); O.Ind. gōs ̣ ṭha ́ - m. n. “Kuhstall”, bhayá -stha- m. n. “gefahrvolle Lage ”, O.H.G. ewi-st
m. “ sheepfold, Schafhũrde” , O.Ice. nau-st n. ‘schuppen for Schiffe, Schiffshaus ”; Alb.
breshtë , bresht f. “Tannenwald ” (: brē “fir”) under likewise; altIllyr. Tergeste , Λαδεστα, -στον
etc.; O.Ind. tri-ṣṭhá- “auf drei Unterlagen stehend ”, Osc.trstus “testes” (tristaamentud
“testamento ”), Lat. (to. i-stem geworden) testis (*tri-sto- ) “wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei
Streitenden steht ”, O.Ir. tress - “dritter”; Lat. caelestis “incaelo stationem habens ” (originally
o-stem, compare ἅπαξ λεγ. Veneris caelestae ), agrestis “ländlich” ; Lith. atstùs “afar” (:
atstóti ‘sich entfernen ”; of Adverb atstù = instr. auf -ṓ derive ), Ltv. nuô-st adv. “weg,
hinweg, fort ”; Lat. praestō “gegenwärtig, da, zur Hand, to Diensten” ;praestōlarī
“bereitstehen ” probably from * praestōdürī ;
as IE *st[ǝ]ti -s with in the Komposition reduced ǝ are whereas aufzufassen:
O.Ind. pr̥-ṣṭi- f. “back” etc. (see 813 Withte) and prati-ṣṭhi- “Widerstand ”; Gk. ἔξαστις “ from
dem Gewebe vorstehender Faden ” (*ἔξ-αν-στις), κατ” ἄντηστιν “ compared with ” (*αντην -στι-
); Lith. dim-stis “ courtyard, courtyard, blessing ”.
E. nouns with Dental-suffixes:
1. Lat. super-stes , anti-stes (*stǝ-t-);
2. participle O.Ind. sthitá - ‘stehend” (Av. stüti- ‘stehend” with geneuerter = renamed, has
changed?? lengthened grade), Gk. στατός “ placed, stehend ”, Lat. (Osc.-volsk.) status “
placed “; O.Ir. fossad “tight, firm ”, Welsh gwastad “planus, constans, aequus ” (*upo-statos );
O.Ice. staðr “zum Stehen geneigt, stätig” (esp. from horses) derivative M.H.G. stetec ds.;

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O.H.G. stata f. “bequemer Ort or Zeitpunkt, help ”, Ger. zustatten ; O.H.G. gistatōn “gute
Gelegenheit give, gestatten ”, O.Ice. steðja ‘stellen, bestätigen, gestatten” , M.L.G. steden
ds., O.E. stæÞÞan “zum Stehen bringen ”; Lith. stataũ, -ūti ‘stellen”;
3. Alb. mështet , pshtet ‘stũtze, lehne an” , fstetem “bleibe” (to Verbaladj. *stǝ-to-);
4. O.Ind. sthíti - f. “das Stehen, Stand, Bestand ”, Av. stüti- ‘stehen, Aufstellung ”; Gk.
στάσις, -εως “ position, Stand; Aufstand ” (στατικός , στάσιμος );
Lat. statim “during of Stehens, stehend ”; Maybe abbreviated and prefixed Alb. mbë-shtim
‘standing”,
klass. “auf the Stelle ”, statiō = Osc. statíf ‘standort”, Goth. staÞs m. (i-stem), O.Ice. staðr m.,
O.H.G. stat f. “place, site, Stadt”, O.E. stede , styde f. “das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site ”
(compare also O.N. en-stem steði m., gen. steðja “Amboß” from *staÞjan -, actually
‘ständer”); zero grade Av. stüiti- ‘stehen, Stand, Aufstellung ”, O.C.S. postatь “ determination
“, Inf. Lith. stóti, Ltv. stüt, O.Pruss. stüt, O.C.S. stati ‘sich stellen, tread ”;
Lat. status , -ūs “das Stehen, position, Stand ”, statuō , -ere “hin-, aufstellen ”, Umbr. statita
‘statūta” ; Bret. steut , Welsh ystawd “Garben” (*stü-tü), Bret. steudenn “ spigot, nail ” (*stü-t-),
Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; Lith. statùs ‘stehend, steil ”, Goth. staÞa dat., O.S. stath m., O.H.G. stad,
stado m. “Landungsort, bank, border, shore, seashore ”; O.Ice. stǫð f. “Landungsort,
position “, stǫðva “zum Stehen bringen ” (*staÞwō(n) , compare Lat. statu -s, -ere); staði
“Heustapel in the barn ” (= M.L.G. stade “place, where die Ernte aufgehäuft wird” ).
5. with dh-suffix: Welsh an-sawdd “das Festmachen ”, O.Ir. südud (*stüdh -ī-tu-) ds.; O.Ice.
stōð n. ‘standort, herd from Stuten with one or mehreren Hengsten ”, O.E. stōd n. “ herd of
horses “, M.L.G. stōt (-d-) f. “Einzäunung for Pferde, herd from Zuchtpferden” , O.H.G. stuot
f. “herd from Zuchtpferden ”, also “mare”, Ger. Stute ; O.Ice. (e.g. hug-) stø ̄ ðr ‘standing firm,
tight, firm ” (rather IE t because of Goth. ungastoÞai “ohne festen Stand ”; t or dh with
analog. ablaut ē: O.H.G. stüti “tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet ”, M.L.G. stēde “tight, firm,

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beständig” ); Kaus. Goth. ana-, du-stōdjan “begin”, O.Ice.stø ̄ ða “zum Stehen bringen ”; with
Gmc. *stōÞia - lautet ab Lith. stãčias ‘stehend”; Lith. statìnė “big, giant Holzwanne ”;
6. O.Ind. sthütar - “Lenker”, sthütr̥ n. “das Stehende ”, Lat. stütor ; Gk. στατήρ , -῅ρος “ein
Gewicht and eine Mũnze” ; *st[ǝ] -ter with reduction of ǝ in compound, perhaps in O.Ind.
savya(ē)-ṣṭhar - “the links stehende Wagenkämpfer” , Av. raϑaē-štar- “warrior, Kriegsheld ”
(as raϑaē-štü-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from - ṣṭhü after den nouns agentis auf -
tar);
7. Lat. obstüculum “ hindrance “ n.; Welsh cystadl “equivalent ”, distadl “wertlos” (*stǝ-tlo-
); O.Ice. stǫðull m. “Melkplatz, Senne ” = O.E. staÞol “base, position, place ”, O.S. stathal “
position “, M.L.G. stadel “barn”, O.H.G. stadal ‘stand, Kornscheuer ”, Ger. (sũddt.) Stadel ,
older Dan. stedel “ground, Hofstätte” ; Lith. stãklės pl. “loom”; Lith. stãklė “picket, pole ”, Ltv.
staklis “ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork “, O.Pruss. stakle “pad” (with kl from tl).
8. with formants -dhlo-: Lat. stabulum ‘standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal,
stall” (prōstibulum “Ding zum öffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne” , naustibulum ‘schiffstandort,
vessel in Schiffsform ”), stabilis ‘standing firm, steadfast ”, Umbr. staflarem ‘stabulürem” ,
Osc. staflatas-set ‘statutae sunt ”, pälign. pri-stafalacirix “*praestibulütrix, antistita” ;
vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: - dh- in Gk. σταθμός , mostly pl. σταθμά ‘stand, Standort,
Gewicht”, σταθερός ‘stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm ”; -d- in στάδιος ‘stehend,
unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen ”, στάδην ‘stehend”, ἀπο-σταδόν “fern abstehend ”.
9. with l-formant:
Welsh cystal “ just as well “ (*kom-sta- lo-); Goth. stōls “throne”, O.H.G. stuol , O.E. stōl,
O.N.stōll ‘stuhl”, Lith. pastõlai “Gestell for Bienenkörbe” , zero grade O.C.S. stolъ “throne,
seat”, in den neuern Slav. Spr. ‘stuhl” or “table, desk ”.
10. with m-formant:

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O.Ind. sthü ́ man - n. ‘standort, power “; Gk. στήμων m., στήμεναι ‘stand”, Lat. stümen n.
“Aufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc. ”, Umbr. dat. stahmei ‘statiōni” ; stahmito
‘statūtum” ; O.Ir. sessam “das Stehen ” (*si-stü-mu-), foessam “ protection ” (*upo-si-sta- mu-)
= M.Welsh gwaessaw “Garantie ”; Goth. stōma “ὑπόστασις , foundation, Stoff ”; Lith. stomuõ ,
-eñs ‘statur”; Russ. stamík ‘stũtzbalken” ;
Gk. στάμνος “crock, pitcher ”, σταμῖν -ες pl. ‘ständer, Seitenbalken” ; Welsh cysefin “erster”
(*kentu-stamīno -); M.Ir. samaigim ‘stelle”, Welsh sefyll , Corn. sevell ‘stand”, Bret. sévell
(*stamili̯o -) “erect, to build ” (besides with Celt. t O.Ir. tamun “tree truck ”; O.H.G. stam ,
stammes ‘stem” etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with a staƀna -, s. * steb-
“Pfosten”); Toch. A ṣtüm, В stüm “tree”; but O.H.G. ungistuomi “ boisterous “ to stem -
“hemmen ”, see there.
11. with n-formant (compare die Präsensbildungen with n):
O.Ind. sthü ́ na - n., Av. ap. stüna - n. ‘standort, place ”, Pers. sitün , Gk. δύσ-[σ]τηνος , Dor.
δύστᾱνος “(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky “, ἄστηνος ds., Lith. stónas ‘stand”, O.C.S.
stanъ ‘stand, lair “, Alb. shtuarë ‘stehend”, shtorazë “erect” (*stü-no-di̯o-, compare to d-
suffix Gk. ἀποσταδόν etc.), shtâzë , shtėzë “Vieh” (*stan-zë).
Maybe Alb. stan “animal stall ”, (*status ), shtat ‘standing body ”, shtyj “push (pushing
animal)”, shtie “kill (an animal) ”. Alb. suggests that Root stü- : stǝ- : (to stand) derived from
Root sed- : (to sit).
12. with r-formants: O.Ind. sthirá - “tight, firm, unbeweglich ”; Lith. stóras “thick,
umfangreich ” (actually ‘stämmig” ), O.C.S. starъ “old” (“*stämmig” in contrast zur zarteren
Jugend), O.N. stōrr “big, large ”, O.S. stōri “big, large, illustrious ”, O.E. stōr “vast, grand ”;
13. with dem i̯ from *stü-i̯ō other formations: O.Ind. jala-sthüya - m. “ water container,
water carrier “, sthüyin - ‘stille stehend, verweilend, stetig ” under likewise, sthēma ́ n - m.
“Festigkeit, tranquility, duration ” (*sthayiman- ).

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F. st(h)üu -: st(h)ū -: Lith. stóviu , -e ́ti ‘stand” (Memel stáunu), stovà “place”, stõvis ‘state,
status”, stovùs ‘stehend (of water) ”, Ltv. stãvu , stãvêt ‘stand”, stãvus ‘stehend, erect ”;stãvs
‘steil”, stüvs ‘shape”, stüvi, stüve “loom”; O.C.S. staviti ‘stellen”, stavъ ‘stand, Gefũge” ; O.E.
stōw, O.Fris. stō f. “place”, O.Ice. eld-stō “Feuerstätte” ; Goth. stōjan “richten” (perhaps
*stōwjan : O.C.S. staviti ), staua f. “court” (*stōwō ), staua m. “judge”, O.E. stōwian “ restrain
“, Eng. stow ‘stauen”, O.H.G. M.H.G. stouwen (*stawjan ) “(au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten;
Refl. sich stauen ”, Ger. stauen ; with ū: O.H.G. stūatago “Gerichtstag ”, stūan “anklagen,
scold, chide, hemmen ”, M.L.G. stūwen (= stouwen , stōwen ) ‘stauen”, etc.;
with gradation stōu-: Gk. *στωF -ός “ column “ in Att. στοιά, στοά (*στωFι̯ᾱ), Eol. στωΐα
‘säulenhalle”, στωΐδιον Dimin., στωικός “zur Schule the Stoa gehörig”, στ ώμιξ δοκὶς ξυλίνη
Hes.;
zero grade: O.Ind. sthūn ̣ ü “ column “ (mind. n̥ from n), Av. stū ̆ na , stunü “ column “; Gk.
στύ̄ω ‘steife, richte empor ”, Med. “bin steil aufgerichtet ”, στῦμα n. “ erectio penis ”, στύμος
στέλεχος, κορμός; στ ῦλος m. “ column, stylus ”, στύραξ “ das untere end the Lanze ”; O.Ice.
stūmi “a giant “; M.H.G. stūnende “widersetzlich ”, Ger. staunen as ‘starr blicken ”; keine
evidence for diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem O.Ind. su-ṣṭhú adv. “good,
beautiful ”, anu-ṣṭhú, anu-ṣṭhuyǘ “immediately, right away ”;
with t-forms in addition: O.Ice. stoð (pl. stoðir , støðr , steðr ) f. “pad, Pfosten ,
Unterstũtzung” , O.E. stuðu , studu f. “pad, Pfosten ”, M.H.G. stud f. ds., O.Ice. stuðill m.ds.,
M.H.G. studel “Pfosten, Turpfosten ”;
O.Ice. styðja “prop, support ”, O.H.G. studen “ belay, statuere ”, O.Ice. stoða “ support ,
help”; with intens. consonant stretch : M.L.G. stutten “(under-)prop, support ”, O.H.G.
(under )stutzen , Ger. (under)stũtzen ; also O.H.G. stūda ‘staude”; Ltv. stute , stuta “Reis, rod ”;

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reduced grade stǝu-: Gk. σταυρός “picket, pole ” = O.Ice. staurr “picket, pole ” (ablaut. Nor.
dial.styr, styrja “long shaft, pole, steife person ”); Lat. in: instaurüre “instand place ” (originally
from Stangen, Ständern beim Bau), restaurüre “wiederinstandsetzen ”.
G. st-eu-, st-eu̯ǝ- “massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit ” (Gmc. stiura see below) as ‘standsicher,
standing firm ” in O.Ind. sthüvara ́ - “thick, standing firm, beständig” (latter meaning and die
Vokallänge perhaps through support in sthü- ‘stand”), sthávira - “breit, thick, strong, dense,
old”, (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) O.Ind. sthūra ́ -, sthūla ́ - “thick”
= Av. stūra - “umfangreich, strong ” (Kompositionsform stūi-, stvi-, i.e. * stuvi-), compar.
superl. O.Ind. sthávīyas -, Av.staoyü ̊ “the Umfangreichere, Stärkere, Größere” , O.Ind. sthá-
viṣṭha -, Av. stüvišta - “the Stärkste, Derbste, Gröbste” , O.Ind. stháviman - n. “Breite”, Av.
stavah- n. “thickness, fatness, Starke ”; Arm. stvar “thick” (*stuu̯ar -);
aschw. stūr “big, large ” (besides stōr, see above), stȳras “brag”, M.L.G. stūr “big, large,
strong, heavy; störrisch, coarse, unfreundlich” (compare O.Ind. ni-ṣṭhura - “rough, hard,
coarse”, ni-ṣṭhūrin - “coarse, raw ”), O.Ice. stūra “Dũsterheit” , Vb. “ grieving sein ” (nschw.
stūra ‘starr hinsehen ” in the meaning after the family of Ger. stieren umgeändert), zero
grade O.H.G. stiuri ‘strong, stately, stout, proud ”;
with other English meaning: O.H.G. stiura , M.H.G. stiure “pad, rudder, helm,
Unterstũtzung, tax” , Ger. Steuer f. and (from dem Nd.) n., O.E. stēor f. “ rudder, helm “,
O.Ice. stȳri n. “ rudder, helm “, M.L.G. stũr(e) n. “ rudder, helm “, f. n. “Regierung; help,
Ghegenwehr” , f. “Unterstũtzung” , Goth. us-stiurei “Zũgellosigkeit” , M.L.G. unstǖre ds., Goth.
stiurjan “feststellen, affirm “, Ger. zur Steuer der Wahrheit , O.Ice. stȳra “ein ship steuern;
regieren”, O.E. stīeran ds., O.H.G. stiurren “prop, support, steuern, lenken ”; probably
originally “picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop, support, lenken) ”, with O.Ice.
staurr , Gk. σταυρός (see above) under *stēu -ro- : *stǝu ̯-ro- compatible, das from *st(h)üu -
not quite apart, separated become could;

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steb(h) - and stēb(h) - : stǝbh -, nasalized stemb(h) -; step -
(also stēp -?), nasalized stemp -; nominal stǝbho -s,
stemb(h)ro -s, stomb(h)o -s
English meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: Bedeutungsumfang: “Pfosten, Pfeiler, stem, Baumstumpf (also
“Busch, Bũschel” ); verbal: “prop, support, versteifen, feststellen, anhalten, (also “hemmen ”),
(auf)stampfen, treten (Tritt, grade, footprint); beschimpfen (steif and herausfordernd
dastehen; brag, boast), staunen (from erstarrt dastehen) ”
Note: relationship to *stü- ‘stand” is possible .
Material: root form with -b:
O.Ind. stábaka - m. n. “ tussock “, stambá - m. “bush, tussock “ (= Lith. stámbas
“Kohlstrunk ”);
Gk. στέμβω “ stamp, mißhandle, schmähe”, στεμβάζειν λοιδορεῖν, Hes. στόβος m.
‘schelten, boastfulness “, στοβέω, στοβάζω ‘schmähe” ;
O.S. preterit stōp “trat fest auf ”, O.E. stæppan (steppan ), stōp “fest treten, schreiten ”,
O.H.G. stepfen and stapfōn “fest auftreten, fest auftretend schreiten ”, in addition Kaus. O.E.
stæ ̄ pan “einweihen ”, O.H.G. (Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane “liessen
zusammenstapfen ”; M.L.G. stappe , O.H.G. stapf , stapfo (stüffo ) ‘stapfe , footprint “ (Gmc.
*stapp -); O.Ice. stǫpull m. “Pfosten, Pfeiler, tower ”, O.Fris. stapul “Richtblock; Krone eines
Zahnes”, O.E. stapol m. ‘stem, Pfosten, column “, M.L.G. stapel m. “ column, Unterlage,
aufgeschichteter heap, Stapelplatz ” (out of it Ger. Stapel ), O.H.G. stapfal, staffal “
foundation, footstep, grade ”, Ger. Staffel “Leitersprosse, Treppenabsatz ”; O.S. stōpo m.
“Tritt, footprint “, O.E. stōpel ds., O.H.G. stuoffa , stuofa , Ger. grade , M.H.G. stũefe “tight,
firm, strong ”; O.E. stæ ̄ pe , stepe , pl. stapas “ footstep, grade ”, O.Fris. stepe ds., O.Ice. stapi

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m. “hoher and steiler rocks ”; O.Fris. stēpa “beisteuern ” (denominative from:) O.Fris. ield-
stōpe “Beisteuer; Wergeld ”, O.H.G. stuopfa ds. (O.C.S. stapъ ‘steigbũgel” from dem Gmc.);
nasalized and. stamp , O.H.G. stampf m. “tool zum Stoßen” , (O.C.S. stopa “mortar” from
dem Gmc.), therefrom O.Ice. stappa “bump, poke, stomp, crunch “, O.E. stempan “in mortar
zerstoßen” (Eng. stamp also “prägen” ), M.H.G. stempfen and O.H.G. stampfōn , M.H.G.
stampfen ‘stomp, hit, prägen” and further M.L.G. stempel , O.H.G. stempfil ‘stämpfel,
pestle”; M.L.G. stump m. “ stump; adj. “dull, stupid ”, O.H.G. stumpf m. ‘stump , Stummel,
stump “; adj. ‘stumpf , mutilated, abbreviated “;
problematisch M.Ir. sibal “a walking, marching ” (*stebulo- ).
root form with -bh-:
O.Ind. stabhnü ́ ti , stabhnō ́ ti , stambhatē , -ti “prop, support, hemmen ”, Med. “ stiff become,
erstarren ”, stabhitá - “gestũtzt” , stabdha- “ stiff, starr; hochmũtig” , Kaus. stambhayati, - te
“befestigt, makes stiff, lähmt, halt an, oppressed” , stambha- m. “Pfosten, column;
Hemmung, Lähmung; Aufgeblasenheit” , (compare Pers. sitamba “gewalttätig,
streitsũchtig” ), stambhanam “Befestigung, Festhalten, Hemmung ” = Av. stǝmbana - “pad”,
Av. stawra - “tight, firm” , Pers. sitabr, istabr ‘strong, vast, grand ”; ved. stabhūya ́ n ,
stabhūya ́ müna - ‘sich nicht from the Stelle rũhrend, unbeweglich” , ap. stambava “leiste
Widerstand! lehne dich auf! ” (indoIran. *stambhau- );
Gk. ἀστεμφής “unerschũtterlich” (actually “wer nicht gepreßt become kann” ), στέμφυλα n.
pl. “ausgepreßte Oliven or Trauben” , σταφυλή “ grape, grapevine; Zäpfchen in Munde” ,
σταφύλη ‘senkblei”;
M.Ir. sab f. ‘schaft, Pfeiler, stick ” (*stǝb[h]ü ); semmor “Klee” (*stemb[h]ro- );
O.Ice. stefja (*staƀjan ) “hinder”, stefna ‘stauen” (*stiff make, zum Stehen bringen ”),
O.H.G. stabēn ‘starr, stiff sein ”, E.Fris. staf “ stiff, lame ”; Goth. *stafs (nom. pl. stabeis )
στοιχεῖα “Buchstaben ” (Unterricht through Runenstäbchen), O.Ice. stafr ‘staff, pad,

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alphabetic letter ”, O.E. stæf ‘staff, alphabetic letter ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. stap (-b-) ‘stick, pad,
Stab”; Swe. Dan. staver “ fence post “ (compare O.C.S. stoborъ, Lith. stãbaras ); O.Fris. stef
‘staff”;
O.Ice. stef n. (*stabja- ), stefna f. (*staƀanjōn -) “bestimmte, feste time etc. ”, O.E. stefn ,
stemm m. “time, Mal, Periode ”; O.Ice. stafn n. ‘steven, Hausgiebel ”, O.S. stamn m. ‘steven”,
O.E. stefn , stemn m. ‘stem, root, Steven ”, O.H.G. stam (-mm-) “tree truck,
Geschlechtsstamm ”, Ger. stem (Verquikkung eines *staƀ -na- with a * stam -na-: O.Ir. tamun
“tree truck ”);
nasalized O.H.G. stumbal “abgeschnittenes Stũck, Stummel ”, stumbilōn “verstũmmeln” ,
O.Fris. stemblinge “Verstũmmelung” .
Lith. stem̃bti ‘stengel ansetzen ”, stem̃bras , stembrỹs ‘stengel” (= M.Ir. semmor ), stim̃bras
‘schwanzstumpf, -stummel ”, žem. stámbris ‘stengel”, Lith. stambùs “coarse, coarsely
granulated “, stámbas “Kohlstrunk ”, Ltv. stuobrs “Halm, reed ”; Lith. stebule ̃ f. “hub of a
wheel”, Ltv. stebe “Mast”, Russ.stebátь , Clr. stebnuty “peitschen; steppen, sew “; stabūti ,
stabdūti “zum Stehen bringen ”, stãbas “Pfosten, Schlagfluß” , O.Lith. stabas “Götzenbild”
(divine revered peg, plug), Ltv. stabs “Pfeiler, column “, O.Pruss. stabis m. “ stone “, stabni
f. “(steinerner) oven ”, Lith. stãbaras “trockener bough ”, O.C.S. stoborъ “ column “; with the
meaning ‘staunen”: Lith. stebe ́tis ;
root form auf -p-:
O.Ind. in Kaus. sthüpa ́ yümi ‘stelle, grũnde” ;
O.C.S. stopa “ footprint “, stepenь “grade”, O.Lith. stapūtis ‘stand bleiben ”, Lith. stẽpas
‘schlagfluß” , stapìnti “penem erigere ”;
O.C.S. stǫpiti , stǫpati “tread”.
References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalpräs. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16,
19, 35.

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stegh -, nasal. stengh -
English meaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen; Stange, Halm, Spitzes, Steifes ”
Material: Gk. στόχος “das assigned purpose, Vermutung ” (στοχάζομαι “ziele, investigate
from, errate ”); Swe. stagg (Gmc. * stagga -) ‘stiff and stechendes Gras ”, dial. “Achel,
Stichling (fish) ”, wherefore * staggian - “with *sting, prick = penis versehen ” in O.Ice. steggi
m. ‘stecher” , Mod.Ice. also “tomcat, male-cat ” (late O.E. stagga m., Eng. stag “the
ausgewachsene deer ”, Eng. dial. also “Männchen” , from dem Nord.); Pruss.-Lith. stegė ,
stegis ‘stichling”, Ltv. staga (i)s “a prickly fish ”, stage “Alant” (also stagi “ein herb, das as
Kohl gegessen wird ”?);
nasalized: Gk. στόνυξ, -υχος (geformt after ὄνυχ - “ sharp cusp, peak ”), στόνυξι κέρασι
Hes.; στάχῠ̄ς, -υος (also ἄσταχυς ) m. “Ähre” (α = n̥);
O.Ice. stinga , stakk , O.E. stingan ‘stecken”; Goth. usstagg “ἔξελε , stich from! ”; O.H.G.
stanga , O.Ice. stǫng ‘stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole ”, O.E. steng (*stangi -) ds., nl. steng
(*stangiō[n] -) ds., O.H.G. stengil ‘stengel”; ablaut. O.H.G. stungen “prick”;
Church Slavic ostegъ, Serb.-Church Slavic ostežь “dress, mantle ”; Russ. stegátь ,
stegnútь ‘steppen, sew, peitschen ”, stëžka “ suture” (e in geschlossener syllable from ь and
auf stegátь figurative); Cz. steh, Pol. ścieg , ścig “prick, sting ”;
here as ‘sich versteifen ”, with the intonation of a heavy basis: Lith. sténg -iu, - ti ‘sich
anstrengen ”, Refl. ‘sich widersetzen ”, stangùs “widerspenstig ”?
References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.
Page(s): 1014-1015

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(s)teg -1
English meaning: to cover
Deutsche Übersetzung: “decken”
Material: O.Ind. sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati “verhũllt, verbirgt” ; Gk. στέγω “ cover,
schũtze etc.”, στ έγος, τέγος n. (= O.Ir. tech), στέγη, τέγη f. “ roof, house ”, στεγανό ς
“deckend, schirmend; bedeckt, versteckt ”, στεγνό ς “bedeckend, schũtzend; bedeckt,
verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense ” (see because of this meaning also * tegu- “thick”),
στεκτικός “bedeckend, schũtzend” ;
Lat. tegō, -ere “cover, cover ”, tēctum “roof” (= στεκτός), tegulum “cover, roof, Hũlle” ,
teges , -etis “cover, Matte ”, tēgula “ a roof tile “, toga “ the white woolen upper garment worn
by Roman citizens “; Umbr. tehteřim “ a covering, plaster used for covering ”;
maybe Alb. (*tēgula ) tjegulla “tile, brick ”, (*tēgula ) tulla “tile, brick ”, tehu (*tegu ) “blade,
sharp edge ” [common Alb., italic -g- > -h- phonetic mutation]
O.Ir. tech (neutraler - es-stem = Gk. τέγος), O.Welsh tig, Welsh ty, O.Corn. ti “house”,
O.Bret. bou-tig “Kuhstall” (with unclear Brit. i); pl. O.Welsh te, Welsh tai, also in O.Ir. teg-
lach “Hausgenossenschaft ”, Welsh teulu , O.Corn. teilu “ family “ (*tego-slougo- ), O.Ir. -
tuigiur “I cover” = O.H.G. decchiu ; tuige ‘stramen” (*togi̯ü ), imthuge “Bedeckung,
Bekleidung ”, Welsh am-do “amiculum, involucrum” , O.Ir. ētach “dress”, Welsh Corn. to
“roof”, Welsh toï “tegere”;
O.Ice. Þekja “cover”, O.E. Þeccan “cover”, O.H.G. decchen “cover” (iterative *togei̯ō =
O.Ir. tuigiur, under Verdrängung from IE *tegō); O.Ice. Þak, O.E. ðæc, O.H.G. dah n. “roof”;
O.Ice. Þekja “roof”, O.H.G. decchi “cover, roof ”; O.E. Þecen , O.S. thecina ds., in addition
O.Ice. staka , stakka f. “fell, fur”; (without s Nor. dial. taka ‘schweinshaut ”);

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(s)teg -2
English meaning: pole, stick, beam
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Pfahl, Stock, Knũttel, Balken”
Note: s. also under steig - “prick”
Material: Arm. t”akn, gen. t”akan “cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint ”, t”akaɫak,
t”akaɫaɫ “capitello, architrave ”;
Lat. tīgnum (*tegnom ) “timber, balk, beam ”;
O.Ice. stjaki “picket, pole, shaft, pole ” = O.H.G. stehho “cudgel, club, picket, pole,
Stecken, peg, plug ”; (with expressive Gemination stekko ): O.S. staki “ shaft, pole, spit,
pike”, O.E. staca ds., M.L.G. stake ds., O.H.G. stach ‘spießhirsch” ;
Dan. stak “Achel, awn ”; denominative O.Ice. stjaka “bump, poke ”, staka “bump, poke,
fall”, M.L.G. staken “bump, poke ”; Goth. hleiÞra -stakeins “Einstecken from Zelten ”;
of Bilde the shaft, pole genommen is Nor. dial. staka, stjaka “ stiff go, stumble ”, nd.
stakern ds.;
O.Ice. stakkr “barn, haystack ”, M.L.G. stak ‘schräger dam from Pfählen and deadwood” (:
O.C.S. stogъ “barn, haystack ”);
Lith. stãgaras , stegerỹs “dũrrer langer Stengel” , Ltv. stēga f., stēgs m. “long shaft, pole,
long stick, spit, pike ”; stega f. “penis”;
O.C.S. stežerъ “cardo”, Russ. stoža ́ r “ shaft, pole ”, Sloven. stę̂žja , stǫ̂žje ‘schoberstock ”,
Serb. stȍžêr “tree auf the Dreschtenne ”, O.Sor. sćëžor “Mast”; O.C.S. stogъ “haystack ”;
stěgъ “banner, ensign, flag ”; about O.C.S. stьgno see under (s)teigʷ -.
References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.
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steigh -
English meaning: to march, ascend
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreiten, steigen ”
Material: O.Ind. stighnōti ‘steigt” (Dhütup.), ved. pra-stighnuyüt Opt. present “er möge
emporkommen ”, ati-ṣṭigham Inf. “ũbersteigen, bemeistern” ;
Gk. στείχω ‘schreite, go ”, *στίξ, gen. στιχός , pl. στίχες, -ας “row, Zeile ”, Att. στίχος “row,
Zeile, line ”, στιχᾶσθαι “in dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander go or come ”, στοῖχος
“row, line”;
Alb. shtek , shteg-u “ passage, entrance, way, Haarscheitel ” (= στοῖχος );
O.Ir. tīagu “I schreite, go ”, techt f. “the going, the summoner “, Welsh taith “journey” =
Bret. tiz “haste, hurry ” (*[s]tiktü ), Welsh mor-dwy ‘seefahrt” (*[s]teigho- ) etc.;
Goth. steigan , O.Ice. stīga , O.E. O.H.G. stīgan “ ascend “ (= Gk. στείχω); O.H.G. stīg
‘steig, Pfad, grade ”, O.Ice. stīgr “Fußsteig” ; Goth. staiga ‘steig, way ”, O.H.G. steiga ‘steiler
way”;
O.H.G. steg m. ‘steg, small bridge ”; O.Ice. stigi m. ‘stiege, ladder ”, stig n. “ footstep,
grade”, O.E. stige “das Hinauf- or Herabsteigen ”, O.H.G. stega “grade, stairs, ladder ”
(O.H.G. stiega , Ger. Stiege with ē2, also probably from * stēighü ); O.E. stæ ̄ ger f. “Тreрре”
(Eng. stair), M.L.G. steiger ‘steil”, nld. “Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle ”, O.Ice. steigur -ligr ‘steil,
erect”; O.Ice. stētt f. “ footprint, Trittstein, way, Stand, rank ”, stēttr m. ds. (: Welsh taith),
O.Ice. stētta “ support, help ”, O.E. stihtan, stihtian (“*auf eine basis stellen =) einrichten,
sort, order, arrange ”, anfrk. stihtan (= O.H.G. stiftan ?) etc.;
Lith. staigà adv. ‘sudden”, staigùs “violent, quick, fast aufbrausend ”, staigaũs , -ūtis and
steigiúos , steĩgtis ‘sich beeilen, sich bemũhen” ; Ltv. stèidzu (ôs), stèigt (iês) ‘sich beeilen ”,

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(s)teig -
English meaning: to stick; sharp
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen; spitz ”
Note: extension from stei- ds.
Material: O.Ind. tējatē “is sharp, schärft” , tēja ́ yati ‘schärft, stachelt” , tiktá- ‘sharp, bitter ”,
tigmá - ‘spiky, sharp ”, tē ́ jas - n. “ sharpness, cutting edge, radiance “, tē ́ jana -m “das
Schärfen, Anzũnden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, Pfeilschaft” , wherefore as collective
tējanī́ f. “netting or bundle from reed, straw under likewise ”;
Av. taēɣa-, taēža - ‘sharp; m. sharpness ”, tiɣra-, ар. tigra- ‘sharp”; afghO.N. tērǝ ‘sharp,
spiky” (*taigra -); Av. tiži- ds., tiɣri- “Pfeil” etc., Pers. tēɣ “cusp, peak, sword ” (Arm. Lw. tēg
“Lanze”), tēz ‘sharp”, tēj “Pfeil”;
without anlaut. s- also Gmc. *Þī̆hstila - “thistle” (compare den s-stem O.Ind. tē ́ jas -) in
O.Ice. Þistill , O.E. ðistel , O.H.G. distil and Nor. tīstel, ostFris. dīssel “thistle” and perhaps
O.Welsh tigom “naevi” (“*Punkt, Tupf ” from “prick, sting ”? compare Gk. στίγμα);
Gk. στίζω “ prick, tätowiere”, στ ίγμα “ prick, sting, Punkt ”, στικτός “varicolored ” (“gestickt”);
Lat. īnstīgō , -üre “anspornen, sting, goad, anreizen, aufreizen ”;
nasalized īnstinguō “reize an ”, interstinguō “besetze (bestecke) hin and again with
etwas”, distinguō “( prick, stochere apart) unterscheide ” (-uō after unguō etc.), Umbr.
anstintu “distinguito ”; Lat. stinguō, -ere “auslöschen” (of Auseinanderstochern the
brennenden Scheite);
M.Ir. tiug- (*tigu-) “last”, O.Welsh guotig , Welsh wedi “after” (“*behind dem end ”), O.Ir.
tigernae “master, mister ”, Gaul. Tigernum castrum , Welsh teyrn “ruler” (often influenced
from * tegos “house”); Bret. stec”h “ fascicle, sheaf “ (*stikkü ); Bret. stiogen
“Tintenschnecke ” to *stiog from *stigükü (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);

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Goth. stiks “prick, sting, Punkt ”, O.H.G. stih, O.S. stiki, M.L.G. steke , O.E. stice m. “ds.”;
stician “prick”; Intr. ‘steckenbleiben, fest bleiben ”, M.L.G. sticken “prick, prickle, kindle,
inflame, ersticken ”, O.H.G. sticken “prick, prickle “, ir-sticken “ersticken ”, O.H.G. steckēn
“festsitzen ”, Ger. stecken (*stikkēn as though “angenagelt sein ”); O.Ice. steikja “fry” (eig. “an
den spit, pike stecken ”; in addition steikr “Braten”, stikna “roasted become ”); with
Ablautentgleisung: O.S. stëkan “festheften, festhaften ”, O.H.G. stëhhan , Ger. stechen ,
Kaus. *stakjan in O.H.G. stecken “( through Stiche) befestigen, einstecken ”, Ger. stecken
tr., Goth. staks “Wundmal ”, O.H.G. stahhula ‘sting, prick ”, O.Ice. stæ ̄ kr ‘stinkend, sharp ”;
diese structure in die e-Reihe war preferred through die Gmc. Ableger from * steg- “ shaft,
pole” (e.g. O.Ice. stjaki m. “Pfosten”), with denen sich die group Goth. stiks, Ger. stechen to
a neuen Einheit zusammenschloß; so based on formal auf * stig-, but with the meaning from
*steg-: O.Ice. stika, O.H.G. stehho ‘stecken” (latter but zugleich also = O.Ice. stjaki ), O.Ice.
stik n. “picket, pole ”; with kk: O.Ice. stikka ‘stecken, shaft, pole ”, O.E. sticca m. ‘stecken,
spoon”, O.S. stekko ‘stecken, picket, pole ”, O.H.G. stecko ‘stecken”;
to *stig- stellen sich still: O.Ice. stikill “cusp, peak ”, O.E. sticel (s) m. ‘sting, prick ”, M.L.G.
stekel , O.H.G. stihhil ‘sting, prick ”, Ger. Stichel ; Goth. stikls , O.H.G. stehhal “goblet” as
“zum Einstecken in die Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel ”; O.S. stekal “rough,
steinig”, M.L.G. stekel “devexus”, O.E. sticol ‘steil, high ”, O.H.G. stehhal , M.H.G. stechel,
stichel, stickel ‘steil” as “die Fußsohlen pricking, voll spitzer Steine” ;
Ltv. stigt “ sink in “, Lith. stingù stigaũ , stìgti and stūgau , -oti “an a Orte ruhig verbleiben
(steckenbleiben ”); whether to (s)teigʷh -?
References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, Vasmer 3, 8;
See also: see under (s)teg -2.
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(s)teigʷ -
English meaning: shoulder, arm, hip
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schulter, Arm, Schenkel ”?
Material: Arm. t”ēkn, gen. t”ikan ‘shoulder, Achsel; Arm ”, pl. t”itunk” ‘schultern; back; rump,
Seite eines Gebäudes etc.” (*toigʷ -no-);
Celt. *toibos from *toigʷ-os- in O.Ir. tōeb, tōib n., Welsh Corn. Bret. tu ‘seite”;
O.C.S. stьgno “femur” , Slov. stégno “thigh”, Russ. stegnó “hip, haunch, Lende; thigh ”.
References: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-2).
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(s)tei-
English meaning: sharp, spike
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘spitzig”
Material: Av. staēra - “mountaintop, mountain peak, summit “ ἅπαξ λεγ., taēra -
“mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex “ (probably *stoi- lo-, so that dieVollstufe
to:) Lat. stilus ‘spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, Stengel, stylus zum Schreiben ”; with formants -
mo-: Lat. sti-mu-lus ‘sting, prick ”; in addition Lat. stīva (and *stēva the rom. Sprachen) “
plough handle, plough stilt “ as * stei-u̯ü? compare O.Ind. tīvra ́- “violent, sharp ”, das from
“*sharp, pricking “ could have evolved;
about O.H.G. O.S. stil etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.
References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.
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(s)tel-1
English meaning: to let flow; to urinate
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fließen lassen, harnen”
Material: Gk. σταλάσσω, Att. -ττω “rinnen lassen; triefen, drip ” (probably analogical for -
άζω), στάλαγμα “drip”, σταλαγμός “das Tröpfeln, drip” , late σταλάω “σταλάσσω”; τέλμα n.
“puddle, slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar ” (Arm. teɫm, tiɫm ‘slime, mud, ordure ” out
of it borrowed?);
Eng. stale “urine”, to stale “urinate, pass water ”, M.L.G. stal “urine the Pferde ”, M.L.G.
Ger. stallen “urinate, pass water ” (from horses, Swiss also from people); unclear M.Bret.
staut , Bret. staot “urine” (*stalto- ?);
eine ĝ(h)-extension perhaps in Lith. įtel̃žti “ steep, eingießen” , Intrans. ištil̃žti
“aufweichen ”, ablaut. tul̃žti “humid, wet become ”; Proto-Slav. . *tъlstъ ‘swollen, thick ” in
O.C.S. *tlъstъ ds., Russ. tolstyj “thick”.
References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 117.
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stel-2, stelǝ -
English meaning: broad, to broaden
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausbreiten, flach hinbreiten ”
Material: Arm. aṙa-staɫ (*stḷ-no-) “roof”, lain “breit” (*lai-in, extension from lai- from *stlü-to
=Lat. lütus );
Lat. lütus (*stlü-to-) “breit”, older anlaut in stlatta “Kauffahrteischiff ”;
ablaut. *stlǝ- in latus , -eris n. ‘seite”, later “Ziegelstein ” (whether “platter stone “), perhaps
lümina “dũnne Platte” , whether from * (s)tlü -menü “die ausgebreitete ”, also Latium , if from
*(s)tlǝ -t-iom “Flachland ”;
Proto-Slav. . steljǫ stь lati “ outspread “ in O.C.S. po-steljǫ , po-stьlati “στρωννύειν” , stelja f.
“στέγη”; in addition Ltv. slüju, slüt “laden, packen ”.
References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;
See also: probably to stel-3.
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stel-3
English meaning: to put, place
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stellen, aufstellen; stehend, unbeweglich, steif; Ständer, Pfosten ,
stem, Stiel ”
Material: O.Ind. sthála -m, sthalī́ “elevation, Anhöhe, Festland” , sthálü “Erdaufschũttung” ,
sthálati (Dhütup.) ‘steht”; perhaps sthüla -m, sthülī́ “vessel, pot, pan ”; unclear sthün ̣ ú-
‘standing firm ”, Subst. ‘stump, stick ” (*stharnú -, IE *st(h)el -nu-?);
Arm. steɫcanem ‘schaffe”, steɫn, pl. steɫunk” ‘stem, Stengel, twig, branch ”;
Gk. στέλλω ‘stelle auf (in order); bestelle, lasse come; send; rũste to, kleide, stelle fertig ”,
στόλος m. “Zurũstung, pull, Heereszug” and “hervorstehender balk, beam, peg, plug, helm
pole and likewise ”, στολή f. “armament, armor, clothing, Ausrũstung, Heereszug” ; στολίζω
“bestelle, make fertig, rũste” , στελεά̄ f. ‘stiel the axe ”, later στελεόν n., homer. στελει -ή, -όν
ds., Att. στελεός m. ds., στέλεχος n. ‘stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool “; Lesb.-Thess.
στάλλα , Dor. στά̄λᾱ, Att. στήλη “ column “ (*stḷ-nü, compare O.H.G. stollo ); perhaps
στάλιξ(ᾰ); “peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze ”;
Alb. shtjelj (*stel-nō) “wickle ein ”?;
Lat. stolidus “ doltish, stupid, ungebildet ”, stultus “crazy”, stolō, -ōnis “Wurzelschoß” (eig.
‘stecken, Stiel ”);
Lat. locus , altLat. stlocus “place” (*stlo-ko- ); īlicō “auf the Stelle ” (*en-stlokōd );
O.Ice. stjǫlr “rump”, Nor. stjø ̄ l ‘stengel, Stiel ”, O.E. stela m. “Pflanzenstiel ”, ablaut. M.Eng.
stall “Pflanzenstengel, Leitersprosse, Stiel ”, M.L.G. stale , stal “Pfosten; foot ”; O.Ice. stül n.
“barn, haystack, Stapel ”, O.E. stæ ̄ l “place” (*stēlü ); vandal. PN Stilico = Ger. Stilka ;
O.Ice. stallr (*stolnos ) “Gestell, altar, crib, manger, stall ”, O.E. steall “ position, Stand,
stall”, O.H.G. M.H.G. stal (-ll-) “domicile, place, stall ”; therefrom O.H.G. stellen “auf-,

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feststellen , einrichten ”, O.S. stellian , O.E. stellan “place, stellen ”; O.Ice. stallra
‘stehenbleiben, stocken ”;
O.S. stollo “Fußgestell” , O.H.G. stollo , M.H.G. stolle “pad, Gestell, Pfosten, foot eines
Sessels”, Ger. Stolle, Stollen (IE *stl̥n-, compare Gk. στήλη and das the changing by ablaut
O.Ice. stallr “Gestell”);
O.S. O.H.G. stilli ‘still, peaceful “, O.E. stille ds. ( *stel- ni-); O.Ice. stilla ‘stillen, sort, order,
arrange, ũberlisten” , O.S. gistillian ‘stillen”, O.E. stillan ‘stillen, beruhigen ”, Intr. ‘still
become”, O.H.G. Ger. stillen ‘still make”;
Ice. stülmi , Nor. stalme m. “das Angeschwollensein of Euters ”, Swe. stolm ‘stoppeln” (:
Ltv. stul̂ms ); Nor. stalma, stolma “ curdle, coagulate, harden “;
O.Pruss. stallīt ‘stand”; Ltv. stul̂ms “ stump; limb, member, Arm, leg ”;
as s-lose Nebenformen comes in Betracht *tel- ‘still sein” (see there).
Erweiterte root forms:
stelb -, stelp -; stelbo- “Pfosten”:
and. stelpōn ‘stagnare”, Dutch stelpen ‘stillen, hemmen ”, Ger. (nd.) stelpen ‘sistere
sanguinem ”, M.L.G. stalpen ‘stagnüre” , stolpe “ lard and other Fettarten ” (“*gestockt ”);
O.Ice. stolpi , M.Eng. stulpe , M.L.G. stolpe “balk, beam, Pfosten ”; M.L.G. stũlpen
“umstũlpen, umkehren” , stulpe ‘stũlpe, Topfdeckel ”; Nor. stolpa “with steifen and langen
Schritten go ”, Ger. (nd.) stolpern under likewise;
Lith. stalbúotis ‘stand bleiben ”, stelbúotis ‘schal become ”, ablaut. Ltv. stul̃bs “betäubt,
verblũfft” , stùlbs “Pfosten”, ablaut. stil̃bs ‘shinbone”; O.C.S. stlъba “grade”, Russ. stolb “
column, Pfosten ”;
danehen with p Lith. stul̃pas , Ltv. stùlps , O.C.S. stlъpъ “columna, turris ”, Russ. stolp ;
eine nasal. root form stlemb - probably in Lat. stlembus ‘schwerfällig, slow” .
steld -:

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O.Ind. at most in sthaḍu - m. “ hump, hunchback , hunch “;
O.H.G. stëlza , M.L.G. stelte , Swe. stylta , M.Eng. stilte ‘stelze”, Eng. stilt ds.; nd. stilte “
shaft, pole, Stengel ”, O.E. styltan “verdutzt sein ” (*erstarren ”), E.Fris. stoltern ‘stumble”,
M.H.G. stolzen, stũlzen “hinken”, Swe. stulta ‘stumble”, M.L.G. stolt ‘stately, hochmũtig” ,
O.H.G. M.H.G. stolz ds. (M.H.G. also “crazy”);
ein dh-present to stel- in Goth. and-staldan “darreichen, offer, bid ”, ga-staldan “acquire,
besitzen”, O.E. stealdan “besitzen”, O.H.G. (etc.) hagustalt “(only einen Hag besitzend =)
Taglöhner, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz” .
stelg - (also stelk-?) nominal (s)tolgo -:
M.Ir. tolg m. f. “ strength “; O.S. stiælke , Nor. stjelk , stelk and changing through ablaut
stalk, Eng. stalk ‘stengel, Stiel ”, O.E. stealc “high, steil ”, M.L.G. stolkeren ‘stolzieren ”, nld.
stelkeren , stolkeren “ curdle, coagulate, harden “, further as “ stiff, go”; Nor. stalka, stulka
‘stapfen, slink ”, as O.E. stealcian , Eng. stalk ds., O.Ice. stelkr ‘strandkiebitz ”; compare M.Ir.
ta(i)lc ‘strong”, with k;
Lith. stel̃gti “anstarren, starr hinsehen ”, stalgùs ‘starr, defiant, stout, proud ”, stel̃gtis “brag,
boast”, probably also žem. stìlguos ‘sich beeilen ”; because of the meaning doubtful Lith.
stulgỹn “in die Höhe” , O.Lith. stulginti “verlängern” .
References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.
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stem -
English meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, anstoßen; stottern, stammeln; hemmen”
Note: only Gmc. and Celt.
Material: O.H.G. gistemōn, gistemēn , M.H.G. stemen “Einhalt tun ”, O.H.G. ungistuomi “
boisterous “ (*sich nicht beherrschend ”), M.H.G. gestũeme “gentle, still ”; Goth. stamms
‘stammelnd ”, O.Ice. stamr ds. “behindert, stolen; looted “, O.E. stam , O.H.G. stamm
‘stammelnd ”, O.Ice. stama , O.H.G. stamēn ‘stammeln ”, O.E. stamor ‘stammelnd ”, O.H.G.
stam(m)al ds., stamalōn ‘stammeln ”; O.Ice. stemma (*stammjan ) ‘stemmen, dämmen,
hinder”, E.Fris. stemmen ds., M.H.G. stemmen ‘stand make, stiff make; Intr. (of water)
gestaut become ”; zero grade O.Ice. stumra ‘stumble” (Nor. also stamra ), M.Eng. stumren ,
stum(b)len , E.Fris. stummeln ds.; O.S. O.Fris. O.H.G. stum (m) “ dumb “;
Ltv. stuomîtiês ‘stammeln, stumble, stand bleiben, sich bäumen, zaudern” (*stōm ), stumt
“bump, poke ”, Lith. stumiù , stúmiau , stùmti “bump, poke, schieben ”, Ltv. stuostīt (*stamstīti )
“bump, poke ”; Refl. ‘stottern”.
References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.
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(s)ten -1
English meaning: to groan, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: von lauten Geräuschen: “donnern, rauschen, dröhnen, stöhnen”
Material: O.Ind. stánati (= Gk. στένω, O.E. stenan , Lith. stenù ), stániti , stanáyati “donnert,
dröhnt, bellow, roar, braust” , stanayitnú - m. “thunder”, tanayitnú - “dröhnend, donnernd” ,
tányati (= Eol. τέννει ) “ soughs, sounds, donnert ”, tanyú - “ soughing, thundering “; afghO.N.
tanü “thunder”, Pers. tundar ds.; O.Ind. abhi-ṣṭaná - m. “Getöse” ;
Gk. στένω “dröhne, ächze, lament” , Ion. στείνω (= O.C.S. stenjǫ ) ds., στενάζω ds.,
στεναγμός “das sigh “, στενάχω ds., στόνος m. “ the groaning “, ἀγά-στονος “very stöhnend”
(O.Ind. abhi-ṣṭaná - “das Tosen, shout ”, Russ. ston ‘sigh”), ΢τέντωρ ; Lesb. τέννει στένει,
βρύ̄χεται Hes.;
Lat. tonō, -üre “ thunder; also from other lauten Schalleindrũcken” , to-nitrū, tonitrus
“thunder”; Celt. FlN Tanaros (: O.H.G. donar );
O.E. stenan st. V. “groan, moan ”; M.L.G. stenen schw. V. ds. ( *stanjan = O.Ind.
stanáyati ); O.Ice. stynja ds. = M.L.G. stönen (Ger. stöhnen ); O.Ice. stynr m. “Gestöhne” ,
O.E. gestun n. “din, fuss, noise, whirlwind ”; O.Ice. stanka “groan, moan ”, O.E. stenecian
“pant, gasp ”; O.H.G. donar “thunder”, O.E. Þunor ds., O.Ice. Þōrr “Donnergott ”, O.E. ðunian
“ thunder, roar, bellow, sigh ”;
Lith. stenù , -e ́ti “ groan, groan, moan ”, O.C.S. stenjǫ , stenati ds.; Russ. stón “ the
groaning “; O.Pruss. *stint , stīnons participle perf. Akt. “gelitten”.
References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19.
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sten-2
English meaning: narrow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “eng, einengen ”?
Material: Alt. στενός, Ion. στεινός “eng” (*στεν -Fό-ς), Hom. τὸ στεῖνος “ narrowness, narrow
Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also Att. τὸ στένος)”, στενυγρό ς “eng”, ΢τενύ -κληρος (στεν -
υ- : στεν -Fο-); στάνει (σ)τείνεται συμβ έβυσται Hes.; perhaps to *sten- to- in O.Ice. stinnr “
stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong ”, O.E. stīð, O.Fris. stīth ds., das Holthausen further to Ltv. stinte
“icicle” places.
References: WP. II 627; Holthausen AEng. Etym. Wb. 323.
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sterg -, sterk -
English meaning: to care for, take care of
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sorgend worauf achten, hegen and pflegen ”
Material: Gk. στέργω “ love; bin zufrieden ”, στοργή “love, affection “; Ir. serc “love” wird
because of Welsh serch ds. rather as *sterkü here, as to ser-2 or ser-4 belong; to Slav.
*sterg- “ whereupon sorgend achten, guard, watch ”: O.C.S. strěgǫ , strěšti ‘servare, beware,
guard”, stražь = Russ. stórož “Wächter ” etc.
References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.
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(s)ter -1, (s)terǝ - : (s)trē -
English meaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘starr, steif sein, starrer, fester Ghegenstand, especially
Pflanzenstamm or -stengel; steif gehen, stolpern, fallen, stolzieren ”
Note: s. also ster- “unfruchtbar ” and ster- ‘steifer Pflanzenschaft ”, further treg- “alle Kräfte
anstrengen ”, strenk- ‘straff”
Material: A. Gk. στερεός (Att. also στερρός from *στερεός ) ‘starr, tight, firm, hard ”, στέριφος
ds. (also “unfruchtbar ”, s. ster-6 “unfruchtbar ”), στερέμνιος ds.; στεῖρα “Kielbalken ”,
lengthened grade: στ῅ρα τὰ λίθινα πρόθυρα Hes., στηρίζω (Fut. - ξω) “tight, firm
prop, support, stemmen ”, Med. pass. ‘sich prop, support, sich feststemmen ”, στ῅ριγξ , -γγος
“pad”, wherefore σκηρίπτω ‘stũtze” , Med. ‘stũtze mich, stemme mich” , dissimil. from
*στηρίπτω ; στρηνής , στρηνός “ hard, sharp, forceful “, στρ῅νος n. “heftiges desire , power ,
Übermut” , στρηνιᾶν “minxish, wanton sein ”, στρηνύζω “cry rauh ” (in
formant. Bez. to Lat. strēnuus ??), Lat. strēnuus “voll rũstiger Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker ”;
Alb. shterr (*ster-n-) “lay, place dry, macheversiegen ”; about strēnü “good omen, sign ” s.
WH. II 601; Lat. consternō , -üre, also exsternō “bestũrzen, from the Fassung bringen”,
sternüx ‘shy, störrisch” ; Welsh trin “toil, fight, struggle ” (*strēnü ?); Gmc. * stara - ‘starr, esp.
of eye” in mnl. star m. ‘starrheit of Auges ”, O.H.G. stara-blint , O.E. stær(e)blind ‘starblind”,
O.Ice. stara , O.E. starian , O.H.G. starēn “ stare , stare”; with -rr- (from - rn-) O.Ice. stǫrr f.
“Carex” (eig. “die Steife ”), starr (acc. starran ) “ stiff, starr, hard ”, Ger. starr, M.H.G. sterre ,
Ger. bO.Ir. sterr ‘starr, stiff “, whereof M.H.G. starren, sterren ‘starr sein or become ”, Ger.
erstarren, starren , Nor.

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stara and sterra (*starrian ) ‘sichsträuben, sich anstrengen” ; *sturra- (*sturna- ) ‘sich steif
aufrichtend, stemmend ” in Goth. and-staúrran “ uncourageous sein ”, O.H.G. stōrren ‘steif
herausstehen, hervorragen ”, O.H.G. storro “ stump, clot, chunk ”, Ger. störrig, störrisch ; O.E.
stierne “ernst, hard, stern ”, O.H.G. stornēn ‘stutzen, frighten ” (*’stiff, starr vor Schrecken ”),
sturni ‘stupor”, Swe. sturna ‘stutzen”; O.Ice. stirðr “ stiff, unbeugsam, hard,
unfreundlich ”; O.Pruss. stūrnawiskan instr. sg. “ seriousness “, stūrnawingisku adv.
“ernstlich”, stūrni -tickrōms “keen, eager ”; Lith. starinù , -ìnti “ stiff make ”; Russ. starátь sja
‘sich abmũhen” ; with ablaut *strō- (to στρη -νής, strē-nuus ) and Dentalformans: O.C.S.
strada “hard work, toil ”, stradati “leiden”; in addition O.C.S. strastь “affliction” (*strad -tь),
Ltv.struôstêt “bedrohen ”; with formants -mo- presumably O.C.S. strьmo ‘steil, abschũssig” ,
ablaut. Pol. stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25).
1.
guttural extensions:
(s)ter -g- and (s)tre -g-:
O.Ice.
participle storkinn “geronnen, solidified “; Goth. ga-staúrknan “erstarren ”, O.Ice. storkna “
curdle, coagulate, harden “, O.H.G. ki-, er-storchanēn “erstarren, erkalten ”; Ger. tirol. stork
“knag, stump eines Baumes ”, bO.Ir. stork “Fischerstange ”, M.H.G. storch “penis”; also (of
steifen Gange) O.Ice. storkr , O.E. storc , O.H.G. stork, storah(h) “ stork “; (if
in addition Gk. τόργος “ vulture”, eig. “ stiff = big, large ”?), compare tirol. storke (l)n “with
langen Beinen einherschreiten ”, thũring. storchen “as ein stork go”, Westfäl. storkeln
‘straucheln, stumble ”;
adj. * starku - in O.E. stearc “ stiff, stern, strong ”, O.H.G. starc, starah ‘strong, big, large ”,
O.Ice. sterkr , O.S. starker ‘strong”, zero grade O.Ice. styrkr (*sturki- ) m. “ strength “; strak (-
ck-) “ stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; störrig” , M.H.G. strac (-ck-) ‘straff, gestreckt,

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straight”: O.E. strec , stræc (stræ ̄ k ?) ‘starr, tight, firm, stern, violent ”; Denom. (or umgekehrt
strak post-verbal?) O.H.G. stracchēn “ausgestreckt sein ” and strecchan, strecken
“ausstrecken, straight make ”, O.E. streccan “ausstrecken ”; compare still treg- “die Kräfte
anstrengen ”; Ltv. terglis “eigensinniger, störrischer person” , terglüties ‘sich auf etwas
versteifen ”;
Lith. stre ́gti “erstarren, to ice become ”; doubtful, if in addition O.Bulg. strachъ “fright” as
*strōgso -, compare Vasmer 3, 23; perhaps based on auf (s)terg- : Lat. tergus , -oris “hard
Rũckenhaut the animal, fell, fur, back ” (probably from dem am back am stärksten
gesträubten hair), tergum “ds., esp. back ”, tergīnum “Peitsche from leather ”; here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng- , see there.

(s)ter -k-:
Clr. storča ́ ty, storčity “ragen, stare “, torča ́ ti, torčity ds., Cz. strčeti , trčeti ds.
2.
Dental extensions:
(s)tert -,
more properly *ster- to- in Welsh serth ‘steil, obszön” , O.Ice. stirðr “ stiff “ (see above) and
storð “grass, grũner Stengel” ;
(s)terd -:
O.Ice. stertr “tail”, O.E. steort , O.H.G. sterz ds., M.H.G. also ‘stengel, Stiel ” (as Eng. start),
Ger. Sterz ; ablaut. Nor. dial. start ‘steifer twig, branch, dull ”, M.H.G. stũrzel ‘stengel”; O.Ice.
upp stertr “hochmũtig” , O.Ice. sterta ‘spannen”, M.H.G. sterzen (also st. Verb.) ‘steif
emporragen, sich rasch bewegen ”, trans. (also starzen ) ‘starr aufwärtsrichten” , M.Eng.
sterten “auffahren, frighten ”, Eng. start; O.Ice. stirtla “uplift, set up ”, O.E. steartlian
‘stumble”, Eng. startle “vor Schreck auffahren ”; WestGmc. *sturtjan , ahd sturzen , M.H.G.

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stũrzen , M.L.G. storten “fall, diffuse, bestũrzt make” , O.Fris. stirta “umstoßen” ; M.H.G.
storzen ‘strotzen”; without anlaut. s: Nor. tart (and start) ‘steißbein” , turt ‘sonchus alpinus ” (t-
from O.N. Þ-), compare Gk. τόρδυλον “eine Doldenpflanze ”; Welsh tarddu “to break out,
spring, issue ”;
(s)terǝ -d-:
Welsh tardd m. “eruption, issue, flow ”, Corn. tardh “Anbruch (of Tages) ”, Bret. tarz “rupture,
éclat” , tarz-ann-deiz “daybreak ” (*tr̥̄d-); with similar meaning as Ger. Sterz , Nor. (s)tart ,
here: Lith. tursóti “with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen ”, turse ́ti “den Hintern
hinausstrecken ” (turs- from * tort-s-) and O.Ir. tarr “belly” (*tortso-); identical seems Ir. torrach
“pregnant ”, Welsh torrog ds., Corn. tor, O.Bret. tar, Bret. tor, teur, Welsh tor(r) “belly, lower
abdomen ”.

(s)terdh -:
Gk. στόρθη Hes., στόρθυγξ “ cusp, peak ”; possibly here Welsh tardd see above; eine
nasal. root *strend- in Gmc., e.g. M.H.G. strunz ‘stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel ”,
Eng. dial. to strunt “ stiff, gespreizt umhergehen ” etc.
3.
Labial extensions:
(s)terp -:
Lat. stirps ‘stem eines Baumes (ũbertr. progeny, origin, sou rce, beginning; an ancestor) ”;
Lith. stir̃pti ‘somewhat emporkommen, heranwachsen ” (eig. “*sich straffen ”), ster̃ptis “auf
seinem Rechte bestehen ” (‘sich versteifen ”), stùrplis “rump of Pferdes ”;
Alb. shterpë “unfruchtbar ” (compare also 6. ster- “unfruchtbar ”); Ir. serrach “Fũllen” (from
den langen Beinen);

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without
s-: torpeō, -ēre ‘starr, insensible, betäubt sein” (= O.Bulg. u-trъpěti or = Russ. toropétь );
Lith. tir̃pti “erstarren, insensible become ”, Ltv. tìrpt ds.;
Serb.-Church Slavic utrъpěti “erstarren ”, Russ. térpnutь “ds., also vor fear ”, R.C.S. terpkij
“αὐστηρός” , r. térpkij “herb, sour ”; Russ. toropétь , otoropétь “bestũrzt become” (Trautmann
Bal.-Slav. Wb. 325), Clr. torópa “unbeweglicher person ”, Slov. tràp “Dummkopf ”; auf the
Bedeut. ‘starr, stiff = persistent sein ” based on probably O.C.S. trъpěti “leiden”, Russ.
terpétь ds.; Proto-Slav. . *torpiti (Kaus.) in Cz. trápiti , O.Pol. tropić “torment, smite ”, Russ.
toropítь “antreiben ”; as ‘starr, dull, vomStandpunkte of Geschmacks ”: O.C.S. *trъръkъ
“acerbus, asper ”, Russ. térpkij “herb, sour ”, as Pers. turuš ‘sour” (if from * tr̥fša-) and Ger.
derb (see under).
Teils auf (s)terp -, partly auf (s)terbh - can go back:
O.Ice. Þiarfr , O.E. ðeorf , O.S. thervi , O.H.G. derbi “ unleavened “, Ger. bO.Ir. derb “arid,
dry, lean “;
with anlaut. s-: O.Ice. stjarfi m. “work, toil ”, stjarfr “hartmäulig (from horses)” , stirfinn
“halsstarrig ”, starf n. “work, Streben, Amt ”, starfa ‘sich abmũhen” ; O.H.G. sterban “die”
(“*erstarren ”; see under M.Ir. ussarb ); O.S. sterƀan , O.Fris. sterva , O.E. steorfan ds. (Eng.
starve “ perish, esp. vor hunger ”); O.H.G. sterbo , O.E. steorfa “Pest”; Ger. -tirol. storfn “
stalk, stem of a plant, stump “, Westfäl. storpeln ‘straucheln ” can auf a root form auf b
based on.

strep -:
Lith. par-strapìnti “heimtorkeln ”, strỹpti “trample”, stripinỹs , stráipis “Leitersprosse ”;
LateM.H.G. straf (-ff-) ‘straff, strenge ”, wFlem. strüf (*strēpo -) ‘strong, stern ”, E.Fris.
strabben ‘sich widerspenstig gebärden” , M.H.G. strabbeln “ wriggle “; Swiss strapfen ‘straff

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ziehen” (*strappōn ); probably as ‘stern behandeln ” here: O.Fris. straffia “bestreiten, scold,
chide”, mnl. M.L.G. straffen , from which borrowe d M.H.G. strüfen , ds. “punish, curse ”, strüfe
‘schelte, reprimand, punishment “.

sterbh -, strebh -:
Gk. στέρφνιον σκληρόν, στερεόν Hes. (compare also στέριφoς, στριφνός under under
streibh -), στέρφος, τέρφος, Dor. στρέφος “Rũckenhaut the animal, f ell, fur, leather ”; M.Ir.
ussarb “death” (*uks-sterbhü ); Welsh serfyll “ frail “ (Loth RC. 43, 147); M.Ir. srebann m.
‘skin”;
O.C.S. u-strabiti “recreüre” , Pol. postrobić ‘stärken” (Proto-Slav. . *storbiti ); ablaut. aRuss.
u-strebe Aor. “wurde reif ”, Church Slavic strъblъ “fit, healthy, tight, firm ”, Russ. stérbnutь
“erstarren, absterben ”, etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11 f.);
whether Gk. groups from στρεβλό ς “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “, στρέφειν
“turn”, ablaut. στραβό ς “verdreht”, στράβων “ squinting ”, στροβέ ω “ turn, twist, rotate
herum”, στροφή “ turn “ etc. from a meani ng ‘straff zusammenziehen ” (see under Ger.
bestremmen this meaning) exp ounded become dũrfen, is höchst dubious; rather to a
distinctive root streb-, strebh - “turn, winden ”.
stremb -, stremp -:
M.L.G. strampe(le)n “with den Fũßen heftig auftreten” , Ger. (eigent. nd.) strampeln ,
M.L.G. strumpe(le)n ‘straucheln, anstoßen” under likewise; M.H.G. strumpf , M.L.G. strump
‘strumpf, Stummel ” (Ger. “gestutzte britches, Strumpf ”), Nor. dial. strump ‘small
Holzschũssel under likewise” (“*ausgehöhlter tree truck” , also stropp “ein Maß” ); Nor. dial.
stremba “anspannen; brost or stomach a ufblähen” , Ice. strembinn ‘straff, hard, stout,
proud”, Nor. dial. stramb
‘scharfer smell, odor ”; with - mm-: M.L.G. stram (-mm-) ‘straff, strong, thickset, strong ” (Ger.

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stramm from dem Nd.), Ger. bO.Ir. bestremmen , bestrempen “pull together, make narrow,
limit, restrict ”;
O.Pruss. strambo ‘stoppel”, Ltv. strìebs and struobs (*strambas ) “Halm, reed ”, strumbulis
“cudgel, club ”;
Lith. stram̃pas “cudgel, club ”, strampalióti “wankend (*stiff) go ”; Ltv. strampul(i)s “ stalk,
stem of a plant, small bit of wood; hartgefrorener ordure ”.
B. strē ̆ i-, steri-:
O.E. strīmendi “resisting, striving ” GlO.S.S. ; Eng. dial. to strime = to stride ; Lith. strainùs
‘strebsam, widerspenstig ”, pasistraĩnyti ‘strive, sich feststemmen ”.
1. With guttural extension: s. streig- “ stiff “.
2. With Dental extensions:
with IE -dh-: O.E. strīdan st. V. ‘schreiten”, Eng. to stride , M.L.G. strīden “die Beine
spreizen, weit ausschreiten ” (about Lat. strittabellae “Buhldirnen ” s. WH. II 605 f.); O.H.G.
strītan st V. “quarrel, sich bemũhen” , schw. V. O.Ice. strīða “quarrel, torment, smite ”, O.E.
strīdian “quarrel”; O.Ice. strīð “fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness “, O.S. strīd “toil,
fight, struggle ”, O.H.G. strīt “fight”, einstrīti “hartnäckig” ; O.Ice. strīðr “ stiff, hard, stern,
strong”; with IE -d-: O.Ice. strita ‘strive, sich anstrengen ”, streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: O.S.
Þrēsker “widerspenstig ”, Nor. dial. treisk “defiant, beschwerlich, mũhsam” .

3. With bh-Erweit.: Gk. στέριφος ‘starr, hard, tight, firm, unfruchtbar ”, subst. “Kielbalken ” (as
στεῖρα), στριφνός “hard, tight, firm ” (compare above στέρφνιον , στέρφος ); M.L.G. nnd. strif,
stref “ stiff, tight, firm ”, streven “ stiff sein, sich strecken ”, M.H.G. streben ‘sich uplift, set up,
sich strecken, ragen ”, Ger. streben , Strebe -balken , -pfeiler ; ablaut. md. strīben st. V., nld.
strijven ‘strive, quarrel ”.
C. strē ̆ u -:

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1. With guttural extensions:
Dutch struik , M.L.G. strūk , M.H.G. strūch , Ger. Strauch ; M.H.G. strūch ‘struppig”; Mod.Ice.
striūgr “Gericht from geronnener milk ”, strūga “rough, struppig make ”, O.Ice. strūgr “
repulsion, pride, hauteur ”, M.Eng. nEng. to struggle ‘sich abmũhen, fight ”;
Ltv. strūkuls “icicle”, also O.Lith. strungas , Lith. strùgas , striùgas , strùkas ‘short,
truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off ”.
2. With Dental extensions:
Lith. strustìs f. “Baststreifen in Siebe ”; without anlaut. s-: Proto-Slav. . *trъstь in O.C.S.
trъstь “reed”; Gk. θρυόν n. “ bulrush” (*trusom ); Lith. trùšiai m. pl. “reed”, trušìs , triušìs f.
“reed”, Ltv. trusis “ bulrush, reed ”, O.C.S. trъsa , trъsina ‘stiff hair, bristle ”; Ltv.trums
‘swelling, blister, ulcer ”, (if for *trud- mo-, compare:) Lat. strūma f. “geschwollene glands,
craw “ (*streud -stroud -, strūd -mü); after Vasmer 3, 145 in addition Lith. traũšti “ crumb,
spall, crumble “, Ltv. trausls “frail, breakable ”, trust “faulen, modern ”;
O.Ice. strūtr “cusp, peak ”, Dan. strude, strutte “ stiff stand, widerstreben ”, Swe. strutta
‘stolpernd go ”, O.E. strūtian “ stiff stand ”, nd. strutt “ stiff “, Ger. strotz ds., M.H.G. Ger.
strotzen , M.H.G. striuzen ‘sträuben, spreizen” , strūz “Widerstand ”, fight”, Ger. Strauß ds. =
M.Eng. strūt “das Schwellen, fight ”; M.H.G. strūzach ‘shrubbery, bush ”, gestriuze
“Buschwerk ”, Ger. (Blumen- )Strauß ; here also O.S. strota “tuba, guttur ”, M.L.G. strote ,
strotte f., M.H.G. strozze “throat, windpipe “, O.Fris. strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: O.E.
ðrotu , ðrote , Eng. throat , throttle “throat, windpipe “, O.E. ðrot-bolla “ windpipe “, (Eng.
thropple ), O.H.G. drozza “throat, windpipe “, Ger. Drossel with the derivative erdrosseln ,
M.H.G. drũzzel “throat” and ‘snout”, O.Ice. Þrūtr ‘snout”;
O.Ice. Þrūtinn ‘swollen”, Þrūtna “to swell, also vor pride, hauteur ”, Þroti “ intumescence “,
O.E. ðrūtian “vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury schwellen ”;

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dieselben meaning “to swell, fight ” also in M.Ir. trot, Ir. troid “fight” (*truzdü ?), Welsh
trythu “to swell”, trythyll “ lustful “;
3. With Labial extensions:
Gk. στρῡφνό ς “herb (from taste); grumpy, surly, sullen; tight, firm, stiff “;
O.S. strūf ‘struppig, rough ”, strūvian ‘sträuben” , M.H.G. strup (-b-), strūbe ‘struppig”,
O.H.G. strūbēn , M.H.G. strūben , *striuben “ stare “, Ger. sträuben , M.H.G. strobel
‘struppig”, aGmc. Strubiloscalleo ‘strubbelkopf ”; M.H.G. Struppe (Gmc. - bb-), Ger.
Gestrũpp , nl. strobbe ‘stump, shrub, bush ”, strobbelen ‘straucheln ”, Swe. strubbla ds.; with
Gmc. - p- (IE -b-): Nor. strøypa “ clamp “, Ger. Swiss stru(m)pfen , M.L.G. strumpen “pull
together”, struppe ‘stump”;
O.Ice. str(j)ūpi “throat, gullet “, Nor. strop “narrow aperture “;
Lith. strùbas , Ltv. stru(m)ps ‘short abgestutzt ”, strubikis, strupikis, strupastis
‘stumpfschwanz ”, Ltv. strupulis “kurzer thick person; Stũck wood, clot, chunk” , O.Lith.
strupas “abgelebter man ”.
References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer 3,
98 f., 126.
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ster-4
English meaning: line, stripe, ray
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘streifen, Strich, Strähne, Strahl” ; “about etwas hinwegstreifen, -
streichen ”
Note: also sterǝ - : strē-, strei-, streu -; with g, b, dh (or t) extended; identical with ster- “
outspread “
Material: O.H.G. strül(a) “Pfeil, lightning “, Ger. Strahl , O.S. strüla f. “Pfeil”, M.L.G. strüle
“Pfeil, ray, sting, prick ”, O.E. stræ ̄ l f. “Pfeil, Lanze ”, Nor. straal ‘small Fischschwarm ”,
E.Fris.strül ‘stripe”, O.S. strül m., M.H.G. stræl (*strēlia -) “comb” (from den teeth =
Strahlen), whereof O.H.G. strülen , Ger. strählen “comb”; Nor. strīl, strīla ‘stripe, vein, ray ”,
Swe. stril ‘small Wasserstrahl ”, strila “ trickle “, O.C.S. strěla “Pfeil”;
M.H.G. strüm “Lichtstreifen, ray, stream ”, Ger. dial. strüm ‘stripe”; to strei-: O.H.G. strīmo ,
Ger. dial. streimen , M.L.G. strīme ‘stripe, Strieme, ray ”; to * streu - perhaps: M.H.G. mnl.
strieme , M.L.G. strēme ‘stripe, ray ” (if from O.H.G. *striomo ), Ger. Striemen ;
O.H.G. strëno , M.H.G. strën (e) ‘strähne , braid, plait “; to * streu -: Lith. struniti “to build”,
O.C.S. struna ‘strang, Saite ”; from the basis *ster-: Clr. postorónok , Pol. postronek , Cz.
postranek ‘strang, rope, Saite ”.
Ltv. ( saules ) stars ‘sonnenstrahl ”, stars “bough”, stara “rope, stripe ”;
streig -: Gk. ξέστριξ (knid.) ‘sechsseitig ”, whether from ξέσ -στριξ; Lat. striga “line,
Schwade; Zeltreihe; Längsfurche” , strigōsus ‘schmächtig, lean “ , stria (probably *strigi̯ü )
“furrow, crease “;stringō, -ere in the meaning “abstreifen, stroke, touch, das sword ziehen ”,
strigilis “ rasper” (out of it Ger. Striegel );
O.H.G. strīhhan ‘stroke”, O.E. strīcan ‘stroke, rub, sich bewegen, go ”; Goth. striks “line”,
O.H.G. strik “line, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes ”, O.E. strica ‘stripe”; O.Ice. strik

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“gestreiftes Zeug ”, Nor. strik “line, Windstrich, prank ”; M.L.G. strēk “prank, prank ”, M.H.G.
streich “prank, blow, knock ” (*straika -), O.E. strücian ‘stroke”, Eng. stroke “blow, knock ”;
O.Pruss. strigli “thistle”; O.C.S. strigǫ , strišti ‘shave, shear ”; R.C.S. strěgъ “κουρά”
(*stroigo- = M.H.G. Streich ); with Swe. streke (*strikan -) ‘stromstrich ” compare Proto-Slav. .
strьž -: Russ. stréženь , strež , streža ́ ‘stromstrich ”;
after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as “Withte, heart ”, O.Pruss. strigeno “Gehirn”,
Proto-Slav. . *strьžьnь , respectively * strьženь “Withte, Mark ”, R.C.S. strьženь “Mark” etc.
streib -: O.Ir. srīab ‘stripe” (*streibü ); M.L.G. strīpe ‘stripe”, M.H.G. strīfe , Ger. Streifen ,
Nor. strīpa ds., Swe. stripa “herabhängender topknot “ ; M.L.G. mnl. strīpen “(ab)stripe ”,
M.H.G. streifen (*straipjan ) ‘stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay ”, nd. strēpen
“abstreifen ” under likewise
streug -: Gk. στρεύγομαι “werde entkräftet, schmachte hin” (O.Ir. trōg “ woeful, wretched,
miserable “? see below ter-, treugh- “rub”); O.Ice. strjūka ‘stroke, whisk, smooth; sich rasch
bewegen ”, strȳkja , strȳkva ds., stryk “line”, strykr “ strong wind ”, O.H.G. strûchon “ruere,
impingere ”, M.H.G.strûchen ‘straucheln ”, nl. strooken “ caress, ũbereinstimmen with” ,
E.Fris. strōk ‘streif, stripe ”, M.L.G. straken ‘stripe, caress ” (a from o), O.E. stroccian ‘stroke”,
Nor. strokk “ plane “; Ltv. strūgains “gestreift”, Lith. striũgas “knife” (Pol. Lw.); O.C.S. stružo ̨ ,
strъgati ‘scrape, shave, shear ”, strugъ “tool zum Schaben ”, Russ. strug “ plane “ etc.
Alb. strug Slavic loanword
streub -: O.H.G. stroufen , M.H.G. ströufen (*straupjan ) “abstreifen, mug, rob, plũndern,
umherstreifen ” = M.L.G. strӧ̄pen ds., O.E. be-strīepan ds., M.H.G. striefen (*streupan )
‘stripe”; M.H.G. strupfen ‘stripe, pick off, remove ”.
streudh - or streut -: O.E. strūdian and strūdan “plũndern” , strȳdan “mug, rob ”, M.L.G.
stroden , O.H.G. strutten ds.
References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.

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ster-5, sterǝ - : strē -, steru - : streu -
English meaning: to widen, to scatter
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ausbreiten, ausstreuen ”
Note: (compare ster- “ stare, stiff sein ”)
Material: A. O.Ind. str̥ṇǘti , str̥ṇṓti (eig. zur basis streu -), later also starati ‘streut (hin),
bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base ”, participle str̥tá-, stīrn ̣ a ́ -, Inf. stártavē and staritavüi ,
starītavē ;sva-stara- m. “eigene Streu ”, pra-stará - m. ‘streu, Polster; surface, plain, area,
Ebene” (= Russ. prostór “Raum, Geräumigkeit” ); stárī-man- n. “Ausbreitung, Ausstreuung ”
(ablaut. with Gk. στρ῵μα, Lat.strümen );
Av. star- (present starati , stǝrǝnaoti , stǝrǝnüti ) ‘sternere”, participle stǝrǝta - and starǝta -;
stairiš - n. ‘streu, lair, bed ”; urvarō -straya- “Niederhauen from Pflanzungen ”;
Gk. στόρνῡμι (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare ὀμόργνυμι ), στορέννῡ μι
(neologism), στρώννῡ μι (after στρ῵σαι ) “bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; ebne ”, Eol. perf.
ἐστόροται ; participle στρωτός ; στρ῵μα n. ‘streu, lair, rug, cover ”, στρωμνή ds.; στρατός (=
O.Ind. str̥tá-) “troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge ” (Cret. σταρτός with rearrangement
“eine Unterabteilung the Phyle ”), then “Heer” (in addition στρατιά , στρατεία , στρατηγός ), Eol.
στροτός ; zero grade στέρνον “brost” (“ausgebreitete surface, plain, area ”; compare O.H.G.
stirna “forehead ”, red.-st. O.Ind. stīrn ̣ a -, Welsh sarn, and o-grade O.C.S. strana );
Alb. shtrinj “breite from ” (str̥ni̯ō ); shtie “lay, place there, throw, cast, make eine
Fehlgeburt ” (*sterō ); shtrofkë “cover, cave, nest ”;
Lat. sternō, -ere “hinstreuen, hinbreiten; niederstrecken ”, participle strütus (*sterǝto ́ s ),
afterwards perf. strüvī ; prosternere (: Slav. prostьrą, O.Ind. pra-stará -); strümen ‘streu” (:
στρ῵μα; O.Ind. stárīman -); in addition with g-Erweit. strügēs “das Niederstũrzen, Hinsinken,
Verwũstung” (“*Hingestrecktsein ”), strügulus “zum About - or Unterbreiten helpful ”;

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O.Ir. sernim “breite from ” (= Lat. sternō ), cossair “bed” (*kom-stari- or stori- ), fossair
‘strohdecke ” (*upo-stori- ), sreth ‘strues” (*str̥tǘ), sreith “pratum”; from the heavy basis M.Ir.
srath (tu-stem) “beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund ” (not Lw.; Lat. Lw. are but
Welsh ystrad “valley”, Bret. strad “le fond, l ”endroit le plus bas ”); Welsh sarn ‘stratum,
pavimentum ” (*sterǝno-, Proto-Celt. * starno - : O.Ind. stīrn ̣ a ́ -);
O.H.G. stirna ‘stirne” (*sterni̯ü ), O.E. steornede “audacious ”;
Lith. strüja “with Stroh ausgelegter stall ”;
O.C.S. pro-stьrǫ -strěti (Russ. sterétь ) “ outspread “, prostranъ (*storno -) “breit”, strana
‘seite, region ”, Russ. storoná ds.; O.C.S. aRuss. etc. strojь “order”, strojiti “parüre” ;
perhaps here die partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr- eno-, *(s)trent- , (s)tron-t- beruhenden
forms:
Pruss.-Lith. trẽnis “region, place ” (compare O.C.S. strana , Proto-Slav. * stor-nü); O.Lith.
trenta “place, region, line ”; O.Ir. trēt (gen. trēoit ) “herd” (*trento -); O.Ice. strind f. ‘seite, edge;
land”; strǫnd “edge, beach, seaside ”, O.E. strand , LateM.H.G. strant (-d-), Ger. Strand ,
O.Ice. fer-strendr “viereckig ”.
B. extensions:
stre-k-: O.E. stregdan st. V. ‘strew, distribute, spray, allot ” (Präsensbildung as bregdan );
lengthened grade O.C.S. strěkati “prick”, ablaut. stroka “κέντρον, στίγμα” , Slav. *strъkati in
Cz. strkati “bump, poke ”, Serb. stȑcati ‘spray”.
streu -: Lat. struō , -ere (struxi , structum with analog. Gutt. after verbs with v from gʷ)
“ũbereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen” , struēs, struīx “heap, bulk, mass ”, Umbr.
struc̨la “*struiculam ”;
O.Bret. strouis ‘stravi” , Bret. streuein ‘strew, distribute ”;
Goth. straujan ‘strew, distribute ”, Nor. strøya , O.Ice. strü ‘strew, distribute, outspread “,
O.E. strē(o)wian , strēgan , O.H.G. streuwen, strouwen ‘strew, distribute ”; O.Ice. strü n.

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‘straw”, O.E. strēaw , O.H.G. strō, Ger. Stroh , post-verbal M.H.G. ströu , Ger. Streu ; Gmc.
strava ‘scheiterhaufen zur Siegesfeier ”; O.E. strēon n. “ richness, profit, gain, usury ”,
O.H.G. gi-striuni n. “profit, gain ”, O.E. strīenan “acquire, produce “; O.H.G. gi-striunan
“lucrari”, M.H.G. striunen ‘schnuppernd umherstreifen ”, Ger. bO.Ir. streunen “after Vorteilen
umhersuchen ”, nd. strũne “Gassendirne ”, eig. “die Umherstreifende ”;
whether here Serb. strovo “herabgeschũttelte Frũchte” , kroat. strovaliti ‘strew, distribute ”
and O.C.S. ostruiti, ostrujati “destroy” (“*apart streuen ”)??
References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.
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ster-6
English meaning: sterile
Deutsche Übersetzung: “unfruchtbar ”
Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- “ stiff “
Material: O.Ind. starī́- f. “unfruchtbare cow ”;
Arm. sterj “unfruchtbar, from animals ”, also sterd (*ster- dh-o- , -i̯o-);
Gk. στεῖρα f. “unfruchtbare ” (cow, wife, woman), στέριφος “unfruchtbar ” (and ‘starr”);
Alb. shtjerrë “young cow, lamb ”;
Lat. sterilis “unfruchtbar ”;
Goth. stairō f. “unfruchtbar ”, O.H.G. stero “aries, ram ”; with k- extended M.N.Ger. sterke
“young cow ”, O.E. stierc “calf”; Ice. stirtla “unfruchtbare cow ”;
Bulg. sterica “Gelte”.
References: WP. II 640 f., WH. II 589 f.
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(s)ter -7n-
English meaning: sharp stalk or thorn
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for stechende Pflanzenschäfte
Note: to ster- “ stare, stiff sein ”
Material: O.Ind. tŕ̥ṇa-m “Grashalm, grass, herb ”; Gk. τέρναξ “Artischocken-, Kaktusstengel ”;
Goth. Þau ́ rnus , O.Ice. O.E. Þorn , O.H.G. dorn “thorn”; O.C.S. trъnъ “thorn”, strъnь “Halm”.
References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.
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(s)ter -8
English meaning: dirty water, mud, smear
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “unreine Flũssigkeit, Mist; besudeln; verwesen”
Material: Av. star- ‘sich blemish, sũndigen” ;
Arm. t”arax, -ic̣, -oc̣ “pus, humeur ” (*tero-; besides o-grade perhaps:) Arm. t”or “that flows
down, that drops ”; Nor. stor n. “Faulen, Verwesen ”; R.C.S. stьrvъ, Russ. stérva “ carrion “;
without anlaut. s-: Lith. terménti ‘schmieren ”, Bulg. torъ “ manure”.
(s)terk̂-, nasal. (s)trenk̂ -:
Lat. stercus , -oris “Exkremente, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure ”, sterculīnum ,
sterquilīnum “ dunghill “; Welsh trwnc “Urin, yeast ”, Bret. stroñk “Menschenkot ”;
Welsh troeth “lye, Urin ”, troethi “mingere”, Bret. troaz “Urin” (*troktü or *tronktü ); Lith.
teršiu ̀ , ter̃šti ‘smudge”, apter̃šti ‘smudge”, tiršti “dickflũssig become” ; E.Lith. tręsiù , trę̃sti
“dũngen” (as Lat. stercorüre );
Lith. trąšà “ manure”, trèšti “faulen, verwesen ”, traškanos “pus in den Augen ”, wherefore
Mod.Ice. Þrür “faul, rancid “, Nor. traa ds., O.E. ðrōh “rancor”.
(s)terg -, (s)treg -:
Gk. στεργάνος κόπρων Hes.; τάργανον “ Weinessig ”; ablaut. τρύξ, -γός “young, still trũber
Wein, Weinhefe under likewise ”; expressive O.Ice. Þrekkr , M.H.G. drec, -ckes “ filth “;
probably also O.E. ðreax “caries”; perhaps Lat. troia ‘sow” (*trogi̯ü “die Dreckige ”), das but
also to M.Ir. trogaid “gebiert” belong could; whether O.Ir. torc, Welsh twrch , O.Corn. torch ,
Bret. tourc”h “boar” from *trogos after [p]orc- ‘swine” reshaped sei, is doubtful, yet could es
as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.
References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.
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(s)teu -1
English meaning: to push, hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, schlagen” under likewise
Note: with conservative extensions
Material: A. (s)teu -k-: Gk. τύκος “ hammer, chisel; Streitaxt ”, τυκίζω “ bearbeite Steine ”,
τυκάνη “ Dreschvorrichtung ” (by Hes. τυτάνη); O.Ir. toll “hollow”, toll “cave, hole ” (*tukslo- ),
Welsh twll “foramen”, adj. “perforatus ”, Bret. toull “hole”; probably O.H.G. dūken “press,
niederdrũcken” , O.E. ðȳ(a)n, ðēon “press, constrain, oblige, prick ” (see Genaueres under
tu̯enĝh - “beset”);
Ltv. tukstêt “knock”, taucêt “in mortar stampfen ”, R.C.S. istъknǫti “effodere”, O.C.S. tъkati
“to weave, prick ”, etc.;
maye Alb. (*stuk) thuk “mortar” common Alb. s- > th- phonetic mutation
O.Ice. styggr “angry, irate, unfreundlich ”, nl. stug, older stugge “ stiff, unfreundlich,
abstoßend” can originally “abstossend ” and “ stiff “ sein and in letzteren case with Lith.
stúkti (see under) under steugh - ‘steif dastehen ” combined become.
B. (s)teu -g-: O.Ind. tujáti , tuñjáti , tunákti “throngs, stößt” , Med. “kommt in schnelle
Bewegung ”;
M.Ir. tūag f. “axe” and “bow”, newer stūag , tūagaim “hit with the axe ”, tōcht “part, piece ”;
expressives *stoukkü in Bret. stuc”h “ arrowhead, feather “, stuc”henn “ fascicle, sheaf,
Brotschnitte ” (Ir. stūaic “Anhöhe, cusp, peak” etc. is Brit. Lw.); compare Ger. ‘stũck = piece”
and ‘s tauche” (Loth RC. 42, 320 ff.);
presumably Lith. stùngis “Messerstumpf ”, stúkti “in die Höhe ragen” ; and O.C.S. tъštati
sę “σπεύδειν” ;

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Swe. stuka “ũberwältigen” , Nor. stauka “bump, poke, injure, stottern ”, mnl. nnd. stūken
“bump, poke, aufschichten, astonish ”, Ger. verstauchen (from dem Nd.), Dutch verstuiken “
dislocate, luxate, crick “; O.Fris. stük “ stiff “ to Nor. stauka ;
M.L.G. stoken “prick, stochern ”, Eng. dial. stoke “das fire schũren” , Ger. stoche(r)n ;
without anlaut. s-: O.Ice. Þoka “rũcken, verändern, go” , O.E. ðocerian “umherlaufen ”;
O.H.G. M.H.G. stoc, -ckes ‘stock, staff, tree truck ” (probably “*abgeschlagener bough or
stem”, compare abstocken ), O.E. stocc ‘stick, stem, stump ”, O.Ice. stokkr “tree truck, picket,
pole, Block ”, next to which with the meaning “ stiff “ nd. stũck , M.H.G. Ger. stocken “ stiff
become”; O.Ice. stykki , O.E. stycce , O.H.G. stucki , Ger. Stũck ;
O.H.G. stūhha f., M.H.G. stūche m. f. “weit offener A ̈ rmel am Frauengewand (eig .
Ärmelstumpf ), Kopftuch ”, Ger. Stauche , M.L.G. stūke ‘stump , further A ̈ rmel” ; with ŭ: O.E.
stocu f. “long A ̈ rmel” ;
manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes “ stiff “ (from which “bump, poke”
has evolved), and for comparison with Lith. stúkti “in die Höhe stand” (O.Lith. staugine ́ti
“amble”, actually “ stiff, stolpernd go ”); compare Russ. stugnutь “ congeal, freeze (*stiff,
starr become?) ”, Gk. στύγες pl. “Eiskälte”, στύγος n. “ repugnance, hate ”, στυγέω “hasse,
verabscheue, dread ”, στύξ, gen. στυγός f. “das Verhaßte, f rost”; FlN ΢τύξ, see under S.
1035;
dubious and only under the assumption from “Ablautentgleisung ” possible is die affiliation
from Goth. stigqan “zusammenstossen with ”, ga-stigqan “anstossen ”, O.Ice. støkkva st. V.
‘spray”, Intr. “break, crack, spring, fall, run ”; O.E. stincan “ whisk, steam, whirl up; stink ”,
O.S. O.H.G. stincan ‘stink, smell”; Kaus. O.Ice. støkkva “verjagen, sprinkle ”, O.E. stencan
‘scatter”, M.H.G. steuken ‘stink make ”; O.S. stank , stunk , O.E. stenc ‘smell, odor, fetidness
“, O.H.G. stanc “ds., also Duft ”.

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C. (s)teu -d-: O.Ind. tundatē , tudáti ‘stößt, stachelt, sticht” , todá- m. ‘stachler, Lenker ”;
Arm. t”ndal, t”ndel “erschũttert become” ;
from dem Gk. presumably names as Συδεύς , Συνδάρεως ; doubtful τυννός “μικρός”
(“*zerstoßen” , O.Ind. tunná -? rather babble-word with consonant stretch as τυτθός “ganz
small; young “);
Alb. shtynj “poke, push ” (*studni̯ō );
Lat. tundō -ere, tutudī “bump, poke, hit, hammer ”, tudes, -itis “hammer”, tuditüre “violent
bump, poke ”, probably also tussis “ cough “ (if in addition Umbr. tuder “finem”, tuderato
“finitum”, so that “limit, boundary ” eig. “Endpunkt; whereof man anstößt” ?); studeō, -ēre
‘sich ernstlich worum bemũhen, eager betreiben, sich befleißigen” , studium ‘streben,
eagerness “ (“*whereupon aim ” from “whereupon hit ”);
O.Ir. do-tuit “fällt” (das t of pl. -tuittet from * -to-tudi̯ont ); O.Bret. ar-stud “cuspis”, Bret.
astuz “Ungeziefer ”, Welsh cystudd “pain”, etc.;
Goth. stautan (O.Ice. stauta schw. V.), O.S. stōtan , O.H.G. stōzan “bump, poke ”; M.H.G.
Ger. stutzen “with den Hörnern Stoßen, sudden stillestehen, zurũckprallen” , M.H.G. stotze
‘stem, clot, chunk ”; O.Ice. steytr , O.H.G. stōz “ shove “; O.H.G. stiuz, Ger. Steiß (with md. ei
for eu) actually “*abgestutzter Körperteil” (compare Ger. Stoß “die Schwanzfedern of
Vogels in the Jägersprache” );
O.Ice. stūtr “horn, stump, ox ”, M.L.G. stūt “thigh, rump ”; Swe. Nor. stota ‘stottern,
stumble”, Ger. (nd.) ‘stottern”; due to of nasal present O.Ice. stuttr ‘short”, O.E. styntan
‘stutzen” under likewise
D. (s)teu -p- (occasionally - b-, -bh-) “bump, poke ”; also ‘stick, stump ”.
O.Ind. pra-stumpáti (uncovered), tō ́ pati , tupáti , túmpati , tumpáti ‘stößt”, tūpará-
“ungehörnt” ;

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Gk. τύπτω “ hit”, τύπος “ blow, knock, Eindruck ”; στυπάζει βροντᾳ, ψοφεῖ ὠθεῖ Hes.,
στύπος ‘stick, Stiel, Stengel ”; with - bh- στυφελίζω “hit, mißhandle”, στυφλό ς “rough, steinig ”;
about στυφελό ς “herrisch” s. Leumann Homer. Wörter 269 f.;
Lat. stuprum ‘schande”, esp. “die Entehrung through Unzucht ” (originally “die dafũr
verhängte Prũgelstrafe” ?); stupeō , -ēre ‘starr stand; betäubt, betreten sein, stutzen” ,
stupendus “erstaunlich, staunenswert ”; with - b(h)- perhaps titubüre “wankeln, straucheln,
with the tongue anstoßen, stottern” ;
from * steub (h)-mü, *stoub (h)-mü: Welsh ystum f. “bend, turn, shape ”, Bret. stumm ds.
(ins Ir. borrowed M.Ir. stuaimm f. “ ability, capacity “), also “Flußbiegung” ; dastum “das
Einsammeln ” (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare O.E. stūpian ;
O.H.G. stobarōn “obstupēre” ;
O.Ice. stūfr ‘stump”, M.L.G. stūf adj. “dull”, stūven = O.Ice. styfa “abstumpfen, cavitate “;
O.Ice. stofn “ stump, foundation “; O.E. stofn ds., O.Ice. stubbr , stubbi m. ‘stump, trunk ”,
O.E. stybb n. “ stump “;
with Gmc. - p-: O.Ice. stūpa “emporragen ”, O.E. stūpian , mnl. stupen ‘sich bũcken” ;
ablaut. O.E. stēap “high, ragend ” (Eng. steep ‘steil”), M.H.G. stouf “hochragender rocks ”
(Hohestaufen ), M.H.G. stief ‘steil”; O.Ice. staup n. “hole, goblet ”; O.E. stēap , O.H.G. M.H.G.
stouf “goblet”; O.E. stoppa “Kũbel, bucket, pail “; from “abgestutzt = stolen; looted “
expounded sich O.Ice. stjūp - ‘stief-” (stjūpr ‘stiefsohn”), O.E. stēop -, O.H.G. stiof-, stiuf- ,
Ger. Stief- , O.E. übe-stīepan “mug, rob ”, ü-stīeped “verwaist”, O.H.G. ar-, bi-stiufan “the
parents or the Kinder berauben ”;
Ltv. staũpe “Pferdefußtapfen” ; stupe , stups “Besenstumpf; (abgebrochene) rod ”.
References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160.
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steu-2
English meaning: to praise
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut preisen ”
Note: only indo-Iran. under Gk.
Material: O.Ind. stü ́ uti , stávatē etc. “lobt, preist ”, participle stutá - “gepriesen ”, stutí- f. “Lob,
Preis”, stōta ́ r - “Lobsanger ” etc., Av. staoiti “lobt, preist, besingt; betet ”, participle stūta -,
stūiti-, staotar- etc., extended O.Ind. stō ́ bhati “preist, jauchzt ”; Gk. στεῦται “(*rũhmt sich)
verspricht boasting “.
References: WP. II 620.
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steu̯ǝ -
English meaning: to get dense or tight
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich verdichten, sich ballen ”
Note: perhaps stüu-, stǝu- : stū ̆ with stüi- : stī̆- : sti̯-ü- ‘sich verdichten, stocken ” as extension
eines *stü- auffaßbar
Material: O.Ind. ghr̥ta -stüvah ̣ acc. pl. “ lard, drip ”; pr̥thu -ṣṭu- “with a breiten Zopfe ”, stú-k-ü,
stuka- m. “ tuft of wool, Flocke ”, stōka ́ - m. “drip”, with the meaning-development “ clots,
roundish thing ”, probably Ltv. stũḱis “Wickelkind ” and O.Ind. stúka - m. “kid, child,
Tierjunges ”; O.Ind. stū ́-p-a- , stupá - m. “Haarschopf ”, Gk. *στύ̄πη, στύππη “ oakum “ (out of
it Lat. stūpa, stuppa ds); Gk. στύ̄φω “ pull together, make dense, hard, schmecke herb ”,
στῦμμα “ zusammenziehendes Withtel ”, στῦψις “ dasZusammenziehen, Beizen ”, στῡπτικό ς
“zusammenziehend ”, στῡφός , στῡφρός , στῡφνός “herb, zusammenziehend ”, στυμνό ς “tight,
firm, compact “; perhaps Gk. στύξ, στυγός in pl. “durchdringender frost , Eiseskälte”, στ ύγος
n. “(* shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate ”, στυγέ ω “hasse, verabscheue, dread ”, yet
compare above S. 1033;
Church Slavic studъ studь “coldness ”, stynǫti “erkalten” and styděti ‘sich schämen”
(“*erstarren ”); Russ. istygnutь , stugnutь “ congeal, freeze “.
References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.
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stē ̆ ib(h)-, stī̆b(h)-, stē ̆ ip-, stī̆p-
English meaning: pole, stick; stiff
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stange, Stecken; steif ” and “zusammendrängen” etc.
Material: 1. stē ̆ ib (h)-, stī̆b(h)-: O.Ind. stibhi - m. “Rispe, tussock “; Gk. στιφρός “dense
(zusammengedrängt), tight, firm, strong” , στῖφος n. “Zusammengedrängtes, heap” ;
Arm. stēp “frequent, often ”, as Subst. “ power, Zwang ”, stipem “dränge, zwinge” ; Gk.
στείβω “ make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete ”, στιπτό ς “tight, firm, thickset “, στιβαρός ds.,
στίβος m. “ the betretene Pfad ”, στιβάς, -άδος “ lair from Streu or straw etc. ”, στοιβή “das
Stopfen, Ausstopfung ”, στοιβάζ ω “häufe an”, στί̄ βη “ hoarfrost “;
O.C.S. stьblъ , stьblo (Russ. stébelь ) ‘stengel”, stьblije “καλάμη”; Lith. stáibiai
‘schienbeine ”, stíebas ‘stick, Pfeiler, Mast” , Ltv. stiba ‘staff, rod ”, O.Pruss. stibinis
‘schlittenbein ”, Lith. stībis “membrum virile ”: Lith. stiẽbtis ‘sich high uplift, set up ”, Ltv. stibt
“betäubt become” , Lith. stíebas ‘staff, Pfeiler, Mast ”, Ltv. stìebrs “ bulrush”.
2. stē ̆ ip -, stī̆p-: Lat. stīpes , -itis m. “picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole ”, stīpō , -üre “dense to
press together, zusammenhäufen, gedrängt vollstopfen” , obstīpus ‘seitwärts geneigt” ;
with ĭ: stipula f. “Halm, straw ”; unclear are stips, stipis “Geld, gift, Spende ”; stī̆pendium
‘soldatenlöhnung, tax, Tribut, Sold” (*stipi-pendiom ), stipulor , -ürī “bedinge mir from ”; Umbr.
steplatu, stiplato ‘stipulütō” ;
Gk. PN ΢τί̄πων to *στῑπος = O.E. stīf, M.H.G. (lit. md.) stīf “ stiff erect ”, besides altFris.
stef (?); M.L.G. stīvele “pad”, M.H.G. stīvel ds., O.Ice. stīfla “dämmen” (out of it Eng. stifle
“ersticken ”); with Gmc. p: nd. stīpel , stīper ‘stũtzholz”, Fris. stīpe “picket, pole ”, Eng. stipe
‘stengel”; M.L.G. stip, stippe “Punkt, Tupf ”, stippen “punktieren, prick “, M.H.G. steppen
“reihenweise sew, prick “, Ger. steppen ; M.L.G. stift ‘small nail, peg”, O.H.G. steft “cusp,

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peak, thorn, peg”; unclear are and. stiftōn “aedificare ”, O.H.G. M.H.G. stiften “feststellen,
grũnden, to build, anstiften” , Ger. stiften ;
Lith. stimpù stìpti “erstarren, verenden ”, stiprùs ‘strong”, pl. stipinaĩ “pad am sled “, Ltv.
stipt “ stiff become ”, ablaut. Lith. stiẽpti , Ltv. stiept “recken”; O.Pruss. postippin “whole”.
References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;
See also: to stüi- S. 1010.
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stē ̆ r-2
English meaning: star
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stern”
Material: O.Ind. instr. pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ , nom. pl. türah ̣ m. ‘sterne”, tarü f. ‘star”, Av. acc. sg. stü ̆ rǝm ,
gen. stürō , pl. nom. staras-ča, stürō , acc. strǝ ̄ uš , gen. strǝ ̄ m , dat. stǝrǝbyō ‘star”; Arm. astɫ,
gen. asteɫ ‘star, stars ”; Gk. ἀστήρ, -έρος ‘star”, collective ἄστρα “jũnger” ἄστρον ‘stern,
stars” (out of it Lat. astrum ), wherefore probably with ( ὠπ-)ὀπ-: (ἀ)στεροπή , ἀστραπή
“lightning, Wetterleuchten ”, στέροψ “flimmernd ”, (ἀ)στράπτω “flash, sparkle, glitter ”,
ἀστεροπητής , ἀστεροπαῖ ος “Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus) ”; without anl. s- (as O.Ind. türah ̣ , tarü)
τερέων gen. pl., with metr. lengthening τείρεα, τείρεσιν “Gestirne ”; Lat. stēlla ‘stern” (*stēr-
[o]lü, diminutive); Bret. sterenn , Corn. sterenn (pl. steyr ), Welsh seren ‘stern” (pl. ser), M.Ir.
ser ‘stern” (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade Gaul. GN Dɦirona , Sirona ; Goth.
staírnō , O.H.G. sterno , O.N. stjarna ‘stern” and O.H.G. O.S. sterro , O.E. steorra ‘stern”
(*sters - to s-stem *steros ?), O.Fris. stēra ‘stern” (or stēre f.).
Maybe Alb. (*Hstēr-[o]lü, diminutive > abbreviated hyll ‘star”.

O.Ind. instr. pl. str ̥́ bhih ̣ , nom. pl. türah ̣ m . ‘stars”, tar ü f. ‘star”, Av. acc. sg. st ü ̆ rǝm , gene.
stür ō, pl. nom. staras- a , stür ō , acc. str ǝ ̄ uš , gene . str ǝ ̄ m , dat. stǝrǝby ō ‘star”; poor. ast
ɫ, gen.aste ɫ “ star, stars “; Gk. ἀστήρ, - έρος ‘star”, collective ἄστρα “ more recently ” ἄστρον
“ star, stars “ (from it Lat. astrum), for what probably with ( ὠπ-) ὀπ: (ἀ) στεροπή , ἀστραπή “
flash, summer lightning “, στέροψ ‘shimmering ”, (ἀ) στράπτω “ flashes, sparkle “,
ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος “ Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus) “; without on the occasion of s-(how
O.Ind. türah ̣ , tar ü) τερέων gene. pl., with metr. Stretch τείρεα, τείρεσιν ‘stars”; Lat. stēlla
‘star” (*stēr -[o] l ü, diminutive); Bret. sterenn, Corn. sterenn (pl. steyr), Welshseren ‘star” (pl.

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stomen -
English meaning: mouth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mund”
Material: Av. staman - n. “muzzle (of dog) ”; Gk. στόμα n. “mouth”, στόμαχος (-gho-forms)
“throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, stomach ”; lengthened grade
στωμύλος “mundfertig, gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering; artig plaudernd ”,
στωμύλλω “plaudere ”, στωμυλία “Geschwätzigkeit” (daß ved. stümú- perhaps “tönend,
stöhnend” bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: Welsh safn “ maxilla “;
sefnig “throat”, O.Corn. stefenic “palate”, M.Bret. staffn , Bret. staoñ ds.
References: WP. II 648.
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storos , stornos (str̥nos ?)
English meaning: a kind of bird (starling)
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘star and Vögel ähnlichen Lauteindrucks”
Material: Lat. sturnus, - ī m. ‘star”, from *str̥nos or *stornos , in latter case = O.E. stearn
‘seeschwalbe ”, O.Pruss. starnite “ seagull” (Ms. stamite ); compare also Cz. strnad , Russ.
strenátka “Goldammer ”?
O.H.G. star(a), Ger. Star, O.Ice. stari, O.E. stær, Dimin. stærling ds.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.
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streig -1
English meaning: to stop, be immovable
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stehenbleiben, steckenbleiben, innehalten ”
Material: Lat. strigō, -üre ‘stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren) ”, wherefore
probably also obstrigillō, -üre “hemmend entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein ”; Nor.
strika (*strikōn =strigüre ) “einhalten, stoppen ”, striken “obstructive ”, strīka st. V. “den run,
flow hemmen, stoppen ”; Lith. straigūti “hineinstoßen” , stringù , strìgti ‘steckenbleiben ”, Ltv.
striêgt and strigt “ sink in “ (eig. ‘steckenbleiben ”), straignis “morass”; Slav. *stręg -ti in Pol.
zastrząc , ustrząc .
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.
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streig -2
English meaning: stiff
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘steif, straff ” and “zusammendrehen, Strick ”
Note: probably extension from ster- “ stare “
Material: Lat. stringō, -ere, strictus in the meaning ‘straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie “;
Nor. dial. strīkja “die Augen aufsperren, to swell ”, strīk, strek “ein aufgeschossener knave,
boy”; *strikki- “rope” in O.Fris. strik, M.L.G. strik (-ck-), O.H.G. M.H.G. stric (-ck-) “rope”;
therefrom M.L.G. stricken “ lace, tie, bind, knit “, O.H.G. strickan “heften, festschnũren, knit
“, O.E. strician “ knit, ausbessern ”.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.
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(s)treig -3, streid(h) -
English meaning: to hiss
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zischen, schwirren ”; Schallwort
Material: Gk. τρίζω, τέτρῑγα “zirpe, schwirre, knirsche ”, τριγμός (neologism τρισμός ) m. “das
Zirpen, Schwirren ”, τρί̄γλη ‘seebarbe”, τρῑγόλας “Knurrhahn ”; στρίγξ , -γγός f., also στρίξ ,
στλίξ ; στρίγλος Hes. “ein Nachtvogel ”, Lat. strīx, -gis f. “Ohreule”, strīd(e)ō, -ē̆re, strīdī “hiss,
schwirren, schrillen ”.
References: WP. II 651, WH. II 606.
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strenk -, streng -
English meaning: stiff, tight
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘straff, beengt ” under likewise ; ‘strang, zusammendrehen,
zusammenziehen ”
Note: (as by ster-g- , stre-g- , see under ster- “ stare “)
Material: Gk. στραγγός “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “; through eine
schmale aperture tröpfelnd” (στραγγουρ ία ‘striktur”), στράγξ, -γγός f. “ aussickernder,
ausgedrũckter drip”, στραγγεύεσθαι ‘sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate ”,
στραγγάλη f. ‘strang, rope, loop, noose, snare “, στραγγαλεύω, -ίζω, -όω (from which Lat.
strangulō ) “erdroßle”, στρογγύλος (from *στραγγύλος) “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved = round “;
M.Ir. srengim “pull, drag ”, sreng “rope”, srincne “Nabelschnur ” (strengīni̯ü );
Ltv. stringt ‘stramm become; wilt ” (“*shrink up “), strangs “gamy, fresh ” (Lituanismus);
in Germanischen from the root form auf k or gh: O.Ice. strengr “cord, Strang, stripe,
schmaler stream ” (*strangi -), O.E. streng m. “cord, Strang ”, O.H.G. stranc (-g-), Ger.
Strang ; denominative O.Ice. strengja “festbinden, shut ”;
with other meaning O.Ice. strangr “violent, strong, stern, hard ”, O.E. O.S. strang ds.,
strenge ‘stern”, M.L.G. strenge , O.H.G. strengi ‘sharp, strong, valiant, stern ”, and O.E.
strengan “befestigen ”, M.H.G. strengen ‘strecken, urge, press, push ”, Ger. anstrengen ;
Nor. strungen “ stiff or beklemmt in stomach ”; O.Ice. strangi m. “tree truck ”;
from the root form auf IE voiced-nonaspirated: O.S. strunker “aufgerichtet, straight ”, Nor.
Dan. strunk “ds., stout, proud ”, Nor. strunken = strungen (see above), M.H.G. strunk “ stalk,
stem of a plant “, M.L.G. strunk ‘stengel”, M.H.G. strunken, strunkeln ‘straucheln ”, (could
also nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);

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(s)trep -, (s)treb -
English meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wild lärmen, schreien under likewise” ; Schallwurzel
Material: Lat. strepō, -ere “make a noise, cry, rausche ”; perhaps the Ital. FlN Trebia ;
Ice. Þrefa “quarrel, squabble ”, O.Ice. Þrapt n. “gossip”, O.E. Þræft n. “discord, quarrel ”,
M.L.G. drevelinge ds. (with p: O.Ice. Þrapr “ babbler “, Þrap n. “garrulitas ”);
compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)- “hiss, schwirren ” and Lat. stertō ‘schnarche ”.
References: WP. II 649 f., WH. II 602.
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su-, sū-
English meaning: well, good
Deutsche Übersetzung: “probably, gut ” as 1. composition part
Material: O.Ind. su-, Av. hu-, O.Pers. u-, e.g. in O.Ind. su-drú- ‘strong wood ”, su-bhága -
“lucky, beglũckend” , Av. hu-baɣa- “good Eheglũck gewährend” ;
Gk. ὑγιής “fit, healthy ” (*su-gʷii̯ēs “wohllebend ”);
Gaul. su- (e.g. Su-carus =) Welsh hy-gar “liebenswũrdig” , Corn. hy-, Bret. he-, O.Ir. su-,
so- (e.g. su-thain “ eternal “, so-scél(a)e “Evangelium ”);
Gmc. sū ̆- in Su-gambri VN, O.Ice. sū-svǫrt f. ‘schwarzamsel ” (“die whole Schwarze ”);
Lith. sūdrus “horny, lustful, luscious ”; O.C.S. sъdravъ “ὑγιής” , Cz. zdravū (compare
above O.Ind. su-drú-) etc.; Slav. *sъbožьje , Cz. zboží “Besitztum ” from *sъ-bogъ (= O.Ind.
subhága -, above S. 107);
su- is zero grade to *su̯e- (above S. 882 f.); compare O.Ind. sva- in sva-dhü = su-dhü
‘sũßer Trank” (above S. 241), svá-dhita- = sú-dhita- “tight, firm, fit, healthy ”;
References: WH. II 512 , E. Fraenkel Me ́ l . Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.
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su̯ād-
English meaning: sweet
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sũß; an etwas Geschmack, Freude finden”
Material: 1. su̯üdú -s ‘sweet”: O.Ind. svüdú-, f. svüdvī́ ‘sweet, mellifluous ”; Gk. ἡδύς , f. -εῖα (*-
εFια), -ύ, Dor. ἁδύς ‘sweet”; with formants -mo-: ἅ̄δυμος , Hom. ἥδυμος “pleasant ”; Lat.
suüvis (*su̯üdu̯is ) ‘sweet”; O.S. swōti , O.H.G. suozi , O.E. swēte , O.Ice. sø ̄ tr ‘sweet”; Gaul.
PN Suadurīx , -genus , Ir. Sadb f. PN; about Goth. sutis “ peaceful, gentle ”, s. Mayrhofer KZ
71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.
compar. superl. O.Ind. svádīyas -, Gk. ἡδίων; O.Ind. svü ́ dis ̣ ṭha - = Gk. ἥδιστος;
2. su̯ǘdos - n. Sũßigkeit, satisfaction “ : ved. prá-svüdas - “ mellifluous, pleasant ”, μελιηδή ς
“ mellifluent “, ἧδος n. “ vinegar “ (Gk. ἦδος n. “ benefit, advantage ”, absents).
3. su̯üdonom , -ü: O.Ind. svü ́ danam , Gk. ἡδονή f. “lust”.
4. verbs and other nominal formation:
O.Ind. ved. svüdatē “is erfreut, enjoys ” = Gk. ἥδομαι (böot. Fἅ̄ δομη) “ freue mich ”;
Av. x ̌üstō “ through Kochen gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled ” = O.Ind. svütta ́ -
“gewũrzt” ; O.Ind. svü ́ da - m. “taste, Wohlgeschmack ”, Bal. vüd ‘salt” (Withtelbegriff “Wũrze” );
causative respectively intensive svüda ́ yati (= Lat. suüdeō , see below) and svadáyati
‘schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, genießen” , zero grade sūdayati “gehörig einrichten,
good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy ” (with the same ablaut grade perf. suṣūdimá ;
sūdü - m. “Koch”, Lith. súdyti , Goth. sūtis);
with analog. ů: svádati “makes schmackhaft, wũrzt” , svádate ‘schmeckt”, participle
svattá -; nasalized Av. x ̌andra -kara- “angenehmes tuend = compliant ”, afgh. x ̌and
“Wohlgeschmack, pleasure ” (compare Gk. ἁνδά̄νω);

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Gk. ἥδομαι (see above); ἄσμενος “ erfreut”, not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist
ἥσατο (the Lenis unexplained) ; *αFᾱδεω, *αηδεω ( Hom. ἀηδήσειε, ἀδηκότες) “ bin querulous
“, lokr. FεFαδηκότα (ᾱ or ᾰ?); ἁνδάνω “ gefalle”, Aor. Hom. εὔαδε, gortyn. ἔFαδε, perf. ἕᾱδα
(: O.Ind. sasvadē ), ἀφανδάνω “mißfalle” (ἀφαδία “enmity”), Ion. ἅδος m. “ decision”, ἅδημα
Hes. ds., αὐθά̄ δης, Ion. αὐτώδης “hubristic, overbearing, selbstgefällig” (*αὐτοFάδης),
ἀFαδής “ querulous “, whereof ἀαδεῖν ὀχλεῖν, ἀπορεῖν Photios; this -es-stem ἅδος is
previously Gk. neologism from ἁνδάνω from;
Lat. suüdeō, -ēre “rate” (i.e. “mache einem etwas gefallen ”);
Lith. sū ́ dyti “ spice, salzen ”;
perhaps here O.E. swatan pl. “beer”, schott. swats “fresh gebrautes beer ”.
Maybe Alb. (*hu̯üd -) anda “appetite, desire, wish ” related also to Hittite anza “desire”???

Root su̯üd - : sweet
Root ad(u)- , ad-ro-
English meaning: water current

Root akʷü- (more properly ǝkʷü): ēkʷ-
English meaning: water, river
Root from-
English meaning: to draw (water), ladle
Root au̯(e)-9, au̯ed -, au̯er-
English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc..

References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f.
Page(s): 1039-1040

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su̯eid -1
English meaning: to shine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “glänzen, schimmern”
Material: Av. x ̌aēna - “glũhend, lohend” (*x ̌aēdna -); Lat. sīdus , -eris ‘stars”, consīderüre
“betrachten ”, dēsīderüre “long, want ”;
Lith. svidùs “blank, gleaming ”, svūsti “to gleam begin ”, svidù , -e ́ti “gleam”, Ltv. svī́st
“anbrechen, of days ”, sváidīt “anoint” (eig. “gleam make ”);
ein similar * su̯eit -, but in the meaning ‘singe, burn ” in O.Ice. svīða , O.H.G. swīdan “burn”;
in addition probably as Aoristpräs. O.H.G. swedan ‘schwelend verbrennen ” and with
Ablautentgleisung O.E. swaðul ‘smoke”, M.H.G. swadem “Rauch schwaden , haze, mist ”
under likewise
References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.
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su̯eid -2
English meaning: to sweat; sweat n.
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwitzen ”
Material: O.Ind. svídyati , svē ́ datē ‘schwitzt”, svē ́ da - m. = Av. xvaēda - ‘schweiß” (= Gmc.
*swaita -);
Arm. k”irt-n, gen. - an ‘schweiß” (rt from dr, compare Gk. ἱδρώς, Ltv. sviêdri ); Gk. (ε)ἶδος
(Ion.) n. ‘schweiß”, Hom. etc. ( ε)ἰ/δίω, Att. ἰ̄δί̄ω ‘sweat”, ἰ̄δρώς, -῵τος , Att. ἱ̄δρώς probably
after εὐρώς , -῵τος “Moder” from dem originally - os-stem from Hom. dat. ἱδρῶ, acc. ἱδρ῵-
(grown from IE *su̯idro -), ἱδρώω ‘sweat” (*ἱδρωσ -ι̯ω);
Alb. dirsë , djersë “ sweat “, djers “ to sweat “ (with s from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drōxti̯ō);
Note:
Alb. usually developed zero grade by dropping the initial su- > zero as in O.Ind. śváśura -,
Av. x ̌asura - “father -in-law” > Alb. vjehërr “ father- in-law “, hence Alb. djersë “ sweat “
(*sūderis ) reflects the same phonetic mutation attested in Gk. (ε)ἶδος ( Ion.) n. “ sweat “,
Hom. etc. (ε)ἰ/δίω, Att. ἰ̄δί̄ω ‘sweat”, ἰ̄δρώς, -῵τος, Att. ἱ̄δρώς “ sweat “. That means that Gk.
and Illyr. cognates were created simultaneously hence both languages derived from the
same Proto-Illyr.-Gk. mother tongue. Since Gk. displays the same phonetic mutations as
Alb. and Illyr. that means that both Illyr. and Gk. come from the same ancestor.
Yet in Alb. -s didn”t derive from ti̯ in present *su̯í-drōxti̯ō as previously thought because Alb.
djersë “ sweat “ is a truncated form of earlier Alb. (*sūderis ). Often modern Alb. solidified
Illyr. and Gk. -os, - es, endings or dropped them altogether.
Rom. sudoare ‘sweat”
Lat. sūdor , -ōris ‘schweiß” (*su̯oidōs ), sūdō , -üre ‘schwitzen ”;
kymr. chwys , Corn. whys , Bret. c”houez ‘schweiß” (*su̯idso -);

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O.E. swüt, O.S. swēt, O.H.G. sweiz m. ‘schweiß”, O.Ice. sveiti m. ds.; O.H.G. swizzen (=
O.Ind. svídyati ) ‘schwitzen ”, Kaus.-Iter. O.H.G. sweizzan , M.H.G. sweizen ‘schweiß shed,
bluten, damp become ”, M.H.G. also “hot make, rösten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhämmern,
schweißen ” (= O.Ind. svēda ́ yati “läßt schwitzen ”);
Ltv. sviêdri pl. ‘schweiß” , svîstu , svîst ‘schwitzen ”, svîdêt ‘schwitzen make ”.
References: WP. II 521, WH. II 623, Trautmann 295.
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su̯ei-, su̯i- (*ĝʷhei - : kṣu̯ēi )
English meaning: to hiss, whistle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zischen, pfeifen ”, Schallwort
Note: extended su̯eizd -; Ital. and Gmc. su̯eighl -
Material: IE Alters is *su̯eizdō : O.Ind. kṣvēḍati , kṣvēdati ‘saust, braust, summt ” common
O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- phonetic mutation
(if kṣ- onomatopoeic words Schallverstärkung eines from * svaiẓdati assimilierten
*svaiẓdati ); O.Ir. sēt- “(ein Instrument) blow ”, M.Ir. airfitiud “ through Musik ergötzen” , O.Ir.
ind fet ‘sibilus”, Ir. fead “a whistle ” (*swizdü ), M.Ir. fetán ‘shepherd’s pipe”, Welsh chwythu
“blow, (ein Instrument) blow ”, chwyth “das blast ”, chwythell “Pfeife” (chwib ds., hybridization
from chwyth with pib “Pfeife” from Lat. pīpa), Corn. whythe, whethe , Bret. c”houeza “blow”;
O.C.S. svistati, zvizdati ‘sibilüre” (kann from * svizdati assimil. sein);
Gk. σίζω “ fizz “, Aor. ἔσιξα (σίξις, σιγμό ς “das Zischen ”) is similar onomatopoeic word
formation as Ltv. sīkt ds.;
also Lat. sībilō , -üre “hiss, whistle ”, sībilus “zischend; das Zischen ”, sekundär sīfilō, sīfilus ,
compare zero grade Goth. swiglōn “die flute blasen, whistle ”, O.H.G. swëglōn ds., swëgala
“flute” (*su̯ighlü -);
maybe through metathesis in Alb. (*swëgala ) fishkëllej “whistle”.
similarly, but without geschichtlichen connection with obigen words also Pers. siflīden
“whistle, chirp, twitter ”, O.C.S. sipota “ hoarseness “, sipnǫti “ become hoarse “, Cz. sípati
“hiss, hoarse become ”.
References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.
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su̯ekrū́ -
English meaning: mother-in law or father- in-law
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mutter of Ehemannes ”
Material: O.Ind. śváśura -, Av. x ̌asura - “father- in-law”, O.Ind. śvaśrū́ - ‘schwiegermutter ”;
Pers. χusrū ds.;
Arm. skesur ‘schwiegermutter ” from * k̂u̯ek̂urü ), afterwards skesrair “father- in-law”,
actually “man the Schwiegermutter ”;
maybe Alb. (*skes) shkes “messenger of the groom ”
Gk. ἑκυρός “father- in-law, under between the father of Ehemanns ”, ἑκυρά̄
‘schwiegermutter ”;
Alb. vjehërr “father -in-law”, vjéherrë ‘schwiegermutter ”; [common Alb. shift sv- > v- , or drop
of the initial s-]

Lat. socer , -eri “father -in-law”, socrus, - ūs ‘schwiegermutter ”; Welsh chwegr , Corn. hweger
‘schwiegermutter ”, neologism Welsh chwegrwn , Corn. hwigeren “father -in-law”; O.H.G.
swehur , O.E. swēor ‘schwäher” , O.H.G. swigar , O.E. sweger (*sweʒ-rū ́) ‘schwiegermutter ”;
Goth. swaíhrō = O.N. svæ ̄ ra ‘schwiegermutter ” (*swehrōn -), neologism Goth. swaíhra
“father- in-law” (*swehran- ), as also Ger. Schwiegervater after Schwieger(mutter) for
Schwäher ;
Lith. še ̃ šuras “father- in-law”; O.C.S. svekry ‘schwiegermutter ” (-kr- through dissimilation
against den anlaut not to -sr- geworden), whereupon m. svekrъ “father- in-law”;
lengthened grade: O.Ind. śvüśura - “zum father- in-law gehörig” , O.H.G. swügur
(*su̯ēkurós ) “brother -in-law (*son of Schwiegervaters) ”, also “father -in-law, son- in-law”.
References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588.

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su̯ek-
English meaning: to smell (well)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(gut) riechen ”
Note: only Brit. and WestGmc.
Material: Welsh chweg ‘sweet, pleasant ”, Corn. whek , Bret. c”houek ; Welsh chwaeth
(*su̯ekto -) “taste”; O.H.G. swehhan ‘smell, stink, spring up, bubble ”; with gemination O.H.G.
swekhe , sueckia pl. “odores”, O.S. swec ‘smell, odor, Duft ”, O.E. swecc , swæcc “taste,
smell, odor, Duft ”, sweccan ‘smell”.
References: WP. II 521.
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su̯ek̂s , sek̂s, ksek̂s , ksu̯ek̂s , u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) (*ghe -ska)
English meaning: six
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sechs”
Material: O.Ind. ṣáṭ (from saṭṣ), Av. xšvaš ; Arm. vec̣ (in vat’sun “60” is a from e umgelautet);
Gk. ἕξ, dial. Fέξ (knidisch ξέστριξ “ 6-lined barley ”, maybe from * ξεξ); Alb. [attribute noun]
gjashtë ‘six”;
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation], hence Alb. gjashtë ‘six” from
an ordinal number (* ghek̂s -ta) : O.Ind. ṣáṭ ‘six”, ṣaṣṭhá - ‘sixth” was initially an ordinal
number.
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to Alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight” : Alb.
teta “eight”; Lycian ñuñtãta “nine” : Alb. nanda “nine”. Therefore Alb. shtata ‘seven” derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata ‘seven” later O.Ind. saptáthaḥ , Av. haptaϑa-, O.S. sivotho , O.E.
seofoða , Lith. septiñtas ; also O.Ind. saptatí -, Av. haptüiti - 70; in Alb. -ta, -të are attribute
endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute ta (used in the
genitive and adjectives) is unique to Alb. language alone.
Therefore Alb. teta “eight” is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) “eight”. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Lat. octuügintü “80”].
Alb.Tosk nanta , Gheg nanda “ nine “ derived from Lycian ñuñtãta “nine”.
Slav. , Gmc. , Balt languages follow illyr-Alb. attribute -ta ending.
Lat. sex; O.Ir. sē “6”, seser “6 man”, mōr-feser “magnus seviratus, 7 man ”, Welsh etc.
chwech “6”; Goth. saihs , O.Ice. sex, O.H.G. sehs ; Lith. inflectional šešì; O.C.S. šestь (=
O.Ind. ṣaṣṭí -); Toch. A ṣäk, В ṣkas; compare Lat. sēdecim: O.Ind. ṣōḍaśa 16 ( Av.
xšvašdasa - “the 16.”).

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ordinals: O.Ind. ṣaṣṭhá -, Av. xštva -; Arm. vec̣erord ; Gk. ἕκτος; Alb. i-gjashtëtë , i-gjashtë ;
Illyr. Sestus ; Lat. sextus , sestus (Sestius , Osc. ΢εστιες, Umbr. sestentasiaru
‘sextantariürum” ; IE probably *s(u̯)ek̂tos , in Lat. and Gmc. with Eindringen of s from the
Grundzahl); Gaul. suexos , O.Ir. sessed , Welsh chweched ; Goth. saíhsta , O.H.G. sehsto,
sehto , O.Ice. sētte ; Lith. še ̃ štas , O.Pruss. m. zero grade uschts , compare O.Lith. ušios
“Wochenbett ” (O.Pruss. Lw.), genuine Lith. še ̃ šios ds.: O.C.S. šestъ ; Toch. A ṣkäṣt, В
ṣkaste .
It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:
East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian sette,
Lebanese setti, Cypriot sítte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan ‘sitta, N African (Darja)
sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta,
Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t- t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shêsh, Modern Hebrew
shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic shé:” tta:, Classical Syriac+ “eshta:,
Syriac “ishta, Van ishta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) “hatteh,
(Sheri) shet, Socotra yha”T, N Ethiopic : Geez+ si ddistu, Tigre ses, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya
shuddusht e, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage
seddest, Gafat+ seddestä, Soddo seddest, Goggot seddest, Muher seddest, Masqan
seddest, CW Gurage sedest, Ennemor sedest.

Egyptian : Egyptian+ s-y -s-w, (Recons.) sar’saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English
six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sæks, Dutch zes, W/S

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Flemish zèsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon söß, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass,
Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex,
Cimbrian sèks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfränkisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex, Luxembourgeois
sechs, Swiss German sächs, Yiddish zeks, Middle High German+ sëhs, Old High German+
sehs, Northern: Runic+ sæx, Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danish seks, Swedish sex,
Faroese seks, Old Icelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex, Eastern: Gothic+ saíhs, Crimean+ seis,
Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex, Romance: Mozarabic+
xaix, Portu guese seis, Galician seis, Spanish seis, Ladino sex, Asturian seis, Aragonese
seis, Catalan sis, Valencian sis, Old French+ sis, French six, Walloon shijh, Jèrriais six,
Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provençal) sièis, Lengadocian sièis,
Gascon shèis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco- Provençal (Vaudois) sî, Rumantsch
Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian sîs, Ladin síes, Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei,
Piedmontese sés, Milanese sés, Genovese sei, Venetian sié, Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei,
Umbrian séi, Neapolitan sèië, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase, Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite
s,asi, Istriot s,åse, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex, Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-
Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton c”hwec”h, Vannetais huéh, Unified
Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+ hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old
Irish+ se, Irish sé, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-),
Classical Greek+ héx, Greek éksi, Cypriot éksi, Tsakonian ékse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+
säk, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjashtë, Gheg (Qosaj) gh”asht, Tosk
(Mandritsa) g”áshtë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vech, Armenian vec, Baltic West :
O.Pruss.+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian sheshì, Latvian seshi, Latgalian seshi, Slavic East :
Russian shesth, shest ”; Belarussian shesthh, shesc ”; Ukrainian sh--sth, shist ”; West :
Polish szes”c”, Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech shest, Slovak shest”, West shest,
East shesc, Upper Sorbian shêsc” , Lower S orbian sêsc” , South: Old Church Slavonic+

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shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo -Croat shêst, Slovene shest, Indo-Iranian:
Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron æxsæz, Digor æxsæz,
Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+ “x, Sogdian+ wghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+
Saka+ k säta”, Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a: xshe, Yidgha u xsho, Ishkashmi xu,l,
Sanglechi
Shughn xo:gh, Rushani xu:,w, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) xel, Parachi xi, Ormuri
sh.ah, Western NorthWest : Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shæsh, Khunsari
shäsh, Gazi shösh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash, Gilaki
shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh,
Baluchi shesh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sheshsh, Kermanji
(S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Bajalani shish, Kermanshahi shäsh, SouthWest
: Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahani shish, Tajik shash, Tati shæsh, Chali
shesh, Fars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani
Ashkun shû:, Wasi -weri wu: sh, Kati shu, Kalasha-ala shu:, Indic : Sanskrit+ s.O.S., Prakrit+
ch”a, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish jol, Welsh shov, Kalderash
shov , Syrian sha:s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese -Maldivian: Sinhalese haya,
Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie, Northern India Dardic: Kashmiri shah, Shina
sha, Brokskat sa, Phalura shoh, Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali sho:, Wotapuri sho:,
Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sho, Khowar chhoy, Dameli sho, Gawar-bati shuo:, Pashai chha,
Shumashti shoo, Nangalami so:, Dumaki sha, Western: Marathi seha, Konkani sô, Sindhi
cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda ch”e:, Central: Hindi/ Urdu chai, Parya chhe, Punjabi che, Siraiki
chi, Gujarati che, Rajasthani (Marwari) ch ”aw, Banjari (Lamani) cho, Malvi ch”e:, Bhili so:,
Dogri ch ”e:, Kumauni ch”ai, Garhwali ch”ai:, W Pahari tsh o:, Khandeshi ch”a, East Central:
Nepali cha, Maithili ch”a:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri chæ, Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi
ch”e:, Eastern: Oriya cha”a, Bengali choy, Assamese sei, Mayang soy.

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Dravidian
NorthWest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa /
a:r, Naiki
Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda
Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South : Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru,
Kodagu a:rũ, Kurumba -a.r u, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru,

Nahali
Nahali cha:h,

Basque
Basque sei

Etruscan
Etruscan+ sa

References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS 1944,
54 f.
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s(u̯)ekʷo -s
English meaning: sap, pitch, *blood
Deutsche Übersetzung: “pflanzlicher Saft; Harz ”
Material: Gk. ὀπός “Pflanzensaft, Baumharz ”, ὀπόεις ‘saftig”, whereof the PN ᾽Οπόεις
(inschr. hοποντίων);
Ltv. svakas f. pl., umgelautet svek”is, pl. svek”i “resin, Gummi ”, Lith. sakaĩ pl., O.Pruss.
sackis ds. “juice, sap the Pflanzen and Frũchte” ; with transference aufs tierische Russ.
osoka “Bluteiter”, Clr. posoka “blood eines animals ” and Alb. gjak “blood”.
Note:
Alb. (*sak) gjaku “blood” [common Alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly Alb. cognate derived from Lat.
sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) “blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family, progeny;
life-blood, strength, vigor ”.
Also Gk. (*saina) αἷμα “ blood”, O.H.G. seim “ honey “, Sansk. soma “blood of animals, sap
of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink ”
From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: * sē ̀ gu ̀
English meaning: healthy; blood
Turkic protoform: * sạg
Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)
Tungus protoform: *sēgV -
Korean protoform: * sà”ó-náb-
Japanese protoform: * sùkù -jaka
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.
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su̯el-1(k-)
English meaning: to swallow, eat, drink
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlingen, essen, trinken ”? Nur Iran. and Gmc. ?
Material: Av. x ̌ar- “ enjoy, consume “; Eng. swill “ devour, drink greedily “ (also “ swill, flush
“, as O.E. swillan , swillian ), M.L.G. swellen “ live excessively “,
Ice. sollr “ carousal “; Nor. soll “ milk with lump bread “, O.Ice. hræ ̄ sollr “ blood “ (“*wet and
lumpy “); O.Ice. sollr “ swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen refuse, used for pig-
food, pigswill “ (which has also the meaning in Eng. swill );
maybe Alb. (*swill) sillë “food, breakfast ”, (*swell ) gjellë “food, dish ” [common Alb. s- > gj-
shift] similar to alb (* sak) gjak “blood”.
from an extension su̯elk -: O.H.G. swelhan and swelgan “ swallow, drink “, O.E. swelgan ,
O.Ice. svelga , Ger. schwelgen ; O.Ice. svelgr “ whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton “, M.L.G.
M.H.G. swalch “ throat “, Ger. Schwalch “ Opening of the furnace “, nd. swalgen “ suffocate
“; Swe. svalg , svulg “ throat “, O.Ice. sylgr “ gulp “.
Maybe Alb. (*svel) vel “overeat, eat too much ” [the common Alb. shift SV > V], vjell “vomit
(from eating too much ”.
References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;
See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. u̯elk-.
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su̯el-2
English meaning: to smoulder, burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwelen, brennen ”
Material: O.Ind. svárati “radiates, shines “; svargá - m. “ sky “;
Gk. εἵλη, εἴλη, ἕλη f. “ solar warmth, sunlight “, γέλαν αὐγήν ἡλίου, lak. βέλα Hes., ἐλάνη “
flambeau, torch “, assim. ἑλένη Hes., ΏΕλένη originally a light goddess; zero grade ἀλέα f. “
solar warmth “, ἁλεαίνω “ warms up “, ἀλεεινός “hot”, ἁλυκρός (Nikand.) “warm”;
uncertain affiliation from σέλας n. “ Shine “, σελήνη, Eol. σελάννα “ moon “ (*σελασνᾱ ),
σελαγεῖν “ shine “;
maybe Alb. (*σελαγεῖν ) *xelagein , shkëlqen ‘shines”
maybe Alb. (*σελάννα) hana “ moon “ similar to Alb. (* sūli-) hũl, ũl “ star, planet, *sun “ [the
shift s > h ];
Alb. and Gk. prove that from Root sü ́ u ̯ el -, süu ̯ ol -, suu̯él -, su̯el-, sūl- : (sun) derived Root
su̯el-2 : (to smoulder, burn).
O.E. swelan st. V. “ burn, is ignited “, M.L.G. swelen schw. V. (Ger. schwelen ), O.H.G.
swilizōn ; O.Ice. svalr “ cold “ (actually ‘singeing”), M.L.G. swalm “ dense smoke “, O.E. swol
n. (*swula- ), sw(e)oloð(a) m. “ the burning, heat “;
maybe Alb. (*sveri ) veri “north cold wind ”, (*sveri ) veri “north, cold ”
lengthened grade *swēl - in O.Ice. svæ ̄ la “ burn incense “, f. “ thick smoke “, O.E. swæ ̄ lan “
incinerate, burn (trans.) ”, and *swōl- in nd. swōl “ sultry “ (umlaut, Ger. schwũl ), Dutch
zwoel, zoel ds.;
- with Gmc. k: nd. swalk “ steam, smoke “, M.H.G. swelk “ withered, dry “, O.H.G. swelchen ,
M.H.G. swelken “ become wilted “. – the d-present in O.H.G. swelzan “ burn, incinerate
(intr.)”, for what presumably as “ swelter “ (compare Eng. sweltry, sultry “ extremely hot “),

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O.E. O.S. sweltan st. V. “ die, pass away “, M.Du. swelten , O.Ice. svelta st. V. “ starve, die “,
Goth. swiltan st. V. “ to die “, zero grade Goth. swulta-wairÞja “ he who leans toward death,
he who is inclined toward death “, O.Ice. sultr m. “ hunger “, O.E. swylt m. “ death “; maybe
to Arm. k”aɫc-nu-m “ starve “, k”aɫc̣ “ hunger “ (*su̯l̥d-sk̂-ō);
Lith. svįlù, svìlti “ is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame “, causative svìlinti “ to
singe (tr.) ”, žem. svìlis “ heat, fevers “, svelti “ smolder “, Ltv. svel”u, svelt “ to scorch (tr.) ”,
svelme f. “ steam, glow “, svals m. “ steam “, svelains “ sharp, cold “ (compare meaning
from O.N. svalr ).
Maybe Alb. (*svala ) valë “boil, steam ”, phr. merr një valë “to steam ” [the common Alb. shift
SV > V].
References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;
See also: see above S. 881 f. süu ̯ el -.
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(su̯el-3), su̯ol-, sul-
English meaning: foot sole; ground
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Fußsohle, also Grundlage, Unterstes ”
Material: Lat. solea “ a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole “; solum
“ bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land, country “;
M.Ir. fol. i. bond “ foundation, foot sole “, acc. sg. folaig , nom. pl. solaig , dat. pl. O.Ir.
soilgib ;
zero grade Gk. ὑλία (Hes.) “ foot sole “.
Alb. shollë ‘sole” (probably a Lat. loanword).
References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.
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su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o (n)-
English meaning: a kind of relation (brothers- in-law, whose wifes are sisters)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ Schwäger, die Sch Western to Frauen haben “
Material:
Old laryngeal Gk. He- > a- , e- phonetic mutation; satem He- > s- phonetic mutation
Gk. ἀέλιοι (ἀ - cop., compare O.H.G. ge- in ge-swīo “ brother- in-law “: swīo), αἴλιοι, εἰλ ίονες
(for to be expected * ἑλίονες) ds. (Hes., Poll.);
O.Ice. svilar pl. ds., sg. svili “ brother- in-law “;
to reflexive possessive pronoun * se, seu̯e -.
maybe initially Alb. (*svelioi ) vëllai “brother” [the common Alb. shift sv > v ] or rather from
Alb. geg (*ἀέ λιοι) vëllau , tosk, vëllai “ brother “ from Gk. ἀέλιοι. Since initial vowels in Gk.
yielded to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of Alb. vesh m. “ ear “ (*ōus-, ōs-)
against Gk. Dor. ὦς (*ōus) “ ear “; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form
Alb.Gheg (*εἰλίονες) vëllazën , Tosc vëllezër pl. “brothers” where - ër, -ën plural endings as
N/R behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in Alb. has been recorded at the end of the word
in Alb. (*radius ) reze “ray, rays ”.
maybe Alb. ( *su̯e-lo-) vëlla “ brother “. The shift su̯e- > ve- has also been attested in Alb.
Alb. vjehërr “ father -in-law “, vjéherrë “ mother- in-law “ from Root su̯ekrū́ - : (mother -in law or
father- in-law).
Note:
An impact of Illyr. on Balt languages has been felt through Estonian veli “brother”, Finnish
veli “brother” . Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family through
Illyrians.
References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.

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su̯em -
English meaning: to move; to swim
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich bewegen ”, in Gmc. meist ‘schwimmen ”
Material: O.Ir. to-senn - “ pursue “ (*su̯em -d-ne-), verbal noun tofunn , probably to:
Nor. svamla “fantasize ”, svamra “umherirren, schwärmen” ; O.Ice. svim(m)a , symja
(preterit svamm summum and svam svō ̨ mum ) ‘swim”, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. swimman ds.;
Kaus. M.H.G. swemmen ‘swim lassen ”, Ger. schwemmen ; O.Fris. swammia , M.H.G.
swamen ‘swim”, Ice. Nor. svamla , sumla “plätschern” , Goth. swumsl n. “pond, pool ”; O.Ice.
sund n. “das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund ” (i.e. “*still ũberschwimmbar” ), syndr
‘schwimmfähig” , O.E. sund n. ‘schwimmfähigkeit” , poet. ‘sea, water ”, M.L.G. sunt (-d-)
“Meerenge ” (Ger. Sund ); different about Ger. Sund Kluge-Gotze16 780.
References: WP. II 524.
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(s)u̯endh -
English meaning: to disappear
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwinden ”?
Material: O.H.G. swintan “ dwindle, abmagern, wither, wilt, bewußtlos become” , O.S. far-
swindan “ disappear ”, O.E. swindan “ abate, dwindle “, Kaus. M.H.G. swenden “ dwindle
make, ausreuten ”, Ger. verschwenden dial. “ through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen ”,
O.H.G. swintilōn , Ger. schwindeln ; ablaut. Ger. Schwund ; O.C.S. uvędati “wither, wilt ”,
ablaut. Church Slavic ǫditi “räuchen” ;
compare O.Ir. a-sennad adv. “denique, postremo ” (*su̯endh -no-?);
whether Gmc. swindan to swīnan “ dwindle “ (see su̯ī-) belongs and previously through
Entgleisung in die e-row converted is?
References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.
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su̯eng -, su̯enk - : su̯eg-, su̯ek- (*ĝʷheng - : kṣu̯eng -)
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen; drehend schwingen, schwenken ”
Material: O.Ind. svájatē , -ti (svaŋks ̣ yate ) “umschlingt ”, participle svaktá -, pariṣvakta - = Av.
pairišx ̌vaxta - “rings umschlossen ”; O.Ir. seng “ slim “ (“*pliable”), Celt. PN Singi -dūnum ;
(Illyricum today Belgrade?)
M.H.G. M.L.G. swanc “pliable, slim, fine, schmächtig” , O.E. swancor “pliable,
schmächtig” ; Nor. svekk , svokk f. (*swank-i̯ō, -ō) “cavity the Fußsohle” , Dan. Swe. swank
“valley, cavity ”; O.E. swincan “work, sich quälen” (eig. ‘sich winden by the Arbeit ”), Kaus.
swencan “ plague, afflict “ (swenc m. “ affliction “), O.H.G. M.H.G. swenken ‘schwingen
lassen, toss, fling ”, Ger. schwenken ; M.H.G. swank (-k-) “ turn, Schwung, prank, Einfall ”,
Ger. Schwank ;
besides Gmc. *sweng- (IE *su̯enk -):
O.H.G. O.S. swingan “(sich) schwingen , fly”, O.S. swingan (swinga “club, mace, joint ”),
O.E. swingan “hit, peitschen, sich schwingen ”; Kaus. Goth. af-swaggwjan ‘schwankend
make” (?), O.E. swengan ‘sich schwingen ”, M.H.G. swanc, swunc (-g-) ‘schwingende
movement, Schwang, Schwung ”; M.L.G. M.H.G. swengel ‘schwengel ”; O.Ice. svangr “thin,
narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin “, M.H.G. swanger “ slim “; O.Ice. svangi m. “die Leisten,
groin, flank “ (“incurvation “);
nasallos: Nor. svaga , svagra “waver, swerve “, svagga ‘schwankend go ”, O.Ice. sveggja
“(ein ship) wenden ”; M.L.G. swak “pliable, thin, weak ”, M.H.G. swach “evil, bad, miserable,
feeble, weak”, M.L.G. swaken also “wobble, sway ” (as swanken ).
References: WP. II 526 f.;
See also: compare also seu- and su̯ē̆(i)- “bend”.

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su̯ento -, sunto-
English meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rege, rũstig, gesund”
Note: only Gmc. ?
Material: Goth. swinÞs ‘strong, fit, healthy ”, O.Ice. svinnr “rash, hasty, strong, smart ”, O.E.
swīð, O.S. swīði ‘strong, violent, valiant ”, M.H.G. swint , swinde ‘strong, violent ”, geschwind
“fast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim ”; O.H.G. gisunt (-d-) “fit, healthy ”, O.S. gisund , O.E. gesund ,
O.Fris. sund “fresh, unbeschädigt, fit, healthy” .
References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably IE; after Persson Beitr. 1892 and
587 to Lith. siunčiu ‘sende” (different above S. 909); compare also Lith. s(i)ùmdyti
“aufhetzen ”.
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su̯en-
English meaning: to sound
Deutsche Übersetzung: “tönen, schallen”
Material: O.Ind. svánati (secondary ásvanīt ) “ sounds, schallt ” (= Lat. sonit ), -svanaḥ - n.
“noise”, svaná - m. ‘sound, tone, clangor “ (= Lat. sonus ), svüna ́ - “ soughing “; Av. *x ̌anat̃ -
čaxra - “ someone, of Räder sausen” ; Lat. sonō , -üre, -ui, -itum aLat. sonere (*su̯énō )
‘sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle ”, sonus (*su̯onos “ clangor “; O.Ir. son ‘sound” Lat.
Lw.); probably O.Ir. senn -, preterit sephainn ‘sonüre, play (ein Instrument)” , das nn probably
after to-senn- “ pursue “, das (from * su̯em -d-ne- originated) zur root su̯em - belongs; O.Ir.
senim (i.e. seinm ) “das Spielen, tintinnabulation ”; O.E. swinsi an ‘sing, Musik make ”, swinn
“Musik, song ”; also O.H.G. O.E. swan ‘swan”, O.Ice. svanr “ manly swan ”;
whether sen- besides su̯en - in Ltv. sanēt, senēt “buzz”, Ir. sanas “Flũstern” , Welsh hanes
“history” eig. “*rumor”?
References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.
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su̯ep-1, sup -
English meaning: to sleep, *cease, die
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlafen”
Note:
Root su̯ep -1, sup- : “to sleep, *cease, die ” derived from Root su̯ep -2, sup-, su̯eb - : “to throw,
*sway, swing (put to sleep) ”.
Material: O.Ind. svápiti , svápati “ asleep, dozed off “, pass. supyatē , participle suptá - “dozed
off”, Kaus. svüpa ́ yati ‘schläfert ein” (= O.Ice. sø ̄ fa), svapayati ds. (= O.Ice. svefja etc.); Av.
x ̌ap- ‘sleep”; Gk. ὕπαρ “ Wehrtraum ”;
Lat. sōpiō, -īre “einschläfern” , sŏpor , -ōris “tiefer sleep ” (*su̯epōr ); O.Ice. sofa (svaf), O.E.
swefan st. V. ‘sleep, cease ”; Kaus. O.Ice. svefja “einschläfern, stillen, besänftigen” , O.E.
swefian ds., O.E. swebban “einschläfern, slay” , O.S. answebbian , O.H.G. antswebben ,
M.H.G. entsweben ds., M.H.G. also “ sleepy become, einschlafen ” (*su̯opéi̯ō ); O.Ice. sø ̄ fa
‘slay”(*su̯ōpéi̯ō ); O.Ice. suæ ̄ fa “einschläfern” (*su̯ēpei̯ō ), syfja uPers. “ sleepy make ”, E.Fris.
suffen “ sleepy become ” (Dutch suf ‘schwindlig, stupid ”); O.Ice. sofna schw. V.
“einschlafen ”; M.H.G. swep , -bes ‘sleep”, O.E. sweofot n. ds.; O.C.S. sъpati , Iter. sypati
‘sleep”, usъnǫti “einschlafen ”;
O.Ind. svápna - ‘sleep, dream ”, Av. x ̌afna - m. ds.; Arm. k”un, gen. k”noy ‘sleep”
(*su̯opnos ); Gk. ὕπνος ‘sleep” (= O.C.S. sъnъ and:) Alb. gjumë ;
Note:
Alb. gjumë ‘sleep”, për-gjumësh ‘sleepy” and Lat. somnus ‘sleep” derived from a common
root su̯opnos but the phonetic shift Lat. p > mp > m is a typical Alb. not Lat. mutatIon.
compare Alb.Gheg mesa (*nepōtiü ), Tosc mbesa “niece”. Clearly Lat. shared the same root
with Illyr.

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Phonetically Alb. gjumë ‘sleep” : O.Ir. sūan , Welsh Corn. Bret. hun ‘sleep” : Hitt. sup-
(Medium), supparii̯a - ‘sleep”. are identical.
Lat. somnus ‘sleep” (*su̯epnos or *su̯opnos ); O.Ir. sūan , Welsh Corn. Bret. hun ‘sleep”
(*sopnos = Lith. sãpnas ); O.Ice. svefn , O.E. swefn ‘sleep, dream ”, (from * su̯epnós ); Lith.
sãpnas , sapnỹs “dream”, Ltv. sapnis “dream”; O.C.S. sъnъ ‘sleep, dream ”; compare O.Ind.
asvapna- ‘schlaflos”, Av. ax ̌afna - ds., Lat. insomnis , Gk. ἄυπνος ds. and die i̯o-derivative
O.Ind. svápnyam “ dream “, Lat. somnium “dream”, žem. sapnis ‘sleep, dream ”, O.C.S.
sъnije “ dream “; Gk. ἐνύπνιον (replicated Lat. insomnium ) ds., Welsh anhunedd “insomnia ”;
Toch. A ṣpǝn, В ṣpäne ‘sleep, dream ”; Hitt. sup- (Medium), supparii̯a - ‘sleep”.
References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.
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su̯ep-2, sup-, su̯eb-
English meaning: to throw, *sway, swing
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, schleudern, schũtten”
Material: O.Ind. svapū ́ “ besom “; O.C.S. svepiti sę “agitari”; zero grade sъpǫ, suti ‘schũtten,
strew, distribute ”, Iter. sypati ‘schũtten” , rasypati “ausstreuen ”; sunǫti “effundere ”, sъpъ
“heap” (but Lith. sùpti ‘swing, wiegen ” rather to seu- “bend”); Lat. supō , -üre “throw”,
dissipō, -üre “auseinanderwerfen, scatter ”, obsipō , -üre “entgegensprengen (water),
reproach ”, insipere “hineinwerfen ”;
Gmc. * svab - and * svap - (IE *su̯eb -) in O.Ice. sōfl “Kehrbesen ” (*swōƀala -), svüf n. ‘spear,
javelin”; O.E. ge-swōpe f. “offal, rubbish ” (Ice. sópa “fegen” is Eng. Lw.); nd. swabbeln
“(from water under likewise) hin- and herschlagen, wogen ”, Ger. schwapp-en, -eln, -ern
under likewise
References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.
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su̯erbh - (also su̯er -?)
English meaning: to turn; to sweep
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, drehend wischen, fegen ”
Material: Welsh chwerfu “das Wirbeln, Umdrehen ”, chwerfan “whirl for a spindle ”; chwyrn
“quick, fast (drehend) ” from *su̯erbh -nio-; Goth. af-, bi-swaírban “abwischen ”, O.Ice. sverfa
st. V. “feilen”, svarf n. “Abfall beim Feilen ”, O.E. sweorfan ds., afr. swerva “ grovel, truckle,
creep “, O.S. swerƀan “abwischen ”, O.H.G. suuerban “extergere ”, suuarp, swirbil “gurges,
vortex”, M.H.G. swerben ‘sich wirbelnd bewegen ”; O.Ice. svarfa “umherschweifen ”, O.S.
svarva “turn, work a lathe, (Lũgen) ersinnen” ;
Slav. *svorbъ in Church Slavic svrabъ (in addition O.C.S. svrabьnъ “κνησμώδης” );
ablaut. Slav. *svьrbitъ, *svьrběti “itch” in Russ. sverbít , sverbětь etc.; compare Ltv. svar̃pst
m. “borer” (*su̯arb -sta-);
perhaps in addition Gk. σύρφος n., συρφετός m. “rubbish”, σύρφαξ , -ᾱκος “ anything
swept together, sweepings, refuse, rubbish, litter “; compare also σαίρω ‘sweep” (*su̯eri̯ō),
σάρον n., σάρος m. “ besom, rubbish ” and σύ̄ρω (Fut. σῠρ῵ ) “pull, drag, sweep, wash ”,
συρμός m. “ any lengthened sweeping motion, the moving, vomiting “, συρμαίᾱ f. “ emetic,
vomiting, purge-plant “, σύρμα n. “ anything trailed or dragged, towing dress, rubbish ”,
σύρτης m. “ towing rope “, σύρτις , -ιδος f. ‘sandbank ”.
References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.
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su̯ergh - (*ĝʷhergh - : kṣu̯ergh -)
English meaning: to take care of; to be ill
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sorgen, sich worum kũmmern; krank sein”
Material: 1. O.Ind. sūrks ̣ ati “kũmmert sich um etwas” ; common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- phonetic
mutation
Goth. saúrga “ care, sorrow “, O.Ice. O.E. sorg, O.S. sorga , O.H.G. sorga, afränk. sworga “
care “; Goth. saúrgan , O.Ice. syrgja , O.S. sorgōn , O.E. sorgian , O.H.G. sorgēn, sworgēn
“care for, worry ”.
2. O.Ir. serg “disease, malady ”, Lith. sergù , sir̃gti “ be sick “, O.C.S. sraga “disease,
malady”, sragъ “austerus, torvus ”; probably also Alb. dergjem “be bedridden ” (*su̯orghi̯ō )
common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : Illyr. - alb -ĝʷh- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 258.
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su̯er-1 (also ser-?)
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen, reden ”
Material: Lat. sermō, -ōnis “Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, Gespräch” (*sermō )
is unclear;
Maybe Alb. (*sermō ) thirmë n. f. ‘shout, call ” [common Alb. s > th shift]
Osc. sverrunei “dem Sprecher, Wortfũhrer” ; Goth. swaran , swōr ‘swear, vow ”, O.Ice. sveria ,
O.E. O.S. swerian , O.H.G. swerien , swerren ds., O.Ice. sø ̄ ri nom. pl. “vow, pledge, oath ”,
M.H.G. swuor “vow, pledge ”, O.Ice. svara “anworten, Bũrgschaft leisten” , svǫr pl. “Antwort”,
and-svar “gerichtliche verdict “, O.E. and-swaru “Antwort”, O.S. ant-swōr “Antwort,
Verantwortung ”; O.C.S. svarъ “quarrel” (Hin- and Widerrede), svarъ “fight, struggle ”, svariti
“vilify, scold, fight, struggle ”; Russ. ssóra “quarrel” from *sъsora ?
*su̯er- ‘speak, talk ” is perhaps (but not certainly) eine Anwendung from su̯er-’surren” auf
artikuliertes Sprechen.
References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.
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su̯er-2
English meaning: to hiss
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘surren under dgl ”
Material: O.Ind. svárati “ sounds, erschallt, läßt erschallen” ; also surmī́ “duct, tube, pipe ”
(flute?); svará - svára - m. “ clangor, sound, tone ”;
ὕραξ , -κος m. ‘spitzmaus ” (*surak- ), Cret. ὕρον ‘swarm of bees ” Hes.; Lat. susurrus “das
Zischen, Flũstern” , susurrō, -üre “hiss, flũstern, buzz” (rr consonant increase in
onomatopoeic words), absurdus “ adverse clinking, ungereimt ” (*su̯orodo -s); surdus “deaf”
as “dull or undeutlich hörend and redend” ?); probably sōrex , -icis (previously late sŏrex )
‘spitzmaus ” from *su̯ōr-ak- (: Gk. ὕραξ ds.); Welsh chwyrnu “drone, grumble ” (to *chwyrn
from *su̯erni̯o -?);
O.Ice. svarra “roar”, Nor. sverra “whirl; kreisen ”, Ger. schwirren ; Nor. surla “leise sing ”,
Swe. sorla “ trickle, mumble, murmur ”, M.L.G. Ger. surren , M.H.G. surm “Gesumse ”;
vielleichtIce. svarmr “ dizziness “, O.E. swearm “ swarm, bulk, mass ”, O.H.G. swarm “
swarm “;
Lith. surmà “flute”, O.C.S. svirati “whistle” (lengthening from *svьr -),
References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.
See also: s. also su̯er- ‘speak”.
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su̯er-3
English meaning: stake
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfahl”
Material: O.Ind. sváru - m. “picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, langes bit of wood ”; Gk. ἕρμα n.
“pad”; homer. acc. ἑρμῖνα m. “ Bettpfosten ”; O.H.G. swirōn “bepfählen” , M.H.G. swir
“Uferpfahl ”, Ger. Swiss Schwiren “picket, pole ”, O.E. swier , swior m. f. “Pfosten, column “;
with k-forms O.Ice. svīri m. “ neck, prow, bow of a ship ” (*swerhjan -), O.E. swīera , swīora “
neck “ (*swirhjan- ); Lat. zero grade surus “twig, branch, picket, pole ”, Dimin. surculus ,
surcellus ; perhaps sūra “calf, Wadenbein ” (see under *sōrü ).
References: WP. II 528 f., WH. II 635.
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su̯er-4
English meaning: to cut, pierce
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden, stechen, schwären, eitern”
Material: Av. x ̌ara - m. “wound, Verwundung ”;
O.Ir. serb, Welsh chwerw “bitter” (*su̯er-u̯o-), originally probably “ burning, pricking “;
Welsh chwarren f. “gland” (*su̯orsinü );
O.H.G. sweran st. V. “ache, schwären, to swell” , swero “leiblicher pain, esp. ulcer ”, Ger.
Schwäre, Geschwũr , O.H.G. swer(a)do “leiblicher pain ”, O.E. sweornian “ curdle, coagulate,
harden “; O.H.G. swert ‘schwert”, O.E. sweord , O.Ice. sverð from * swer -ða- ‘stechende
weapon”;
Proto-Slav. . *su̯ara - “kränklich” in Russ. chvóryj , O.Cz. chvorū , ablaut. churavū ds. and
Church Slavic chyra “ fragileness “; perhaps here Serb.-Church Slavic svrъdьlъ “borer”,
Proto-Slav. . *svьrdьlo .
References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237,
243, Loth RC. 41, 233.
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su̯esor - (*su̯estor )
English meaning: sister
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schWest er”
Note:
Root su̯esor - (*su̯estor ): ‘sister” derived from Root se- : “reflexive pronoun, *own ” +
common Illyr. -tar, -tor suffix; it was modelled after Root pǝtē ́(r) gen. pǝtr-és, -ós : “father”,
Root müte ́ r - : “mother”, Root bhrü ́ ter - : “brother”
Material: O.Ind. svásar -, Av. x ̌aŋhar - “ sister “;
Arm. k”oir ds. ( *su̯esōr ); nom. pl. k”or-k” (*su̯esŏres ), gen. sg. k”eṙ (*su̯esros ); Gk. ἔορ [voc. ]
θυγάτηρ , ἀνεψιός Hes., ἔορες προσήκοντες , συγγενεῖς Hes.; Lat. soror “a sister” (in addition
sobrīnus “ a cousin by the mother ’s side, mother ’s sister’s child “, from *su̯esr -īnos = O.C.S.
sestrinъ “the sister gehörig” , compare also E.Lith. sesere ́nas “ sister’s son “); O.Ir. siur “
sister “ (*su̯esōr ), dat. acc. sīeir, gen. sethar (analogy after müthir , gen. müthar ), Welsh
chwaer , O.Corn. huir, M.Corn. hoer, hor, Bret. c”hoar; Goth. swistar (gen. swistrs , dat.
swistr ); O.Ice. syster , pl. systr (Run. sWest ar from -ēr), O.H.G. sWest er (*-ēr!), O.E.
sweostor, suster ;
vor dem t- insertion neugeschaffen are O.S. O.S. swiri ‘son the MutterschWest er”, O.E.
swiria “ sister’s son, weather “;
O.Pruss. sWest ro (in die ü-Decl. ũbergefũhrt) with w perhaps through Ger. influence, for
Lith. sesuõ , gen. seser̃s and O.C.S. sestra (in die ü-Decl. ũbergefũhrt) “ sister “ (also FlN)
place u̯-loses *sesor- ahead; Toch. A ṣar, В ṣer “ sister “.
IE *s(u̯)e-sor- to Reflexivstamme se-, seu̯e -; to ending compare fem. O.Ind. ti-sraḥ “drei”,
O.Ir. téoir (*trisores ) ds.; contains perhaps yet *sor “wife, woman ”? Or from * su-esor (see
343) “ of own blood, relative “?

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su̯ēid - (*kṣu̯ēid - < ĝʷhēid -)
English meaning: milk
Deutsche Übersetzun g: “Milch”
Material: O.Ind. kṣvidyati , kṣvēdatē (unbel.) “wird humid, wet ”; Av. xšvīd - m. “milk”, common
O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xšu̯- phonetic mutation
perhaps to Lith. svíesti ‘schmieren ”, Ltv. svaîdît ds., Lith. svíestas “butter”, Ltv. sviê(k)st ds.
References: WP. II 521, WH. II 624;
See also: s. also su̯eid - above S. 1042, Z. 5.
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su̯ē̆(i)-
English meaning: to bend, turn, swing
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen, drehen, schwingen ”
Note: (see also seu- and su̯eng - “bend” )
Material: Gk. σῑμός “aufwärts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spöttisch” (in addition σικχό ς “ekel,
all tadelnd ”?); perhaps also σῑρός “pit, pothole” (*incurvation?);
Welsh chwid “lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff ”, chwidl ‘sich in Kreise drehend, schwindlig ”,
chwidr “quick, fast, fleeting, ũbereilt” ; chwim m. ( *su̯ī-smo- ) “movement, Antrieb ”, adj.
“quick, fast ”, chwyf m. “movement ” (*su̯ĭ-mo-, compare under Gmc. swī̆m -), chwyfio
“movere”, Bret. fiñval , gwiñval ‘sich bewegen, rũhren” ;
Welsh chwyn “movement ”, chwil (*su̯ī-lo-) ‘sich quick, fast drehend ”; chwyl and chwel
(*su̯ĭ-lo-, -lü compare Nor. svil) “ turn, run, flow ”, Corn. wheyl “work”, O.Ir. sel “ turn,
gyration, stretch of time ”, M.Ir. of-sel “ turn after right ”, tuath-bil “ turn after links ”;
M.L.G. swüien, sweimen ‘sich schwingen ”; as participle O.Ice. svað n. “das Gleiten ”,
(*su̯ǝ-to-), svaða “glide, slide ”, O.E. swaðian “(ein)wickeln ”, Eng. swath(e) , M.L.G. M.H.G.
swade “Reihe from gemähtem Gras, Schwaden ”;
Nor. svīma “waver, lurch ”, M.H.G. swīmen ds.; O.E. swīma m. “ dizziness, giddiness;
swindle, Ohnmacht ”, O.Ice. svīmi , Dutch zwijm ds.; M.H.G. swīmel , swimmel “ dizziness,
giddiness; swindle “; O.Ice. sveimr m., sveim n. “Getũmmel, Tumult” , sveima
“umherziehen ”, M.H.G. sweim m. “das Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen ”, sweimen
‘sichschwingen, waver ”; Nor. svil n. ‘spirale; the frizzy Samenbeutel dorschartiger Fische ”;
nd. swīr ‘schwung, gyration, Bummeln ”, swīren ‘sich schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in
Saus and Braus leben ”.

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su̯eib -: Av. xšvaēwayat̃ -aštra - “die Peitsche schwingend ”, xšviwra - “agile”; Goth. midja-
sweipains ‘sintflut” (eig. “Fegung the With te”); O.Ice. sveipa “throw, umhũllen” , O.E. swüpan
‘swing, fegen, drive, push ”, O.S. swēp “fegte fort ”, O.H.G. sweifan ‘swing, schweifen,
quarrel”, sweif “Umschwung, tail ” = O.Ice. sveipr “band, strap, Schlingung, gekräuseltes
hair”, O.Ice. svipa “Peitsche ”.
su̯eid -: in Lith. svíesti , Ltv. sviêst “throw”, frequentative Lith. sváidyti , Ltv. svaĩdît
“wiederholt toss, fling ”; whether Ltv. svaĩdît “anoint, schmieren ” (under under su̯ēid -) here?
su̯eig -: Gmc. also “nachgeben, slacken “ (from su̯ī- “ dwindle “ derive ) “(cunning) etwas
drehen, ausweichen, deception “ under likewise: O.H.G. swīhhōn , O.E. swīcian ‘schweifen,
wander, cheat, deceive ”, O.Ice. svīkva sy ̄ kva (u̯-present), svīkja “cheat, deceive, verraten ”,
O.E. swīcan “ abandon, cheat, deceive ”, poet. “fortgehen, wander “, O.S. swīan ds.
“languish”; O.H.G. swīhhan “languish, slacken, abandon “, M.H.G. swīch m. “Zeitlauf”, ü-
swīch “heimlicher Fortgang ”, sweichen “languish”; O.Ice. svik n. “ betrayal, deceit ”, O.E.
swic n. ds., O.H.G. biswih m. ds.;
Lith. svaĩgti “ dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen ”, svaigine ́ti “ giddy umherwanken ”,
Russ. svigát” “herumtreiben ”;
Toch. A wüweku “gelogen”, В waike “lie, falsity ”.
su̯eik -: O.Ice. sveigr “pliable”, m. “biegsamer Stengel ”, Swe. dial. svīga , svēg
‘sichbiegen ”, Kaus. O.Ice. sveigja “bend”, pass. svigna “be bent, bow, nachgeben ”, svigi m.
“biegsamer Stengel ”; O.H.G. sweiga “cattle shed ” (*netting).
su̯eip -: O.Ice. svīfa ‘swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben ”, O.E. swīfan “turn, fegen,
wenden (Eng. swift “quick, fast ”), schwenken ”, O.Ice. sueifla ‘swing”, M.H.G. swibeln,
swivelen “lurch”, O.H.G. sweibōn ‘schweben, swing ”, swebēn ‘schweben ”.
Ltv. svàipīt “peitschen ”, svipst(ik̨)s “Hasenfuß, Zierbengel” .
References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer 2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff.

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su̯ī-, -g-, -k-, -p -
English meaning: to fade, weaken, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwinden, nachlassen, schweigsam werden ”
Note: extended su̯ii̯ō-p-?
Material: O.Ice. svīa “ slacken “; svīna , O.H.G. swīnan “ abate, dwindle “; M.H.G. swīnen
also “ senseless, unconscious become, verstummen ”.
su̯ī-k-: O.H.G. swīgēn , O.S. swigōn , O.E. swīgian, sugian, suwian ‘schweigen ”.
su̯ī-g-: σῑγή f. “das Schweigen ”, σῑγάω ‘schweige” (compare ῥίγα σιώπα Hes., i.e. Fίγᾱ ).
su̯ī-p-: Goth. sweiban “cease, slacken “, O.Ice. svīfask “from etwas zurũckweichen, sich
enthalten ”, O.H.G. giswiftōn “conticescere ”, M.L.G. swichten “weichen, slacken, zum
Schweigen bringen ”, Dutch zwichten “weichen”, Ger. (from dem Nd.) beschwichtigen (also
Messap. σίπτα σιώπα?);
in addition *su̯ii̯ō-p- in Gk. σιωπάω ‘schweige” and *su̯i̯ō-p- with Gk. Schwunde from i̯
after Doppelkonsonanz in διασωπάσομαι , σεσωπᾱμένον (Pind.) and in εὐσωπί α ἡσυχία
Hes.
References: WP. II 534;
See also: compare above (s)u̯endh -.
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su̯omb (h)o-s
English meaning: porous, spongy
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwammig, porös”
Material: Gk. σομφός ‘schwammig, porös” = Gmc. *swamba- in O.H.G. swamp , -bes m. “
sponge “; besides Gmc. * swampu - (IE *su̯ombu -) and * swamma - in O.Ice. suǫppr “ sponge;
ball (after the shape) ”, M.L.G. swamp, - pes “ sponge, fungus “ and Goth. swamm acc.
“(Wasch-) sponge “, O.E. swamm m. “ fungus “, M.L.G. svam , -mmes “ sponge; fungus “;
from schwammigem Boden: Eng. swamp ‘swamp, marsh ”; Westfäl. swampen “auf- and
niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden ”, changing through ablaut M.H.G. sumpf ‘swamp,
marsh” = O.Ice. soppr “ ball “, Nor. also “ fungus “.
References: WP. II 534 f.
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su̯ordo -s
English meaning: black, dark
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwarz, schmutzfarben ”
Material: Lat. * sordus as base from sordeō, -ēre “dirty, filthy, unflätig sein” , sordidus “dirty,
filthy”, sordēs, -is f. ‘smut, Unflat ”; Goth. swarts , O.Ice. swart , O.E. sweart , O.H.G. swarz
“black”, zero grade O.Ice. sorta f. “black paint, color ”, sorti m. “darkness, dichter fog ”, sortna
“black become ”;
sollte Lat. suüsum “rußiger Fleck auf a Kleide” as *suarssom related sein, käme as basic
form *su̯ardo - in question, so that sordeo from su̯r̥d-;
whether O.S. swerkan (participle gesworkan ) “finster become, sich verfinstern, bewölkt
become”, O.E. sweorcan “finster, sad become ”, O.H.G. giswerc , gisworc “Verfinsterung
through clouds ” and Ir. sorb “Makel, smut ”, related are ( IE *su̯er-g-, *su̯or-b(h)o- besides
*su̯ordo -), is doubtful.
References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.
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sū-ro-, sou -ro-
English meaning: salty, bitter; cheese
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sauer, salzig, bitter ”, zunächst von käsig Gerinnendem, schleimig
Nassem; also in Flußnamen
Note: root seu̯(ǝ)-, sou̯(ǝ)- : sū ̆-
Note:
Root sū-ro-, sou-ro- : salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-eu- of Root kes- : to
scratch, itch
Material: O.Ice. sūrr ‘sour, sharp ”, m. ‘sourdough ”, M.L.G. M.H.G. sūr n. “Bitterkeit ”; O.Ice.
sȳra f. ‘sour milk”, O.E. sȳring ds., O.H.G. sūrī ‘säure”; O.H.G. O.E. sūr ‘sour”, O.Ice. sūr-
eygr, O.H.G. sūr-ougi, O.E. sūr-īege “blear eyed, bleareyed “; compare Toch. В sūrma
“Augenkrankheit ”;
Lith. sū ́ ras ‘salzig”, Ltv. sũrs ‘salzig, bitter ”, Lith. sū ́ ris m. “cheese”, O.Pruss. suris ds.;
O.C.S. syrъ “humid, wet ”, Russ. syrój “humid, wet, raw, sour ”; substantivized O.C.S.
syrъ, Russ. syr “cheese”;
ablaut. O.Ice. saurr m. ‘smut, tier. seed, sperm “; O.Bulg. surovъ “raw”, Russ. suróvyj
“rough, raw ” (*sou- ro-);
compare die FlN Celt. Sūra , Ger. Sauer , Sūr, O.Pruss. Sure , Ltv. Sūr-upe, and den PN
΢υράκουσαι pl. ‘syrakus” (Sicily), with nt-derivative to ΢υρακώ name eines Sumpfes.
References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu̯(ǝ) -1 “juice,
sap” (above S. 912 f.); about “milk” to: “ coagulated, sour milk ”.
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sū ̆-s, suu̯-ós
English meaning: pig, swine
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hausschwein, Sau ”
Material: Av. hū (gen. sg. for * huvō ) ‘swine”; Gk. ὗς, ὑός, acc. ὗν m. “boar”, f. ‘sow”
(therefrom ὕαινα f. “Hyäne” ) besides σῦς, συός ds.; in addition συ῅λαι τόποι βορβορώδεις
Hes.; συφε (ι)ός, συφός m. “ pigpen” (*-φέFιος, to φύω, IE bheu -, above S. 146 ff.); Sternbild
the ΏΤάδες “group from Schweinen ”; compare Gk. lak. σίκα;
Alb. thi ‘swine”; Lat. sūs, suis ‘swine”, Umbr. sif ‘sues”, sim ‘suem”, suřum , sorsom ,
sorsalem ‘suillum” (*sŭ-do-, *sŭ-düli-);
Gaul. * su-tegis “ pigpen” (M.-L. 8492);
O.H.G. O.E. sū, O.Ice. sȳr ‘sow”;
Ltv. suvẽns , sivẽns “piglet” (unclear O.Pruss. seweynis “ pigpen”); Toch. В suwo ‘swine”;
adjektivische no- Derivatives: on the one hand Gk. (late) ὑηνός “from swine ”, on the other
hand (ursprachlich) Lat. suīnus ds., O.C.S. svinъ ds. = Ltv. svīns ‘smudges”; Toch. В
swün ̃ ana misa ‘schweinefleisch ”;
substantivized Goth. swein , O.Ice. suīn, O.E. O.H.G. swīn ‘swine”; O.C.S. svinija ‘swine”
probably from * svīnī (fem. to svinъ ) reshaped.
k- Derivatives:
O.Ind. sūkara - m. “boar, swine ” (umgedeutet as ‘sū-macher”); M.Pers. xūk, Osset. χui
ds.; Lat. sucula “young sow ”; with expressive Gemination: Celt. *sukko- ‘swine, (Schweine-
)Schnauze, plowshare “ in O.Ir. socc sa ́ il “Meerschwein ” (ein fish), M.Ir. soc m. “ plowshare,
snout (of Schweines) ”, O.Ir. FlN Socc ; Welsh hwch m. f., later only f. ‘swine”, Corn. hoch ,
Bret. houc”h, hoc”h m. ‘swine”; from dem Gallo-Lat. derive Welsh swch , Corn. soch , Bret.
souc”h and Fr. soc “ plowshare “;

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O.E. sugu ‘sow”, O.S. suga , M.L.G. soge , Ger. schwäb. suge ‘sow”; with expressive
Gemination Nor. Swe. sugga , M.L.G. sugge .
References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL
45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. IE Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably originally
“Gebärerin” , to seu-2 : sū- “ to give birth to children “ (above S. 913 f.); compare O.Ir. berit
‘sow” (*bherentī ); or but lautnachahmend?
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sūs-
English meaning: to buzz
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallnachahmung for ‘sausen”
Note: only Gmc. and Slav.
Material: O.H.G. sūsōn ‘sausen”, M.L.G. sūsen , Swe. susa , Dan. suse ds.;
O.C.S. sysati ‘sausen, whistle ” (onomatopoeic words Schallkorrektur for lautgesetzliches
*sych-); aRuss. susol “Zieselmaus, Hausratte ”, Bulg. sъsel ds.; sъskam “ fizz “; compare
Ltv. susuris ‘spitzmaus ”, susers “ dormouse “.
Maybe Alb. shushurimë “( onomatopoeic )rustle ”, shushur- “ to rustle ”, shushat ‘stun, make
numb (unable to speak) ”?
References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.
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sūs- (*ghus)
English meaning: parent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erzeuger ”
Note: only O.Ind. and Albanian
Note: Root sūs- : parent derived from Root au̯o-s (*gheu̯o -s): grandfather: Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš
(ḫuḫḫaš ) “grandfather ”? Lyc. *χuga “motherly grandfather ” [common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Material: O.Ind. sūh ̣ “progenitor ”; Alb. gjysh “grandfather ” (*sū-s-i̯o-), originally “progenitor ”;
tre-gjysh “great grandfather (literally “previous third grandfather) ”, gjyshe “grandmother ”
(*sū-s-i̯ē).
References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.;
See also: to seu̯ǝ - : sū-, above S. 913 f.
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tag- (or teg- : tog- : teg-)
English meaning: to touch, gripe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “berũhren, angreifen”
Material: Gk. τεταγών “fassend” (: Lat. tetigī ); Lat. tangō, -ere, tetigī tactum (aLat. also
aoristisches tagō, -ere) “touch”, integer “unversehrt (unangetastet) ”, tagax “diebisch”; taxim
“ clandestine “, taxō, üre “abschätzen, touch” ; unclear with - gh- volsk. atahus Fut. II
“attigerit”, marruc. ta[h]a or ta[g]a “tangat”; Lat. contaminüre “entweihen ” to contagiō
“Berũhrung” ;
O.E. ðaccian “gentle touch, caress ”, and. thakolōn “ caress “; perhaps here of Begriffe “
caress, fein anzufũhlen” : Ir. tais ‘soft, humid, wet, gentle ”, Gaul. Taxi-magulus ;
whether O.Ir. tongid “ swears “, dī-tong- “ negate “, perf. do-ru-thethaig (*te-tog-e ) verbal
noun dīthech (*dī-tego- ) in addition belongs (to Welsh tyngu ‘swear, vow ”, Corn. to-, M.Bret.
toeaff , Bret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine IE root *teg- must be assumed, wherefore still Phryg.
eti-te-tik-menos “verflucht ” belongs; das Gk. Lat. a wäre then reduplication -grade, as Lat. a
in frangō (above S. 165), etc.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.
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tak-, takē(i) -
English meaning: to be silent
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schweigen ”
Material: Lat. taceō , -ēre ‘schweigen ”, Umbr. tac̨ez “tacitus”, tasetur nom. pl. “taciti”;
Goth. Þahan ‘schweigen ”, Þahains ‘schweigen ”, with gramm. variation O.H.G. dagēn ,
O.S. thagōn, thagian ds., O.Ice. Þegja ds., Þagna “verstummen ”, Þagall , Þo ̨ gull
‘schweigsam” ;
perhaps as active to obiger neutropassiven group: O.Ir. tachtaid “wũrgt” , Welsh tagu,
Corn. Bret. taga “das Wũrgen” as originally “zum Schweigen bringen ”; unclear is Welsh
gos-teg f. ‘schweigen ”.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.
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tata-, tē ̆ ta-
English meaning: Daddy; expr. child word
Deutsche Übersetzung: Lallwort
Material: O.Ind. tatá- “father”, tüta- “father, son, Lieber ”; Gk. τέττα ( Hom. ) voc., τατᾶ voc. “o
father!”; Alb. tatë “father”; Lat. tata “father (in the Kindersprache); Ernährer” ; Welsh tad,
Corn. tat “father”, hen-dat “grandfather ”; O.Ice. Þjazi “a giant “ (*Þeða -sa?); Ltv. tẽta, Lith.
te ̃tis, te ̃të, tėtūtis “father”, O.Pruss. thetis “grandfather ” (O.Pruss. tüws “father”, thewis
“Vaterbruder ”, Lith. te ́vas , Ltv. tēves “father”), Lith. tetà “aunt”, žemait. titìs “father”; Russ.
táta etc. “father”, R.C.S. teta etc. “aunt”, O.C.S. tetъka ds.; Ger. Tate, E.Fris. tatte “father”;
Nor. taate “Lutschbeutel ”, Ice. táta ds., Nor. Swe. tütte “Frauenbrust, teat ”;
besides Gmc. forms with i and u: O.E. titt “ nipple, Kuhzitze ”, M.H.G. zitze “teat”;
Maybe Alb. sisë “teat, brost ”
Swe. titta “aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman ”; M.H.G. zutzel ‘sauglappen ”, Swe. tytta
“old wife, woman, Muhme ”, O.H.G. tutta, tuta “ nipple “ under likewise; similarly Gk. τυτθός,
-ον ‘small, noch ganz young “, τυτθόν “ein bißchen” , inschr. also “βρέφος, παιδί ον”; τυννός
small, little ”; eine also out of the IE Sprachen verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.
References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.
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taus-
English meaning: still, silent, peaceful
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘still, schweigend, zufrieden ”
Material: O.Ind. túṣyati “beruhigt sich, is zufrieden ”, tuṣṭá - “befriedigt, zufrieden ”, tūs ̣ n ̣ ī́m
adv. ‘still, closemouthed “ (: Av. tušni -, O.Pruss. tusnan ), Kaus. tōs ̣ a ́ yati “beschwichtigt,
stellt zufrieden, erfreut ”; Av. tušni - ‘stillschweigend ” (tušnišad - “wer stillschweigend dasitzt ”);
M.Ir. tō (*tauso -) ‘still, closemouthed “, O.Ir. tūae ‘silentium” (basic form *tausi̯ü ?),
M.Welsh taw ‘schweige! ”, Welsh taw ‘schweigen; closemouthed “, tawel “ closemouthed “,
Bret. tao ‘schweigen; still! ”, O.Bret. taguelguiliat Gl. to dem as ‘schweigendes Wachen ”
mißverstandenen Lat. silicernium ; guo-teguis “compescuit ”, Bret. tevel ‘schweigen ”;
O.S. thyster “ closemouthed, dumb, still ” (*Þusti -);
O.Pruss. tusnan ‘still”, tussīse “er schweige ” (*tusē-, as Lat. tacē-re), Lith. taũsos ,
tausūtis ‘sich lay, place (of Winde) ”;
Slav. *tušiti “beruhigen ” (= O.Ind. tōša ́ yati ) in den trans. Russ. tušítь “löschen,
auslöschen” , Pol. po-tuszyć “ encourage “ (“*beruhigen ”), etc.; besides intr. * tuchnǫti in
Russ. túchnutь “erlöschen” , Slov. po-túhniti ‘still become, verlöschen” ; Russ. FlN Tósna
(*Тъsna);
Hitt. dušk -, duškii̯a - ‘sich freuen ”.
References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.
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tāg-
English meaning: to put in order
Deutsche Übersetzung: “an den rechten Platz, ordentlich hinstellen ”
Material: Gk. τᾱγός m. “Anfũhrer, Befehlshaber” , τᾱγεύω , τᾱγέω “beherrsche, fũhre an” ,
nachHom. τάσσω, Att. τάττω, ἐτάγην , τακτός “auf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and
limb, member stellen, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regeln ” (present τάσσω analog.
instead of * τάζω), ταγή f. ‘schlachtordnung ”, τάγμα n. “Heerschar; order ”, τάξις f. “order;
alignment; Posten, rank ”;
O.Brit. PN Pra-su-tagus (vorCelt. IE Lw.);
Lith. pa-togùs “anständig, bequem” (εὔτακτος ) = Ltv. patügs “bequem”, Lith. su-tógti ‘sich
vertragen, sich verbinden ”;
Toch. A tüs ́ s ́ i pl. “Anfũhrer” .
References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f.
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tāl-
English meaning: to grow; young animals
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen, grũnen; Gewächs, junger Trieb”
Material: Gk. τᾶλις -ιδος “junges mannbares girl, bride ” τ῅λις , -εως, Ion. -ιος f.
“Hũlsengewächs, Bockshorn” , τηλεθάω “ blossom, sprieße” ;
Lat. tülea ‘stäbchen, seedling, Setzreis” , dial. for *tülia , as also tülla = tülia
“Zwiebelhũlse” ; denominative tüliüre ‘split, cut, clip ” (originally “*Zweige abschneiden ”);
Lith. a(t)tólas “Nachheu, Grummet ”, talõkas “ grown, nubile, marriageable ”.
References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1, 498.
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tā-, tǝ-; tāi-, tǝi-, tī̆-; [tāu-], tǝu-, tū ̆-
English meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmelzen, sich auflösen (fließen), hinschwinden (Moder,
verwesendes) ”
Material: A. Osset. thayun “tauen, melt ” (*tüi̯ō) = O.C.S. tajǫ, tajetъ “melt”, *talъ
“geschmolzen, fluid ”, Russ. tályj;
Arm. t”anam “benetze (Aor. t”ac̣i); werde humid, wet (Aor. t”ac̣ay )”;
Welsh tawdd “liquēfactiō” , toddi , Bret. teuzi “melt” (-d- or -dh-forms);
with b(h)-extension (compare under τῖ -φ-ος) Lat. tübēs “das allmähliche Vergehen
through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc. ”, tübum “Jauche, mucus, Seuche ”, tübeō,
-ēre, tübēscō, -ēre “melt, hinsiechen ”.
with k-extension Gk. τήκω, Dor. τά̄κω ‘schmelze”, τακερό ς ‘soft, schmelzend ”, τηκεδών f.
“Abzehrung, Schwindsucht, Verwesung ”;
B. i-forms: O.Ice. Þīðr (*tī-tó-s) “geschmolzen, getaut ”, whereof Þīða “auftauen, tr. and
intr.”, Þīðenn “geschmolzen, getaut ”;
with bh- (compare above tübēs ) Osset. ćirwä , c̣irw “yeast” from * tibh-no-; Gk. τῖφος n.
“marshy place, damp Grund ”; dak. FlN Σιβίσκος; about Lat. Tiberis (*Thubris, Θυβρίς <
*dhubris ) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;
with l-suffix: Gk. τῖλος “dũnner Stuhlgang, Abfũhren” ; O.Bulg. tьlěti “modern, verwesen ”,
tьlja “Verwesung ”, Russ. tlja “Motte” (compare under Lat. tinea ), “Blattlaus ”;
with m-suffix: O.C.S. timěno ‘slime, mud ”;
with n-suffix: O.E. ðīnan “humid, wet become ”, ðün (*lǝi-no-) “humid, wet, bewassert ”,
whereof ðǣnan “ moisten “, ðünian , ðǣnian “humid, wet sein or become ”;

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O.C.S. tina ‘slime, mud ”; probably Lat. tīnus “the lorbeerartige Schneeball ” (from the stark
abfũhrenden Wirkung) and tinca ‘schleie” (*tīnica ‘schleimiger or in Schlamme lebender
fish”); Lat. tinea “Motte, Holzwurm” (compare above Russ. tlja) probably from a *tino- , *tinü
“Moder”;
with r-suffix: Arm. *tīro-, -ri- in t”rik” “crap, muck, droppings ”, t”rem “knead meal, flour,
dough” (“*make weiche Teigmasse ”) t”rmem “befeuchte, weiche ein ”, t”rjem “befeuchte,
benetze, begieße, bewässere” ; Lith. tūras , tỹrė porridge, mash ”, tūrai “bewachsener
morass, Heide ”, Ltv. tīrelis “morass”;
with s-suffix: O.H.G. theisk, deisk ‘stercus, fimus, rudera ”; Church Slavic těsto , Ser.-Cr. ti
jesto “dough”, because of sl. tiskati “press” from toisk- to-; O.Ir. tōis-renn, tüis “massam
(farinaceam) ”, Welsh toes, Bret. tōaz m. “dough” (*tǝi-s-to-); O.H.G. theismo , deismo , O.E.
ðǣsma m. ‘sourdough ”; Gk. σταῖς or σταίς, gen. σταιτός “Weizenmehl with Wasser zum
Teig angerũhrt” (under influence of στέᾱρ from * stait- reconverted);
with Balt ž-forms Lith. tižu ̀ š ‘schlũpfrig, glitschig” , tyžtu ̀ , tìžti ‘schlũpfrig become” ?
C. u-forms: O.Ice. Þeya , O.H.G. douwen, deuwen “tauen, to schmelzen begin, zergehn ”,
trans. (fir-)douwen “verdauen ”, O.Ice. Þeyr “Tauwind ”, Þü (*Þawō ) ‘schnee- and eisfreies
Gefilde”, O.E. ðawian (*Þawōn ) “tauen”, O.Ice. Þüna “melt intr. ” = O.E. ðawenian “netzen”
(*Þawanōn ); O.Ice. Þǣsir “qui lenem facit ”, Nor. tæsa “tauen, melt tr. ” (*Þawisjan ).
In Gmc. also Þwī̆- in O.E. ðwīnan “ dwindle, abate “, Kaus. ðwæ ̄ nan “ steep, irrigüre” ,
O.S. Þwīna “vor disease, malady, Sehnsucht under likewise hinschwinden ”, Þwæ ̆ na (from
*Þwe ̆ na =*Þwĭna ) ds. (similarly also O.H.G. thwesben “auslöschen, exterminate “ ?); Gmc.
*Þwĭnam probably reshuffling from Þīnan (see above) after den groups from O.E. dwīnan ,
ü-cwīnO.N.

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tek-1
English meaning: to produce; to bear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zeugen, gebären”
Material: O.Ind. tákman - n. (Gramm.) “ offspring, descendant, kid, child ”; takarī́ f. “ein Teil
the weibl. Genitalien ”;
Gk. τίκτω (*τι- τκ-ω), ἔτεκον, τ έξω, -ομαι, τέτοκα “ to give birth to children, zeugen ”, τέκος
n. “kid, child; Tierjunges; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot ”, τέκνον n. “ kid, child ” (: Gmc. *Þegna ́ z ),
τόκος “das Gebären, progeny, interest”, τοκίζω “ leihe auf Zinsen ”, τοκεύς “father, mother, pl.
parents”, Ion. ἐπί-τοξ, ἐπί -τεξ “the Niederkunft nahe ”;
O.Ice. Þegn “free Untertan, free man ”, O.E. ðegn “Edelmann, warrior, Held, servant ”,
O.S. O.H.G. thegan ds., Ger. Degen.
References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.
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tek-2
English meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “reichen; die Hand ausstrecken ”, teils um to empfangen
(“empfangen, erlangen ”), teils um to bitten ( “betteln, bitten ”)
Material: The meaning “bid, beg, ask ” only Gmc. : O.S. thiggian “flehen”, O.H.G. dicken,
diggen st. V. “worum bid, beg, ask ”, Dan. tigge , Swe. tigga “beg”, O.S. Þiggja ds.;
O.Ice. Þiggja “receive, annehmen ”, Þǣgr (*Þēgia -) “pleasant ”, O.S. Þiggia and older
Dan. tigge also “bekommen ”, O.E. ðicgan st. V. “bekommen, annehmen, consume ”, O.S.
thiggian ds.;
O.Ir. techtaim “I have”, Bret. tizaff “empfange ” (due to eines *tektü “das Empfangene,
property”), Welsh teg “beautiful, pretty ” (compare to meaning O.Ice. Þǣgr ), O.Ir. ētig =
Welsh annheg “ugly” (*n̥-teki-); o-grade probably O.Ir. toich “naturgemäß” (different under
top-);
Lith. tenkù , tèkti ‘sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil become,
zufallen”; Clr. taknuty “anrũhren” .
References: WP. I 715, Kuiper IE Nasalpräs. 186 f.
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tek-3
English meaning: to weave, plait
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weben, flechten ”
Material: Osset. taxun “to weave ”, an-dax “ filament “ (x from k); Arm. t”ek”em “ turn, twist,
rotate, flechte, wickle ”, t”iur (*tēk-ro-) “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “; O.H.G.
tüht “wick, cord ”, Ger. Docht = O.Ice. Þüttr “cord in a Seil ”, Swiss dæ ̄ gel , dohe , bO.Ir.
dühen, elsäss. dōche “wick” (Proto-Gmc. * Þēh-, Þēg-); also O.Ice. Þǣgja “press” eig.
“zusammendrehen ”? about O.C.S. tъkati “to weave ” see above S. 1032.
References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f.
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tek̂Þ-
English meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flechten, das Holzwerk of geflochtenen Hauses zusammenfũgen”
Material: O.Ind. takṣati “behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt ”, lengthened grade tü ́ s ̣ ṭi ds.,
participle taṣṭá -, common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- phonetic mutation Av.
tašta - and tüšta -; also tašta - n. “ cup, bowl ”; O.Ind. tákṣaṇ - m. “carpenter ” (= Av. tašan -
“molder, creator, god ”, Gk. τέκτων ), fem. takṣṇī́ (: Gk. τέκταινα ), táṣṭar - “carpenter ”
(compare Lat. textor “Weber”);
Av. tašaiti “zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt ”, taša- m. “axe”, Pers. taš ds., mp. tüšīδan
“do carpentry, do woodwork “, ар. us-tašanü ‘staircase” (*”construction ”);
maybe Alb. tas “deep bowl ”
Gk. τέκτων “ carpenter ”, fem. τέκταινα, τέκμαρ, -ωρ “mark, token, sign ”, τέχνη “ Handwerk,
Kunst, artifice ” (*τεξνᾱ from älterem *τεκτ[ε]σνᾱ); common O.Ind. -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Anatolian –
Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt-: -tk- phonetic mutation see Root ĝhðem -, ĝhðom -, gen.-
ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : “earth”
Lat. texō, -ere, -ui -tum “flax, wattle, braid, to weave ”, gelegentlich “to build”, textor , -ōris
“Weber”; tēla “Gewebe” (*tek̂slü = Slav. tesla , O.H.G. dehsala ), subtīlis (*-texlis ) “fine, thin,
tender; feinfũhlig, sharp witted, shrewd” , subtēmen “Einschlag, Eintrag in Gewebe;
Gewebe”; testa f. “Platte, shard, bowl ”, therefrom testūdō “turtle, tortoise ” (compare above
Av. tašta -), perhaps also tēlum “Fernwaffe, Wurfgeschoß” (as “kundig zugeschnitzt,
gearbeitet ”);
Maybe Alb. (*texere ) tjerr “flax, wattle, braid ”
O.Ir. tül “axe” (*tōkslo -);

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O.H.G. dehsa, dehsala “Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe ”, O.Ice. Þexla f. “Queraxt”;
M.H.G. dehsen “Flachs break, rupture ”, dehse “ spindle”, O.E. ðeox ‘spear, javelin ”; Gmc.
*Þahsu - in O.H.G. dahs , Nor. svin-toks “Dachs = badger “;
Lith. tašau ̃ -ūti “hew” (originally iterative); Ltv. tešu (*teksi̯ō ) and tèšu (*tēksi̯ō ), test and
tèst “hew”; O.C.S. tešo ̨, tesati “hew”, R.C.S. tesla “axe”, Cz. tes “Zimmerholz ”, Russ. tës
“gesägte Bretter” ;
Hitt. takš-, takkeš - “zusammenfũgen, unternehmen” .
References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f.,
Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm. 1;
Specht IE Decl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.
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tekʷ-
English meaning: to run; to flow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laufen, fließen”
Material: O.Ind. tákti “ hurries, schießt dahin” , taktá -, táku- “hurrying, rash, hasty ”, takvá -
ds.; avatká - “herabfließend” ; Av. tačaiti “ running, hurries; flows “, participle -taxta- , Pers.
tüxtan “run”, hantačina - “zusammenfließend” (= Lith. tẽkinas “ running “), Av. vi-taxti- f. “das
Zerfließen, Schmelzen” (= Inf. Slav. * tekti); here perhaps as “dahinschießend” : Iran. (skyth.)
*taḫša- (Pers. taxš) “Pfeil, bow ”, from which Gk. τόξον ds., Lat. taxus “ yew” (Benveniste
Mél. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);
Av. taka- m., Pers. tak “run, flow ” (= Lith. tãkas , Slav. tokъ); Av. tačar - n. “run, flow,
pathway”, tačan - “hurrying”; tači-üp- “running water (enthaltend) ”, Iran. *taḫra- “quick, fast ”;
Alb. ndjek “pursue”;
O.Ir. techid “flieht” (perf. ō-grade tüich ), ateoch “bitte” (*ad-tekʷō “take meine Zuflucht ”);
Brit. PN Vo-tepo-rīx; M.Welsh go-dep “Zuflucht”, tebet “escape”; Bret. tec”het “flee”,
M.Welsh 3. sg. Konj. ny ry-decho “wer nicht flieht ” (Brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm); Ir.
intech n. “way” (*enitekʷom , compare O.C.S. tekъ “run, flow ”);
Goth. Þius ‘servant, Knecht ” (= O.Ind. takvá -, lit. “ runner”, compare Ltv. teksnis
“Aufwärter, Bedienter ”), Run. ÞewaR “Lehensmann ”, O.E. ðēo(w) , O.H.G. deo “Knecht,
servant”, Fem. Goth. Þiwi, O.Ice. Þȳ, Þīr, O.S. thiwi, thiu, O.E. ðēowu , ðēowe (n), O.H.G.
diu, diuwa “ bondmaid, Dienerin ” (*tek-u̯ī́, development moviertes Fem. to * teku̯ó -s, or to
*tekú-s: O.Ind. táku-); with derivative as Goth. widuwairna “Waise” *Þewernōn in O.Ice.
Þerna ‘sklavin”, O.S. thiorna , O.H.G. diorna “virgin”, Ger. Dirne ; n-extension in O.E. ðēowen
“ bondmaid “, O.Ice. Þjōnn ‘servant”, whereof *Þewanōn “ serve “ in O.Ice. Þēna , Þjōna ,
O.H.G. dionōn, dionēn “ serve “; Goth. anaÞiwan ‘subjugate, zum Sklaven machen ”, O.E.

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ðēowian , O.Ice. Þjü ds.; lengthened gradees collective Goth. Þēwisa n. pl. ‘servant,
Knechte” (*tēku ̯ eso -);
Lith. tekù, -e ́ti “run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife, woman) ”,
Ltv. teku, tecêt “run”; O.Pruss. tackelis , Lith. teke ̃las , Ltv. teciêls m. “grindstone, whetstone ”;
Lith. tėkme ̃ “wellspring, river ”, į́toka “ estuary “; Ltv. teksnis m. “Bedienter ”; O.C.S. tekǫ, tešti
“τρέχειν” , Serb. tèčēm , tèći “flow”, etc.; Lith. tãkas “Pfad”, Ltv. taks ds., Lith. į̃takas “ estuary
“; O.C.S. tokъ “ῥύσις” , potokъ “χείμαρρος” ; Toch. В cake “river”; Hitt. u̯а-tku-zi ‘springt”.
References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.
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teleĝh -
English meaning: to hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen”?
Material: O.Ind. tarh- (tr̥ṇédhi , perf. tatarha , participle tr̥dhá -) ‘shatter, crunch “; Lith. su-talžti
“durchprũgeln” , tálžyti “thrash”, télžti “thrash, throw ”; Ltv. talzīt, talstīt “durchprũgeln” ; with
zweisilbiger root form Lith. telẽži -ju, -yti “vast, grand durchprũgeln” , tàlažuoti “ babble,
chatter “ (meaning as Ger. Klatschen ), talãžius “ babbler “.
References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522;
See also: compare under telek -.
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telek-
English meaning: to push, hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, zerstoßen, schlagen”
Note: only Celtic and baltoslavisch
Material: Welsh talch “piece, fragment, Mahlkorn ”, O.Corn. talch “furfures” (*telko-); Proto-
Slav. . *tьlkǫ, *telkti in O.C.S. tlъkǫ, tlěšti “κρούω” (IE *telkō), to Lith. tìlkstu , tìlkti “tame,
domesticated sein ”, ap-tìlkęs žmogu ̀ s “durchtriebener person ”; ablaut. Slav. tolkъ m.
‘stampfe” and Slav. tolkъno n. in Russ. toloknó “gestoßenes Hafermehl” ; balto-Slav. * talkü f.
“ common work ” in Lith. talkà , Ltv.tàlka “zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft ”, Russ.
toloká ds., also “threshing floor, pasture ” etc.
maybe Alb. (*toloká ) troka, toka “land” from Ukrainian: toloká “occasional help by fellow
villagers, fallow land, pasture ” [f ü], tóloku [Accs]

References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;
See also: compare above teleĝh -.
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tel-1, telǝ -, tlē(i) -, tlā-
English meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufheben, wägen; tragen; ertragen, dulden”
Material: O.Ind. tulü ́ f. “Waage, Gewicht ”, tulayati “hebt auf, wägt” (with Ablautneuerung in
addition tōla ́ yati ds.), tulima- “wägbar”, túlya - “gleichartig, comparable “; Arm. t”oɫum “lasse,
dulde, ertrage ”;
Gk. ταλάσσαι and τλ῅ναι (Dor. ἔτλᾱν ), participle τλά̄ς, τλᾶσα, Fut. τλήσομαι , Dor.
τλά̄σομαι, perf. τέτλᾰμεν , τέτλᾰθι, τετληυῖα , τετληότος “bear, endure, dulden ”, participle
τλητός , Dor. τλᾱτός “duldend, steadfast; erträglich” (= Lat. lütus , Welsh tlawd “arm”, IE *tl̥̄-
tós), τάλᾱς , -αντος and (after μέλᾱς ) -ανος , -αινα “ertragend, duldend, leidend ”, τάλαντον
(originally to τάλᾱς , n. τάλαν gehöriger pl. τάλαντα (eig. “die beiden Waagschalen ”) “Waage;
ein bestimmtes Gewicht ”, ἀτάλαντος “from same Gewicht, equivalent, gleich ”, πολύτλᾱς
“wer viel ausgestanden hat; very patiently ”; PN ῎Ατλᾱς , -αντος ; τλήμων , Dor. τλά̄μων
“ertragend, duldend ”, ταλαός ds., in compound ταλα-; e.g. ταλα-πενθής “affliction
ertragend ”, ταλά-φρων “ausharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich ”, next to which ταλασί -φρων and
ταλαί -πωρος “*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend ” i.e. “ afflicted, unlucky “; τάλαρος m.
“(das, wherein man carries =) basket, pannier, Käsekorb etc.” , *ταλάτης “*wer mũhevolle
Arbeit to ertragen hat, specific from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen ”, whereof ταλάσια
ἔργα, ταλασίᾱ “Wollspinnerei ”; ὄ-τλος “pain” (prefix ὀ-); redupl. PN T άνταλος , τανταλ -εύω, -
ίζω, -όω “lasse schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish ”; gradation о in τόλμη , τόλμᾰ
“boldness, das cart “, τολμήεις “duldend, steadfast, bold ”, τολμάω “ertrage, hold from, dulde;
wage”; e-grade τελάσσαι τολμ῅σαι , τλ῅ναι Hes., τελαμών “ bearer, Tragriemen, etc. ”, further
as “aufheben = in die Höhe heave, life” ἀνα-, ἐξανα -τέλλειν ‘sich erheben, aufgehen, from
Gestirnen ” (ἀνατολή “Aufgang from Gestirnen ”), ἐπιτέλλεσθαι , ὑπερτείλας ὁ ἥλιος , trans.

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(“aufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen ”)ἐντέλλειν , -εσθαι “auftragen, order ”,
ἐπιτέλλειν , -εσθαι ds., further: τέλος n. “Zahlung, tribute, tax, Ausgabe, Kost en”, εὐτελής
“wohlfeil, wenig kostend ”, πολυτελής “viel Aufwand erfordernd, precious ”, ἀτελής “frei from
tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei ”, probably also (with formants as ἄχθος , πλ῅θος ,
perhaps through mediation eines Verbums * τέλ-θω) τέλθος n. “Entrichtung, sacrifice,
oblation”;
Ven. tolar 3. sg. Deponens “bringt dar ”;
Lat. tollō, -ere (sustulī , sublütum ) “empor, in die Höhe heave, life etc.” (*tln̥ō, transfigured
from *tl̥-nü-mi), tolūtim “in Trabe ” (eig. “die Fũße hebend” ), tolerō, -üre “(er)trage,
unterhalte ”, tulī, old tetulī perf. to ferō, aLat. Konj. tulam “bear, carry, bring ”, lütus “getragen ”
(= Gk. τλᾱτός, Welsh tlawd );
M.Ir. tlenaim ‘stehle” (*tl̥nümi ), Welsh tlawd “arm” (“*duldend ”), Ir. tlüith “weak, gentle ”
(*tlü-ti-); O.Ir. tol f. “volition” (*tolü), whereof tolnathar “welcher gefällt” under likewise; at
most O.Ir. tailm , gen. telma , Bret. talm “ loop, noose, snare, Schleuder ”, Welsh telm
“Dohne” (: τελαμών?);
Goth. Þulan, -aida “bear, endure, dulden ”, O.Ice. Þola, O.E. ðolian , O.H.G. dolēn ds.,
O.Ice. Þol n. “Geduld”, O.H.G. dult, O.E. geÞyld , Ger. Geduld, dulden ;
Ltv. iz-tilt “bear, endure, endure ”, perhaps (compare Goth. barn “kid, child ”, eig. “as
Leibesfrucht getragen ”) Lith. tẽlias , Ltv. tel”š, telẽns , O.C.S. telьcь , Russ. telënok (pl.
teljáta ) “calf”; different Būga Kalba ir s. 292 f.
Toch. А В täl- “heave, life, bear, carry ”, causative tlässi , preterit A cacäl, В cüla.
References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.
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tel-2, telǝ -, telu -
English meaning: flat, flat ground, board
Deutsche Übersetzung: “flach, flacher Boden, Brett ”
Material: O.Ind. tala- n. ‘surface, plain, area, Ebene, palm, sole ”, secondary talimam- n. “
floor “, tü ́ lu n. “ palate”;
Arm. t”aɫ “region, Distrikt ”, t”aɫar “irden, earthen vessel, earthenware ”, t”aɫem “beerdige,
vergrabe ”, very doubtful t”it”eln “leaf, Platte from metal “;
Gk. τηλίᾱ “Wũrfelbrett, Kũchenbrett and likewise” ;
Lat. tellūs, -ūris f. “earth”, meditullium “Binnenland ” (*telnos ; tellūs after rūs reshaped);
whether tabula f. “board” etc. from * tal-dhlü?
O.Ir. talam (*telǝ-mō) gen. talman “earth”, M.Ir. tel, t(a)ul n. “forehead, shield boss “,
WelshCorn. Bret. tal “forehead ”; in Ir. is * tal with a variant Ir. tel, tul “ shield boss “
zusammengeflossen, see below * tēu- “to swell” ;
O.Ice. Þil(i) n. “Bretterwand ”, Þilja f. “Diele, plank ”, Þel n. “ground, bottom ”, O.E. ðille
“Diele”, ðel ‘schiffsplanke, metal sheet “, O.H.G. dil, dilo “Bretterwand, Bretterdiele ”, dilla (=
O.Ice. Þilja, O.E. ðille, whether these f.) “board, Diele , Schiffsdeck ”, finn. (from dem Nord.)
teljo “ thwart “;
O.Pruss. talus “ the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle bones
of animals) ”; Lith. pã-talas “bed”, tìlės f. pl. “Bodenbretter in barge ”;Ltv. tilandi m. pl. ds.,
tilinât , telinât “flat ausbreiten ”, tilât, tiluôt “ds., ausgebreitet lie ”; aRuss. tьlo “bottom”; potolók
(*tolu-ko- ) “ ceiling”;
with formants -to-: Lith. tìltas , Ltv. til̃ts “bridge” = O.Ind. taṭa- m. (mind. for * tr̥ta-) “bank,
border, shore ” (actually “gangbarer floor “)?

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tel-3
English meaning: to be still
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘still sein”
Material: O.Ir. tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li ‘sleeps” (Iter. *tolei̯ō ), cotlud ‘sleep” (*kom-toli- tu-s);
Lith. tyliù, tylė́ti ‘schweigen ” (balto-Slav. * tilētēi with secondary lengthening of i to ī) and
(ap-, nu-, pri-) tįlù, tìlti ‘silent become ”, causative tìldau , tìldyti ‘schweigen make ”, tylùs
‘schweigsam” (IE *tel-); O.C.S. tьlějǫ, tьlěti “vermodern, vergehen ”, Serb. zà-tljâm , zà-tljati
“einschlummern wollen ”; in addition das causative Slav. *toliti in O.C.S. u-toliti “beruhigen” ,
Church Slavic toliti “placare”.
References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;
See also: perhaps s-lose variant to stel- (O.H.G. stilli ‘still”) above S. 1019.
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telp-
English meaning: space; spacious
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Raum haben ”
Material: O.Ind. tálpa - m., tálpü f. “ lair, Ruhesitz ”;
O.Ir. - tella (analogical - talla) “es is Raum, Möglichkeit vorhanden for etwas” ;
Lith. telpù , til̃pti “Raum have ”, talpà f. “ausreichender Raum ”, talpìnti , ablaut. tùlpinti
“Raum make ”; Ltv. tęlpu , tìlpt “Raum have” , tilpe f. “Kramkammer ”; Proto-Slav. . *tilpa
respectively * tьlpa in O.C.S. tlъpa , Russ. tolpá f. “heap, troop, multitude, crowd ”;
Toch. A tsälp - “go, hinũbergehen, erlöst become” .
References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.
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tem(ǝ) -
English meaning: dark
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dunkel”
Material: O.Ind. támas - n. “ darkness, darkness “ = Av. tǝmah - ds., Pers. tam ‘star of
Auges”, O.Ind. tamasá - “ swart “ (= Av. tǝmaŋha - “finster”), tamsra- “dark, livid ”; támisrüḥ (=
Lat. tenebrae ), newer támisrü f., tamisra-m “ darkness ”; támasvün (-vant) “finster” = Av.
tǝmahvant - “verblendet ”; tamrá - “verdunkelnd ”, tümra ́ - “ oxblood, indigo, kupferrot ”, timirá -
“dark, finster ”;támüla - m. “Xanthochymos pictorius ” (tree with very dunkler bark); from
tamüla -pattram “T.-leaf” derive Gk. μαλάβαθρον , Lat. mülobat(h)rum ; Av. tąϑra- nom. pl.
“darkness ”, Pers. tür “finster” = *tam-sra-;
Gk. (Eol.) VN Σέμμῑκες (*tems -);
Illyr. mountain- N Σόμαρος by Dodona;
Lat. tenebrae “ darkness “ (diss. from * temafrü = O.Ind. támisrüḥ pl.), temere “blindlings,
aufs Geratewohl ” (loc. * temesi “in Dunkeln [tappend] ”), temerō, -üre “ blemish, entehren ”
(eig. “unvorsichtig heiligen Dingen nahen ”); M.Ir. teim, temen “dark, gray ”, O.Ir. temel “
darkness “, M.Bret. teffal “finster”; O.H.G. demar n. “dawn, twilight ”; O.S. thimm “dark”
(*Þimza ́ -); M.Du. deemster , O.H.G. dinstar (and probably also O.H.G. finstar ) “finster”
(*temsro - = O.Ind. tamsra -); nd. dīsig, Dutch dijzig “nebelig, dark ” (*Þemsiga -); lengthened
grade probably O.Ice. Þüm “obscuritas aeris ”, Nor. taam “unklare Luft, dũnne blanket of
clouds “;
Lith. témsta , témti “finster become ”; tamsà “ darkness “, tamsùs “dark”, ablaut. Ltv. tima,
timsa and tùmsa “darkness ”, Lith. tim̃sras ‘schweißfũchsig, oxblood, indigo “ ; Ltv. tumst
(Inf.tumt) “es dunkelt ”; O.C.S. tьma “ darkness “, O.C.S. tьmьnъ “dark”; Russ. témrivo “
darkness “; whether Slav. těnь ‘shadow” as *tem- ni-s anzureihen?

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tem-1, tend -
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Material: Gk. τέμνω, Hom. Ion. Dor. τάμνω ( Hom. τέμει) “ cut, bite” (ἔταμον and ἔτεμον, τεμ῵ ,
τέτμηκα, τμητός); τομ ός “incisive”, τόμoς “ break, section, part; band, strap (book) ”, τομή
“cut”; τέμαχος “abgeschnittenes Stũck gesalzenen Fisches”, τέμενος “ (*abgeschnittener,
abgesonderter) göttlicher or royal district, region, area “; τμ῅σις “ cut”; τάμισος “ rennet” (weil
es γάλα τέμνει, id est σχίζει, hence also γαλα -τμον λάχανον ἄγριον Hes.); ταμίας
“Verwalter ”, as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit verteilende; other
formations τμήγω (by Balbilla τμά̄ γω) “ cut, bite” (3. pl. Aor. pass. τμά̆γεν); τένδω, τένθης see
under; Phryg. Σ῅μνον ὄρος (: Church Slavic těmę );
Lat. aestumō , -üre “abschätzen, taxieren, schätzen” due to eines *ais-temos “Erz
incisive”; about Lat. temnō see under stemb- ; O.Ir. tamun ‘stump”, tamnaid “clips, cuts ”;
Bal.-Slav. *tĭnō, *tinti from * temnō (Gk. τάμνω), *temǝtī in Lith. tinù, tìnti “dengeln”, Slov.
tnèm tę́ti “hacken”, O.Cz. tnu, tieti “hew, hit”, aRuss. tьnu (tьmetъ is Druckfehler), tjǫti “hit”,
whereupon also *tonъ instead of *tomъ (= τόμος) in nsorb. ton “Aushau” etc.; Church Slavic
těmę ‘scheitel”;
d-extension (originally d-present): Gk. τένδω “ benage, nasche ”, dh-present Att. τένθω
ds., τένθης “Näscher” ; Lat. (iterative) tondeō , -ēre, totondī , tōnsum “abscheren,
abschneiden ” (in addition tōnsa “ rudder “, tōnsilla “Uferpfahl ”); M.Ir. tond, tonn, Welsh ton f.
‘skin”; M.Ir. teinnid , tennaid ‘splits, breaks ”, teinm n. ‘split, tear” and schott.-Gael. tèum =
Welsh tam, Corn. tam, Bret. tamm “morsel, mouthful, piece ” (*tn̥dsmn̥ -).
References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133.
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tem-2
English meaning: enthralled, confused
Deutsche Übersetzung: häufig lengthened grade “geistig benommen, betäubt”
Material: O.Ind. tü ́ myati “wird betäubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet ”, participle
perf. pass. tüm ̣ ta ́ -, Kaus. tůmáyati “erstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the Luft ” (kSlav. tomiti ),
támati “erstickt (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart ”, támiṣīcī f. “beklemmend, betäubend” ,
timitá - “unbeweglich ”, (i after stimitá - ds. from *stüi- “verdichten ”); Arm. t”m(b)rim “werde
betäubt” (*tēmiro -);
Lat. tēmētum “berauschendes Getränk, Met, Wein” , tēmulentus “berauscht ”, abstēmius
‘sober”; M.Ir. tüm (*tōmu -) “disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death ”; támaid ‘stirbt”; M.Welsh
taw “death”; Ger. damisch , dämlich “betäubt, benommenen Geistes” , Westfal. dũmmeln
“ersticken ”; R.C.S. tomiti “torment, smite; distress; exhaust ”.
References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1, 495,
503;
See also: probably to consecutive ( tem(ǝ) -).
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temp -
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dehnen, ziehen, spannen ”
Note: extension from *ten- ds.
Material: Pers. tüb-aδ, Inf. tüftan and tüb-ī-δan “turn, wenden, spinnen ”, intr. ‘sich drehen,
afflicted become ” (from one to * tap = IE *tm̥p- analogical refined Кaus. * tüpayati ), wherefore
probably as Iran.Lw. Gk. τάπης, δάπις “cover, rug ”;
Arm. t”amb “(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche Fleisch an Tierbeinen ”; Gk.
PN Σέμπη (: Lat. tempus ‘schläfe” );
here Lat. tempu s, -oris n. ‘schläfe” (from the thin gespannten skin, compare O.Ice. etc.
Þunn -vangi m. ‘schläfe” ) = Lat. tempus “Zeitspanne ”, in addition temperüre “Maß halten,
Maß give” (hence “mix”); templum “ an open place for observation, place marked off by the
augur’s staff “ (“*ausgespannt = ausgemessen ”); perhaps antemnü f. ‘sprit” (“die
Aufgespannte ”) from * an(a)-temp -nü; templa , -ōrum “die gespannten Querhölzer, auf denen
die Schindeln befestigt become ”; contemplüri “ἀτενές βλέπειν ”, temptō, -üre (iterative to
*tempō ) “ touch, befũhlen, assail, untersuchen, auf die Probe stellen” (see Persson Beitr.
488 ff.);
O.Ice. Þambr ‘swollen, thick ”, Þo ̨ mb Subst. “aufgedunsener Bauch, bowstring “;
Lith. tem̃pti “ through Ziehen spannen, dehnen ”, Iter. tampūti ds., tim̃pti ‘sich recken ”,
tìmpa ‘sinew”, temptūva “ bowstring “ = O.C.S. tętiva ‘sinew”, Lith. į̃tampas “Anspannung,
Anstrengung ” (ablaut. į́tumpas “beginning zum Sprunge ”), tamprùs “tenacious, elastisch ”;
Ltv. tìeptiês “hartnäckig sein” ;
O.C.S. tǫpъ “obtusus, crassus ”? perhaps from “gedunsen ”; Russ. tepstí ‘straff anziehen ”;
Toch. A tampe “power”, AB cämp - “ to be able, vermögen” .

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tengh -
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, dehnen, spannen ”
Note: ar. *thengh- , yet probably nevertheless extension from ten-1 ds.
Material: Av. ϑang- (ϑanjasü ̊ ntē , ϑanjayentē , participle ϑaxta- ) “ziehen, Bogen spannen ”;
but ϑanvarǝ , abl. ϑanvanüt ̲ “bow (as Schußwaffe)” after Mayrhofer through contamination
with * danvan - (= O.Ind. dhánvan -, above S. 234) originated; Osset. t”ịnjịn “ distend “; Arm.
t”anjr, gen. t”anju “dense, thick ” (*tn̥ghi̯u -);
Lat. tēmō , -ōnis m. ‘shaft” (*tenksmō ); O.C.S. *tęgnǫti “ziehen”, rastęgǫ , rastęšti
“distrahere ”, Russ. tugój ‘straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy “, Pol. tęgi ds., O.C.S. tǫga
“συνοχή, περίστασις” , Slov. tǫ́ga “ sluggishness, Schwermut ” etc.; die meaning “ heavy “
also in Slav. *tęgъkъ: O.C.S. otęgъčiti “βαρεῖν” , tęžьkъ “βαρύς”, tęgostь “βάρος” , tęgota ds.
etc.; also O.C.S. istęsklъ “emaceratus, tabidus ”, istęsknǫti “tabescere ” with sk-suffix; here
O.C.S. tęža “ litigation “;
Lith. tingùs “idle” (= Slav. *tęgъ in tęgostь etc., and: O.Ice. Þungr ), tìngiu , tingė́ti “idle,
unlustig sein ”, tìng-stu, -au, -ti “träge become” ;
O.Ice. Þungr “ heavy “, Þunge m. “burden, load ”, Þyngia “beschweren ”, Þyngð
“Unannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit ”, Þyngsl “ distress, crowdedness ”; O.H.G. dīhsala , O.E.
Þīxl, O.Ice. Þīsl ‘shaft” (Proto-Gmc. *Þenχslō eig. “Zugstange ”); Toch. A tän k-, В tank-
“hinder”.
References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.
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tenk-1
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, dehnen, spannen; Zeitspanne ”
Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic
Material: Goth. Þeihs (*ténkos ), pl. Þeihsa n. “time”; with gramm. variation O.Ice. Þing n.
“Gerichtsversammlung, property, object “, O.E. ðing ds., O.S. thing , O.H.G. ding, Ger. Ding,
langob. thinx “rechtliche Zusammenkunft, congregation, meeting ”, aGmc. GN Mars Thinxus
(Gmc.*Tius Þingsaz “the god the congregation, meeting ”); O.E. ðingan “einen pact,
covenant make ”, Ger. dingen.
References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:
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tenk-2
English meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick
Deutsche Übersetzung: “(sich) zusammenziehen (also especially von the Milch; gerinnen),
fest, dicht werden ” (out of it also “gedeihen ”)
Material: O.Ind. tañc- tanákti “zieht together ”, with ü- “makes curdle, coagulate, harden “,
üta ́ ngana -m “Withtel zum Gerinnen, rennet ”, takrá -m “ buttermilk “ (*tn̥k-ló-m: *ténk-lo-m in
Ice. Þe ́ l), Pers. talxīna ‘sour milk”; Av. taxma- “valiant, proficient, energetic, heldenhaft ”,
compounds tąšyah -, Sup. tančišta -; Pers. tanjīδ an “pull together ”, afghO.N. tat “dense,
thick” (*tahta- );
M.Ir. tēcar “ protection ”, tēcht (*tenkto- , compare O.Ice. Þēttr ) “geronnen ”, tēchte
“gehörig, right” , Welsh teithi “characteristics ”, M.Welsh brenhin teithiawc “rex legitimus ”
(from “tight, firm” ), O.Ir. con-tēci “gerinnt” (= Goth. Þeihan , IE *ténkō ), téchtaid ds. (*tenktō );
ablaut. tocad , Welsh tynged “luck”, Bret. toñket “fate, destiny ”, PN Tunccetace , Lat. gen. in
Wales; zero grade Welsh tanc f. “peace” (*tn̥kü), tangnef ds.; compare aDan. taknem
“dankbar” under tong-; Gaul. PN Tanco-rīx “Friedensfũrst” ;
Mod.Ice. Þēl n. “ buttermilk “; O.Ice. Þēttr “dicht”, M.H.G. dīhte , Ger. dicht and dial. deicht
(Proto-Gmc. *Þenχ tu-); Mod.Ice. Þētti ‘sour milk”; Goth. Þeihan “thrive”, O.H.G. gidīhan ,
O.E. geðēon ds., participle O.E. geðungen , O.S. githungan “vollkommen ”, in addition das
Kaus. O.S. thengian “vollenden ” (of present *Þīhan from junction in die ī-row), Goth. gaÞaih ,
dt. gediegen , M.L.G. dege “ prospering; flourishing, Fortschritt ”; Verschmelzung with
Verwandten from Lith. tinkù tìkti “taugen, passen ”, patinkù ‘schmecke, behage ”, Iter. táikau ,
-yti “zusammenfũgen, bring in order “ , tìkras “right”, das to Lith. tiẽkti, teĩkti belongs), Ger.
bO.Ir. deihen “austrocknen and dadurch dichter become ”, compare with gradation *Þanχ -

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Ger. steIr. dahen “dry, dorren ” and die Bezeichnung the Tonerde Goth. Þühō , O.E. ðōhæ,
ðō, O.H.G. düha , Ger. Ton (*Þanχōn), O.Ice. Þü “loam”, O.S. thühi “irden”;
O.Ice. Þengill , O.E. ðengel “prince, lord, master, mister ” (*Þаngilaz );
O.Ice. Þang , M.L.G. dank “ seaweed, Tang ”, O.E. ðung “Aconitum napellus ”, nd.
wodendung ‘schierling” (“*dichte mass, tussock “?);
Lith. tánkus “dense, frequent, often ”;
Clr. t”aknuty “nũtzen” , Slov. tek “ prospering; flourishing “; presumably O.C.S. tǫča “rain”,
Slov. t”ǫča “hail”, and likewise; whether Goth. Þeiƕō “thunder” dazugehört, with from
“Wetterwolke ” verschobener meaning, is höchst dubious.
References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f., J.
Loth RC. 41, 225 f.;
See also: root-extension from ten-1 “dehnen”.
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ten-1, tend -
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dehnen, ziehen, spannen ”, also von the Weberei, Spinnen, Strick
etc.
Grammatical information: ten- bildet in IE an not thematic root aorist (ved. átan, átata “er
hat gespannt ”) and ein Perfekt (ved. tatü ́ na , tatné , Lat. tetini ). Das present wird with -eu-
extension (ved. tanóti , tanuté , Gk. Hom. τάνυται) or -i̯e/o-suffix shaped (Gk. τείνω); compare
tenu-s “thin” and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens- .
Material: O.Ind. tanō ́ ti “dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert ”, Av. pairi-tanava 1. sg. Konj.
Akt. “I will fernhalten ”, pairi-tanuya 1. sg. Opt. Med.; O.Ind. ut-tüna- “ausgestreckt ” = Av.
ustüna - ds. ( *tn̥nó-, compare O.Ind. tani-man- n. “Dũnne” , also Lith. tìnti, Lat. tenē-re); Pers.
tanīδ an “turn, spinnen ”; as d-present (as Lat. tendō ) O.Ind. tandatē “läßt after, ermattet”
(tandrü ́ “Mattigkeit, Abspannung ”);
participle O.Ind. tatá- m. “gestreckt ” (= Gk. τατός, Lat. tentus ); tati- m. “row, cord,
sacrifice, immolation “ (= Gk. τάσις ‘spannung, lengthening “, Lat. in-, con-tentiō ), next to
which zero grade tánti- “cord, Saite, row ”, tantu- “ filament, cord, Saite, Aufzug of
Gewebes ”; tan- “Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny “, instr. tanü ́ “continuō” ,
tána- m. “ descendant “, tána-m, tánü, tánas - n. “ progeny “; tántra -m “Zettel, Aufzug am
loom” = Pers. tür (Av. *tąϑra-) ds., afghO.N. tōr “net”; O.Ind. tüna- m. “clay, filament “
(compare Gk. τόνος ); perhaps here tanū ́- f. “body, person, Selbst ” = Av. tanū- f. ds.
(Mayrhofer 475);
Gk. τάνυται ‘streckt sich ” (= O.Ind. tanutē ́ ), τανύω (ἐτάνυσα etc.) ‘strecke, dehne ”; τείνω
ds. (τατός), τιταίνω ds.; ταινίᾱ “(long) stripe, Binde ” (due to eiŋes adj. *τανι̯ός); τέτανος
‘spannung, twitch “; τετανός “gestreckt, long, straff ”; τένων , -οντος ‘sinew”, τένος n. ‘sinew,

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straff angezogenes Band ” (= Lat. tenus , -oris, compare also O.Ind. tánas - n.), ἀ-τενής “very
gespannt, straff ” (ἀ- probably with Ion. Psilose = sm̥-), whereof ἀτενίζω “hefte den Blick
angespannt auf etwas ”; τόνος ‘spannung, Anspannung; also the voice, Hebung of Verses,
musikalischer sound, tone ” (: Lith. tãnas ); τάσις f. ‘spannung ” (*tn̥tis); about τανύ- ‘sich
ausbreitend ” see under tenu-s ;
Alb. ndënj “breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten ”; katund , këtunt (*ke-tn̥-t-) “village”
(“*ausgespanntes tent ”);
Lat. tendō, -ere, tetendi, tentum , newer tēnsum ‘spannen, distend, ausstrecken ”
(originally d-present) = Umbr. an-, en-tentu “intenditō” , ustentu “ostenditō” etc., Lat. tentus ,
(in-)tentiō ; teneō, -ēre, tenui (aLat. tetinī = O.Ind. tatanē ), tentum “hold, stop etc. ” (originally
Durativ, trans. and intrans. ‘somewhat gespannt halten ”, hence tenēre also “dauern” = vast,
spacious sein), at-tinēre , pertinēre , continuus ; tenēre aliquid originally with acc. of Zieles
“auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein ” (tenē-re belongs to O.H.G. donēn “vast, spacious,
ausgestreckt sein ” undLith. tìnstu , tìnti “to swell”); tenus , -oris n. “cord with loop, noose,
snare “ (= Gk. τένος ), tenor , -ōris m. “ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection;
(jur.) sense, mind, Inhalt eines Gesetzes ”, tenus preposition m. abl. gen. acc. ‘sich
erstreckend bis, bis an ”, protinus ‘sich after vorn erstreckend, vorwärts” (compare O.Ind.
nū ́ tanüh ̣ , -tnüh ̣ “jetzig”, Lat. diū-tinus , Lith. dabartìnis “jetzig”), tenüx “ tenacious, tenacious” ;
Umbr. tenitu “teneto”;
O.Ir. tan “time” (*tenü), lit. “Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung ” (in tain “when, if”) (: Ltv.
tina), O.Ir. tét ‘saite” (*tn̥tü) = Welsh tant ds. (compare O.Ind. tantu- , Ice. Þind) = Bret. ar-
dant “Pflöcke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles” ; O.Ir. tēit “goes” (*ten-ti, alterWurzelaorist,
originally ‘streckte”);
Goth. uf-Þanjan ‘sich distend, sich ausstrecken ”, O.Ice. Þenja “ausspannen,
ausstrecken ”, O.E. ðenian, ðennan ‘strecken, spannen ”, O.H.G. den(n)en “dehnen”; O.Ice.

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Þinull “rope, hawser, dasein net einfaßt and in addition dient, es to spannen” , O.Ice. Þind,
Nor. tinder f. “Zwerchfell ” (O.Ir. tēt, O.Ind. tántu -); dh-present O.E. ðindan “to swell, angry,
irate sein ”; in addition O.Ice. Þund f. “river”; O.E. ðunian ‘sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell ”,
gleich O.H.G. M.H.G. donên ‘sich distend, to swell, strotzen ”; don “ausgespannt ”, M.H.G.
done , don ‘spannung ”, O.H.G. dona , O.S. thona “twig, branch, Ranke ”, Ger. Dohne , O.E.
ælf-ðone “Albranke, Solanum dulcamara ”; O.Ice. Þo ̨ n f. “Holzstäbchen, with dem Felle zum
Trocknen ausgespannt become ”, Swe. tana ‘sinew”, older Dan. tan “Zwerchfell ”;
Lith. tìnstu , tìnti “to swell”, tãnas ‘swelling, lump, growth ” (“*sich distend “, also of
Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefördert through das reimende tvìnti “to
swell”); Lith. tiñ-klas “net”, O.Pruss. sasin-tinclo “Hasengarn ”, Ltv. tinu, tît “flax, wattle, braid,
winden, wickeln ”, tina “ein Setznetz ” (: O.Ir. tan), tineklis ‘somewhat Gewundenes,
Gewickeltes ”; Lith. tandus “idle”;
O.C.S. teneto, tonoto “rope”.
References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3 , 93, Mayrhofer 1 , 475,
Bergin E ́ riu 12, 227 ff.
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tens-
English meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dehnen, ziehen, spannen ”
Note: extension from ten-1 ds.
Material: O.Ind. taṁsayati “zieht hin and her, schũttelt” , taṁsati (uncovered), Aor. á-tasat
“pull, with Gewalt in Bewegung place ”, tásara -m “Weberschiffchen ”, vítasti - m.; Av. vitasti-
‘span”;
Lat. tōlēs , -ium “craw am Halse ”, Dimin. tōnsillae “die Mandeln in Halse ”, prōtēlum “
towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang ”, whereof prōtēlüre “in die Länge
ziehen” (during prōtēlüre “drive away, fortjagen ” as tēlīs “prōpellere ” to understand,
comprehend is); tēnsa “Prozessions- or Götterwagen” , das subst. Fem. of participle tēnsus ;
Goth. atÞinsan “heranziehen ”, anld. thinsan “ziehen, rend “, O.H.G. dinsan “ziehen,
drag”, hess. dinse , dans “ziehen”, participle Ger. gedunsen (eig. “aufgezogen ”), O.H.G.
dansōn “ziehen, dehnen ”;
Lith. tęsiù , tę̃sti “ through Ziehen dehnen, verlängern” , pratęsà “Verzug, Aufschub ”,
užte ̨ sas “Leichentuch ”, Intr. tįstù, tį̃sti ‘sich dehnen, sich recken ”, tąsaũ -ūti (: O.Ind.
taṁsayati ) “pull, recken ”, O.Pruss. tiēnstwei ‘stir, tease, irritate ”, 2. pl. Imp. tenseiti ,
participle entensīt s “gefaßt” , teansis ‘shaft”.
References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491,
532.
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tenu-s, t enu-s
English meaning: thin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “dũnn” , eig. “lang gedehnt ”
Grammatical information: fem. tenu̯ī
Note: to ten-1 “dehnen”
Material: O.Ind. tanú-, fem. tanvī “thin, tender, schmächtig, unbedeutend” (tánuka - ds. =
Slav. tьnъkъ ); substantivized O.Ind. tanū́- f., tanuṣ - n., Av. tanū- f., tanus - n., Pers. tan
“body, body”;
Gk. τανυ- “long”, fem. τανεῖαι “ long balk, beam ”; τανα(F)ό ς “langgestreckt, long ”; perhaps
eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. Gk. Nominalkomp. 127;
Lat. tenuis “thin, fine, tender ” (from dem fem. * tenu̯ī = O.Ind. tanvī́); Gk. ταναFός kann
from *τεναFός assimilated sein;
O.Ir. tan(a)e (with secondary -e), Corn. tanow , Bret. tanao, tano “thin” (Proto-Celt.
*tanau̯o -; Welsh teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of Lat. tenuis );
O.H.G. dunni , O.S. thunni , O.Ice. Þunnr “thin” (nn from nu̯); here also *Þennō, *Þunnō f.
‘stirne, Schläfe” in O.H.G. tinna , M.H.G. tinne , tunne ds.; in den compounds. O.H.G. tinna-
bacho ‘schläfe” and O.H.G. dun-wangi, -wengi n., O.E. ðun-wang(e) f., O.Ice. Þun-vangi m. ,
Swe. tinning ‘schläfe” ;
Lith. tę́vas , Ltv. tiêvs “ slim “;
O.C.S. tьnъkъ “thin” (assimil. * tъnъkъ , Russ. tónkij ).
References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.
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tep-
English meaning: warm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “warm sein ”
Material: O.Ind. tápati “erwärmt, burns” (also “kasteit sich, ũbt penance, atonement” ),
participle taptá - “erwärmt, erhitzt” , tápas - n. “heat, blaze, glow ”, tápu- “glũhend, hot” , Kaus.
tüpa ́ yati “erwärmt, erhitzt” ; Av. tüpaiti “is warm”, Kaus. tüpayeiti “erwärmt, erhitzt” , Inchoh.
tafsaiti (*tepǝsk ̂ eti ) “wird hot”, participle tapta- “erwärmt, hot” , tafnu- m. “Fieberhitze, fever ”,
tafnah- n. “heat, blaze, glow; fever ”; Pers. tüftan “burn, warm, gleam, shine ”;
Alb.Tosk ftoh, Gheg ftof “make cold, lösche from, verletze with words” (*vëtēp -sk̂ō
“entwärme” );
Lat. tepeō -ēre “ lukewarm sein ”, tepidus “warm”, tepor “Wärme” ; presumably Osc.
tefúrúm “a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation ” (*teps- ro-); Umbr. abl. sg. with Postpos. tefru-
to, acc. pl. Umbr. tefra “carnes cremandas ”;
O.Ir. tē “hot”, pl. tēit (*tepent - = O.Ind. participle tapant- ); ten and tene, gen. -ed “fire”
(*tepnet -), Welsh Corn. Bret. tan ds., Corn. Bret. tana “kindle, inflame ”; O.Ir. tess, Welsh
Corn. tes, Bret. tez “heat” (*teps-tu-, to es-stem Lat. tepor , O.Ind. tapas -); M.Ir. timme “heat,
fear”(*teps-mi̯ü); Welsh twym “heat”, O.Corn. toim “hot”, M.Bret. toem , Bret. tomm “hot”
(*tepesmo -);
Nor. teva “vor heat keuchen ”, O.E. ðefian “pant, gasp ”, O.Ice. Þefr m. smell, odor, taste ”,
Þefa ‘smell” trans., Þefja ‘smell” intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen Dampfes from Speisen);
O.C.S. * teplъ (in teplostь “θερμότης ”), Cz. teplý, Russ. tëplyj and (with о after topiti )
O.C.S. toplъ “warm”; Kaus. Serb. tòpiti “melt”, Russ. topítь “heizen; zerlassen ”; pr. PN
Taplawken eig. “Warmfeld ”;
Hitt. tapašša - “fever, heat ” (O.Ind. Lw.?).

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terd-, tred -
English meaning: to drill
Deutsche Übersetzung: “durchbohren ”
Note: (see also ter- “malmendes insect ”), extension from * ter- “rub, durchbohren ”
Material: O.Ind. tr̥ṇátti , Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), perf. tatárda “durchbohren, split ”,
tardman- n. “hole, aperture “, tardá - m. “ein insect ”, tr̥dilá - “löcherig, durchbohrt” , tradá - “the
(through Bohren) eröffnet” ; Lith. tréndu , -e ́ti “from Motten, Wũrmern zerfressen become” ,
trande ̃ under trandìs “Made, Holzwurm ”; ablaut. Ltv. trûdi “Moder”, trûdêt “verwittern,
faulen”; Lith. trìdė “diarrhea”; O.C.S. trǫdъ “tinder” and “kind of disease, malady,
δυσεντερία” (compare above S. 1073 Lith. tríedžiu “have diarrhea ”: Welsh trwyddo “bore”),
Cz. trud “Zitterich am face ”.
References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper IE Nasalpräs. 96 f., 183 f.,
Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.
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terk-, trek - (tork-, trok -)
English meaning: to turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen”
Note: probably extension from ter-3 “rub, drehend reiben ”
Material: O.Ind. tarkú- m. “ spindle”, niṣṭarkyá - “was sich aufdrehen läßt” ; figurative tarkáyati
“assumes, sinnt after ”;
Gk. ἄτρακτος m. f. “ spindle (figurative: Pfeil, sprit) ” ἀ = n̥ “in”, as (‘stäbchen zum
Aufdrehen ”), ἀτρεκής “unverhohlen, geradeheraus ” (“unumwunden ”); Alb. tjerr ‘spinne”
(*tērknō );
Lat. torqueō, -ere, torsi, tortum “turn, winden, verdrehen, agonize ” (qu is k + formant u̯,
compare O.Ind. tarkú - “ spindle”), torquēs, torquis “ necklace as jewellery ”, tormentum
“Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, Wurfmaschine ” (*torqu[e]mentom ), tormina
“Leibschmerzen ”, torculum “Drehpresse, Kelter ”, nasturtium “Kresse” (*nüstorctiom “quod
nasum torqueat ”);
Ir. trochal ‘schleuder ”; perhaps Welsh torri “break, rupture ” (*tork-s-), M.Bret. terryff ds.;
O.H.G. drühsil “Drechsler ”, Ger. drechseln , probably also O.E. Þræ ̄ stan “turn,
zusammenwinden, press, afflict “ (as Gmc. *Þrēχsti̯an ); if also O.Ice. Þari “Tang” (from
*Þarhan -) actually “band, strap ”?
O.Pruss. tarkue “Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr) ” lies tarkne = *tarkìnė ; O.C.S. trakъ
“band, strap, Gurt ”, Russ. tórok m. ‘sattelriemen ”, Pol. troki m. pl. ‘strap, Fesseln ”;
Toch. AB tsärk - “torment, smite ”, A tark- “Ohrring”, В tärk- “turn”.
A meaning “verdreht, quer ” shows die with tu̯- anlautende family of O.H.G. dwerah,
dwerawēr “ slantwise, quer ”, Ger. zwerch , quer and M.H.G. twerge “Quere”, zwerg “quer”,

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ter-2, teru -
English meaning: feeble, fragile, weak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zart, schwach ”
Note: (to ter- “rub” as “ab-, aufgerieben, weakened “)
Material: Gk. τέρην “tender”, sabin. terenum “molle”, Lat. (after tenui s reconverted) tener, -
a, -um “tender, soft ”;
from the u-basis: O.Ind. táruṇa -, dial. tálina - “ young, tender ” (m. f. “ youngling, girl ”, n.
‘sprout, Halm ”), Av. tauruna- “ young “, Osset. tärịn “knave, boy ”;
Gk. τέρυ ἀσθενές, λεπτόν Hes., τέρυες ἵπποι “ abgejagte Pferde ” (τερύσκετο ἐ τείρετο
Hes.: τέρυ = μεθύσκω : μέθυ), τερύνης τετριμμένος ὄνος, καὶ γέρων Hes.;
Lat. tardus ‘slow, slack, zögernd” as do-derivative eines red.-stuf. *teru-?; O.Ir. terc “
sparse, small ”;
zur τέρην-group as “ young, tender; young Bursche, Tierjunges ” also torno -s in Lith.
tar̃nas ‘servant”, O.Ind. tarṇa -, tarṇaka - m. “Tierjunges, calf ”; Arm. t”orn, gen. t”orin
“grandchild, grandson ”;
Alb. trim “valiant, gamy; m. young man ”, pl. trima “bewaffnete Gefolgsmänner” (tr̥mo-), if
“young Bursche, jugendkräftig” die meaning-development war;
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since Alb. maybe Alb. trim “brave, not scared ” is related to
Alb. Alb.Tosk trëmp , Gheg trem “I scare”; Lat. tremō , -ere “tremble” from Root trem-, trems -
: “to thump; to tremble ” (see below).
Arm. t”arm “ young, fresh, green ”, perhaps O.Ice. Þyrma ‘spare, look after ” as derivative
eines *Þormaz “weak, tender ”; is Lat. termes, -itis “abgeschnittener twig, branch ” die
lengthened grade in addition? men-forms in Gk. τεράμων “ tender, light kochbar ”, ἀτεράμων

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ter-3, terǝ - and teri-, trī-
English meaning: to rub
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reiben; drehend reiben ” (from which “drehen”), “(reibend)
durchbohren ”
Note: also teru- : treu- (extended with b, g, gh, ĝh, k, p); here ter-2 “tender” (eig.
“aufgerieben ”, compare Lat. mollis : molō ), and ter-6 in Worten for “malmendes insect ”
Material: A. O.Ind. turá- “wund” or “ sick “, ǘtura - ds.;
Gk. τείρω “reibe (auf), bedränge, quäle, betrũbe”, τίτρημι, newer τιτρά ω “grind, pulverize,
durchbohre ” (Fut. τρήσω; τρητό ς “durchbohrt, durchlöchert”, τρ῅μα “ hole”), τετραίνω ds.
(compare Lith. trinù); κυκλοτερή ς “ round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “,
τέρετρον “ borer”, τερέω “ drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle ”; ἔτορε “ durchbohrte ” (participle
present ἀντι-τορεῦντα, perf. τετορημένος), τόρος “ chisel” (compare also τορό ς “ piercing
loud” under *toro-s “loud”), τορεύ ς “Grabstichel, chisel ”, τορεία “das Verfertigen erhabener
Arbeit in Stein or metal “, τορεύω “carve”; τόρνος “ Zirkel, Dreheisen; Kreisbewegung ”
(τόρονος τόρνος. Σαραντῖνοι Hes., compare lak. τορονευτός); τόρμος “ hole”; about Gk.
ἀτάρτηρος “ inconsiderate “ (?) s. Frisk 176;
Alb. tjer ‘spinne” (*terō);
Lat. terō, -ere, trīvī, trītum “rub, grind “, the prefixed present forms from the basis trēi-, trī-,
likewise dētrīmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) “ failure, damage ”,
trīticum “wheat” (“*Dreschgetreide ”), triō m. “Pflugochse ” (“ a terenda terra “), trībulum “ a
threshingsledge, wooden platform studded with iron teeth “, trībulüre “press; beset, plague
(late)”, tetricus “ grumpy, surly, sullen, finster ”, intertrīgō “wundgeriebene place ”; teres , -etis
(eig. “glattgerieben ”) “längli chrund, glattrund, slim, fine ”, terebrü “borer”; trīcae “Ränke” (pl.)
to *trī-kü “tribulatio ”;

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toch AB trik- “in die Irre go, fehlen ”, В traik- “in die Irre guide, lead ”, participle perf.
pass.tetrīku ;
from the same basis trēi-, trī- (as trīvī etc.) M.Ir. trēith “weak”, and Gk. τρί̄βω (τρί̄ψω,
ἐτρί̆βην) “rub, grind, pulverize, entkräfte etc.” , τρῐβή “das Reiben etc. ”, τρίβος m. f.
“abgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug ”; compare Church Slavic trěbiti “clean, roden”
from Proto-Slav. * terb- (τρί̄βω : Lat. trī- = sl. terb- : Lat. ter-); in addition M.Ir. trebaid (*tr̥b-)
“pflũgt, bewohnt” , O.Ir. trebar ‘smart” (partly with treb, S. 1090, zusammengefallen);
O.Ir. tarathar , Welsh etc. taradr “borer”; M.Ir. tuirenn (*torinü ) “wheat” (“ Reibefrucht “);
O.H.G. drüen “turn, work a lathe ” (originally “*drehend reiben or bore ”), O.E. ðrüwan
“ds.”; intr. ‘sich umkehren ” (Eng. throw “throw”), O.H.G. drüt, O.E. ðræ ̄ d , O.Ice. Þrüðr
“Draht, filament “ (*Þrēðu -z eig. “the Gedrehte ”), O.H.G. drüti “quick, fast, rash, hasty,
hasty” (eig. ‘sich hurtig drehend ”); besides Gmc. *Þr-el- in nd. drillen “bore, torment, smite ”,
M.H.G. gedrollen “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, rounded “, Ger. drillen
“winden, bore, torment, smite ”, O.Fris. thralle adv. “quick, fast ”, M.L.G. dral “ round
twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, sich wirbelnd ”, M.H.G. drel, Ger. dial. drell, drall
‘strong, tight, firm, strong ”, wherewith O.E. ðearl ‘stern, hard ” perhaps identical is ( *tor-los );
O.Ice. Þarmr , O.E. ðearm , O.H.G. daram “ intestine “ (= Gk. τόρμος “ hole”); with Þrē- the
changing by ablaut Þrō- in Goth. ÞrōÞjan “ train, practice “ = Russ. tratitь “consume ”, Cz.
tratiti “lose, zugrunde richten ”, to Lith. trótinti ‘stir, tease, irritate, banter ”, žem. trúotas
“whetstone ”, Ltv. truõts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133);
Goth. Þriskan , O.Ice. Þriskja, Þryskva , O.E. ðerscan , O.H.G. drescan “dreschen ”, to Lith.
sutrẽškinti causative “entzweischlagen ”, also M.Ir. tresc “offal, residuum “ (whether not
O.Ice. Lw.);
compare Lith. treške ́ti “crack, crackle “, Church Slavic trěskъ “fragor, fulmen ”, ablaut.
troska ds. etc.;

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Lith. tiriù, tìrti “forschen ”; O.C.S. tьrǫ, trěti “rub” (Proto-Slav. . *tьro, *terti); ablaut. Church
Slavic istor “damnum ”, Russ. tor “gebahnter way ” (: Gk. τόρος “ borer, chisel ”) from Proto-
Slav.. * tara- m. “Reibung”; balto-Slav. * tīrti- f. “Zerreibung ”, in а Cz. trt ds., infinitive Church
Slavic trъti, Serb.tȑti = Lith. tìrti; based on as Slav. infinitive * terti auf zweisilbiger basis, as
also balto-Slav. * tīrta- “zerrieben ” in Serb. tȑt = Lith. tìrtas “durchforscht ”; with n-suffix: Lith.
trinù (*trenō), trìnti “rub”, Ltv. trinu, trìt “rub, schleifen ”; with figurative meaning also O.Pruss.
trinie “ threatens “, trintawinni f. “Rächer” and Lith. trene ́ti “modern”;
B. root form teru- : treu-:
O.Ind. táruṇa -, Gk. τέρυ etc., see below *ter-2 “tender”; Gk. ἀτειρής (*ἀ -τερF-ης?)
perhaps “unverwũstlich”; τρύ̄ ω “reibe auf, erschöpfe”, τερ ύσκετο ἐ τείρετο Hes.; τρύσκει
τρύχει, ξηραίνει Hes., τρῦμα, τρύ̄ μη “hole”, τρῡτάνη “das Zũnglein an the Waage” (originally
from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); τιτρώσκω “I bewältige, damage,
verwunde ” (Fut. τρώσω), τρώ ω (*τρωFω) “ durchbohre, verwunde, verletze ”, τρ῵σις, Dor.
Ion. τρ῵μα “ wound” (because of Att. τραῦμα ds. with ō from ōu);
Welsh taraw (*toraw ) “hit”, trewis “er schlug ”, M.Welsh tereu “hits, knocks ”, M.Bret.
tarauat “rub”, O.Bret. toreusit “attrivit” (*torōu ̯ -: Gk. τορεύω), compare Bret. Vannes torein
“hit” (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);
Lith. truniù , -e ́ti “faulen”, eig. “*aufgerieben, morsch become ”, Lith. triùškinu , trùškinu
“crunch “, perhaps (as “*noise as beim Darũberreiben” ), trušku ̀ , -e ́ti “ crackle, knistern, beim
Brechen from wood under likewise ” (compare Gk. τρύσκω “ rub”);
O.C.S. trovǫ, truti, ablaut. causative traviti “ consume “ (IE *treu̯ō : *trōu ̯ ei̯ō ); O.C.S. trava
f. “garden” (ablaut. trěva from *trēuü ), Russ. travá “grass” (in addition the Ger. FlN Trave );
ablaut. Proto-Slav.. * trūi̯ō “rub” in Church Slavic tryjǫ, tryti (compare Gk. τρύ̄ω “reibe auf ”:
τρῡσί -βιος “das Leben erschöpfend” ); here also Church Slavic trizna “Totenfeier ” (from
*tryzna );

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O.E. ðrōwigean (*ðrōwōjan ) “leiden, dulden ”, O.H.G. drōa “onus, passio ”, druoē ̆ n , druota
“pati”; O.E. līcðrōwere “ein Aussätziger” , O.Ice. līkÞrür “aussätzig” ; O.Ice. Þrü f. (*Þrawō )
“heftiges, leidvolles desire ”, Þrü and Þreyja “long, want, sich sehnen ”, Þrü n. “ contrariness,
pertinacia ”, Þrür “pertinax”, O.E. ðrēa, ðrawu f. “affliction, tribulation; threat “, O.S. thrüwerk
“affliction” = O.E. ðrēaworc “ woefulness “, O.H.G. drawa , thrauwa , drōa “ threat, Drohen ”,
O.E. ðrēan “threaten, beset, plague ”, O.H.G. drawen , drewen , drauwen, drōen , Ger.
drohen , dräuen ; with the meaning- development “rub - squeeze, press ”: O.E. geðrūen
“zusammengepreßt, verdichtet” , ðry ̄ n “press”;
Toch. A tsru “wenig” (*teru̯o -).
C. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trēid - in Welsh trwyddo “bore”, Lith. tríedžiu
“have starken diarrhea ”; compare under S. 1076.
D. extensions from ter- and treu-:
1. terb-: s. S. 1071 under.
2. terg-: Lat. tergō , -ere, tergēo , -ēre “abwischen, clean ”, mantēlum , mantēle “Handtuch ”
(*man-terg-sli- , to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut Umbr. acc. sg. mantrahklu,
mandraclo “mantēle” (*-trüg-kla); Goth. Þaírko n. “hole”, zero grade M.L.G. dork “Kielraum ”,
O.E. ðurruc “cumba”, “caupolus ”;
*trōg -, *trǝg - in Gk. τρώγω “ zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes ” (Aor. ἔτραγον), τρωγάλια
“Näschereien”, τρώγλη “ hole, cave ”, τρώξ “Kornwurm ”, τράγος “ he-goat; billy goat “; Arm.
t”urc, gen. t”rcoy “mala, maxilla ” (nom. instead of * t”ruc from *trōg ̂- through Entgleisung
after dem gen. t”rcoy?) and aracem “weide” (*trǝg ̂-); Toch. AB trüsk - “chew”.
3. terĝh -: O.C.S. trězati , trьzati “ rend “, with Velar tъrgati , trъgnǫti ds.
4. terp-, trep- (only Bal.-Slav.): Ltv. tü ̀ rps “worm” (“the Zerbohrende ”), Lith. tárpas
“Zwischenraum, Lũcke, cleft, gap” , tar̃p, ter̃p “ between “; Lith. trapùs “ brittle, light
brechend ”, Ltv. trapjš , trapans “mũrbe” , trapains “morsch, brittle, verwitternd ”, trapêt , trepêt

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“verwittern, faul, mũrbe become” ; unclear O.C.S. trapъ “pit, pothole ” (*torp- ), Serb. trap
“Rũbengrube” .
5. treugh -: perhaps Gk. τρύ̄χω “τρύω”, τρῦχος n. “ das Abgerissene, rag ”, τρῡχηρός
“abgerissen, zerlumpt ”; O.Ir. trōg, truag “ woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky “; Welsh
M.Bret. tru “ woeful, wretched, miserable “, Gaul. PN Trougillus , Trōgus.
6. treuk -: Welsh trwch “ cropped, truncated, cut off “, trychu “cut, clip” (*truk-s -); O.Ice.
Þrō, pl. Þrø ̄ r f. “trough”, O.E. ðrūh, gen. ðry ̄ h f. m. n. “ds., gully, coffin ”, O.H.G. drūh drūch
(actually “*Verbrecherblock ”) “Fußfessel, Tierfalle” , Ger. Drauche “Falle, Wolfs- or
Fuchseisen ”, O.S. thrūh “manacle ”; with gramm. variation Ice. Þrūga , Nor. dial. trūga, tryge,
trjug “kind of snowshoe ”; O.Ice. Þrūga “threaten” (see to meaning above M.H.G. drohen );
intensive O.S. Þrykkja , O.E. ðryccan “press, urge, press, push, press ”, O.H.G. drucken ,
Ger. drũcken ;
Lith. trúk-stu, -au, - ti “ rend, break, rupture, platzen ”, trũkis “crack, break, col, gap ”, Ltv.
trũk-stu, -u, -t “entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, fehlen ”, trũkums “break; lack ”; traũks
“Geschirr, vessel ”, Lith. traukai “Gefäße” (“*ausgebohrtes, gehöhltes Stammstũck” ), Lith.
tráukti “ziehen”, O.Pruss. pertraūki “verschloß” (eig. “umzog”), Ltv. traukt “hit”; Lith. trùkti
“dauern, währen” , trúkščioti “ twitch “.
7. treup -: Gk. τρῡπάω “ drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre ”, τρύ̄πανον “borer”, τρύ̄πη
“hole”; O.Pruss. trupis “clot, chunk ”; Lith. trupù , -e ́ti “ crumb, spall, crumble “, trupùs “
crumbly “, traupus “ brittle “, Ltv. sa-trupêt “morsch become ”; R.C.S. trupъ (*troupos )
“Baumklotz; corpse ”, O.C.S. trupije “θνησιμαῖα” , Ser.-Cr. trûp “trunk” etc., O.C.S. truplь
“hollow”.
Maybe Alb. trup “body, trunk ”
References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330,
Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.

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ter-4, terǝ- : tr̥̥̄-, trā -, teru -
English meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “hinũbergelangen, hindurchdringen; ũberqueren, ũberwinden,
ũberholen, hinũberbringen, retten”
Material: O.Ind. tárati “ places about, ũbertrifft, ũberwindet” (tiráti, titarti , tīryati ; tarutē ),
türa ́ yati “ places about, fũhrt hinũber” , tará- “ũbersetzend, ũberwindend” (= Av. -tara-
“ũberschreitend, ũberwindend” ); taráṇi - “durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, hilfreich ”, táras -
n. “das Vorwärtsdringen, energy “ , instr. tárasü adv. “hasty, rash, hasty ”, tará- adj. ‘strong”;
tarantá -m. ‘sea”; tīrtha ́ - n. “ford, Tränke” (*tr̥̄tho-) besides *tūrtha ́ - in prükr. tūha- “bank,
border, shore ”, dardisch tūrt “ford”; compare pümir tũrt “ford” (*tr̥̄to-);
u-basis besides in tarutē also in tū ́ rvati “ũberwältigt, besiegt” , Inf. turváṇē , adj. turváṇi -
“ũberwältigend, victorious “ ; Av. tar- “hinũbergelangen about” (present-stem titar-, taraya -,
from the u-basis taurvaya -, Intens. titüraya -, participle vī-tǝrǝta -), taurvan - “ũberwindend” ,
mp. tarvīnītan “ũberwinden, afflict “ ; ар. viyatürayüma “wir ũberschritten” , Osset. tärịn “drive,
push, hunt, chase ”, Bal. tarag , tharaɣ “umwenden, umkehren ”;
Verbaladjektiv O.Ind. -túr (-tr̥̄) in ap-túr “die Wasser ũberquerend” , üji-túr “in fight,
struggle ũberwindend” , ratha-túr “ cart ũberholend” , radhra-túr “den Ermattenden rettend ”,
etc.;compare Gk. νέκ-ταρ above S. 762;
Alb. sh-tir, sh-tij “put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an ”?
with the meaning from O.Ind. tará- (see above) probably Illyr. Taros , Tara river names;
Gk. τέρθρον “ end, cusp, peak ”;
Hitt. tarḫzi “besiegt, ũberwindet” ;
O.Ind. trü- “(*hinũberfũhren = retten), shield, beware, guard” (trǘ-sva, trüya ́ tē , s-Aor.
trüdhvam , Av. ϑrüzdūm ‘schirmet!”, perf. O.Ind. tatrē), Av. ϑrü- ds. (present-stem ϑrüya -),

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ϑrüti- f. ‘schirm, protection ” under likewise; IE *trü- because of Gk. τρᾱνής , τρᾱνός “ piercing
= clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct ” and Lat. intrüre “hineingehen ”, extrübunt Afranius (see
trüns beim prepositional ter-); trümes ‘seiten-, Querweg ” from *trüns -with (to Lat. meō);
With m-formant: O.Ind. sutárman - “good ũbersetzend” , tárman (uncovered) “cusp, peak
of Opferpfostens ”; Ven. termo “terminus ” (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);
Gk. τέρμα, -ατος n. “ purpose, Endpunkt ”, τέρμων m. “ limit, boundary ”, τέρμιος “ am end
situated, lastly ”;
Lat. termen , termō, terminus “Grenzzeichen, Grenzstein ” (originally “Grenzpfahl ”), Umbr.
termnom-e “ad terminum ”, termnas “terminütus” , Osc. teremenniú “termina”, teremnattens
“terminavērunt” ;
similarly Arm. t”arm (*tremo-) “Endstũck” , Gk. τράμις, τράμη “ dam between After and the
genitals” (Hes.: τὸ τρ῅μα τ῅ς ἕδρας, ὁ ὄρρος, τινες ἔντερον), O.E. ðrum (Eng. thrum ) in
tunge-ðrum “das Zungenband ”, M.L.G. drum, drom “Trumm, Endstũck, Endstũck eines
Gewebes, edge ”, M.H.G. drum n. “Endstũck, end, piece, splinter” , Ger. Trumm , Trũmmer ,
M.H.G. drumze, drunze, trunze “gebrochenes Speerstũck, splinter” ;
M.L.G. treme “Querstange, Sprosse ”; O.Ice. Þro ̨ mr m. “edge, border ”; compare - with
sm-suffix - at most O.Ir. druimm , gen. drommo “back”, perhaps borrowed from Welsh drum
besides trum “ridge, back ”? (*treusmn̥ ); Dimin. O.H.G. dremil “balk, beam, bar, bolt ”; M.L.G.
trüme , M.H.G. drüm , -e, trüme m. “balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter ” (formal nahe steht
τρ῅μα “ hole”);
Hitt. tarma- “peg, plug, nail ”.
References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503,
506, 507, 520, 569;
See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.
Page(s): 1074-1075

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ter-5
English meaning: over, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: in präpositionalen Worten for “ hindurch, about - weg ”
Note: to ter-4 “hinũber gelangen”
Material: O.Ind. tiráḥ adv. “weg, abseits ”, preposition m. acc. “through - toward, about -
weg” (later also m. abl. “abseits from ”) = Av. tarǝ ̄ , tarō adv. ‘seitwärts, unvermerkt” ,
preposition m. acc. “through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg, out; apart from,
besides”; O.Ir. tar m. acc. “about - out” (*tares , IE *teres, compare tairse , tairsiu “trans eam,
trans eos, eas, ea ”), next to which tairm-, tarmi- ds., trem-, tremi - “through” (Welsh trim-
uceint “30”, “decade about 20 out ”), transfigured nach rem- : re “vor, voran ”; O.Ind. tiraś-cü ́
adv. “quer through “ = Av. tarasča m. acc. “through - toward, about - toward, about -
hinweg”; O.Ind. tiryañc -, tirīcīna - “in die Quere gerichtet, waagrecht ” (den ending -yañc -, -īc-
from pratyañc -, pratīc - bezogen) place previous *teri ahead; besides * trei in O.Welsh trui,
M.Welsh trwy, drwy , Bret. Corn. dre (altBret. tre), O.Ir. (with Proklisenkũrzung) tri, tre
“through”; Verstärkungspartikel M.Welsh trwy- : try-;
Lat. trüns , Umbr. traf, trahaf m. acc. “beyond, about - hinweg ”, probably participle of
Verbums *trüre (*trünt -s);
Welsh tra- e.g. in trannoeth “about night, am consecutive Tage ” (geminiertes n!), etc.,
proclitic from * trüns , betont M.Welsh traw, draw , Bret. treu “beyond”; with secondary - s:
Welsh traws etc. “feindselig ”, preposition tros “about”;
with the same Verstärk ung as O.Ind. tiraś-cü ́, Av. tarasča: Goth. Þaírh , O.H.G. durh, O.E.
ðurh m. acc. “durch= through “ (*ter-k(ʷ)e , *tr̥-k(ʷ)e ); out of it evolved O.H.G. derh
“durchbohrt ”, O.E. ðyrel (*Þurhil ) “durchbohrt ”; n. “hole”, O.H.G. dur(i)hhil “durchbohrt,
durchlöchert” .

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ter-6
English meaning: a kind of harmful insect
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “malmendes or bohrendes Insekt ”
Note: to *ter- “rub, durchbohren ”; compare widened terd-
Material: Gk. τερηδών f. “ Bohrwurm ”; Lat. tarmes (termes ), -itis “Holzwurm ” (probably from
an o-stem *termos or *terǝmo -s); Welsh cynrhonyn “termes, lendix ”, pl. cynrhawn , Corn.
contronen “cimex”, M.Bret. controunenn , Bret. contronenn “ver de viande ” (*kon-trōno -);
Welsh t(o)rog-en, abr. toroc , Bret. teurok “Milbe” (*tōr-üko-).
References: WP. I 735, WH. II 649.
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terp-, trep -
English meaning: to be satiated, satisfied
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich sättigen, genießen”
Material: O.Ind. tṛ́pyati , tr̥pṇóti , tr̥mpáti , tarpati ‘sättigt sich, wird befriedigt” , Kaus. tarpáyati
‘sättigt, befriedigt” , tr̥ptí-, tŕ̥pti- f. ‘sättigung, Befriedigung” , Av. ϑrąfδ a- “befriedigt,
ausreichend versehen ” (*tramptha-: O.Ind. tr̥mpáti ), ϑrąfs - n. “ contentedness “; Pers. tulf
“Übersättigung” (*tr̥fra-); perhaps also O.Ind. - tr̥p- ‘stehlend”, Av. tarǝp - ‘steal”, M.Pers. tirft “
theft “, sogd. cf- ‘steal” (‘sich of Besitzes erfreuen ”?); Gk. τέρπω ‘sättige, erfreue” , τέρπομαι
“freue mich ”; τέρψις “Befriedigung ”;
perhaps Goth. Þrafstjan “ comfort, ermahnen ”, anaÞrafstjan “erquicken, zur Ruhe come
lassen” (to *Þrafsta -, IE *trop-sto- ?); also die group Goth. Þau ́ rban (Þarf, Þau ́ rbum , preterit
Þau ́ rfta ) “bedũrfen” , O.Ice. Þurfa (Þarf, Þurfum ), O.H.G. durfan (darf, durfum ) ds., Goth.
Þarbs “bedũrftig, nötig” , O.Ice. Þarfr “nũtzlich” , Þarfi “nötig” , Goth. Þarba “lack, Dũrftigkeit” ,
O.Ice. Þo ̨ rf f. “Bedarf, benefit ”, O.E. ðearf “Bedũrfnis, benefit” , O.H.G. darba “Entbehrung,
lack”, Goth. Þau ́ rfts f. “Bedũrfnis” (= O.Ind. tr̥pti-), O.Ice. Þurft , O.H.G. durft ds.?; die
meaning- development could gewesen sein “ whereof Befriedigung finden - bedũrfen”
(compare above S. 173 Lat. fruor (ge)brauche);
Lith. tarpà “ prospering; flourishing, growth “, tarpstù , tar̃pti “thrive, zunehmen ”, Ltv. türpa
“was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth “, tērpinât “verbessern ”, O.Pruss.
enterpo “nũtzt” , enterpon , enterpen “nũtzlich” ;
Toch. AB tsürw - ‘sich freuen ” (Pedersen Toch. Sprachgesch. 19).
References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.
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ters-
English meaning: dry; thirst
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trocknen, verdorren; Durst, dũrsten”
Material: O.Ind. tŕ̥ṣyati “dũrstet, lechzt” (= Goth. Þau ́ rsjan ), tarṣáyati “läßt dursten,
schmachten ” (= Lat. torreō , O.H.G. derren ), tarṣa - m. “ thirst “, tr̥ṣṭá- “arid, rough, jolting,
hoarse”, tr̥ṣú- “ greedy, lechzend ” = Av. taršu - “dry, d. h. not fluid ” (= apart from Akzent
Goth. Þau ́ rsus , aLat. torrus “torridus”); O.Ind. tŕ̥ṣṇü “ thirst, Begier ”, Av. taršna - m. “ thirst “;
O.Ind. tr̥ṣṇá -j- “ thirsty “;
Arm. t”aṙamim , t”aršamim “welke”, t”aṙ “ shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben under
likewise” (*tr̥sü or *tr̥si̯ü: Gk. τρασιά);
Gk. τέρσομαι (ἐτέρσην ) “werde dry ”, τερσαίνω “make dry ”, τρασιά̄, ταρσιά̄ “Darre”,
ταρσός , ταρρός “Darre, Dörr- or Trockenvorrichtung ”; dubious τραυλός (*τρασυλός ?)
“lisping”;
Alb. ter “trockne (trans.) an the Luft ”;
Lat. torreō, -ēre, -ui, tostum “dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rösten, singe” (tostus = O.Ind.
tr̥ṣṭa-), aLat. torrus , extended torridus “ausgetrocknet, arid ”, torris “blaze, burning piece of
wood”, torrēns “ burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current ”, Subst.
“Wildbach ” (“in summer austrocknend ”?);
here also Lat. terra f. “earth” (: extorris “verbannt ” = tellus : meditullium ), Osc. teer[úm],
terúm “territōrium” , teras “terrae” from Ital. *terso-, *tersü , IE *tērs-, to O.Ir. tīr n. es-stem
“Gebiet”, Corn. Bret. O.Welsh tir “tellus”, O.Ir. *tīr, tirim “dry”; also basic form *tēros -, *tēres -;
Lat. terres-tris, terrēnus after terra; O.Ir. tart “ thirst “ (*tr̥sto-);
Goth. gaÞairsan st. V. “ wilt” (= Gk. τέρσομαι); gaÞau ́ rsnan ds. = O.Ice. Þorna ds.;
O.H.G. dorrēn ds.; O.H.G. derren “dry make, dehydrate, desiccate ”, O.Ice. Þerra “dry” (=

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O.Ind. tarṣáyati , Lat. torreō ); Goth. Þau ́ rsjan “dũrsten” , O.Ice. Þyrstr (Goth. *ÞaursiÞs ) “
thirsty “, whereof Goth. Þau ́ rstei f., O.Ice. Þorsti m., O.E. Þurst , O.H.G. durst “ thirst “; Goth.
Þau ́ rsus (s instead of znach Þairsan = O.Ind. tr̥ṣú-), O.Ice. Þurr, O.E. Þyrre , O.H.G. durri
“arid”; O.H.G. darra , Swe. tarre “Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre”; probably also O.Ice. Þorskr ,
M.L.G. dorsch “codfish” (“*the to Trocknende ”).
References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.
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tet(e)r-
English meaning: to quack (expr. root)
Deutsche Übersetzung: redupl. Schallwort “gackern, hũhnerartige Vögel under likewise”
Material: O.Ind. tittirá -, tittirí-, tittíri- m. “ partridge, game bird “; Arm. tatrak “turtledove ”;
Pers. taðarv “ pheasant ” (also Gk. τατύρας, τέταρος ds. are of pers. origin);
Gk. τετράων, m. “ grouse “ (*τετραF -ων), τέτραξ (out of it Lat. tetrax ) “Perlhuhn ” (*tetr̥ks ),
τετράδων, τετραῖον, τετράων Vogelname by Hesych., τέτριξ “ ein bird”; neologism M.Ir. tethra
“crow” (*tetori̯ü ), O.Ice. Þiðurr “ grouse “ (*ÞeÞuraz ); O.Pruss. tatarwis “Birkhuhn ”,
Lith.tetervas ds., Ltv. teteris (gen. teterja , from * tetervis ), Lith. tẽtervinas “Birkhahn, grouse
“, tetirvà “Birkhenne ” (Ltv. tĩtars “Truthahn ” influenced from tīte ̂ t, s. ti-ti-), R.C.S. tetrěvi acc.
pl. “φασιανούς” , Ser.-Cr. tȅtrijeb “ grouse “, O.Cz. tetřěv ds., Russ. téterev “Birkhahn ”
(tetërka “Birkhenne, Birkhuhn ”);
verbal Gk. τετράζω “ gackere, gluckse (from the hen) ”, Lat. tetrinniō, -īre, tetrissitō, -üre “
chatter (from Enten) ”;
also in other schallmalenden words kehrt t-r as characteristic element again, compare
e.g. Lat. turtur “turtledove ”, *storos ‘star”, the thrush-names (see 1096), streīg -, streīd (h)-
“hiss, schwirren ”, Gk. τρύζω “ girre”, τρυγών f. “ turtledove ”, τερετίζω “ zirpe”.
Maybe Alb. turtull “turtledove ”
References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor- S.
1088 f., Mayrhofer 1, 500.
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teuk-
English meaning: sprout, seed, offspring
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Keim, Same, Nachkommenschaft ”
Material: O.Ind. túc- f. “Kinder, progeny “ (besides túj- f. ds. with volkssprachlicher
Erweichung the Tenuis); tokám n. “ progeny, Kinder ”; tókman - n. “young Halm, sprout ”, Av.
taoxman- n. “ seed, sperm, germ, sprout ”, pl. “ kinship”, O.Pers. taumü f. “ family, seed,
sperm, germ, sprout ”; khotansak. ttīman - n. “ seed, sperm “, Pers. tum, afghO.N. tōma “
seed, sperm “; M.H.G. diehter “grandchild, grandson ”.
References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;
See also: perhaps to teu-k - “to swell”, above S. 1081 ( tēu-).
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teu-2
English meaning: to listen to, observe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “in freudlichem Sinne die Aufmerksamkeit zuwenden, aufmerken ”
Material: Lat. tueor, -ērī, tuitus and tūtütus sum “betrachten, observe, shield “, intu(e)or
“consider ”, originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tuō; tūtus “certainly”; O.Ir. cumtūth “
protection ”(*kom- ud-tou̯itus ), M.Welsh tuð “cover”, tuðed “Hũlle, dress” , Bret. dial. tuec
(O.Bret. *tuðoc ) “Kissenbezug ”; O.Ir. tūas-cert “nördlich” , Bret. tus “links” (*teu-sto- ); Celt.
*teu- to- in M.Welsh tut “ magician “, M.Ir. tūathaid ds., O.Ir. tūaith “nördlich” , M.Ir. tūath
“links, nördlich, mad, wicked, evil” (from “*gũnstig, good” as Antiphrasis zur Bezeichnung
the unglũckbringenden Linken); in addition Goth. ÞiuÞ “das Gute ”, O.Ice. Þy ̄ ðr “mild,
friendly”, Þy ̄ ða “ friendship ”, O.E. geðīede “good, tugendhaft ”, geðīedan ‘sich (friendly)
anschließen” ; probably also O.E. ðēaw “ custom, custom ”, O.S. thau, O.H.G. gethau
“Disziplin” as “*observantia ”; perhaps also Gk. τύσσει ἱκετεύει Hes. (denominative eines
*τυτός with similar meaning as Goth. ÞiuÞjan ‘segnen” from ÞiuÞ ).
References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff.
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teup-
English meaning: to get down, conceal oneself
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich niederkauern, also um sich to verstecken ”
Material: Gk. ἐντυπάς adv., II. 24, 163, if “kauernd, hockend ” bedeutend; presumably O.Ice.
Þopta f. “ thwart “ (“auf the gehockt wird ”), O.H.G. dofta f., M.L.G. ducht f., O.E. ðoft ds.
(wherefore O.Ice. Þopti m. “Withruderer ”, O.E. geðofta “comrade ”, O.H.G. gidufto
“Withruderer, comrade ”) and Goth. Þiubjō “ clandestine “, Þiubs “thief”, O.Ice. Þjōfr, O.E.
ðēof, O.S. thiof, O.H.G. diob “thief”;
Lith. tūpiu ̀ , tũpti ‘sich hinhocken, in die Knie place ”, tŭpiù , tupe ́ti “hocken, in den Knien
sit”, Ltv. tupt “hocken”.
References: WP. I 714.
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teus-
English meaning: to empty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leeren”
Material: Av. Kaus. taošayeiti “makes los, läßt los” (*tousei̯ō ), Inchoativ ( *tus-sk̂ṓ) Av. tusǝn
‘sie verlieren die Fassung ”, baluči tusag, thua ɣ “ abandon become ”; O.Ind. tucchá -,
tucchyá - (*tus-sk̂o-, *tus-sk̂-i̯o-) “ empty, bare, lacking , deserted, abandoned, forsaken ,
nichtig”, afghO.N. taš “ empty, bare, lacking ”; Lat. tesqua n. pl. “Einöden” (*tu̯esku̯ü ); O.E.
ðost “ manure”, O.H.G. dost ds. (“*Ausleerung ”); O.C.S. tъštь “κενός” , Russ. tóšcij “ empty,
bare, lacking; lean, hager ” etc. (= O.Ind. tucchyá -).
References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.
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teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ā-
English meaning: to sift
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sieben, durchschlagen ”
Material: O.Ind. títau- (dreisilbig, from * titavu- ?) ‘sieb, Getreideschwinge ”;
Gk. σάω (Ion.), τ῵ (Att. EM.), Att. διαττάω ‘siebe” (*τFάι̯ω), δίαττος m. ‘sieb” Hes.,
ἐττημένα σεσημένα Hes., ἀλευρότησις f. “Mehlsieb ” (EM.), σήθω ‘siebe”.
References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1, 499 f.
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tēu-, tǝu-, teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ō-, tū ̆-
English meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwellen ”
Note: extended with bh, g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t
Material: O.Ind. tavīti “is strong, hat Macht ”, perf. tūtüva ; in addition tavás - ‘strong, stalwart
“, as Subst. acc. tavásam , instr. tavásü “ power, strength “; távyas - távīyas - ‘stronger”,
távasvant - ‘strong”, táviṣmant - ‘strong, mighty ”, taviṣá - ‘strong”, táviṣī f. “force, power ”;
ablaut. tuvi- inKompositis “very, mighty ”, tuviṣṭama - “the stärkste” : tūya- ‘strong, fast, rapid,
hurried”;
Av. tav- “vermögen” , tavah - n. “power, force ”, tǝvīšī f. “ physical strength “; ap. atüvayam
“I am able “, tunuvant - “mighty”, tauvīyah - ‘stronger” (: O.Ind. távīyas -), tauman - n. “fortune,
force, power ”;
Arm. t”iv “number”; doubtful t”up” (*tū ̆-pho-) “ thicket, shrubbery, bush ”;
Gk. Σιτυός the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; ταΰς μέγας, πολύς Hes. ( *tǝu ̯-ú-s),
ταΰσας μεγαλύνας, πλεονάσας Hes.; σάος ( Cypr. ΢αFοκλέFης), compar. σαώτερος,
contracted Ion. Att. σ῵ς, σ῵ος “ heil, unversehrt; certainly ” (from *tu̯ǝ-u̯o-s); compare M .
Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in addition Hom. σα(F)όω, Hom. Att. σώζω
(*σωΐζω), Fut. σώσω “ retten, receive ”, σωτήρ “Retter” etc.; (“voll an body = fit, healthy ”);
σ῵μα n. “ body” (*tu̯ō-mṇ “Gedrungenes ”), σωματό ω “fest make, verdichten ”; σώ -φρων
(*σαό -φρων) “fit, healthy an Geist, vernũnftig”; with the same Wurzelstufe still σωρός, S.
1083;
Lat. *toveō , -ēre “vollstopfen ” as base from tōmentum “Polsterung ” (*tou̯ementom ) and
tōtus “whole” (*tou̯etos “vollgestopft, compact “);
R.C.S. tyju, tyti “fett become ”, ablaut. Serb. tôv m. “Fettigkeit ”.

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1. bh-extension:
Lat. tūber , -eris n. “ hunch, swelling, blister, tumefaction, knag ”; compare Osc.-Umbr.
glO.S.S. tūfera and Ital. tar-tufo, -tufolo “terrae tuber ”;
Gk. τύφη “zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten used Pflanze ” (probably ῡ);
perhaps O.Ir. tūaimm “hill” (*teubh -mṇ), M.Ir. tom m. “hill, bush ”, Welsh tom f. “hill,
Dũngerhaufen” (*tubh-mo-, -mü); Welsh tumon “la croupe ”; also ystum “bend” from * eks-
teubh- mo-, different above S. 1034;
O.Ice. Þūfa “elevation in the earth, Hũgelchen” , obd. dũppel ‘swelling, blister, swelling,
lump, growth ”.
With the meaning “ tussock “: O.E. ðūf m. “Laubbũschel, ein from Federbũschen
zusammengesetztes banner ”, geðūf “blätterreich, luscious” , ðūft “ein Platz voll from
Bũschen” , ðy ̄ fel “bush, thicket, blattreiche plant ”, ðūfian ‘sich belauben ”; from the language
Gmc. Soldaten derives Lat. tūfa “a kind of Helmbũschel” (Vegetius).
2. g-extension:
O.Ice. Þoka “fog”, M.L.G. dak(e) (from * doke ) ds., O.S. thukna ds., O.E. ðuxian “dark
make”, O.S. thiustri , M.L.G. dǖster (out of it Ger. dũster ), O.E. ðīestre “dark” (*Þeuχstria -).
3. k-Егweiterung: “ to swell; fat ” (as O.C.S. ty-ti “fett become ”):
Lat. tuccētum “a kind of Bauernwurst ”, tucca “κατάλυμα ζωμοῦ” , Umbr. toco “tuccas”
(Gaul. Lw.); O.C.S. tukъ “fat”; O.H.G. dioh, O.E. ðēoh ‘schenkel”, O.Ice. Þjō “the thick
Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke ”; Eng. thigh ; M.Ir. tōn m., Welsh tin f. “podex” (*tuknü ?);
Lith. taukaĩ “fat”, táukas “Fettstũckchen” and “uterus”, tunkù , tùkti “fett become ”, Ltv. tūkt
ds., tūks ‘swelling, lump, growth ”, tàuks “fat, fat, obese ”, tàuki pl. “fat, tallow, suet ”, O.Pruss.
taukis “ lard “; compare S. 1085 teuk- “germ, sprout ” and den Gk. PN Tεῦκρος.
4. l-formations, partly as wurzelhaftes * tu̯-el- appearing:

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O.Ind. tūlam “Rispe, whisk, tussock, Baumwolle ”, tūlī̆- f. “paintbrush ”, püli tūla- n. “
hassock, clump of grass “ etc.? compare Mayrhofer 1, 520;
Gk. τύλη f., τύλος m. “ bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, weal, callus, hump,
hunchback “, and “peg, plug, nail, penis ”; Alb. tul” m. “Fleischstũck without bone, calf” ;
Lat. tullius ‘schwall, Guß” (*tul-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tullus , Tullius originally name
for thick, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;
O.E. geðyll “ draught “ (?), O.Ice. fimbul-Þul “a mythical river ”; O.Ice. Þollr (*tul-no- or -so-
) “tree, peg, plug ”, Swe. tull “Baumwipfel ”, O.E. ðoll m. “Ruderpflock ”, M.L.G. dolle , dulle
ds., Ger. Dolle ds. and “Krone eines Baumes, Blumenbũschel, tassel, Helmbusch” , obd.
Dollfuß “angeschwollener foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot “, tirol. doll “thick”, M.L.G.
Westfäl. dũlle ‘swelling, blister ”; perhaps the Gmc. Inselname Θούλη;
O.Pruss. tūlan adv. “much, a lot of ”, Lith. túlas “mancher ”;
Church Slavic tylъ “ nape “; also O.C.S. * tlъstъ , Russ. tólstyj etc. “thick” (imitation of
Endinges from Slav. gǫstъ “dense, thick ”).
A extension with Balt ž (IE ĝ or ĝh) is Lith. pa-tulže ̨ s ‘swollen”, Ltv. tulzums ‘swelling,
lump, growth ”, tulzne “blister, bubble ”; Lith. tulžìs “gall”;
redupl. perhaps Lat. tutulus “hohe kegelförmige Haartracht, Toupet”; the pilleus lanütus
the Flamines and Pontifices and Ltv. tuntulēt (also tunturēt ) ‘sich in viele Kleidungsstũcke
einhũllen” .
tu̯el-, tu̯el-: Gk. at most in σάλος n. “ Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of
Meeres)”, σαλεῖσθαι “hũpfen”, σαλεύ ω ‘shake, erschũttere; schwanke”, κονίσ -σαλος m.
‘staubwirbel ”; M.Ir.tel and t(a)ul “ shield boss “, O.Ir. M.Ir. telach , t(a)ulach “hill”, redupl.
tuthle (*tu-tu̯el-) ‘swelling, lump, growth ” (die u-forms through eine similar results of Anlauts
*tu̯- as O.Ir. cruth from *kʷr̥tu-); Welsh twlch “ round mass, hill, nipple “.
5. m- Derivatives:

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O.Ind. tū-tumá - “wirkungsvoll ”, túmra - ‘strong, thick ”, tumala-, tumula- “geräuschvoll,
lärmend” , tumala-m “din, fuss, noise ” (“*Schwall, das lärmende Durcheinander a
zusammengedrängten Menge” ); Av. *tuma- in Tumüspana - “from Tumüspa - (d. h. einem,
dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend ”; Gk. korkyr. τῡμος “τύμβος” ;
Gk. τύμβος “ burial mound, hillock ” = M.Ir. tomm m. “hill, bush ”, Welsh tom f. “hillock,
Dũngerhaufen” , whether diese not but from * tubh-mo-, -mü- (above S. 1080);
Lat. tumeō, -ēre “geschwollen sein ”, tumidus ‘swollen”, tumor ‘swelling, lump, growth ”,
tumulus “Erdhaufen, hillock ”, tumultus “lärmende restlessness, Getöse” ;
Welsh twf “ power, strength “, tyfu “zunehmen, grow ” (*tŭm-), M.Bret. tiñva (*tūm-)
“zusammenwachsen (from an wound); thrive ”;
O.S. Þumi m. “Daumen ”, Þum “toll”, O.Ice. Þumall “Daumen ”; O.H.G. dūmo , O.E. ðūma
“Daumen ”, ðy ̄ mel “Fingerhut ”, M.L.G. dūmelinc , Ger. Däumling ; M.H.G. doum “ spigot,
bung, clot, thrombus ” (meaning as Gk. τύλος);
Lith. tume ́ti “dick become, curdle, coagulate, harden “, tùm(s)tas “heap, bulk, mass ”,
tùmulas m. “piece”;
Toch. В tumane, tmüne , A tmüm ̣ “10.000”.
6. n-formations, z. Т. as wurzelhaftes *tu̯-en- appearing:
FrũhGer. tũnne “ surge “, nd. dũning, dũnung “waves, billows gegen die Windrichtung ”;
but O.Ir. tonn, Bret. etc. ton “wave” from * tus-nü (see 1084) or *to-snü (see 971 f.); nd.
dūnen “to swell”, M.L.G. dūn(e) ‘swollen, dense ”;
Lith. tvį́stu , tvinaũ, tvìnti “to bloat, bulge, swell (of water) ”, Kaus. tvìndau , -yti
“anschwellen make ” (with Ablautentgleisung tvainūtis “buhlen”, if eig. “to swell”), tvãnas
“flood”, tvanùs “light tumescent (of river) ”, Ltv. tvans , tvana “vapor, haze, mist ”.
With -nk-extension: Lith. tviñkti “to bloat, bulge, swell, schwären” = Ltv. tvīkt ‘sultriness
feel, vor Hitze schmachten ”; Ltv. tvīcinüt “muggy make, thirsty make ”, Lith. tvìnkščioti

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“fũhlbar hit (of Puls)” , Lith. tveñkti ‘schwellen make ”, tvañkas ‘sultriness”, tvankùs “muggy”
(Ablautentgleisung in Ltv. tveicinüt = tvīcinüt and tvàiks “vapor, haze, mist, sultriness ”); with
t:Lith. tùntas “heap, bulk, mass ” = tùmtas , wherefore perhaps Gk. τύντλος “ ordure, slime,
mud” (as Rũckstand of an inundation)?
Auf a *tu̯-ēn : *tu̯en-ós, *tu̯ṇ- “φαλλός” based on Gk. σάθη “ penis” (formation as πόσ -θη :
πεός), σαίνω ‘schwänzeln, schmeicheln”, σαῖνα, σάννιον “αἰ δοῖον” Hes. (-νν- hypocoristic
Doppelung); in addition σάννας “μωρ ός”, σαννίων “ du idiot, du fool ”; also probably σανί ς
“picket, pole, balk, beam, board ”.
7. r-formations:
O.Ind. turá- in the meaning ‘strong, rich ” (wherefore tuvi- as Kompositionsform as e.g .
κῡδ-ρό-ς : κῡδι-άνειρα); O.Ice. Þora “venture, risk ”, Þoran “ courage, skillfulness “, Þori
“bulk, mass, lump “;
Gk. τί:-τυρος “ he-goat; billy goat, Satyr ”;
Av. tūiri- n. “ caseous gewordene milk, Molke ”; Gk. σωρός “heap” (*tu̯ō-ró-s), in addition
ablaut. * tū-ro- in Gk. τῡρός “cheese”, βού -τῡρον “ butter”; affiliation also from O.Bulg.
tvarogъ “lac coagulatum ” as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare tvorь
“opus, creation “ under tu̯er-2;
Gk. Σῡρώ , eine Heroine, probably eig. “die Strotzende, Schwellende ”; also Illyr. PN Turo,
Turus ; Ven. PN Turus , Gaul. VN Turones “Tours”, PN Turīcum “Zũrich” ; M.Ir. PN Torna
(*turoni̯os );
Lat. *tūro -s, -m ‘swollen; clump ” wird assumed through ob-, re-tūrō “verstopfe ”; turgeō, -
ēre ‘swollen sein, strotzen ” perhaps derivative from a *tūr-igos ‘swelling driving “, intrans.
Ghegenstũck zur Klasse causativeer verbs auf -(i)güre ; late Lat. turiō, turgiō (-gi- probably
not originally, but verbalism fur i̯, or support in turgēre ) “young twig, branch, Trieb, scion,
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7.a: das word for bull: Gk. ταῦρος, Alb. tarok , Lat. taurus , Osc. ταυρομ, Umbr. turuf, toru
“tauros”, O.Pruss. tauris “Bison”, Lith. taũras ds., O.C.S. turъ “Auerochs ” (Trautmann 315,
Vasmer 3, 154), either from IE *tǝuro -s (compare O.Ind. túm-ra- ‘strotzend” as epithet of
Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes with ursemit. *tauru (arab. twr)
zusammenhängend; Gaul. tarvos (M.Ir. tarb, Welsh tarw), Ven. PN Tarvisium , probably
after Celt. carvos “deer” transfigured; O.Ice. Þjōrr , Dutch dial. deur etc., are after O.Ice.
stjōrr , O.H.G. stior unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is
(see above IE *steu- ro- S. 1010);
doubtful O.E. ðēor “inflammation, ignition ” (*tēu-ro- “*swelling, lump, growth ”?).
8. s-formations, zusammenhängend with dem es-stem O.Ind. tavás -, Av. tavah - etc.:
Das Gmc. and Bal.-Slav. word for “tausend”: Goth. Þūsundi f., O.H.G. thūsunt, dūsunt f.
under n., lex Salica thūschunde ; O.S. thūsundig, thūsind , O.E. ðūsend f. n., O.Ice. Þūsund
f., Þūshund , ÞūshundraÞ (Gmc. *Þūs -hundi “vielhundert ”, IE *tūs-k̂m̥tī);
Lith. túkstantis m., Ltv. tũkstuots , O.Pruss. tūsimtons (acc. pl.); besides Lith. *tū ́ kstas in
tūksta ̀ sis and túkstinis “tausendster ”;
O.C.S. tysęšta , ablaut. tysǫšta f., Russ. tysjača , Ser.-Cr. tȉsuća etc. ( *tūsenti̯ü , *tūsonti̯ü );
with the meaning ‘schwall, anschwellende Bewegung (also seelisch), Auflauf, Tumult ”
under likewise: O.Ice. Þausk n., Þausn f. “din, fuss, noise, Tumult ”, Þeysa, Þysja
“vorwärtsstũrmen” , Þys-s m. “Getũmmel” , O.H.G. dōsōn “roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister ”,
Ger. tosen , O.Ice. Þjōstr “vehemency ”, Þy ̄ str “rage, fury, gust of wind ”, Mod.Ice. Þusur f. pl.
“vehemency, Unbeherrschtheit ”, Þusumaður “heftiger person ”, O.E. ðyssa m. “Toser” ,
mægen -ðysse “violence, force ”;
with the meaning ‘swelling eines Blũtenstandes; tussock; heap, hill” etc.: Gaul. tuðos ,
tuððos ‘schichte”? (*tus-to-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - Lw. from V.Lat. tōstus -
Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), Welsh tusw m. “bundle” (*teus-t-u̯o-), Bret. tossen , Vannes

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tosten “hill” (*tus-tü), Bret. tuchen ds. ( *toust-i̯en); whether O.Ir. tūaimm “hill” from * teus-
mṇ? different above 1.; O.H.G. dosto , tosto “ tussock, tassel “ and “Origanum vulgare ” (Ger.
Dost, Dosten), Ger. dostig “ausgebreitet, aufgedunsen ”; E.Fris. dūst “ tassel “, Nor. tūst
“tuft, Haarzotte, tassel “, tūsta “tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone ”, Ice. Þūsta
“heap, mass ”;
possibly here O.Ind. tūs ̣ a- m. “hem eines Gewandes ”, whether originally “Quasten ”;
Ltv. tūska ‘swelling, lump, growth ”, tūsk ́ is “Wassersucht ”; tušk ́ is “wisp, small bundle ”
(could auch sk- derivatives besides Ltv. tûkt “to swell” sein); Ger. Dosche “bush, umbel,
Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel “;
ein *tu̯os-ti- or *tu̯ǝs-ti- perhaps in Goth. ga-Þwastjan “ make strong, tight, firm, certain “,
ÞwastiÞa “ certainty “, Ice. Þvest , Þvesti n. “ steady parts of meat “.
9. t-derivative teutü “(bulk, mass) people, land ”; teutono -s “Landesherr ”:
Illyr. PN Σέυτα, Teutana , Teuticus , Σεύταρος; Messap. PN ϑeotoria , gen. ϑeotorras ;
Thrac. PN Tauto-medes ; Osc. τωFτο, touto , Umbr. acc. totam “civitas”; Gaul. GN Teutates
(*teuto-tatis “Landesvater ” to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates , Tōtates, Tūtates , PN
Teutiō , Toutius , Tūtius , Toutonos ;
Maybe Illyr. TN Taula- Taulant common italic-Illyr. -t- > -l- phonetic mutatIon.
O.Ir. tūath “people, stem, land ”, Welsh tūd “land”, Corn. tus, M.Bret. tut, Bret. tud “the
people”;
Goth. Þiuda , O.H.G. diot(a) “people”, O.S. thiod (a), O.E. ðe ́ od , O.Ice. Þjōð “people,
people”, whereof O.H.G. diutisc , Ger. deutsch (originally “zum eigenem stem or Volk
gehörig” , Weissgerber Deutsch as people ’s name 1953, 261) and O.H.G. diuten
“verständlich make (as though verdeutschen), define, clarify, indicate “, O.E. geÞīedan
“ũbersetzen” , O.Ice. Þy ̄ ða “ausdeuten, signify ”; Gmc. VN *Theu-danōz , keltisiert Teutonī ,

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Toutonī , to Dan. PN Thyte-sysæl ; Goth. Þiudans “king” (*teutonos ), O.Ice.Þjōðann , O.E.
ðe ́ oden , O.S. thiodan ds. (Illyr. PN Teutana , Gaul. Toutonos );
Ltv. tàuta “people”, O.Pruss. tauto “land”, Lith. Tautà “Oberland, Germany “, O.Lith.
(Daukša) tautà “people”;
Hitt. tuzzi- “master, mister, Heerlager “ (*tut-ti-?).
References: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f.,
331 f., Vasmer 3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhofer 1,
490, 513 f.
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ti-ti-, (ti)til -
English meaning: chirping of birds
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Nachahmung von Vogelrufen ”
Note: barely ursprachlich
Material: O.Ind. ṭiṭṭibha - m. “Parra jacana ”; Ltv. titilbis, titilbīte “Wasserläufer” , Lith. tilvìkas ,
titilvìkas , titìlvis “Brachhuhn, Schnepfe ”; Gk. τῑτυβίζω or τιττυβίζω “ gaggle, cackle, chitchat,
talk, snicker (of partridge, game bird, the swallow ”); Lat. titiō, -üre “chirp, twitter, from
sparrow”; Ltv. tīte ̂ t ‘sing”.
References: WP. I 742, WH. II 686, Mayrhofer 1, 457.
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ti̯egʷ-
English meaning: to retreat in fear
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scheu vor etwas zurũcktreten or auffahren”
Material: O.Ind. tyájati (= Gk. σέβω) “verläßt, steht from etwas back” , with ni-
“verscheuchen, verdrängen” , with niṣ- “hinaustreiben, verjagen ”, participle tyaktá - (= Gk.
σεπτός ), noun agentis tyaktar- (= Gk. θεοσέπτωρ “Anbeter the divinity ”), Kaus. tyüja ́ yati
“makes zurũcktreten” , tyájas - n. “Verlassenheit ” = Av. iϑyajah- , iϑyejah- n. ds.; O.Ind.
tyüga ́ - m. “Hingabe, Freigebigkeit ” etc.;
Gk. σέβω (only present and Impf.), σέβομαι Hom. “(die gods) scheuen ”, nachHom. “(die
gods) worship, honour ”, σεπτός “(venerates =) ehrwũrdig, holy”, σέβας, pl. σέβη n. Hom.
“fromme fear, shyness, Ehrfurcht ”, nachHom. “Heiligkeit, Majestät” , Hom. σεβάσσατο
‘scheute ehrfũrchtig”, σεμνός (*σεβνος) “verehrungswũrdig, convex, elevated, holy;
gravitätisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend”, σοβέ ω “tue etwas from mir weg, entferne quick,
fast, drive o ut”; intr. “go eilig, stolziere einher ”, σοβαρό ς “rash, hasty, quick, fast;
hochfahrend, prunkend ”, σοβάς, -άδος f. “ violent, eitel ”, σόβη “ Pferdeschwanz ”.
References: WP. I 746, Mayrhofer 1, 529.
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to-1, tā-, ti̯o-
English meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)
Deutsche Übersetzung: Pronominalstamm “der, die”
Grammatical information: nom. acc. sg. n. tod, acc. sg. m. tom, f. tüm, gen. sg. m. tosi̯o , f.
tesiüs
Note: (nom. sg. m. f. so, sü, see there)
Material: O.Ind. tád (tát) “das”, Av. tat̲, acc. sg. O.Ind. tám m., tü ́́m f., Av. tǝm m., tüm f., tat̃
n., etc.; Arm. - d (e.g. ter-d “the master, mister da, du the master, mister ”, ay-d “the da”), da
“this”, doin “the same ”, etc.;
Gk. τό, acc. sg. τόν, τήν ( Dor. τά̄ν), τό etc.; το -νῦν “nun” = Alb. ta-ní;
Alb. kë-ta “dieses” (*tod; out of it in proclitic:) të (AbLat. * tōd) “where”;
maybe Alb. a-të, atë “that”, Alb.Gheg tanë “all, so much ”
Lat. istum, -tam, -tud etc., Umbr. estu “istum” ; Lat. tam ‘so” (old also temporal “tandem”
from *tüm-dem; auf *tüm based on also (?) tantu s, Osc. e-tanto “tanta”, Umbr. e-tantu
“tanta”), tum, tun-c “then, alsdann ” = Av. tǝm “then”; topper (*tod-per) “cito, fortasse,
celeriter, tamen ”; different about tam Szemerényi Gl . 35, 92 ff.;
O.Ir. tō “ja” (*tod); infig. Pron. 3. sg. m. -dn (*tom), n. - d (*tod), pl. da (*tōns , f. *tüs);
Goth. Þata n., acc. m. Þana , loc. Þei etc., O.H.G. der, diu, daz, O.Ice. Þat etc.;
Lith. tàs, tà, taĩ: etc. “der(selbe) ”; O.Pruss. gen. sg. f. s-tessias ;
O.C.S. tъ, ta, to “that”;
Toch. A täm “dieses”.
An congruities or A ̈ hnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben :
1. Gk. Hom. AbLat. τ῵ “then, in this Falle; darum ”, Lith. tuõ “with dem, sofort ”, perhaps
O.H.G. thuo, duo, O.S. thō “da” (whether not from f. * tü); Gk. ther. megar. τ῅ -δε “here”,

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Goth. Þē “um so”, perhaps O.Ice. Þü “da, damals, then ” (if not = *Þan ), O.E. ðü “then,
darauf”; with it probably originally gleich Gk. τ῅ “da, nimm! ”, Lith. tè ds.
2. tor, tēr “there”: O.Ind. tar-hi “to the time, then ” (-hi to Gk. Hom. ἧ-χι), Goth. O.Ice. Þar
“there”, O.S. thar, O.Fris. ther (O.H.G. dara) “there”; O.S. thür, O.H.G. dür, O.E. ðǣr (ðara)
“there”.
3. toti ‘so viele”: O.Ind. táti ds. (tatithá - “the sovielte ”), Lat. tot, totidem (tŏtus “the
sovielte”), in addition Gk. τόσ(σ)ος from * toti-os ‘so big, large, so much, a lot of ”.
4. With -tro-suffix: O.Ind. tátrü̆ “there(toward) ”, Goth. ÞaÞrō “from da from ”, O.Ice. Þaðra
“there”, O.E. ðæder “the, dorthin ”.
5. O.Ind. ta-dü ́, Av. taδa “then”, Lith. tadà (from *tadün , compare E.Lith. tadù) “then,
alsdann”; O.Ind. tadü ́ nīm “damals”.
6. Gk. τηλίκος ‘so old”, Lat. talis ‘so beschaffen of such kind, such “, Lith. tõlei “bis dahin,
solange”; O.C.S. toli “in dem Grade ”, tolь ‘so much, a lot of, so very ”, toliko ds.; after
Szemerényi (Gl. 35, 1133) from *to-ali-.
Maybe Alb. (*talis) i tillë, i a -tillë, i kë -tillë “ of such kind, such “.

7. Gk. τ῅μος, Dor. τᾶμος “ zur time, then ”, O.C.S. tamo “dorthin”, Ltv. tüm in nuo tüm
“hence”.
8. O.Ind. e-tü ́ vant “tantus”, Av. aē-tavant ds. from IE *tüu ̯ n ̥ t , tüu ̯ ont -; Gk. Hom. τ῅ος
(newer τέως), τ ᾶFος; through influence of m. τᾶFο(ντ)ς wurde das to erwartende *τᾶFα(τ) to
*τᾶFο(τ), from which τᾶ Fος; here also after Szeme ́ renyi Lat. tantus (see above); compare
Schwyzer Gk. 1, 609 Anm. 5.
9. Der ending from τό -φρα “ inzwischen ” (in addition compare ὄ-φρα ‘solange as ”)
perhaps to Toch. A ku-pre, В kwri “if”, tü-pär(k) “now, yet”.

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10. Ein stem IE ti̯o- besides to- in O.Ind. tyá- “that, that bekannte ”, Alb. së (gen. dat. sg.
f.) etc. ( s- from ti̯-), Run. Þīt, O.S. thit “dorthin” (Rosenfeld Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177);
Lith. čia ̀ “here”, čio ̃ n “here”; O.Pers. tya “welches, das ”, leg. taya (*to + i̯o-), absents (Risch,
Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.).
maybe Alb. a-ty, aty, atje “there”
References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 311 ff., Vasmer 3 ,
113, 128, Szemerényi Gl . 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.
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tong-1 (*teng -)
English meaning: to think, feel
Deutsche Übersetzung: “denken, fũhlen”
Material: Lat. tongeō, -ēre “nōsse, scīre”, prän. tongitiō “nōtiō” ; Osc. AbLat. tanginúd
‘sententia” (Messap. Lw.?); Alb. tângë “resentment ”;
Goth. Þagkjan, Þühta “think, ũberlegen” , O.Ice. Þekkja “gewahr become, understand,
comprehend, kennen ” (Þekkr “pleasant ”), O.H.G. denchen “think”, O.E. ðencan ds.; Goth.
Þugkjan, Þūhta ‘seem, shine, appear, seem ”, O.Ice. Þykkja “ds., gefallen ”, O.H.G. dunchen
‘shine, appear, seem ”, O.E. ðyncan ds.; Goth. *Þagks “ gratitude “, O.Ice. Þo ̨ kk f. “
gratitude, contentedness “, O.H.G. dank “Denken, thought, notion, gratitude “, O.E. ðanc
“thought, notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude “; M.H.G. danknæ ̄ me , aDan. taknem
“dankbar”;
maybe Alb. (*dunchen ), dukem , duket ‘seem, appear ”: O.H.G. dunchen ‘shine, appear,
seem”, also Alb. dukja “appearance ”.
Maybe Alb.Gheg doke “custom, ritual, tradition (observed) ”, duk- “to appear, seem ” (see
above).
Alb. shows that from Root dek̂-1 : “to take” derived the nasalized Root tong-1 (*teng -) : “to
think, feel ”.

Toch. A tuṅk-, В taṅkw “love”.
References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides * tenk- in Ltv. ticinat “ausfragen ”, kuron. teñcinât
ds., also Ltv. tęnküt “ babble, chatter, danken, praise, laud ”.
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top-
English meaning: to stay; place
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wohin gelangen, auf etwas treffen or verfallen; Ort, wo man
hingelangt or hin will ”
Material: Gk. τόπος m. “place, place ”, τοπάζω “ziele hin, vermute, errate ”, τοπεῖον n. “rope,
hawser, rope, band ”; O.E. ðafian “zustimmen, grant, gestatten; dulden ”;
Lith. tàpti (tampù ) “become”, pri-tàpti “find, encounter, kennen lernen, learn ”, Ltv. tapt
(tùopu ) “become, geschehen, gelangen ”, tapīgs “ein fähiger Kopf” , tapinât “(zukommen
lassen) borgen, leihen ”, pa-tapt “hingelangen, wherefore come can, Muße have” , sa-tapt
“meet, auf jemandentreffen ”;
whether Pedersen die Gk. words right with M.Ir. toich “naturgemäß” (different under tek-
2) and Welsh tebyg (*tokʷiko -) “probably ”, annhebyg “ incredible “ zusammenstellt (compare
Gk. τοπικός “den Ort betreffend ”, ἄ-τοπος “wunderlich, auffallend ”), wäre for diese eine
Wurzeltekʷ- : tokʷ- must be assumed and die Gmc. and Balt words therefrom to separate.
References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Celt. Gk. I 129; different about die Balt words Stang NTS
16, 259 f. (to tep- ‘schmieren ”, Trautmann 139, Vasmer 3, 95, 120).
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tor-, toro -s
English meaning: loud, distinct
Deutsche Übersetzung: “laut, vernehmlich ”
Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning “ piercing, shrilly, screaming ” from *torós “ piercing “,
s. *ter-4 “hinũbergelangen, hindurchdringen”
Material: O.Ind. türa ́- “ piercing, shrilly, screaming ”; Gk. τορός “ piercing, loud, vernehmlich ”
(also “quick, fast, agile ”, compare O.Ind. tarás adj. “rash, hasty, piercing “ under * ter-
“hinũbergelangen”), τετορήσω “ werde loud and distinct say ”;
M.Ir. torm, toirm n., newer f. “din, fuss, noise ” (*tor-smn̥), Ir. torann “thunder”, Welsh
taran , O.Corn. taran , Bret. taran ds., Gaul. Taranis GN.;
Lith. tariù, tar̃ti and taraũ, tarūti ‘say”, tarme ̃ “Ausspruch ”, O.Pruss. türin acc. sg. “voice”,
ettrüi , Inf. attrütwei “antworten ” (formal as O.Ind. trü-ti “rettet”: tiráti); Slav. tortoriti in Cz.
tratořiti , Russ. torotóritь “ babble, chatter “, zero grade redupl. O.C.S. trъtorъ ‘sonus”;
Arm. t”rt”rak “good speaker ”, if from * t”urt”urak, IE *tortoro- ;
Hitt. tar- ‘say, name ”.
References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;
See also: compare tet(e)r - S. 1079.
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trāgh -, trō ̆ gh - and trē ̆ gh -
English meaning: to drag; to move, run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, am Boden schleppen, sich bewegen, laufen;
Nachkommenschaft ”
Note: entspricht nicht the normal IE root form; whether through contamination from dherügh -
, dhregh - with terk- and trek- (above S. 1077) originated?
Material: Lat. trahō “pull” etc. (different above S. 257 under dherügh - “ziehen”); trüma f. “die
chain of Gewebes ” (*trü ̆ gh -smü);
Gaul. ver-tragus ‘schnellfũßiger dog” ; O.Ir. traig, gen. traiged (*traghetos ) “foot”, Welsh
pl. traëd “Fũße” ; with unclear ŏ: Welsh sg. troed (einsilb.), pl. traed (disyllabic) “foot”,
O.Corn. truit, M.Corn. troys , Bret. troad , pl. treid “foot”; M.Ir. trog “das parturition, progeny “,
trogan “earth”, trogaid “bringt zur Welt ” (compare aSerb. tragъ “ descendant “);
with IE ü or ō: O.Ir. trügud “Ebbe”, trüig “beach, seaside ”, trügid “ebbt”, Welsh treio
“refluere ut mare ”; with IE ŏ: Welsh godro “milk”, O.Bret. guotroit “demulgitis ”, M.Bret.
gorzo , Bret. goero “milk”; Welsh Corn. tro (*trogho- ) “turn; variation, time ”, Welsh troi
“vertere, volvere ”; with ü or ō: Serb. trâg “Fußtapfe” , trážiti ‘suchen, spũren” , aSerb. tragъ “
descendant “;
probably Goth. Þragjan “run” (*troghei̯ō ), O.E. ðræ ̄ gan ds. (*trēgh -), ðrüg “time”, eig.
“Zeitverlauf ”, and O.H.G. drigil ‘servant”, if eig. “ runner”, probably also O.Ice. Þræ ̄ ll “Knecht,
servant” (> Eng. thrall ) from Gmc. *Þrü ̆ hilaz ;
besides trü ̆ gh -, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg- (see 1090), dhregh - (above
S. 273), dherügh - (above S. 257), dhreĝ - (compare also Anklänge under der- “flay”: root
form dergh- , dreg- and under dher- “hold, stop ”: root form dheregh- , dhereĝh -) and trek-
(see 1092).

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treg-
English meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid
Deutsche Übersetzung: “alle Kräfte anstrengen; Kraft, Andrang, Kampf; standhaft, fest”
Note: probably as ‘sich strecken, stemmen ” to (s)terg -, (s)treg - “ stare “ (above S. 1023)
Material: O.Ir. trēn (*tregs- no-) “valiant, strong ” (from which probably Welsh tren
“impetuous, strenuous ”, Subst. “force, rapidity ” borrowed is), compar. superl. O.Ir. tressa,
tressam , Welsh trech , trechaf ; O.Ir. tress (*tregso -) “fight, struggle ”; O.Ice. Þrekr m., Þrek n.
“ strength, Tapferkeit ”, Þrekinn “ persistent “, Þreka “urge, press, push, press ”, O.E. ðrece
m. “Unterdrũckung, force, might, Ermũdung” , ðræc n. “Drängen, power, force, might” , ðracu
f. “Druck, rush, force, might ”, O.S. mōd-thraka f. “ distress “; reduced grade *Þruhtu - in
O.Ice. Þrōttr m. “ power, endurance “, O.E. ðroht m. “Anstrengung; drũckend” , Russ. trógatь
“touch”, Ltv. treksne “ shove “.
References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.
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trei-
English meaning: three
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drei”
Grammatical information: nom. m. trei̯es , nom. acc. n. trī, acc. n. trins, f. tis(o)res , (dissimil.
from * tris(o)res , etc.)
Material: 1. O.Ind. tráyaḥ m., trī, newer trīn ̣ i n., tisráḥ f.; Av. ϑrayō , ϑrayas m., ϑri n., tisrō f.;
Arm. erek (trei̯es ); Gk. τρεῖς, gort. τρεες , m. f., Alb. tre, f. tri (originally neutrales *trī); Lat.
trēs (acc. also trīs), tria (trī- in trī-ginta “30”), Osc. trís “trēs” , Umbr. trif, tref, acc. “trēs” , triia
“tria”; O.Ir. tri, f. tēoir, acc. tēora (*tisorüs , *tri-sor-n̥s); Welsh tri m., tair f., M.Welsh Bret. teir
(*tedres < *tisres , das e after the Vierzahl), compare Gaul. tidres (?); Goth. Þreis , acc.
Þrins , n. Þrija, O.Ice. Þrīr, O.H.G. drī etc.; O.Pruss. tris (gen. treon ), Lith. trỹs, Ltv. trîs (n. tri
in Lith. try-lika “dreizehn ”, compare Lat. trī-ginta “30”); O.C.S. trije m. and tri f. n.; Hitt. tri-
“drei”; Toch. A tre m., tri- f., В trai m., tarya f.
Kompositionsform tri- in O.Ind. tripad- , Gk. τρίπους , Lat. tripēs , O.E. ðrifēte , Lith. trikõjis
“dreifũßig” ; Av. ϑri-kamǝrǝda - “dreiköpfig” , Arm. ere-am “drei years old ”; Illyr. PN Σρι-τεύτα,
PN Σρι-κόρνιον ; Celt. PN Tri-toutos , Gaul. tri-garanus “with drei Kranichen ”; O.Ir. trïar “drei
man” (*tri-u̯irom ); R.C.S. trъ-gubъ “dreifach” (= Lith. tri-gubas ds); perhaps Lat. tribus
“dividing off, partitioning off of Volkes, administrative district “, Umbr. trifu, trifо acc. sg. from
*tri-bhu- (to *bheu- above S. 146); Lat. trīga f. “Dreigespann ” (shaped after bīgae pl.
“Zweigespann ” from * bi-i̯ugae , see above S. 230 and 508); unclear O.Ir. tre-thenc “Dreiheit”
besides M.Ir. dē ̆-cheng “Zweiheit”, compare O.Ice. Þridjungr “Drittel”;
“dreizehn ”: O.Ind. tráyodaśa - = Lat. trēdecim (*trēs-decim ); compare Gk. τρεις-καί-δεκα;

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“dreißig” : O.Ind. tríṃśat - f., Av. ϑrisat- , Gk. τριά̄κοντα , Lat. trī-ginta , O.Ir. *trīcho , gen.
trīchot (*trī-komtos ), M.Ir. trīcha , Bret. tregont (das e from trede “dritter”), Gaul. abl. pl.
tricontis , Toch. A taryük , В täryüka (*trii̯ük̂n̥t -s).
2. ordinals: altererbt O.Ind. tr̥-tī́ya- = O.Pruss. tīrts; otherwise is tri- for tr̥- eingetreten:
O.Ind. PN Tritá-, Av. ϑrita-; Av. ϑritya- , O.Pers. ϑritiya- or -tīya; Arm. erir, errord ; Gk. τρίτος;
homer. τρίτατος extended as ἑβδόματος ; Lesb. τέρτος from *τρίτος; Alb. tretë; Illyr. PN
Tritus ; Lat. tertius , Umbr. tertiu “tertio”, terti “tertium” (from *triti̯o-); Gaul. PN Tritios , Welsh
try-dydd , Bret. trede ; Goth. Þridja , O.H.G. dritto etc.; Lith. trẽčias , Ltv. trešaĩs (tre- instead of
tri- after *trei̯es ? also:) O.C.S. tretijь; Balt trit- in Lith. tritainis “Drittel”;
O.Ir. tress (newer triss) “the Dritte ” (*tristo- ), tre(i)sse “triduum”, compare Lat. testis
“Zeuge” (also “testicle”); AbLat. Osc. trístaamentud is probably from Lat. testamentum
borrowed;
Toch. В trit; Hitt. tarrii̯analli- “the dritte ”, [te-ri]-i̯a-an-na “dritter”.
3. tris “dreimal”: O.Ind. tríḥ, Av. ϑris, Gk. τρίς, Lat. ter, older terr (from * tris), O.Ir. fo-thrī
“dreimal”; extended Av. ϑrižvat̃ “dreimal”, O.Ice. Þrisvar , O.H.G. driror , O.E. ðriwa , ðreowa
ds.; ein u̯o-suffix also in Av. ϑrisva- n. “Drittel” and Gk. θρῖον “Feigenblatt ” from *τρισFον; in
addition *tris-no- in Gk. θρῖναξ “ Dreizack ”; Lat. terni (*tri-no-) “je drei” (besides trīni by pl.
tantum from * tris-no- parallel with bīni, see under du̯ōu ), O.Ice. Þrennr “dreifach”, Þrenner
“drei” (by Kollektiven);
Maybe Alb. tresh, trish “in three”
auf * trianon goes back O.Ir. trïan, O.Welsh trean , Welsh traean “Drittel”, compare also
Gaul. acc. pl. trianis “Drittel”?
4. collective trei̯o-, troi̯o-: O.Ind. trayá - “dreifach”, trayam n. “Dreiheit”, Lith. trejì, f trẽjos
“drei” (by Pluralsubstantiven), Ltv. treji, f. trejas ds., O.C.S. troji m. pl.; auf * trei̯odi̯o - based
on O.Ir. trēode “dreifach”.

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trek-
English meaning: to run
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen, laufen ”
Note: equal meaning with trügh -, trō ̆ gh -, tregh -
Material: O.C.S. trъkъ “run, flow ”, trъkaljati “wälzen” , Serb. tr̀čati “run”, trakánac ‘spoor”,
Bulg. tъrča ́ “laufe”, trъkalo “wheel, circle “;
M.Ir. tricc, Ir. tric (expressives kk) “rash, hasty ”;
eine variant auf palatal trek̂- perhaps in Av. udarō -ϑrąsa - “auf dem Bauch sich
bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen) ”.
References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699.
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trem-, trems -
English meaning: to thump; to tremble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trippeln, trampeln ” and “zittern”
Note: (contaminated with tres-); the same Doppelbed. by trep-.
Material: Gk. τρέμω “ tremble” (= Lat. tremō , Alb. trem); ἀτρέμας, ἀτρέμα “ unbeweglich,
peaceful “, ἀτρεμής “fearless”, τρόμος m. “ das Zittern ”, τρομέ ω “tremble”, τρομερό ς
“timorous ”, redupl. τετρεμαίνω ‘schaudere ” (unclear ταρμύσσω “ frighten”);
Alb.Tosk trëmp , Gheg trem “I terrify”;
maybe Alb. trim “brave, not scared ”
Note:
Common Alb. m > mp, mb phonetic mutatIon.
Lat. tremō , -ere “tremble”, tremor “das Zittern ”, tremulus “zitternd”, Umbr. tremitu
“tremefacito ”;
Goth. Þramstei “ locust, grasshopper ( IE *trems- , as in O.C.S. tręsǫ amalgamation from
trem- and tres-); O.S. thrimman st. V. “to bloat, bulge, swell ” or “bekũmmert become” ;
O.Ice. Þramma “trample, heavy go ”, M.L.G. drammen “rant, roister, violent urge, press,
push”, dram “din, fuss, noise, crowdedness, Getũmmel” (: Ltv. tremt ); -mm- intensive
gemination?
Lith. trìmti “erzittern”, trémti “niederstoßen; verbannen, austreiben” , sutramìnti
“leiseanstoßen” , Ltv. tremt “wegjagen ”, tramš ‘schreckhaft (from horses) ”, tramîgs ‘shy,
bashful”, tram̃dît “frighten, hunt, chase ”; Clr. tremču ́ , tremttty “tremble, quiver ”; O.C.S. tręsǫ ,
tręsti ‘shake, upset ”, sę “tremble”, trǫsь “σεισμός” (Slav. * trems -, *troms -, see above);
Toch. A träm- “in rage, fury geraten ”, В tremi “rage, fury ”.
References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.

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trenk -1
English meaning: to push; to oppress
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen (also dröhnend), zusammendrängen, bedrängen”
Note: s. also trenk - “wash, bathe ”
Material: Av. ϑraxtanąm gen. pl. “zusammengedrängt” (in the meaning to Gmc. stimmend);
Lat. truncus “tree truck, trunk ”, adj. “mutilated , the A ̈ ste or Glieder stolen; looted “, truncō ,
-üre “verstũmmeln” ; Gaul. trincos “a kind of Gladiatoren ” (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.); perhaps
(“es drängt mich” ) O.Ir. di-fo-thracc- “wish”, verbal noun dūthracht ; probably (as
“abgedrängt become” ) O.Ir. M.Ir. trēicim “verlasse, weiche ”, Welsh trengi “vergehen, die ”,
tranc , pl. trangau m. “Abschied, death, end ”;
maybe Alb. trung ‘stump”, Alb.Gheg (*truncus ) truni “(*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head ” from
Lat. truncus - a -um “maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree, the
trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead ”. also Alb. trągull,
trangull “cucumber; a dolt, blockhead ”.
Goth. Þreihan “urge, press, push ” (from urg. *Þrenχō , *Þrinχō; through Ablautentgleisung
Þra ́ ih , Þraíhans ; faihu-Þraihna (dat. sg. ) “ richness “; also O.S. thrēgian , M.L.G. Dutch
dreigen “threaten”? Ein WestGmc. *Þrīh - = Goth. Þreih - certainly in M.H.G. drīhe
‘stecknadel, Handgerät of Flechtens and Webens”; with gramm. variation O.Ice. Þryngja , -
va, Þro ̨ ng “press, urge, press, push, press ” (for *Þringa probably after dem adj. Þro ̨ ngr
“eng” from *Þrangu -), O.S. thringan , O.E. ðringan st. V., O.H.G. dringan ds. (M.H.G. dringen
also “flax, wattle, braid, to weave ”, see above drīhe and compare above *terk- “turn”); Kaus.
O.Ice. Þrøngja “urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen ”, M.H.G. drengen
“urge, press, push ”; O.Ice. Þro ̨ ngr “eng” (= Lith.trankùs ), M.H.G. drange, gedrange adv.
“eng”; O.Ice. Þro ̨ ng , gen. - var f. “crush, narrowness ”, O.E.drang m. “crush, gedrängte troop,

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multitude, crowd ”, M.H.G. dranc “Drang”, O.H.G. drangōn “urge, press, push ” (= Lith.
trankaũ);
O.Ice. Þræ ̄ ta, Þrætta “quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten ” (*Þranχ atjan ); O.E.
Þræ ̄ ll “Knecht, Unfreier ” etc. (*Þranhilaz );
nGk. δροῦγγος , late Lat. drungus and O.Ir. drong “troop, multitude, crowd ” are genuine
Celtic (* dhrungho -) and keine Gmc. Lw.; irrig above S. 255;
Lith. treñkti “dröhnend bump, poke”, Frequent. trankaũ , -ūti (= O.H.G. drangōn ),
trañksmas “crush, resonance “, trankùs “ bumpy “ (eig. ‘stoßend” = O.Ice. Þro ̨ ngr ); trenkù,
triñkti “wash” (see also *trenk- “wash”), trìnkiu , -e ́ti “din, drone ”; Ltv. trìecu , trìekt “zerstoßen,
zerquetschen; wegjagen ”; trìecinât “upset”, truoksnis “din, fuss, noise, Gepolter ”; O.Pruss.
pertrinktan “verstockt ”; Russ. trutūtъ “press, bump, poke ”, Serb. trȕčíti ‘schmeißen” ;
Anlautdublette in Slov. drǫ́kati “bump, poke, stomp, squeeze ”, O.C.S. udrǫ́čiti
“niederdrũcken, torment, smite” ?.
References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.
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trep-1
English meaning: to trample, tread
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trippeln, trampeln, treten ”
Material: O.Ind. tr̥prá-, tr̥pála - “hasty, unstet ”? (probably from “trippelnd ”); afghO.N. drabǝl
“jiggle, shake, herabdrũcken” ; Gk. τροπέω “keltere” (“trete die Trauben from ”), ἀτραπός ,
Hom. ἀταρπός “Fußsteig” (ἀ- “copulativum ”, eig. “ausgetretener way ”), τροπέοντο ἐπάτουν
Hes., Οἰνοτρόποι “Gottheiten of Weinbaues ”; Alb. * trip = Gk. τραπ - in sh-tip, sh-typ
“zertrete, zerstoße, zerquetsche ”, për-t(r)yp “ chew “, sh-trip, zdryp ‘steige herab ”;
Lat. trepidus “ängstlich umherlaufend” , trepidō, -üre “ walk on tiptoe; trip, from
Geschäftigkeit or fear” ;
O.E. ðrafian “press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach ”; Eng. dial. thrave,
threave “drift, trailing, herd ”, O.S. thraƀōn “trot”, M.H.G. draben ds. (= Russ. tropátь ), Swe.
trav “festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen ”, travla “(snow) feststampfen ” (besides probably
through hybridization with Gmc. *trep- , *tremp- , see under der- “run”, M.L.G. drampen
“trample”, E.Fris. Dutch drempel , nd. drumpel “ threshold ”, M.L.G. dorpel “ threshold ”);
Lith. trepse ́ti (3. Pers. trèpsi , old trèpsti ) “with den Fũßen trampeln” , trep-(l)énti ds.,
trypse ́ti ds., ablaut. trypiù, trỹpti “trample” (for * trip-); trapine ́ti “with den Fũßen bump, poke” ,
O.Pruss. trapt “tread”, ertreppa ‘sie ũbertreten” ;
O.C.S. trepetъ “das Zittern, Beben ”, trepetati “tremble”, trepati “palpare”, Bulg. trópam “
stamp, trample, trapple ”, trópot m. “Getrampel ”, Russ. tropátь ‘stomp, trample, with den
Fũßen treten” , tropá f. “Pfad; Fährte” .
References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.
See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 “ wriggle “.
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trep-2
English meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wenden, also sich vor Scham abwenden ”
Material: O.Ind. trápatē ‘schämt sich, wird verlegen” , trapü ́ f. “the genitals, Verlegenheit ”;
Gk. τρέπω, Dor. Ion. τράπω “wende”, τροπή “ reversal “, τρόπος “ turn “, τρόπις “keel,
Grundbalken of Schiffes ” (eig. “Wender”), τρωπάω “wende, verändere” , Med. “ turn, twist,
rotate mich um, kehre um ”, ἐν-τρέπομαι “wende mich jemandem to, schäme mich vor
jemandem ”, εὐτράπελος “movable, nimble ”;τερπικέραυνος in spite of τερπώμεθα
τρεπώμεθα Hes. not “fulmina torquens ”, but to τέρπειν , -εσθαι as “the Blitzfrohe ”;
Lat. trepit “vertit”; turpis (*tr̥pis) “ugly, nasty “ (“*wovor man sich abwenden muß” ,
formation as Goth. brūks “usable”), -ur- instead of -or- dialect.
Maybe Alb. (*turpis ) turp ‘shame”
References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.
See also: IE trep- “wenden” extension from ter-3 “rub, drehend reiben, turn ”?
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tres-, ters - (*teres -)
English meaning: to tremble
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zittern”
Material: O.Ind. trásati “zittert” (= Gk. τρέω), trastá - “zitternd” Kaus. trüsayati “makes
erzittern”; Av. taršta - (ar. *tr̥ṣta- “timorous ”), tǝrǝsaiti, ар. tarsatiy “fũrchtet” (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō) = Lith.
trišu ̀); Kaus. Av. Þrü ̊ ŋhayete “versetzt in fright ”; perhaps Arm. erer “Erschũtterung, Beben,
Zittern” (*tres-ri-);
Lat. terreo , -ēre “in Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare ” (das e instead of kausativen o
derives from:) terror “fright”; Umbr. tursitu “terrētō, fugütō” ;
Gk. τρέω (Aor. Hom. τρέσσαι ) “tremble, flee ”, ἔτερσεν ἐφόβησεν Hes., ἄτρεστος
“unerschrocken ”, τρηρός (*τρασρός ), τρήρων “timorous, fleeting “;
M.Ir. tarrach “timorous ” (*tr̥s-üko-); O.E. ðræ ̄ s “fringe” (compare O.Ind. trasaṇa -m “eine
bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration ”);
Lith. trisù “tremble” (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō); Ltv. trìsas f. pl. “Zittern”, trisêt “tremble, quiver ”, perhaps
Lith. tresiù , tre ̃sti “läufig sein” .
References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;
See also: to 1. ter-1 “ wriggle “.
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tr-eu-d-
English meaning: to press, push, * displeasure
Deutsche Übersetzung: “quetschen, stoßen, drũcken”
Note: probably extension to ter-3, tereu - “rub”
Note:
Root tr-eu-d- : “to press, push, * displeasure ” derived from Root dreĝh - : “unwilling,
displeased ” [common Illyr.-Balt -ĝh- > -d-, Illyr. Alb. -g > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Material: Alb. treth “castrate, clip ” (“*smash, crush testicles ”) = Lat. trūdō , -ere “bump, poke,
fortstoßen, urge, press, push” (trūdis “eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum Fortstoßen” );
Maybe nasalized Alb. ndrydh “twist”, also prefixed shtrydh ‘squeeze”.
M.Welsh cythruð “torment, smite ”, godruð “wild”, gorthruð “Bedrũckung” (*-treudo -); M.Ir.
trotaid ‘streitet” (*truzd - from * trud-d-), Welsh trythill, drythill “ lustful “ (out of it M.Ir. treitell
“Liebling”); O.Ir. tromm , Welsh trwm “ heavy “ (*trudsmo - “drũckend” ); Goth. usÞriutan
“beschwerlich fall ”, O.Ice. Þrjōta “lack”, O.E. (ü-)ðrēotan uPers. “exhaust, ũberdrũssig
become”, O.H.G. ( ar-, bi-)driozan “beset, belästigen” , Ger. verdrießen ; O.Ice. Þrjōtr
“widerspenstiger person ”, O.H.G. urdrioz “ displeasure “; O.Ice. Þraut f. “Kraftprobe,
crowdedness ”, O.E. ðrēat m. “crush, Gewalttätigkeit, threat “ , M.H.G. drōz “ displeasure,
load, complaint “ (= Slav. trudъ ); O.E. ðrēat (n)ian “urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold,
chide, threaten ”;
O.E. ðrīetan “exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push ”, O.Ice. Þreyta “ power aufwenden,
withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.) ”; O.Ice. Þry ̄ sta , O.H.G. ðrūstit , O.E. geðryscan “ distress “,
ðrysman “erdrũcken, ersticken” , M.L.G. drussemen “erdrosseln, erdrũcken” ; O.C.S. trudъ
“toil”, truždo ̨ , truditi “beschweren, torment, smite ”.
Maybe Alb. trys, trysa (aor.) “press, compress, squeeze ”, trondit “torment, overwhelm ”.

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trē ̆ b-, trōb -, treb- or trǝb -, tr̥b-
English meaning: building, dwelling
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Balkenbau, Gebäude, Wohnung”
Material: Lat. trabs and trabēs , -is f. “balk, beam ”, taberna “Bude, Wohnraum ” (dissim. from
*traberna );
Osc. trííbúm “domum, aedificium ”, trííbarakavúm “aedificare ” (*trēb-), Umbr. tremnu
“tabernüculo” , trebeit “versütur ” (*trēb- or *trĕb-); O.Welsh treb, Welsh tref, O.Bret. treb
“dwelling”, M.Ir. treb “house, estate ”, O.Ir. dī-thrub , Welsh di-dref “ desert, waste, wasteland ,
Einsiedelei ”, O.Ir. atreba (*ad-treb-) “besitzt, dwells “, Welsh athref “dwelling, Besitzung ”,
Gaul. VN Atrebates “possessōres or Seßhafte” ; about M.Ir. trebaid “bebaut, bewohnt ”, see
above S. 1071;
O.E. ðorp, ðrop “estate, courtyard, village” , O.Fris. therp and thorp , O.S. thorp , O.H.G.
dorf “village”, O.Ice. Þorp “Gehöft” , Goth. Þau ́ rp “field, farmland ”; O.Ice. Þrep n.
“Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, Absatz ”, Þrepi m. “erhöhte Unterlage” (besides also
Þrafni m. ‘staff, balk, beam ”, Þref n. ds. from a root variant auf IE p, as presumably Gk.
τράπηξ - Att. inschr. τράφηξ - Eol. τρόπηξ Hes. “ picket, pole, Schiffsbord ”);
ablaut. Lith. trobà (acc. tróbą ) “house, edifice, building ”, Ltv. trüba “edifice, building ”,
O.Pruss. in PN. Troben ;
eine vollere root form terǝb - in Gk. τέραμνα , assim. τέρεμνα pl. “house, dwelling ” (*terǝb -
no-), from which borrowed O.C.S. trěmъ “tower”, etc.; about Gk. θεράπνη “ dwelling” s.
Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.
References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.
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trē ̆ u-
English meaning: to prosper
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gedeihen ”
Note: extended treu-s-
Material: Av. perf. 3. sg. Med. tuϑruyē (i.e. tuϑruwē ) “hat aufgezogen, unterhalten ”, present-
stem ϑraoš - (ϑraošta ) “zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or bringen ”,
ϑraošti - “( ripeness) consummation, end ”;
O.H.G. triuuit (Alem. t- for Þ-) “excellet, pollet, floret ”; trowwen (*Þraujan ) “pubescere,
crescere ”, M.H.G. ūf gedrouwen “aufgewachsen, grown ”; O.Ice. Þrōask “zunehmen, thrive,
ripen” (*Þrōwōn ), M.H.G. druo f. “fruit”, older-Ger. druhen, truhen “thrive, zunehmen ”, Swiss
trũehen ds.; O.Ice. Þrūðr f. “ power “, O.E. ðry ̄ ð ds.; O.Ice. Þroskr (*trusko -) “(reif,
vollwũchsig) strong” , Þroski m. “ strength “, Þroskask ‘strong become ”.
References: WP. I 754.
Page(s): 1095

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trii̯ǝto -, trīto -
English meaning: sea, watery
Deutsche Übersetzung: “nasses Element ”?
Material: O.Ir. trïath , gen. trethan ‘sea” (Proto-Celt. * tri̯aton -); Gk. Σρί̄των, son of Poseidon
or Nereus and the ᾽Αμφι -τρί̄τη, also river name, T ρῑτωνίς f. ‘sea in Libyen ”; Σρῑτογένεια
“epithet the Athene ” rather as T ρῐτογενεια “am 3. days born “ with metr. lengthening of ι
deutbar.
Maybe Alb. tret “dissolve in water ”
Note:
The origin of Gk. Σρί̄των ‘son of Poseidon or Nereus ” derived from Root trei- : “three” or the
trident of the sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea.

References: WP. I 760.
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trozdos - : tr̥zdos -
English meaning: blackbird
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Drossel”
Note: compare above S. 1079
Material: Lat. turdus, - ī m. “thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish ” (*tr̥zdos , with dial. u?); M.Ir.
truit, druit f., Ir. truid, druid ‘star” (*trozdi -); from dem Ir. borrowed M.Welsh trydw, drydw
(after drud “toll” transfigured to drudw ), Bret. dred, tred (older pl.), O.Corn. troet m., nCorn.
tros, pl. tryjy, treyju , Singulativ f. M.Corn. troʒan; besides O.Bret. tra[s]cl , Bret. drask (l) m.,
Vannes also taraskl , f. Welsh tresglen “thrush”; O.Ice. Þro ̨ str (*Þrastu -z, compare to u-stem
Welsh trydw ) “thrush”, Nor. trost, trast; unclear M.H.G. drost el, O.E. drost le (Gmc.
*Þrustalō -), O.H.G. drosca -(la), M.H.G. bO.Ir. dró́schel , schwäb. -Alem. drostlǝ (Gmc.
*Þrau(d) -sk-, -st-), O.E. ðrysce (*Þruskjōn , Eng. thrush ; M.L.G. drōsle , and. thrōsla
(reshaped from * throstla after *ōsla = O.E.ōsle, Ger. “blackbird ”); Proto-Gmc. - au- and - u-
perhaps through influence an onomatopoeic words Schallsippe with u, as in Gk. τρύζω
“girre”, τρῡγών “ turtledove ”, Pol. trukać ds., etc.; balto-Slav. *trazda- m. “thrush” in O.Pruss.
tresde f., Lith. strãzdas , Ltv. strãzds m.; Slav. * drozdъ in Russ. drozd (gen. drozdá ) etc.
References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht IE Decl. 49.
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trū ̆ of -
English meaning: leprosy
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Aussatz”
Material: O.Ir. trosc “ leprosy “ (*trŭds -ko-); Bret. trousk ‘schuppen ”, trouskan “Moos”, Welsh
trwsg(l) “raw”; Goth. Þrūts -fill n. “ leprosy “, O.E. ðrūstfell (for *ðrūts -) “ leprosy “; compare
Gk. τρύω “reibe auf ”, Lith. trune ́ti “modern” (see ter(eu)- “rub”, basic meaning then perhaps
“kratzig”) and Lat. trūdō etc. (see *treud- ).
References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.
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tu, tutu
English meaning: chirping of birds
Deutsche Übersetzung: Vogelruf; also von andern dumpfen Schalleindrũcken
Material: O.Ind. thuthukr̥t - m. “ein certain bird, Ringeltaube ”; Gk. τυτώ ἡ γλαῦξ Hes., τοῦτις ὁ
κόσσυφος Hes.; Lat. tutubüre “cry” (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f. “vīn adferri
noctuam , quae “tū, tū” usque dicat tibi ?”; Lith. tūtu ́ oti “toot”, tutlỹs , tutùtis “hoopoe”; in Gmc.
neugeschaffen (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic word) M.L.G. (Ger. ) tūten
“toot”, O.Ice. tauta , tutla “murmur”; as old type (* tū with d-present) O.E. ðūtan “einen
Tonausstoßen” , O.Ice. Þjōta “howl, einen starken Ton give ”, O.E. ðēotan “howl,
widerhallen, rant, roister ”, O.H.G. diozan “loud sound, clink ”, O.Ice. Þytr “ strong sound,
tone, Geheul ”, M.H.G. duz, diez, dōz “ clangor, noise ”, Goth. Þuthau ́ rn “Tuthorn, Trompete ”,
O.Ice. Þyss “din, fuss, noise ”, O.E. ðyssa m. “Toser”.
References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1, 542.
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tu̯ak-2
English meaning: to bathe
Deutsche Übersetzung: “baden”
Material: O.Pruss. twaxtan “Badequast ” (*tu̯akstom );
Goth. Þwahan, Þwōh , O.Ice. Þvü, O.E. ðwēan “bathe”, O.H.G. dwahan , dwōg , twuog
“wash”, O.Ice. Þvüttr (*Þwahtu -) “das Waschen ” etc.; O.Ice. Þva ́ l n. ‘seife”, Goth. Þwahl n.
‘spa, bath ”, O.H.G. dwahal ds., O.E. ðwe ́ al m. n. “Waschen ”; O.S. twahila f. “Handtuch ”,
O.H.G. dwahila m. ds., fränk. *thwahlja ds., out of it Fr. touaille , from which Eng. towel.
References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.
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tu̯akos
English meaning: skin
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haut”
Grammatical information: n.
Material: O.Ind. tvacas- ‘skin” (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- “goldfellig ” and in tvacasya-
“in the skin situated ”), besides tvák- f. ‘skin, fell, fur ”; Gk. σάκος ‘shield” (from Häuten,
leather), φερε-σσάκης ‘schildträger” ; Hitt. tu̯ekkas “body, person, selbst ”.
References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.
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tu̯ā̆k-1, tuk-
English meaning: to pull together, close up
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “fest umschließen, zusammenschnũren” (Gk. weiter also “fest
hineinstopfen under likewise ”)?
Material: O.Ind. tvanakti “zieht sich together ” (unbel.);
Gk. Att. σάττω, Ion. σάσσω (ἔσαξα , Ion. ἔσασα ; ἐσεσάχατο ) “ausrũsten, bewaffnen;
anfũllen, feststopfen” (*tu̯aki̯ō ), σακτός “vollgestopft ”, with Gk. γ (Entgleisung) σάγη
“armament, armor, Geschirr, saddle, clothing ”, σάγμα “cover, Saumsattel; clothing, Überzug
“ (> Lat. sagma > O.H.G. soum , Ger. Saumtier ), σαγήνη “fishing net ”, σάγουρον γυργάθιον
Poll., σαγίς πήρα Hes., and thebO.N. σάκτᾱς “physician, medicine man ” and das dem Lat.
sagana “Zauberin ” the basic liegende * σαγάνη ; σηκός , Dor. σᾱκός “ hurdle, stall, sacred
place”; σηκάζω “pferche ein, sperre ein ”, Dor. σᾱκί̄τᾱς “in the Schäferei aufgezogenes
lamb”, σηκίς , -ίδος ‘sklavin”; also probably σηκόω “wiege”, σήκωμα “Gewicht; Ghegenwert,
Belohnung ”; with gradation ō probably Hom. σ῵κος ‘strong”, σωκέω “bin strong, have
power “; zero grade συχνός “gedrängt, numerous” (*τυκ-σνος ).
References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper IE Nasalpräs. 122.
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tu̯ei-2, extended tu̯ei-s-
English meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erregen, hin and her bewegen, schũtteln, erschũttern, also
seelisch”
Grammatical information: (s-present; to es-stem tu̯ei̯os -, tu̯ei̯es -, Av. ϑwayah- )
Note: = tu̯eis - ‘sparkle, glitter ”, da “lebhafte Bewegung - flicker, sparkle, glitter ” ein common
Bedeutungsverhältnis is.
Material: O.Ind. tviṣ- “ excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam ” (present tvēs ̣ ati
Gramm., átviṣur ‘sie waren excited, aroused , bestũrzt” , 3. sg. átviṣata , titviṣḗ ), tveṣá - “
boisterous; funkelnd, gleaming ”, tviṣ-, tviṣi- f. “ excitement, Ungestũm; radiance “ ; urind.
(Withanni) PN Tušratta maybe from *Tviṣ(a)-ratha- = O.Ind. tveṣá -ratha- “dessen cart
boisterous vordringt ”;
Av. ϑwy-ant- participle “fear erweckend ”, upü-ϑwayeiti “ be afraid, ängstigt sich” , ϑwyü
‘schrecknis, danger ”, ϑwayah- n. ds. (therefrom ϑwayaŋha - n. “gefährlicher state, status,
danger”, ϑwayaŋhant - “terrible, dangerous ”); ϑwaēsō n. “fear, a trembling, quaking,
shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm “; ϑwisra- “luminous ” (wäre O.Ind. *tvicchra- );
Gk. σείω ‘shake, swing, brandish, erschũttere” (*tu̯eisō ; ἐπι-σσείων; σέσεισμαι), zero
grades participle σιών (: O.Ind. a-tviṣ-ata), σεῖσμα, σεισμό ς “Erschũtterung, Erdbeben” ; from
a *tu̯eis -ros “funkelnd ” derives σείριος “glũhend, burning (hochsommerlich); Hundsstern
(Sirius), Stern generally “, σείρ, σειρό ς ὁ ἥλιος καὶ σείριος Suidas (to consonant -stem
probably after ἀστήρ geworden) ; if σῑγαλόεις “ glimmering “ (σῑγαλόω “glätte, make blank” )
here anzureihen is (: tu̯is- + γαλ[ήνη]), is es perhaps as tu̯isi- (Kompositionsform besides
*tu̯eis -ro-) + γαλος, perhaps “ vonfunkelnder Helle ” to analysieren
References: WP. I 748, Mayrhofer 1, 540.

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tu̯enĝh -
English meaning: to oppress
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bedrängen”
Material: Av. ϑwązjaiti “gerät in crowdedness” (Av. *tu̯anzǵhati with -zgh- from IE -ĝh +
skō), to O.S. thwingan , O.H.G. dwingan “press, zwingen, unterdrũcken” , O.Ice. Þvinga, -
aða “constrain, oblige, belästigen, plague” , O.E. ðwinglian “aufbinden ”; but O.H.G. dūhen
“press, niederdrũcken” (Ger. deuhen , dauhen ), O.E. ðy ̄ n, ðēon (preterit ðy ̄ de ) “press,
belästigen, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick” from *Þūhjan (*Þunχ ian), whereupon also
M.Du. dūwen, douwen “press, press, and probably also anfrk. bethūwen “deprimere ” and
O.E. ðy ̄ wan “press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen ” go back, belong to (s)teuk- , above S.
1032.
References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 126.
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tu̯erk̂ -
English meaning: to cut
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schneiden ”
Material: Av. ϑwarǝs - “cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten ”, participle ϑwaršta -, ϑwōrǝštar - or
ϑwarǝxštar - “creator, god, molder ”: O.Ind. GN Tváṣṭü (-ar-) from * Tvárṣṭar ; in addition
probably Gk. σάρξ, -κός “Fleisch”, pl. “Fleischstũcke” (Eol. σύρκες), σαρκάζειν “tear, sich
auf die Lippen beißen, verhöhnen” , σαρκό -φαγος “fleischfressend ”, Subst. ‘sarg = coffin” (>
Lat. sarcophagus > O.H.G. sarch , Ger. Sarg ); if as “Querschnitt ” here also die family of
O.H.G. dwerah “quer” (etc., see below terk- “turn”)?
Ein from tu̯r̥k̂- entstandenes *truk̂- seeks man in Lat. trux, trūcis “rough, prickly,
durchbohrend (of look), abstoßend, fierce, grim, defiant” , truculentus “finster in den Mienen,
griesgrämig” , trucīdüre “niedermetzeln ” (from * truci-caidos to Lat. caedō above S. 917), to
O.Ir. trū (*truk-s) “totgeweiht ”, gen. troch (*trukós ).
References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.
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tu̯er-1 : tur- and tu̯r̥-
English meaning: to turn, whirl
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, quirlen, wirbeln ”, also von lebhafter Bewegung ũberhaupt
Note: from which partly tru-
Material: A. O.Ind. tváratē , turáti “ hurries “, tū ́ ryatē ds., tūrn ̣ a -, tū ́ rn ̣ i- “hasty”, turá- in the
meaning “rash, hasty ” (not to turá- ‘strong”, das to tēu- “to swell” ), turáṇa - “hurrying”,
turaṇyáti “ hurries “ (: ὀτρύ̄νω from ὀ -τρυ-ν-ι̯ω), Av. ϑwüša - (ar. *tvárta -) “hasty”; turaga-
“horse” (“rusher, racer ”);
Gk. ὀ-τρύ̄νω (ὀ prefix) “treibe an ”, Med. “ hurry “, ὀτραλέος (*τFρα - = IE tu̯r̥-), ὀτρηρός
“hurtig, agile ” (compare without prefix τρηρόν ἐλαφρόν Hes.); τορύ̄νη “Rũhrkelle”, τορύνω
“rũhre um” (*τυρυνᾱ );
Lat. trua f. “ scoop, also zum Umrũhren beim Kochen” , trulla, truella “ scoop, paten “,
trulleum “Becken, Waschbecken ”, probably also amptruō , -üre “bei den saliarischen
Religionsfeiern tanzen and hũpfen” ;
O.H.G. dweran st. V. “quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander rũhren, mix” (Ger. bO.Ir.
zweren ), O.E. ðweran “ bestir “, ge-ðwer “curd”, Swe. tvära ‘stir”; O.Ice. Þvara “Quirl”, O.E.
ðwæ ̄ re, ðwēre f. “tudicula”; O.Ice. Þyrill , O.E. ðwirel , O.H.G. dwiril “Quirl , Rũhrstab” ; M.L.G.
dwarl, dwerl “whirl, curl “; Ice. Þyrla “whirl”, Ger. dorlen ‘sich drehen ”; O.Ice. Þori m. “bulk,
mass, greatness, bulk, extent, allotment “, of onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck a
durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also O.Ice. Þyrja “run, sausen ”, Þurs, Þors
“fiend, demon, giant “, O.E. ðyrs “ giant, demon ”, O.H.G. thuris , dur(i)s, turs ds.;
B. with b-Erweiter.: Gk. σύρβη, Att. τύρβη “ din, fuss, noise, perplexity ”, adv. σύρβᾰ , Att.
τύρβᾰ “ durcheinander ”; Lat. turba f. “die lärmende U N.nung a Menge, perplexity,
Getũmmel” , turbō , -üre “bewilder, durcheinanderbringen ”, turbō , -inis m. “whirlwind, whirl,

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drehendeBewegung, Kreisel ”; M.Ir. torbaid “ baffle “, Welsh twrf m. “din, fuss, noise ” (Lat.
Lw. torf f.), tyrfu “rant, roister ” (M. O”Brien E ́ riu 11, 91); O.Ice. Þorp “Menschenhaufen ”,
Þyrpa “urge, press, push ”; perhaps Hitt. tarup(p)- “unite, versammeln ”;
C. with m-formants: Lat. turma “troop, multitude, crowd, swarm “, O.Ice. Þruma f., Þrymr
m. “din, fuss, noise, crash, blast ”, O.E. ðrymm m. “troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass,
power, glory, magnificence, radiance “, ðrymma “warrior”; O.S. heru-thrum “verderbliche
Gewalt of Schwertes ”; M.H.G. Ger. dial. drumeln ‘sich in Wirbel drehen, lurch ”, Swiss
drũmmel “ dizziness, giddiness; swindle “, and M.H.G. *durm , turm “whirl, dizziness,
giddiness; swindle “, M.H.G. Ger. dial. durmel, dũrmel (t-) “ dizziness, giddiness; swindle ,
dizziness, whirl ”, durmig (dũrmig , dũrmisch ) “betäubt taumelnd, schwindlig; tobend,
boisterous, angry, irate ”;
Maybe Alb. turmë “crowd”, (similar -m suffix to Alb. zjarm “fire” hence not a Lat. loanword),
turrem “rush into a crowd ”.
D. in Gmc. eine bedeutungsgleiche family with anlaut. s- and den ablaut Gmc. * stur- and
*staur -: O.H.G. stōr(r)en (ga-, ar-, zi-) ‘stören, in Verwirrung bringen” , Ger. stören “turbare”
(stören “in Lande herumfahren, auf die stör go”, zerstören , verstört , O.Fris. tōstēra “destroy”
(compare Lat. turbüre : disturbüre ); ablaut. O.Ice. styrr, gen. styrjar m. “Getũmmel,
perplexity, noise ”, O.E. styrian “move, bewilder, agitate, tell ”, gestyr n. “movement ”, O.H.G.
irsturien , M.H.G. stũrn ‘stochern, antreiben ”, Ger. stũren “in etwas herumstöbern or
wũhlen” ; O.Ice. sturla “in UN.nung bringen, stören” , M.H.G. stũrel “tool zum Stũren” ; mitm-
suffix (see above) O.Ice. stormr ‘storm, restlessness, Kampfessturm ”, O.E. storm , O.H.G.
sturm ‘storm”, Swiss sturm ‘schwindlig ”, stũrmi “ dizziness, giddiness; swindle “.
Maybe Alb. shtyj, shtyra aor. “push, stir ”
References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.
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tu̯er-2 : tur-, tu̯erǝ -
English meaning: to grab, to enclose
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fassen, einfassen, einzäunen”
Material: Gk. σειρά :, ep. Ion. σειρή f. “rope, cable, band, strap ” (*tu̯eri̯ü ), παρά-σειρος
(ἵππος ) “Handpferd ”, compare σερίδες σειραί and σερί[ς] ξωστήρ Hes.; with o-gradation
σορός f. “Urne” (*tu̯oro s); perhaps ΢ειρήν , -῅νος ‘sirene (Todesgöttin); eine wild Bienenart,
ein small bird ”, whether originally “Umstrickerin ”, to σειρά̄ “rope, band ”; σαργάνη f., -ίς, -ίδος
f. “basket, wickerwork “, compare Att. ταργάναι πλοκαί , συνδέσεις , πέδαι Hes.; perhaps
extension * tu̯er-g-, compare *tu̯er-p- in Gk. τάρπη f. “großer basket” , whether here * tu̯-p- to
*t-p- dissimilated, thereafter also ταργ- besides σαργ -;
after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here Bret. torn-aod ‘steilkũste” , Gaul. turno- “height” in PN
wieTurno-magus, Turnücum etc.;
Lith. tveriù, tvérti “catch, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould ”, Ltv. tveŕu , tver̂t “
grasp, catch, hold, stop ”, ablaut. Lith. turiù, ture ́ti “hold, stop, have ”, Ltv. turu, turêt ds.,
O.Pruss. turit “have, sollen ”; Lith. ãp-tvaras “ paddock “, tvártas “Einzäunung” , tvarstūti
“mehrfach to hem, gird, border ”, Ltv. tvar̂stît “ grasp, catch, capture “; Church Slavic tvorъ
“forma”, O.C.S. tvoriti “create, make ”, aRuss. tvorъ “Aussehen ”, Serb. tvórac “creator, god ”;
lengthened grade Lith. tvorà , Ltv. tvüre “fence”, O.C.S. tvarъ “ creation, creature ”; in
addition Russ. tvaróg m. (from which Ger. “Quark = curd ”), compare zur formation
Lat.formaticum , Fr. “fromage”; originally participle: Lith. tvìr-tas, Ltv. tvirts ‘strong, tight, firm ”
(*tu̯r̥̄-to-), O.C.S. tvrъdъ , Russ. tvërdyj ds. ( *tu̯r̥-; the variation t : d from originally konson.
Stammzu define); in addition still aRuss. tvъrdь f. “Himmelsgewölbe, Befestigung” .
References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gk. etym. Wb. 305,
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tu̯ē̆i-1
English meaning: to cut down, hack, hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘scharf hauen, schlagen ”?
Material: O.E. ðwītan st. V. “cut, clip, abschneiden ” (wäre d-present; in addition) geðwit
“chip, splinter ”, O.Ice. Þveitr “Querhieb, incision “, Þveita “hew, hit, bump, poke ”; Lith.
tvūskinu , -inti “vast, grand anklopfen ”, tvóju , tvóti Scherzwort for “proficient thrash ”; infolge
of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the Lith. words dubious Vergleich.
References: WP. I 747 f.
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tu̯ī̆bh -
English meaning: hollow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “röhrenartig hohl”
Note: only Gk. and lateinisch
Material: Gk. σί̄φων, -ωνος m. “Abzugsröhre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch” ,
σιφνεύς “Maulwurf ” (“röhrenförmige Gänge wũhlend” ), σιφνὸς κενός Hes. (eig. “hollow”),
probably also σιφλό ς “hollow, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lame ”, σιφλοῦν
‘spoil”; Lat. tībia ‘schienbeinknochen; gerade Pfeife, flute ”, belongs barely to stī̆b(h)- “ shaft,
pole” (above S. 1015), das festes s- hat.
References: WP. I 751 f., WH. II 680.
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tu̯ō[u]- : tu̯ǝu- : tū-l-
English meaning: tube
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Röhre” ?
Material: O.Ind. tūn ̣ a- m., tūn ̣ ī́ f. “ quiver “, tūn ̣ ava - m. “flute” (*tūl-n-): O.C.S. tulъ “ quiver “;
Gk. σωλήν “gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal ”; with reduplication-stem *tu̯ǝu-: *σαυρος or
*σαυρα “ duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the Lanze ”, in σαυρωτή ρ “ein about das untere
Lanzenende gestũlptes, röhrenartiges Stũck” , with n-forms σαυνίον “τὸ ἀνδρεῖον αἰ δοῖον”
(“*duct, tube, pipe ”), in the Koine ‘spear, javelin, spit, pike ”.
References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl.
Faculté de Philos . et Lettres de l ”Univ. de Lie ́ ge , Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.
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tū-lo-
English meaning: sluggish, lazy
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘säumig and largweilig in Arbeiten, Reden under dgl”
Material: Ltv. tūĺa, tūlis “wer with nichts fertig wird ”, tūĺu ̂ ot , tūĺat, tūlu ́ otie ̂ s ‘säumen, slowly
sein, zögernd an die Arbeit go; babble, chatter “; O.Ice. Þaul f. “Festsetzung ”, mæ ̄ la sik ī
Þaul “beim Sprechen stocken ”, Mod.Ice. Þaul-reið “anhaltender ermattender Ritt ” under
likewise, Þaul-sætinn “cunctabundus ”, Nor. tūla “ heavy work ”, tȳla “hesitate”, Ltv. tūĺuotie ̂ s
ds.; with other forms perhaps Ltv. tauńûotiês “hesitate, zaudern, nicht fertig become, slowly
sein”.
References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen AltWestn. Wb. 313.
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tū ̆
English meaning: thou
Deutsche Übersetzung: “du”
Grammatical information: gen. t(e)u̯e, dat. toi, tebh(e)i , acc. te; stem tū ̆-, teu̯o-, teu̯e-, tu̯o-,
tu̯e- and te-
Material: 1. O.Ind. tú, tū ́ “yet” (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle geworden),
Av. tū ds., enkl. “du”; ar. *tuu̯-ám (after O.Ind. ahám ) in O.Ind. tuvám , tvám , gthAv. tvǝ ̄ m ,
jAv. tūm, ap. tuvam “du”; Arm. du “du”;
Gk. Dor. τύ, Hom. Ion. Att. σύ (σ- from den KO.S. obl., where σ- from τF-), Hom. τύ̄νη,
lak. τούνη, böot. τουν (after ἐγώ-ν, -νη); Alb. ti (*tū); Lat. tū; O.Ir. tū (*tŭ or *tū), tu-ssu, -sso
(*tŭ) “du”, Welsh ti etc. (*tū); Goth. Þu, O.Ice. Þū and suffig. Þu, Þo, O.S. thū, O.H.G. dū,
du; Lith. tù (*tū or *tŭ?), O.Pruss. tou (*tū) “du”; O.C.S. ty; Toch. A tu, В t(u)we , Hitt. zik,
zikka “du”(*tega from * te + *egō), tuk, tukka “dir, you”, enkLith. - du- (*tu) and - ta (*te or *toi)
“dir, you”;
2. IE *teu̯e- “dein”, Celt. *tou̯e in O.Ir. toī, M.Welsh teu “das Deinige ”, preceding Celt. *tou
> O.Ir. do “dein”, Welsh dy, Corn. the, Bret. da ds.; Hitt. - ti- “dein”.
3. Possessivum teu̯o-s, tu̯o-s: O.Ind. tvá-ḥ, gthAv. ϑwa-, Av. tava-, Hom. Ion. Att. σός
(*τFός), Hom. Lesb. Dor. τεός, böot. τι ός (*τεFός); Alb. y-t, acc. tën-t (Verschmelzung of
article with dem PO.S.S.); Lat. tuus (from * tovos ), Umbr. tover “tui”, Osc. tuvai “tuae”; Lith.
tãvas , O.C.S. tvojь.
References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657,
Mayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.
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udero -, u̯ēdero -
English meaning: belly
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Bauch”, and gleichbedeutende words ähnlichen Anlautes
Material: 1. O.Ind. udára -m “belly, intumescence of Leibes, the thick Teil eines Dinges,
cavity, Inneres ”, anūdara - “bauchlos ”, Av. udara- ds.; Gk. ὅδερος γαστήρ Hes. (because of
Asper rather for * ὕδερος); Lat. uterus “lower abdomen, belly, esp. womb, uterus ” (t for d am
ehesten zugleich with dem phonetic alteration from *udris “hose” to *utris, uter eingetreten);
O.Pruss. weders “belly, stomach ”, Lith. ve ́daras “ intestines, entrails of fish, intestines,
entrails; Wurstmagen ”, Ltv. vêders , vêdars “belly, stomach ”;
zur preposition ud belong perhaps Gk. ὕστος γαστήρ Hes. ( *ud-sto-s “vor-stehend ”) and
ὑστέρα “ womb, uterus ” (ud + compounds-suffix tero-).
2. Lat. venter, -tris “belly” (kann *u̯end -ri- sein).
3. Lat. vē(n)sīca f. “the bubble ”, O.Ind. vastí - m. “bubble, bladder ” (*u̯n̥d-ti-?); vaniṣṭhú -
“Mastdarm, or ein in the Nähe of Netzes liegender Körperteil” ; compare ἤνυστρον
“Labmagen ”, O.H.G. wan(a)st, węnist “paunch”, Ger. Wanst also “ psalterium “, ablaut. Ice.
vinstr f. “ psalterium “, Nor. dial. vinstr f. “Labmagen ” (*u̯enistrō ); compare also Lide ́ n KZ 61,
19 ff.
maybe Alb. * vē(n)sīca , vēsca, veshka “bladder”.
4. Gmc. * wanÞa - in M.L.G. ingewüt, ingewant, ingewende ds., Dutch ingewand ; das - ge-
from ingewüt is from Eingeweide , Dutch geweide (see 1122) herũbergenommen.
References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert
Nominalsuffix - ti- 196 f.
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u-1
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten
Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes:
UrGmc. *uwwōn in Swiss huw(e) , hu(e) “owl “; Deminut. *uwwilōn in O.H.G. ūwila ,
M.H.G. iuwel , iule, Ger. owl, O.E. ȳl-twist “Vogelfalle ” (with Lockeule), besides *uwwalōn in
O.H.G. MN Ūl-, M.L.G. nd. O.E. ūle, nnl. uil, Eng. owl, O.Ice. ugla; compare Ger. Uhu (md.)
and (with p-Erweit.) Gmc. *ūf- in O.Ice. ūfr, O.E. ūf, abO.Ir. ūvo, bO.Ir.-Austrian auf;
in addition Ltv. ũpis “Uhu”, ũpêt “cry (from Eulen and Tauben) ”, Lith. ùpas “Echo”, aRuss.
vyplь, Church Slavic vypъ “ seagull”, Russ. vyp m., vypь f. “ bittern “ (somewhat different
Ltv. ūbuo ̂ t “ coo, from Tauben ”, ūbele “turtledove ”); compare O.Ind. uhū ́- ‘schreiend ” and
Lat. ulula “Kauz” under ul-.
B. k-extension uk-, euk-: O.Ir. uch “wehe!” and ‘sigh”, M.Ir. also och, ach ds.;
vielleichtGoth. auhjōn “rant, roister ”, auhjōdus “din, fuss, noise, Getũmmel” (áu, aú?), Ltv.
aũka “whirlwind ”, O.Pruss. aukis “Greif”, Lith. apúokas “Nachteule ”, Ltv. ūkšuot “ jubilate “,
Serb. ukati, učati “hu call, shout, cry ”, ȕka “clamor”.
References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge- Götze16
182, 881 f., Mũhlenbach -Endzelin 4, 409.
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ul-
English meaning: to howl
Deutsche Übersetzung: Schallwz. “heulen”
Note: various redupl. ulul-
Material: O.Ind. úlūka - m. = Lat. (glO.S.S. ) ulucus “Kauz, owl “;
O.Ind. ululí-, ulūlu ́ - “ululabilis, ululatus”, Gk. ὑλάω, ὑλακτέω “bark”, Lat. ululüre “howl” ,
ulula f. “Kauz”,
maybe Alb. (*ululüre ) ulëras, ulërij “howl”.
Lith. ulula ban ̃ gos “es heulen die waves, billows ”, ulūlo ́ ti , ulóti “hallo call, shout, cry ”, ulbúoti ,
ùlbauti “call, shout, cry, sing, cry ”;
but O.Ir. ilach “clamor” (*eluko- ), M.Ir. also ulach ds., Ir. olchobhchán , ulchobhchán ,
ulgadán “owl “ probably to el-, ol-.
References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol- S. 306.
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upér, upéri
English meaning: over, above
Note: Centum languages prove that Root upér, upéri : “over, above ” derived from an older
Root *hukwér , *hukwéri : “over, above ”, later the old laryngeal was lost. What becomes
clear is the common Gk.- celt. -kw- > -p- phonetic mutatIon. Therefore Root upér, upéri :
“over, above ” derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root developed
from the concept of climbing a horse: Root ek̂u̯o -s : “horse”. The sky above was seemly
called according to the horse goddess : Gaul. Epona “ The Celtic horse goddess whose
authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey ”.
Deutsche Übersetzung: “about, oberhalb ”, preposition and (außer in Ar.) preverb; also
“about - hinaus ”
Note: related with upo s. d.
Material: 1. O.Ind. upári , Av. upairi, ар. upariy “about, about - toward, about - out (acc.);
about - toward (Instr); about (gen.) ”; Arm. probably i ver “hinauf, above ” (probably * uper;
besides from Kasusformen from * upero -:) i veroy “if, oberhalb ”, i veray “above, darauf ”
(these as preposition beim gen. “about, auf ”);
Gk. ὑπέρ, preverb “ about, about - out ” and preposition “about - toward, oberhalb, about -
out (acc.); about ” also in sense from Lat. dē; “zum protection, zum Besten (m. real gen. ;
arkad. with dat.-loc.) ”; Lat. Umbr. super (to s- see below upo) preverb “about, drũber” and
preposition “about, about - toward, about - out (acc.); about ” (“abl.” = loc.); O.Ir. for-, for
preverb “about, auf ” and preposition “about, about - toward, about - out (Akk); about auf
(“dat.” = instr. or loc.)”, Welsh gor-, gwar -, Corn. gor-, Bret. gour-, Gaul. uer-tragus “a kind of
schnellfũßiger Hunde” , PN Ver-cingeto- rīx (das inselCelt.- o- nachIr. fo-, Brit. gwo- );

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Celt. *vertamo- “the höchste” in VN Vertamo- cori(ī) , changing through ablaut Welsh
gwar-thaf “height” (*vortamos ); keltiber. ueramos ‘summus” (*uper emos);
Goth. ufar, O.Ice. yfir (*úperi ); O.H.G. uber (*upéri ), with in Satzinlaut bewahrtem i-
O.H.G. ubari, ubiri preverb “about” and preposition “about, about - toward, about = out
(acc.); about ” (“dat.” = instr. or Lok).
2. O.Ind. úpara - “the untere, nähere” = Av. upara- “the obere ”; Gk. ὕπερος “Mörserkeule” ,
ὑπέρᾱ “ oberes rope, band ” (ὑπερῴα “ palate”, ὑπερώιον “ upper chamber “ are unclear);
Lat. super, superus “ that is above, upper, higher “, Osc. supruis “ that is above, upper,
higher “ (therefrom Lat. suprü “adv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing,
above; of amount, etc.. over, more, beyond; Prep. with acc. above, over; of time, before; of
amount, more than, above, beyond ”, superior, suprēmus , Umbr. subra “above”, supru adv.
“above”; Lat. supernus “ that is above, celestial, supernal “, Umbr. superne m. acc. “ over,
above, upon, on “); Goth. ufarō adv. “about, above ”, O.H.G. obaro adj. “ that is above,
upper, higher “, O.E. yferra ds. (*uƀerizō ; superl. уfemest see below upo).
References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gk. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
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upo, up, eup, (e)up -s-
English meaning: under, from under, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: etwa “under an etwas heran ”
Note: from the meaning “from under hinauf ” die meaning “hinauf, about ”, die partly here,
esp. but in related *upér(i) (see d.), as well as in the group ὑψῃλός etc. ausgeprägt is; IE
upo is preverb (e.g. O.Ind. úpa-i-, Gk. ὕπ-ειμι, Lat. sub-eō) and preposition by variant case.
Material: 1. O.Ind. úpa preverb and preposition “ toward - to (acc.); an, by, to (loc.); in Laufe
from, gemäß, with in sense the Begleitung ( instr. )”, Av. upa, ар. upü preverb and
preposition “ toward - to, in, auf (acc.); by, in (loc.) ”;
Gk. ὑπό preverb and preposition “under an etwas heran, under etwas (acc.); under an,
under (“dative “, eig. loc. and partly perhaps instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv (gen. of
Bereiches); from under weg, under - hervor (abl.) ”;
Lat. sub (s- from * [e]ks- , compare Gk. ἐξύπερθεν; -b from - p as in ab = Gk. ἀπό), preverb
and preposition “under an etwas heran, under etwas ” (acc.; also temporal, e.g. sub
noctem ); under an, under( “abl.”, eig. loc.), as Osc. συπ μεδικιαι (partly perhaps instr. , as
Umbr. su maronato ‘sub *maronatu ”), besides subs - (as abs) in sustineō under likewise and
in susque dēque ferō “aequō animō ferō” (Gell.), compare also under die group from ὕψι,
Umbr. sub-, su-, Osc. συπ; O.Ir. fo preverb and preposition “under” (acc. , “dat.” = loc. or
partly perhaps instr. ), O.Welsh guo-, gu-, gua-, Welsh go-, gwa-, Corn. go-, gu-, Bret. gou-
preverb and in compound Gaul. vo- (Voretus under likewise), ve- (Gk.-Celt.-Lat. parave-
rēdus “Extrapostpferd ”, from which Ger. Pferd );
maybe Alb. (*subeo, subito ) shpejt ‘sudden, fast ”.
perhaps Welsh gorau “best” from * uper-esu (= Gk. ὑπέρ -ευ “very good ”, L.-P. S. 186) or
from * uper-gousom (compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das о from Celt. vo-

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; with O.Ind. upa-sthüna -m “Bedienung ”, úpa-sti-, upa-stí- m. “ subordinate, servant ”
compare M.Ir. foss ‘servant” (*upo-sto- ), Welsh Bret. gwas , Corn. guas ds., Gaul. PN
Vasso-rīx etc., M.Lat. vassus, vassallus , sämtlich zur root stü- S. 1005, 1008, as also O.Ir.
foth “replacement, equivalent ” (fo + tü) but M.Ir. fothae “ foundation, origin, source,
beginning; an ancestor “ from fo + suide (see 885);
Goth. uf (ub-uh) prefix “auf, under ”, preposition “under” (acc. , “dat.” = loc. and partly
perhaps instr. ), O.H.G. oba, M.H.G. obe, ob “if, about” (*upó), but O.Ice. of “about, an, in ”,
O.E. ufe- (*úpo), O.H.G. ūf (ūfan) “auf” (to O.H.G. ū compare under O.C.S. vysokъ );
besides with - pp- O.S. uppa, up , O.E. uppe , up, O.Ice. upp “auf, aufwärts” and (with one
only in O.Ir. ōs, uas, Welsh uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) Goth. iwpa “droben”,
iup “after, above ”; Hitt. up-zi “geht auf” (from the sun).
maybe Alb. hyp, hipi “climb, mount (a horse) ”
2. supplementary: O.Ind. upamá - “the oberste, höchste, nächste” , Av. upǝma - ds., O.E.
ufemest (and yfemest ) “the höchste, oberste” ;
Lat. summus (*supmos ) “the höchste” = Umbr. somo ‘summum”, compare also Gk.
ὕπατος “the höchste, erste” . - Gk. ὕπτιος “zurũckgelehnt, rũcklings” (? after Sittig from sup-
ti- ‘sleeping” - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), Lat. supīnus “auf dem
back lying, backwards gebeugt, mäßig ansteigend” , aLat. suppus (short form to supīnus ?)
ds., suppō , -üre ‘supīnüre, auf den back lay, place, rũcklings hinstrecken” , Umbr. sopam
‘suppam”.
upélo -s in Goth. ubils, O.E. yfel, O.H.G. ubil “evil”, M.Ir. fel “evil, bad”.
upes - in Goth. ubizwa f. “Vorhalle”, O.Ice. ups f., upsi m. “Vorhalle a Kirche ”, O.E. efes,
yfes “Dachtraufe ”, O.H.G. obosa , obasa , obisa “Vorhalle”;
ups- (compare above Lat. subs- , susque ) in Gk. ὕψι adv. “high” (seems ũbrigens as ὕπ -
σι ein loc. pl. to sein, as O.Ir. ōs, uas from * oup-su ), whereof ὑψίτερος, ὑψίων “ higher”,

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ὕψιστος “the höchste” ; ὑψοῦ, ὑψόθι, -όσε ds., ὑψόθεν “ from hoch herab ”, τὸ ὕψος “ height,
acme, apex “, ὑψηλός “high”; with lengthened grade Celt. ou (probably IE eu, compare
Goth. iupa): O.Ir. ōs, ūas “above, about ” (*oup-su ) = Welsh uch, Corn. ugh, Bret. uc”h ds.,
wherefore adj. O.Ir. ūasal “high”, Welsh uchel (compounds uch, Sup. uchaf ) Corn. huhel ,
Bret. uc”hel “high”, Gaul. Οὔξελλον, -α, Uxello-dūnum (*oupselo- ), further O.Ir. ūall
“Übermut” (*oupslü ) and O.Ir. ōchtar , ūachtar “das Obere ”, Welsh uthr “dreadful,
erstaunlich ” (*oup-tro- , maybe from * oupstro -, or after dem relationship * eks : *ektro- dafũr
eingetreten); here das O.Ir. preverb uss-, oss- (*uχs < *ups) e.g. in O.Ir. osnad ‘sigh” (see
38), Welsh uch-enaid , Bret. huanad ds., where *uχs through *ouχs ersetzt worden is;
ursprũngliches *uχs and *ud-s -(see above under ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to
distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gk. 5, 526; keltiber. PN Vxama , Gaul. Vxisama (:
Welsh uchaf “höchst” );
Proto-Slav. . *ūpsa - “high” placed in O.C.S. vysokъ etc. “high”.
References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gk. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335, Vasmer
1, 242, Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
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u̯adh -
English meaning: pledge
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pfand, Pfand einlösen”
Material: Lat. vas, vadis “Bũrge” , vadimōnium “Bũrgschaft” , praes. - dis, older prae-vides
“Bũrge” ; Goth. wadi n. “ pledge, Handgeld ” (wadjabōkōs “Pfandbrief ”, gawadjōn “verloben ”),
O.Ice. veð n. “ pledge, anvertrautes blessing ”, O.Fris. wed “pact, covenant, promise,
Bũrgschaft, certainty “ , O.E. wedd “ pledge, pact, covenant ”, O.S. weddi “ pledge “, O.H.G.
wẹtti, wẹti “Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge “, M.H.G. also “Einsatz bei a Wette,
Schadenersatz ”, Ger. Wette ; O.Ice. veðja “aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a
Bũrgschaft Berufung einlegen” , O.E. weddian “pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten ”
(weres weddian ‘sich einem Manne verloben ”, Eng. wed “marry”), M.H.G. wetten “ pledge
give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten ”, Ger. wetten ;
Lith. vãdas “ pledge, Bũrge” , vadúoti (Ltv. vaduôt ) ‘somewhat Verpfändetes einlösen” , už-
vadúoti “for jemanden eintreten ”.
References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.
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u̯ai
English meaning: woe!
Deutsche Übersetzung: Interjektion “wehe!”
Material: Av. vayōi, avōi, üvōya “wehe”! (voya - “Wehruf”): Arm. vay “Wehe, misfortune ” (v-
instead of g- from IE u̯- through nebenherlaufende neologism); similarly Gk. ὀά (as Lat.
vah!) and seit alexandrinischer time οὐά, οὐᾶ, οὐαί, nGk. βάι (Neuschöpfungen); Alb. vaj
“affliction, lament ”;
Lat. vae; M.Ir. füe, Welsh gwae “weh!”; with one perhaps with Ltv. vaĩdi
zusammenhängenden d(h)-suffix presumably M.Ir. füed, fōid ‘scream, sound, tone ”, Welsh
gwaedd “clamor, eiulatus ”;
here as “Heuler”: Arm. gail, Gaul. *u̯ai-lo-s in PN Vailo , Vailico , O.Brit. gen. Vailathi , O.Ir.
Faílán , M.Ir. fáel, fáel-chú “wolf” = Welsh gweil- gi “Ozean”;
Goth. wai, O.Ice. vei, væ ̄, O.H.G. O.S. wē; O.E. wü “wehe!”, Goth. wai-nei “if yet!” (eig.
“wehe, daß nicht!” ) in compounds of schlechten, fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. Goth.
wajamērjan “ blaspheme “, waidēdja “Übeltäter” , O.Ice. veill “ lax, weak ” (*wai-haila- ), væ ̄ la ,
vüla, vēla, veila “ lament”; O.E. wæ ̄ lan “ afflict “ (“*sick make ”, from a *wü-hül = O.Ice. veill);
O.H.G. wēwo , wēwa “Wehe, pain, affliction ”, O.S. wē, gen. wēwes , O.E. wüwa , wēa, O.Ice.
væ ̄, vē ds., finn. (Lw) vaiva “plague, woefulness “; O.H.G. weinōn “weep, cry ”, O.E. wünian ,
O.Ice. veina “ lament”, whereof probably as “bejammernswert ” Goth. wainags “ woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky “, O.H.G. wēnag “ woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky “,
M.H.G. also “weak, small, little ”, Ger. wenig ;
Ltv. vaĩ “wehe, ach ”, vaijüt trans. “wehe tun ”, waĩdêt “lament, weep ”, vaĩdi pl. “
lamentation, misery, need ” (see above); Serb. vâj “wehe!” is neologism.
Alb. vaj “ lament”, vajtoj “to lament”

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u̯al-, u̯al-d(h) -
English meaning: to be strong
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stark sein ”
Material: Lat. valeō , -ēre “bei Kräften sein, stark sein; gelten, vermögen” , Osc. Fαλε
“valens” or “vale”, päl. Ualesies = Lat. Valerius ; here also Lat. volēmum (volaemum ) pirum
“a kind of großer Birne”, to Osc. ualaemom , valaimas “optimus” with unclear -aimo- ,
perhaps superl. to *valai̯o -? or Nachbildung from Osc. maimo “maximus ”?
O.Ir. fal-n-, fol-n- “rule, reign ” with originally präsensbildendem -n-; O.Ir. flaith f. (*u̯lati-)
“Herrschaft, prince, lord ” = Welsh gwlad , O.Corn. gulat , M.Corn. gulas , M.Bret. gloat “land”,
Bret. glat “fortune”; O.Ir. flaithem “ruler” (*u̯lati̯omos ), M.Welsh guletic , Welsh gwledig ds.,
Gaul. Vlatos ds.; O.Brit. Cuno-vali gen. to *Cuno-valos ‘strong as ein wolf ”, M.Welsh
Cynwal , O.Ir. Conall ds.; Welsh gwaladr “ruler” (*valatros ), with metathesis O.Welsh gualart
in PN Cat-gualart , O.Bret. Cat-uualart ;
eine dental extension is in Gmc. (Proto-Gmc. t) and Balt-Sl. ( d or dh) frequent, often:
Goth. waldan , O.Ice. valda (*u̯ulÞōm ), O.S. present also valla (*valÞan ), preterit also valt
(*vevald ), O.H.G. waltan etc. “walten , rule, reign, effectuate “; O.Ice. vald n. “power, force,
might, Herrschaft ”, alts. giwald f. “power, Herrschaft ”, O.Fris. wald, O.E. geweald ds.,
O.H.G. giwalt ds.; O.Ice. einvaldi “Alleinherrscher ”, alts. alowaldo , O.H.G. al(e)walto etc.;
Lith. velde ́ti “regieren, besitzen ”, pavelde ́ti “erben”: O.Pruss. weldīsnan acc. “Erbe,
inheritance ”, weldūnai m. pl. “Erben”; Iterat. Lith. valdūti “regieren”, Ltv. vàldît “rule, reign ”,
Lith. valdõnas (Ltv. valduons , vàldiniêks ) “ruler”, O.Pruss. wüldnikans acc. pl. “Könige” ; Lith.
valsčius “Amtsbezirk ”, Ltv. vàlsts “Reich, Staat, Gemeinde ”; ablaut. Lith. pavildęs
“beherrscht ”;

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O.C.S. vladǫ , vlasti “rule, reign ”, aRuss. particle present voɫodyj “the herrscht ”, O.Cz.
vladu vlasti “rule, reign ” etc.; O.C.S. vlastь f. “Herrschaft ”, Sloven. vlâst “Grundeigentum,
possession “etc.;
Toch. В walo, A wäl, Obliq. lünt, lünte “king” (*u̯lǝ-nt), Toch. A wälts, В jältse “tausend”.
References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.
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u̯ap-2, ū̆p-
English meaning: to call, cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien ”
Material: Av. ufyeimi “invoco”; O.C.S. vъpiti “call, shout, cry ”, Cz. úpěti “ lament “, ablaut.
Church Slavic vyplъ and vypъ m. “larus”, Russ. vyp m. and vypъ f. “ bittern “;
perhaps in addition Lat. vüpulüre “Prũgel bekommen” , whether originally “ein
Wehgeschrei erheben ”; Gk. ἠπύω, Dor. ἀ̄πύω “rufe, cry” could only here belong, whether
anlaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive labial dwindled wäre.
References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240;
See also: compare u-1 in onomatopoeic words.
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u̯āb-
English meaning: to call, cry, complain
Deutsche Übersetzung: “rufen, schreien, wehklagen ”
Material: Goth. wōpjan schw. V. “call, shout, cry ”, O.Ice. ø̄pa schw. V. “call, shout, cry , wail
“, ōp ‘shout, call, clamor, lamentation “, O.H.G. wuoffen , M.H.G. wũefen schw. V. “lament,
weep”; O.H.G. wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof “Jammergeschrei ”), O.S. wōpian (wiop) ds. (wōp “
misery “), O.E. wēpan (wēop) “ weep, cry ” (wōp ‘shout, call, clamor, Weinen ”);
O.C.S. vabljǫ , vabiti “herbeirufen, herbeilocken ”, Ltv. (from dem Slav. ) vübīti, Lith. võbyti
“vor Gericht arrogate ”.
References: WP. I 217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336 f., Vasmer 1, 161;
See also: further to u̯ap-.
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u̯ādh -, u̯ǝdh -
English meaning: to go, march
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gehen, schreiten ”
Material: Arm. gam “I come”; Lat. vüdō, -ere “go, schreite ”, vadum ‘seichte place im
Wasser, ford ” (therefrom Alb. va, gen. vau ds.), vüdō, -üre “auf a Furt ũbergehen,
durchwaten ”;
O.Ice. Aor. present vaða st. Vb. “go, vorwärtsdringen, ( through)-wade ”, O.E. wadan,
O.Fris.wada, M.L.G. waden; O.H.G. watan, M.H.G. waten ds.; moreover Gmc. *waða -
“ford”; O.Ice. vað n., O.E.wæd n. “ water, sea ”, gewæd “ ford”, M.L.G. wat ‘seichte place ”,
O.H.G. wat “ford”, O.Ice. vaðill “ ford”, compare Ger. PN Salzwedel.
References: WP. I 217, WH. II 723 f.
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u̯ā̆gh -, suā ̆ gh -
English meaning: to cry, sound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreien, schallen ”
Material: Gk. ἠχή, Dor. ἀ̄χά: f. “ clangor, noise ”, ἠχώ, -οῦς f. “ clangor, sound, tone,
Widerhall” , ἦχος (ark. Fᾶχος ) m. ds., ἠχέω ‘schalle, töne” , ἠχέτα, ἠχέτης “bright tönend” ,
δυσ-ηχής “ adverse tönend” , ablaut. ἀμφιαχυῖα “ringsum schreiend ”, ἰαχή (*FιFαχᾱ), ἰακχή f.
“clamor”, ἰάχω (*FιFάχω), ἰαχέω “cry”, αὐίαχος “zusammenschreiend ” (*ἀFιFαχος );
perhaps with beweglichem s- here:
Goth. ga-swōgjan, swōgatjan ‘sigh”, O.Ice. sø ̄ gr m. “din, fuss, noise ” (*swōgi -), O.E.
swōgan ‘sound, clink, sausen, roar, bellow ”, swēg , swæ ̄ g m. “din, fuss, noise, sound ”, O.S.
swōgan ‘sough, rustle ”, Du. zwoegen “groan, moan ”; zero grade probably O.Ice. svagla
“plätschern” , arn-sūgr “das Rauschen of Adlerflugs ”;
Lith. svage ́ti ‘sound, clink ”, Ltv. svadzēt “rattle, clash ”;
for Ice. sukka “rant, roister ”, besides svakke , is though comparison with Nor. dial. søykia
“bark, bay ” and Lith. saugti “eigenartig sing ”, O.Lith. sugti “howl, whimper “, Ltv. sudzēt “
wail “, sūkstitiēs ‘sigh” (besides k-forms as Lith. saukiù through influence of kaũkti “howl”,
šau ̃ kti “cry”) under IE *s(e)ug- possible ; Goth. swēgnjan “frohlocken ” could due to from
Gmc. swōg -, swag- as onomatopoeic word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in
O.Ice. sukka is intensivierend.
References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.
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u̯ā̆g-1
English meaning: cover; sheath
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Hohldeckel, Scheide; schũtzend ũberdecken, ũberstũlpen”
Material: Lat. vügīna f. “vagina, esp. of Schwertes ”; Balt *u̯üži̯ō ‘stũlpe” in Lith. vóžiu , vóžti
“etwasHohles about etwas cover, stũlpen” , Ltv. vüžu , vüst “cover auflegen, stũlpen” ;
on the other hand could Lat. vügīna (compare Ger. Scheide to scheiden ) also to a root
u̯ü̆g- ‘split, break, rupture ” belong, die Frisk (see 13) in Gk. ἄγνυμι “ rupture”, with Redupl.
and Ablaut ἰωγή (< *Fι -Fωγ-ή) “ protection gegen den wind ”, whether lit. “das Sichbrechen of
Windes”, ἀγμό s m. “break, steiler slope ” and in tochar. wük- ‘sich split”, Kaus. ‘split,
distinguish, discern ”, wükäm n. “Besonderheit, Vorzug ” find wIllyr.
References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.
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u̯ā̆g-2
English meaning: to cry
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schreien”
Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word u̯ü̆-
Material: O.Ind. vagnu- m. ‘sound, tone, shout, call ”, ved. vagvaná - “lärmend” , vagvanú - m.
“Getöse” ; Lat. vügiō , -īre “cry, wimmere ”, vügor, -ōris m. “Widerhall ” (das ü lengthened
grade, from a i-stem *u̯ügi-s derive ); Lith. vógrauti “ whimper, cry ”.
References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;
See also: in addition belongs das following: u̯ü̆gh -, suü ̆ gh -
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u̯ā̆i-, u̯ī-
English meaning: weak, miserable
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwach, elend ”
Material: O.Ind. vü ́ yati, vüyatē “wird faint, languid, erschöpft” , abhi-vüta- “ sick “ (vüta- “dry,
arid”), vüyá- “ tired “;
Welsh gwael “ärmlich, low” (*u̯ai-lo-); O.Welsh guoilaut , Welsh gwaelod etc. “ residuum “;
O.E. wīl “ crowdedness, need ”, O.Ice. vīl ds.;
Lith. vójęs participle “leidend”, Ltv. vâjš, f. vâja “ lean, weak, sick, woeful, wretched,
miserable “, vâjums ‘schwäche, disease, malady” .
References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f., Loth RC. 39, 417.
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u̯ā-1, u̯ō-, u̯ǝ-
English meaning: to hit, wound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, verwunden ”
Note: also with t- forms
Material: Gk. ἀάω “harm, injure ”, Med. “in Verblendung handeln ”; besides ἀᾶται only
Aoristformen ἄασα, -άμην, kontr. ἀ̃ σα, ἀάσθην; primäres Verb, Aor. *ἀ Fά̆-σαι, themat.
present * ἀFά-εται > ἀᾶται, in addition σκ -formation ἀάσκει φθείρει, βλάπτει Hes.; verbal
nouns ἀFά̆-τη > ἄτη “ damage, blame, Verblendung, penance, atonement ”, therefrom
ἀτηρός “verblendet ”; Hom. ἀασί-φρων “geschädigt am Verstande” (incorrect ἀεσί-φρων);
with t-formants: Gk. οὐτάω, οὐτάζω (*οὔ τα-μι, compare 3. sg. Aor. οὖτᾰ ) “verwunde ”,
ἄουτος, ἀ νούτατος “ unverwundet ”; ὠτειλή f., Eol. ὠτέλλα f. “ wound” from *οFα-τ-ελι̯ᾱ,
compare γατάλαι (i.e. Fα -), recte γατειλαί Hes. “Wunden”, βωτάζειν βάλλειν Hes.
Ltv. vâts “wound” = Lith. votìs “offenes ulcer ”, Dimin. votẽlis .
References: WP. I 211, Frisk 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner 409 ff.;
See also: in addition das following: u̯en-.
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u̯ā-2
English meaning: apart
Deutsche Übersetzung: “auseinander ”, especially “auseinander biegen, drehen ”
Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions hat (see below), lies after
aller Wahrscheinlichkeit vor in Lat. vürus “apart gebogen, auswärts gebogen; dachsbeinig;
entgegengesetzt ”, vüricus “Fũße apart spreizend” , vüricō , -üre “Fũße apar t spreizen ”, vüra
“gabelförmige shaft, pole, fork, transom “ ; whether here varius “mannigfaltig, wechselnd,
different, varicolored ”, variō , -üre “mannigfach make, varicolored sein ”?; whether perhaps in
O.Ind. ūrú- m. ‘schenkel, Lende ”?
References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.
See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning “ bent, curved
sein”, vorzuliegen in den roots u̯üt-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng (h)-, u̯enk -.
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u̯āt-1, better u̯ōt-
English meaning: spiritually excited
Deutsche Übersetzung: “geistig angeregt sein”
Material: Lat. vütēs , -is (probably Celt. Lw.?) “Weissager, seer “, Gaul. οὐά̄τεις N. pl. ds.,
O.Ir. füith “ seer, Prophet ”, M.Ir. füth (*u̯ütu-) “Prophezeiung, Ursache ” = Welsh gwawd “
poem”; Goth. wōds “besessen ”, O.Ice. ōðr, O.E. wōd ds. (*wōda -), O.H.G. wuot “insanitus ”;
O.Ice. ø̄sa “ frenzied, verrũckt make” , O.E. wēdan , O.H.G. wuoten , alts. wōdian “ rage,
frenzied, verrũckt sein” ; O.H.G. * wuot (gen. wuoti ), M.H.G. wuot “ intense
Gemũtsstimmung, fury”; in addition O.Ice. Ōðinn , O.S. O.E. Wōden , O.H.G. Wuotan ; auf
Gmc. *wōÞa - point at O.Ice. ōðr m. “Poesie”, O.E. wōÞ “ song, sound, voice, Dichtung ”;
Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets O.Ind. api-vat- as originally
“anblasen, inspirieren ” (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as
extension from * au̯ē- “blow” (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefaßt become could.
References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.
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u̯āt-2
English meaning: to bend, curve
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krũmmen, biegen”
Material: Lat. vatüx , -ücis “krumme or schiefe Fũße habend” , vatius “einwärtsgebogen,
crooked”, vatia “ someone with crooked Beinen ”, vascus (*vat-scos ) “quer, slant, skew ”;
Gmc. *waÞwan - “ curvature, bend ”, then with engerer meaning “calf, knee-bend “: O.Ice.
vǫðvi m. “Muskeln, esp. thick Muskeln an Armen and Beinen ”, afl-vǫðvi “biceps”, Nor.
vodve “ thick Muskeln an Arm and leg ” etc., O.H.G. wado m. ‘sura, suffrago ”, M.H.G. wade
“calf”, alts. uuathan ‘suras”, M.N.Ger. wade “calf”, M.Du. wade f. “ knee-bend, popliteus “;
Connection with Lat. vürus “apart gebogen, auswärtsgehend, dachsbeinig” etc. (root * u̯ü-)
is probably.
Maybe Alb. var “hang”
References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.
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ū̆d-
English meaning: upwards; away
Deutsche Übersetzung: “empor, hinauf ”, sekundär also “ hinaus”
Note: besides ū̆d-s (compare Lat. ab : abs under likewise)
Material: 1. O.Ind. úd-, út- “empor, out ” preverb; Av. us-, uz- (*uds-) ds., ap. us- ds. ( ud- in
ud-apatatü “er lehnte sich auf, fiel ab ” is probably * uz-);
Gk. ὑ- in ὕ-βρις (see below gʷer- “ heavy “), ὕστριξ ‘stachelschwein ”, ὕσπληξ ‘startseil” ,
Cypr. ὔ-χηρος “Aufgeld” (Att. “τα ἐπίχειρα” ) and in this Mundart generally zum Ersatze from
ἐπί geworden: adnominal with loc. e.g. ὐ-τύχα “ἐπὶ τύxῃ”; eine (an Goth. iupa besides * upo
gemahnende) full grade probably in Cypr. εὐτρόσσεσθαι ἐπιστρέφεσθαι . Πάφιοι and εὔχους
χώνη (“Trichter”) ΢αλαμίνιοι Hes.; (because of ὕστος , ὑστέρα see under udero- “belly”);
Lat. ūs-que “in a fort, ununterbrochen from - her or bis - toward “;
O.Ir. preverb uss-, oss- could also auf * ud-s- go back; see under upo;
Goth. ūt adv. “out, heraus ”, O.H.G. ūz, Ger. from, O.S. O.E. ūt ds., WestGmc. also
preposition beim “ dative “ abl. (in addition Goth. ūta, O.Ice. ūti, O.E. ūte, O.H.G. ūze
“außen, outside “ ; Goth. ūtana , O.H.G. ūzana etc., Ger. außen ; O.Ice. ūtar, O.E. ūter, O.S.
ūtar, O.H.G. ūzar “besides”, partly as preposition beim “ dative “ and acc. ; O.H.G. ūzero ,
ūzaro , O.E. ūter-ra “the outer ”); intrinsic auf * uds vor voiced Verschlußlauten based on
Gmc. *uz- “from, from - heraus, from - vor, vor - weg ” in Goth. us (uz-; vor r: ur-) prefix and
preposition “from, from ” (“dat.” = abl.), also O.Ice. ór preposition, as prefix ór-, or-, ør-, O.E.
or-, O.S. ur-, or- prefix, O.H.G. ur, ar, ir preposition “from, from ” (vor ūz zurũckweichend),
ur-, ir-, ar-, er- prefix, Ger. úr-, er- (e.g. Urlaub , erlauben ); M.L.G. ( ūt)būten “(from)tauschen,
erbeuten ” from * bi-ūtian , compare O.Ice. ỹta “darreichen ”;

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Lith. už- “auf-, hinauf-, to- ” prefix (the meaning halber probably to divide from už
preposition “ behind, for ”, s. *ĝhō S. 451 f.; Trautmann, Bal.-Slav. Wb. 336 hält an the
Einheit fest, also for die consecutive forms), Ltv. uz, ūz prefix and preposition “auf” (in
addition also O.Pruss. unsei “hinauf, auf ”);
aksl: vъz- (vъs-) prefix, vъz(ъ) preposition in the meaning “hinauf an etwas ” (acc.);
2. compar. O.Ind. úttara - “the höhere, obere, Lateere, hintere ” = Gk. ὕστερος “ the
Lateere”; Sup. O.Ind. uttamá - “höchster, oberster, best” , Av. ustǝma - “äußerster, last” , Gk.
ὕστατος “ last, Lateester” (fur *ὕσταμος); about O.Ind. ucca- “high” (*ud-kʷe), uccü ́ , Av. usča
adv. “above; after above ” s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II, 2, 545 f.
References: WP. I 189 f., WH. II 344, Schwyzer Gk. 2, 517 f., Vasmer 1, 214. 238 f., 242,
Mayrhofer 1, 99, 101 f.
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u̯ebh -1
English meaning: to weave, plait
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weben, flechten, knũpfen”
Material: O.Ind. ubhnü ́ ti , umbháti , unábdhi ‘schnũrt together” , with ápa- and prá- “binds”,
ū́rṇü-vábhi - m. “ spider” (eig. Wollweber); newer -vübhi - after vü- “to weave ” (IE *u̯ē-, above
S. 75); Av. ubdaēna - “from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht ” (from a *ubda- “Gewebtes ”, IE
*ubh-tó-); Pers. büfad “er webt”;
Gk. ὑφή “the weaving “, ὑφόωσι η 105, otherwise ὑφαίνω “ weave “, ὕφος n. “the weaving
“ (after denvorigen from *F έφος unvocalized);
Alb. venj “I weave “ (*u̯ebhni̯ō );
O.H.G. weban “to weave, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen ”, O.E. wefan “to weave, flax, wattle,
braid, tie, bind, knot “, O.Ice. vefa “to weave, flax, wattle, braid, schlingen ” (participle ofinn ),
vefja (*u̯obhei̯ō ) “wickeln, hũllen” = O.E. webbian “to weave ”; O.Ice. veptr , O.E. weft, wift,
wefta “Einschlagfaden ”, M.H.G. wift “fine filament, Gewebe;Honigwabe ”; O.Ice. vaf “ diaper
“, vafi “entanglement, U N.nung” ; O.H.G. waba , wabo “Honigwabe ”, O.Ice. vefr (*waƀja -)
“Gewebe, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug ” = O.E. webb , O.S. webbi , O.H.G. weppi ds.; O.H.G.
wuppi “Gewebe”, Swe. öu (O.Ice. * yfr) “Einschlag ”;
ē-grade O.Ice. kongurvüfa , O.E. gangelwæ ̄ fre “ spider “;
Toch. В wüp- “to weave ”, wapütsa “Weber”, wpelme “Gewebe”.
References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;
See also: belongs to au-5 “to weave ” S. 75; in addition *u̯obhsü “wasp”.
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u̯ebh -2
English meaning: to wander, roam, swarm
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich hin and her bewegen, wabern, wimmeln ”
Material: M.H.G. weben “move, swing ”, weberen ‘sich tummeln ”, webelen “waver”, Ger.
E.Pruss. wibbeln ; M.H.G. waben, waberen, wabelen “in unsteter Bewegung sein ”, wappen
“hin and her schwanken ”, Ger. (nd.) wabbelig “wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem ”, O.E.
wafian (esp. with handum ) ‘sich bewegen ”, M.Eng. waveren , Eng. waver “wobble, waver ”,
O.Ice. vafla “wobble, sway ”, vafra ‘sich unstet hin and back bewegen, wabern ” (vafrlog
“Waberlohe ”), vefjast ds.;
O.Ice. vüfa ‘schweben, dangle ”, O.E. wæ ̄ fre “unstet, flackernd ”;
Lith. vebžd -ù, -e ́ti “wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen ”;
in addition O.H.G. wibil m. “beetle, chafer, Kornwurm ”; O.S. wivil, M.L.G. wevel ds., O.E.
wifel “Kornwurm ”, O.Ice. *vifill in torðyfill “Mistkäfer” , O.E. wibba “Roßkäfer” ; Lith. vãbalas
“beetle, chafer ”, vabuolas ds., žem. vabole ̃ “Mistkäfer” , Ltv. vabuolis “beetle, chafer ”
(besides E.Lith. dial. vóbuolas “beetle, chafer ”, žem.vam̃bolė , Ltv. vambale, vambuole
“Mistkäfer” ).
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;
See also: moreover: u̯ed-
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u̯edh -1
English meaning: to push, hit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, schlagen”
Material: O.Ind. vadhati , ávadhīt “hit, bump, poke, destroy ”, Kaus. vadhayati , vadhá - m.
“tötend, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß); blow, knock, Vernichtung” = Av. vada- m.
“wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes ”, O.Ind. vádhar - n. “Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras Geschoß)”
= Av. vadar - n. “weapon (to Schlagen) ”, vádhram “Lederriemen ”, O.Ind. vadhasná - m. ds.,
Av. vüdüya - “zurũckstoßen” (lengthened grade as Gk. ὠθέω);
Gk. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., Hom. ἔθων ‘stoßend, zerwũhlend” , ἔθειρα “ hair of the
head, Mähne” ; ὠθέω “poke, push ” (: Av. vüdüy a-), ὦσις “ shove “, ἔνοσις “Erschũtterung”
(*en-u̯odh -tis); also in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν -, ἐιν- metr. lengthening);
O.Ind. vádhri - “verschnitten ” (“with zerstoßenen testicles” ) = Gk. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός Hes.;
secondary ἴθρις, ἄθρις;
Lith. vedegà “a kind of axe ”, Ltv. vedga “Eisaxt, crowbar “, O.Pruss. wedigo “Zimmerbeil” ,
O.Ir. fodb “Waffenbeute ” (*u̯odh -u̯o-); is also Av. vaδaɣ an- “EN eines glaubensfeindlichen
Fũrsten” as “axe, Schläger” to deuten?
ein sk-present seems Ir. füisc- “press”, M.Welsh gwascu , Bret. gwaska “press” (certainly
ablaut ō :o).
References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.
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u̯edh -2, u̯ed- before nasal
English meaning: to lead
Deutsche Übersetzung: “fũhren; heimfũhren, heiraten (vom Manne)”
Material: O.Ind. vadhū ́ - f. “bride, young wife, woman ”, Av. vaδū - ds., vüδayeiti (Kaus.)
“leads, zieht ”, with upa- “eine Frau zur matrimony give ”, with us- “(Frauen) entfũhren, rob” ,
vaδrya - “heiratsfähig (from girl)” ;
O.Ir. fedid “leads, goes, carries, bringt ”, M.Welsh go-di-wawð “ overtaken “, O.Ir. to-fed-,
to-dī-fed- “guide, lead ”, Welsh arweddu “guide, lead, bring ”, Verbalnom. M.Welsh arwein
(*are-u̯ed-no-), cyweddu “ guide, lead, wohin bringen “, Verbalnom. cywain (*kom-u̯ed-no-),
Welsh dy-weddïo “marry”, Corn. d-om-ethy ds., M.Bret. d-im-iziff, Bret. dimizi “ marry, get
married “;
Lith. vedù , vèsti “lead, guide; marry (of husband) ”, Ltv. vedu ds., Präter. -stem *u̯edē - in
O.Pruss. weddē , Lith. vẽdė , Ltv. dial. vede and O.C.S. vedě -aše; Lith. vėdỹs “ suitor “,
vedẽklis “ marriageable, young man ”, nau-vedà , -vedỹs “ bridegroom “ (“ leading home
anew “), Ltv. vedekle “ daughter- in-law “, vedama “bride”;
Maybe Alb. vashë , vajzë , varshë (*vades̈ )” young girl, virgin “ common Alb. -d- > -l-,-r-,-j-
phonetic mutatIon.
O.C.S. vedǫ, vesti “guide, lead ”, seldom “marry”, Iter. voditi , (but O.C.S. nevěsta “bride”
rather “ the stranger “, as “ die noch nicht Heimgefũhrte “ , Vasmer 2, 206);
Note:
O.C.S.: nevěsta “bride, daughter- in-law” [f ü] derived from Lith. nau-vedà , -vedỹs “
bridegroom “

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Iterat. Lith. vadžio ́ ti and vadūti , Ltv. vadît “guide, lead ”, and vadât “hin and her guide,
lead”; about Lith. vadúoti , Ltv. vaduôt “auslösen, loskaufen” ; see above S. 1109; O.C.S.
voždo ̨ , voditi “guide, lead ”, aRuss. voditi ženu “eine Frau heimfũhren” .
In addition probably u̯ed-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride:
Gk. ἕδνον (for *Fέδνον with Sp Ir. asper after *F hᾱδύς “pleasant ”), Hom. pl. ἔεδνα “ bride-
price or wedding-gifts “; but also “ dowry of the parents ”, ἑδνόω, Hom. ἐεδνόω “ to promise
for wedding-presents, to betroth “, Hom. ἐεδνώτης “ a betrother; (the daughter equipping)
father of the bride “, ἀν-άεδνος “ without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts
“(ἀ[F]εδνος and ἔ[F]εδνον with α and ε as suggestion vowels);
O.E. weotuma, wituma, wetma m. “Kaufpreis the bride ”, O.Fris. wetma, witma ds., burg.
wittemo , O.H.G. widomo, widemo “dowry”, M.H.G. wideme, widem , Ger. Wittum (in addition
O.H.G. widimen , M.H.G. widemen , widmen “ausstatten ”, Ger. widmen ); Gk. Slav. - no-
maybe from - mno- and with dem Gmc. - men-stem comparable; dubious O.C.S. věno
“dowry, Zahlung for die bride ”, whether from * u̯edno -, compare also * u̯esno -;
doubtful Alb. vigjë “gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a
house” (u̯ed(h)-l- ?). common Alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj- phonetic mutatIon.
References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.
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u̯edh -3
English meaning: to bind, attach
Deutsche Übersetzung: “knũpfen, binden”
Material: O.Ind. vĭ-vadhá - m. ‘schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz, Proviant ”;
vadhra- m. n. “Lederriemen ”;
Gk. ἐθμοί πολλοί . δεσμοί . πλόκαμοί Hes.;
O.Ir. fedan f. “Gespann, Geschirr ”, fedil “Joch” (coibdil “ companionship ”, coibdelach
“Blutsverwandter ”), air-com-fed- “beschädigen” , M.Welsh ar-gy-wedu , O.Bret. ar-co-gued
ds.; Welsh gwedd “Joch”; arWest f. ‘saite, band, strap ”;
Goth. gawidan “ connect “ (gawiss “connection ”), O.H.G. wetan “bind, ins Joch spannen,
connect “; zero grade perhaps Swe. dial. ydd “ Ox’s rope, rein ” from *udhetü.
Hitt. u̯eda -, u̯ete- “to build” (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).
References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hitt. 118;
See also: in addition u̯endh -1 S. 1148.
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u̯eg-
English meaning: to weave, bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “weben, knũpfen; Gewebe, Gespinst”
Material: O.Ind. vügurü ́ “Fangstrick, net zum Wildfang, Garn ”; Lat. vēlum ‘sail, Hũlle,
kerchief, cloth, curtain ” (therefrom vēlüre “verhũllen” ), Dimin. vēxillum “banner, ensign, flag,
Fähnchen” ; O.Ir. figim “ weave “, fige “the weaving “, O.Bret. gueig “textrix”, Bret. gwea ds.,
O.Welsh gueetic “textilis”, Welsh gweu “to weave, tie, bind, knot “, gwe (*u̯ego -) “Gewebe”,
O.Corn. guiat gl. “tela”, nCorn. gwia “to weave ”; M.Ir. indech , Welsh anwe “Gewebe”; Gaul.
veadia (*vegiadia ) ‘spinnwirtel ” (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);
O.E. wice “wick”, Ger. bO.Ir. wichengarn “Baumwolle to Dochten ”, Nor. vik f. “Fitze or
Docke Garn ” (diese and other i-forms through interference from u̯eik-, u̯eig- “bend, winden ”
under S. 1130, Persson Beitr. 323a 3?); M.H.G. wiht “wick”; O.E. wecca “wick”, and. wekko ,
M.L.G. wecke “wick, Lunte ”, M.H.G. wicke “wick, Scharpie ”, Ger. dial. wicke “the um die
spindle gewickelte Flachs ”, O.H.G. wickilī(n) “Wickel zum Abspinnen ”, Ger. Wickel “as
much, as jedesmals zum Abspinnen um den distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in
spinning) gewickelt wird ”, M.H.G. Ger. wickeln ; ō-grade O.E. wōcig “ loop, noose, snare ,
Fallstrick ” (in ablaut and meaning genau to O.Ind. vügurü ́ stimmend); Nor. dial. ōke
“verfitzte mass, e.g. from Zwirn ” (vonTorp 473 as “connection ” to ok = iugum placed, but
probably with Anlautdehnung from *[ w]ōkan -); zero grade ( *u̯eg- or *ug- with U ̈ bernahme
from w- from den lengthened grade forms) M.L.G. wocke, wocken ‘spinnrocken; Flachs or
Wolle auf dem Rockenstock ”, O.S. wocco “cicindela (wick, Lunte) ”; auf redupl. * u̯e-u̯g-
based on probably O.E. wēoce , M.L.G. wēke , weike , O.H.G. wiocha “gedrehtes Garn,
Lunte”, Ger. dial. Wieche.
References: WP. I 247 f., WH. II 745 f.;

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u̯eĝh -
English meaning: to move, carry, drive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bewegen, ziehen, fahren under dgl ”
Note: eine zero grade uĝh- only in Ar. and probably also in Alb.
Material: O.Ind. váhati “leads, travels, zieht, fũhrt heim, heiratet” , also “ flows “ and “läßt
flow”, Aor. a-vüks ̣-am (participle ūd ̣ ha ́ -, in addition neologism ūhati ‘schiebt, throngs ”,
Leumann IF. 57, 221); common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -z- phonetic
mutation
Av. vazaiti “leads, zieht, flies ” (participle vašta -, wherein št instead of -zd- after Partizipien
from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); O.Ind. vüha ́ yati “er läßt fũhren” , vahana-
“fũhrend, fahrend” , n. “das Fũhren, Fahr en, ship” (zero grade vühana - “fũhrend, bearing,
carrying”, n. “ draft animal, cart, ship ”), Av. ütrǝ-vazana- “Feuerwedel ” (compare die Gmc.
Celt. no-formations); O.Ind. vahítra - n. “Fahrzeug, ship ” (: Lat. vehiculum ), O.Ind. vaha-
“fahrend, fũhrend” (= Slav. vozъ “ cart “), váha - m. ‘shoulder of Jochtieres ”, vahát - f. “river,
Fahrzeug ”, vahyá - “zum Fahren suitable “, n. “vehicle, Tragsessel, Ruhebett ”, Av. vazya- n.
“load, Tracht ” (= O.S. wigg n. “horse”), O.Ind. vō ́ d ̣ har - “fahrend, fũhrend” , m. “Zugpferd,
Zugochs; Heimfũhrer eines Mädchens; Lastträger” , Av. vaštar - “ draft animal “ (= Lat.
vector ), next to which with žd: važdra - “the vorwärts bringt” , süy-uždri - EN eig. “dessen
female Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are ” (*uždrī f. to *uždar -); O.Ind. vüha ́ - “fũhrend,
bearing, carrying ”, m. “ draft animal, vehicle ”, Av. vüza - “fahrend, fliegend ”, m. “Ziehen, pull,
draft animal “ (: Goth. wēgs ), O.Ind. vü ́ his ̣ ṭha -, Av. vüzišta - “the at best vorwärtsbringt” ;
O.Ind. vahas - “fahrend” (: ἔχος n.), vühas- n. “vehicle, das die Götter herbeifũhrende Lob” ,
Av. vazah- “fahrend, fũhrend” ;

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Gk. ἔχεσφιν ἅρμασιν Hes., pamphyl. Fεχέτω “ er soll bringen ”, Cypr. ἔFεξε “ brachte dar ”,
ὄχος n. “ cart “, (ὀ- instead of ἐ- after) ὄχος m. “ cart “, ὀχέω “lead, guide ”, ὀχέομαι “ lasse
mich bear, carry or drive, reite ”, αἰγί-οχος “ die Aegis schwingend ”, γαιή -οχος ( Hom.), γαιά̄ -
οχος ( Dor.), γαιά̄Fοχος(lak.) “ the die Erde heiratet ” (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68,
222), ὀχετός m. “ gully, canal, Wasserleitung ”, ὀχετεύω “leite Wasser in a gully, a canal ”;
ὀχλεύς “Hebel” (: O.Ice. vagl “Hũhnerstange” ), ὀχλέω, ὀχλίζω “bewege fort, rolle or wälze
fort”;
Alb. vjedh ‘stehle”; zero grade probably Alb. udhë “way, journey; law -Vorschrift ”, whereof
with formants - rü perhaps also urë “bridge” (*udh-rü);
Note:
O.Ind. participle ūd ̣ ha ́ - “lead” : Alb. udhë “way, journey ” also O.Ind. vō ́ d ̣ har - “fahrend,
fũhrend” common O.Ind. – Illyr. – Alb. shift -ĝh- > -dh- phonetic mutation
Lat. vehō , -ere, vēxi (: O.Ind. ávükṣat , O.C.S. věsъ Aorist), vectum “drive, guide, lead,
bear, carry, bring ” (in addition probably also con-, dē-, sub-vexsus ), Umbr. ařveitu , arsueitu,
arueitu “ to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc.., a person or thing to a place; and
pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a carriage, ship, etc.. “,
kuveitu “ he/she shall carry together, collect, store “, Lat. vehis f. “ cart, Fuhre, Fuder ”,
vehemēns eig. “*einherfahrend ”, hence “violent, stormy, hot tempered, stormy ”, vectis
“Hebel, Hebebaum, crowbar “, originally abstract noun * ”das Heben, Fortbewegen ”,
vectīgülis “to den tributes an den Staat gehörig” (places ein * vectis in the meaning “das
Herbeibringen, Ablieferung ” ahead), vectīgal “tribute, tax an den Staat, Gefälle, tax” , vēlōx
“quick, fast ” (*u̯eĝh -slo-) , vēles “Leichtbewaffneter ”; veia “plaustrum ”;
O.Ir. fēn “kind of cart “ (*u̯eĝh -no-; compare O.Ind. vahana- and O.H.G. wagan ) = Welsh
gwain ds., O.Brit. covinnus ‘sichelwagen ”, Welsh amwain “herumfũhren” , arwain “guide,
lead”, cywain “drive”; O.Ir. fecht “journey, time, mal ”, M.Welsh gweith , Welsh gwaith “work,

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work, mal ”, Corn. gweth , gwyth “mal”, O.Corn. gueid-uur “opifex”, Bret. gwez , gweach “mal”,
Gaul. PN Vectirix , Vecturius ;
Goth. gawigan “move, shake ”, O.Ice. vega “move, swing, heave, life, wiegen ”, O.H.G.
wegan ‘sich bewegen, wiegen (Ger. bewegen , erwägen , wägen , wiegen ), O.S. wegan
“wägen, consider” , O.E.wegan “bring, guide, lead, wägen” , Goth. gawagjan “move, shake”
(= ὀχέω, Slav. voziti ; lengthened grade O.Ind. vüha ́ yati ) = O.H.G. weggen “move”; iterative
O.Ice. vaga “hin - and herbewegen ”, O.E. wagian ‘sich bewegen ”, O.H.G. wagon ‘sich
bewegen, vibrieren ” (wherefore as post-verbal O.H.G. waga “movement ” Wissmann, nom.
postv. 1, 14); Goth. wigs, O.Ice. vegr, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. weg “way”;O.Ice. vigg, O.S. wigg,
O.E. wicg n. “horse” (= O.Ind. vahya- ); O.Ice. vētt, væ ̄ tt f. “Gewicht” (= Lat. vectis ), O.E. wiht
n. ds., M.H.G. gewihte n. ds.;
O.Ice. vǫg f. “Hebel”, pl. vagar “ sled “, vǫgur (and vügir ) f. pl. “barrow, bier ”; O.H.G. O.S.
waga “ cradle “, O.Ice. vagga ds., O.H.G. wiga “ cradle “; O.H.G. wagan , O.E. wægn , O.Ice.
vagn “ cart “ (ablaut. with Ir. fēn); O.Ice. vagl m. “Hahnenbalken ”, Nor. “Hũhnerstange”
(“*Tragstange ”, compare formal ὀχλ-εύς, -έω);
Maybe Alb. vig “hand-barrow ”
Goth. wēgs “Wogenschlag ”, pl. “Wogen”, O.Ice. vügr ‘sea, Meeresbucht ”, O.H.G. wüg “
surge “, O.S. wüg “hochflutendes water ”, O.E. wæ ̄ g “ surge “; O.Ice. vüg “Hebel, Wage,
Gewicht”, O.H.G. wüga “Wage, Gewicht, Wagnis ” (M.L.G. M.H.G. wügen “in die Wage lay,
place, aufs Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk ”), O.S. wüga “lanx”, O.E. wæ ̄ g , wæ ̄ ge
“Wage, ein bestimmtes Gewicht ”;
Lith. vežu ̀ , vèžti “drive”, vežìmas “ cart “, vėže ̃ “Wagengeleise ”, pravėžà “Wagengeleise ”;
O.Bulg. vezǫ , vesti “vehere”, veslo “ rudder “ (*u̯eĝh -slo-), vozъ “ cart “, vožo ̨ , voziti “drive,
guide, lead ”; also aRuss. věža “Wohnwagen, tower ”.
References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.

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u̯eĝ-
English meaning: fresh, strong
Deutsche Übersetzung: “frisch, stark sein ”
Grammatical information: stative verb u̯eĝē -
Material: O.Ind. vüja- m. “ power, quickness, contest, Kampfpreis ”, vüja ́ yati “regt an, treibt
an, läuft um die Wette” ; vájra - m. “thunderbolt, club, mace, joint ” = Av. vazra - “club, mace,
joint”, O.Pers. vazrka- , Pers. buzurg “big, large ”, derivative from * u̯azar n.;
Lat. vegeō, -ēre “bin alert, awake, smart ”, trans. “errege”, vigil “watchful, wakeful ” and
“Wache, Wächter” (*vegilis ), thereafter vigilüre “ awake sein ”; vegetus “rũhrig, alert, awake,
smart”;
Goth. gawaknan “wake up, arouse ” = O.Ice. vakna ds., O.E. wæcnan (preterit wōc),
wæcnian “ born become ”; O.Ice. vakinn “ awake”; Kaus. Goth. uswakjan “ awaken “ (bis auf
die abbreviation = O.Ind. vüja ́ yati ) = O.Ice. vekja , O.H.G. etc. wecchan “waken, arouse,
revive”; Zustandsverbum Gmc. *wakēn in: Goth. wakan , O.Ice. vaka (schw. Verb) “watch”,
O.E. wacian , O.S. wakōn , O.H.G. wahhōn , wahhēn “watch”; O.H.G. wachal “ awake”, O.E.
wacol (*wakala- ), O.Ice. vǫkull (*wakula- : Lat. vigil); Goth. wōkains f. “das Wachen ”;
O.Ice. vakr, O.E. wacor , O.H.G. wachar , wakar “ active, fresh, wacker” (formal = O.Ind.
vájra -, Av. vazra -); O.Ice. vaskr “alert, awake, smart, agile ” (*vak-ska-); perhaps also
O.H.G. wahs ‘sharp”.
Toch. AB wásir “ lightning “;
References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.
See also: compare au̯eg -, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem u̯eĝ- barely to separate is.
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u̯egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs -
English meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht; netzen ”
Material: Gk. ὑγρός “humid, wet, fluid ”; Lat. ūvidus “humid, wet, damp ” (out of it ūdus ,
whereof ūlīgo “die natũrliche dampness of Bodens” ), ūvor, -ōris “ dampness, Nässe” ,
ūvēscō , -ere “humid, wet become, sich betrinken ”, ūvēns “humid, wet, damp ” (place ein
*ūvos from *ūgʷo-s ahead); ūmeō , -ēre “humid, wet sein ”, ūmor “ dampness “, ūmectō
“befeuchte ” (based on auf *ūgʷsmos ); M.Ir. fūal “Urin” (*u̯ogʷ-lo-);
O.Ice. vǫkr (acc. vǫkuan ) “humid, wet ”, vǫkvi m., vǫkva f. “Nässe” , wherefore O.Ice.
vøkva , vekkja “(blood) shed, fließen lassen” , vǫk f. (*vakvō ) “offene (nasse) place in Eise ”,
M.L.G. wake f. “hole in Eise ”, Dutch wak “humid, wet, damp ”, Eng. (from dem Nord.) wake
“Kielwasser ”;
s-Erweit.: O.Ind. ukṣáti “befeuchtet, besprengt ”, Av. uxšyeiti ‘sprũht” (of water and fire);
common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš- phonetic mutation
in addition (with the same Verhältn. as O.Ind. vr̥šan - “virile”, Lat. verrēs: O.Ind. varṣá -m
“rain”, s. u̯er- “feuchten ”) IE ukʷsen - “bull, Tiermännchen” in: O.Ind. ukṣǘ m., Av. uxšan -
“bull” (in addition? fem. *ukʷsōr “die Besprengte ” > Lat. uxor “wife”); Welsh ych “ox” (= IE
*ukʷsō , urBrit. * uchū > -ī, with umlaut ych), pl. M.Welsh ychen , Welsh ychain , Bret. ouhen,
oc”hen, Corn. ohan “Ochsen”, M.Ir. oss “deer”; PN Os-car “hirschliebend ”, Dimin. Oissín
“Ossian”; Goth. aúhsus (gen. pl. auhsne ), O.Ice. oxi, O.E. oxa, O.H.G. O.S. ohso “ox”;
Toch. В okso “rother, cattle, bull ”.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*oxa) ka “ox”, (*oxie) qe pl. “oxen”.
References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.
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u̯eidh -, u̯idh-
English meaning: to separate; widow
Deutsche Übersetzung: “trennen”
Note: probably from * u̯i- “apart” and *dhē- “place” grown
Material: O.Ind. vídhyati “durchbohrt ” (lengthened grade partly vēdh -, partly vyadh -, latter
probably previously through imitation from vyath- : vith- “waver”); viddhá - “durchbohrt,
durchschossen ”, nirviddha “auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated ”, vindhátē
“wird empty, bare, lacking, hat Mangel an etwas ”, vidhú - “vereinsamt ”, vidhurá - “apart,
separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of ”; vehát “unfruchtbar ” i.e. “die leere ”,
Sommer Mũnchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;
Lat. dīvidō , -ere ‘separate, divide ”, Umbr. uef acc. pl. “partes”, vetu “dividito” (*vēf-tu);
Lith. vidùs m. “Inneres”, vidurỹs m. “Withte”, Ltv. vidus m. “Withte, Inneres, region ”;
maybe nasalized Alb. vend “region, place ”
ablaut. Lith. vieduõlis “ inside withered tree ”;
maybe Alb. (*vieduõlis ) vejushë “widow” [common Alb. -d- > -j- phonetic mutation].
in addition (compare die obigen u-stem) O.Ind. vidhávü “ widow”, Av. viδavü ds., Gk.
ἠ[F]ίθεος “ Junggeselle ”, Lat. vidua “ widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau ”, viduus “
stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas ”, O.Ir. fedb “ widow”, Corn. guedeu ds.,
Welsh gweddw “ widower ”, Goth. widuwō “ widow” (furthermore widuwaírna m. “Waise”),
O.E. widuwe, wuduwe , O.H.G. wituwa “ widow”, O.Pruss. widdewu , O.C.S. vьdova ds.; IE
*u̯idheu̯o - adj. “apart, separated ”, in Fem. substantivized “ widow”;
s-present etc. O.H.G. wīsan “vermeiden ”, urweis perf. ‘subterfūgī” , M.H.G. only participle
entwisen “ abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from ”; O.Fris. wēsa , O.H.G. weiso , Ger.
Waise (Gmc. waisan - < *u̯oidh -son-).

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u̯eid-1
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen ”
Note: extension from *u̯ei- ds.
Material: O.Ind. vēda ́ - m. “ tussock of starken Grases, besenförmig gebunden, zum Fegen
etc.”; Hom. ἰδνόομαι “bend mich, krũmme mich” (from a *F ιδ-νό-ς “gebogen ”); Lat. vīdulus
“geflochtener basket ”; Ltv. vīdinüt “flax, wattle, braid ”.
References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785.
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u̯(e)id-2
English meaning: to see; to know
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erblicken, sehen ”
Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u̯(e)idē(i) -, nasalized u̯i-n-d-,
perf. u̯oid-а- “have seen, white ”, whence die meaning “ know, have knowledge of “ also auf
other forms ũbertragen wurde; from the meaning “ behold “ derives “find”
Material: A. O.Ind. vetti, vidmási vidánti “ know, have knowledge of “ (present reshuffling of
perf. vē ́ da vidmá ), vēdate (also), vidáti (also) “ know, have knowledge of “, perf. véda
vidmá , Opt. vidyüt , participle vidvün ; Av. vaēδa vīdarǝ, Opt. vīdyüt̃ , vīdvü ̊ “ know, have
knowledge of “ (die meaning ‘see” in aiwi. vīsǝm “have wahrgenommen ”, paiti. vīsǝm
“wurde gewahr ”, fravōizdūm “nehmt wahr ”); to-participle O.Ind. vitta- “ recognized, bekannt ”,
Av. vista- “bekannt as ” and O.Ind. viditá - (probably zur basis * u̯idēi -); Inf. O.Ind. vidmáne (=
Gk. ἴδμεναι) “ know, have knowledge of “, gthAv. vīdvanōi ; Kaus. O.Ind. vedayati “läßt know,
have knowledge of , kũndigt an, bietet an” , Av. uzvaēδayeiti “läßt know, have knowledge of
“;
In the meaning “find”: O.Ind. vindáti (vétti, vitté), ávidat , vivéda , vévidat , vittá-, Kaus.
vēdayati , Av. vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti, vīvaēδa, vōivīdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaēδayeiti “läßt erlangen,
makes teilhaftig ”, participle vista- “(vor)gefunden, vorhanden ”; die separation from den
forms the meaning ‘see, know, have knowledge of “ is not quite sharp durchzufũhren,
compare O.Ind. vindáti “white”, sBal. gindag ‘see”;
Arm. egit “er fand” (= O.Ind. ávidat , Gk. ἔFιδε), gtanem “find”; from dem perf. * u̯oida
reshaped gitem “I know” (i from oi; in addition gēt, gitak, gitun “wissend, wise ”); results of
nasal present (= O.Ind. vindati , Ir. finn-, see below) perhaps in Arm. gint “profit, gain ”, if from
*u̯ind-;

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Gk. εἴδομαι “ erscheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein ”; οἶδα “ white”, ἴδμεν, Konj. εἴδω,
participle εἰδώς (*Fειδ -), ἰδυῖα; Aor. εἶδον ( ἔFιδον) ‘sah”, ἰδεῖν (: O.Ind. ávidat , Arm. egit),
participle ἄ-ιστος, ἰστέον; Gk. ᾽Αΐδης, Att. ῝Ᾱιδης probably ἀ-Fιδ- “unsichtbar, not
anzusehen ” s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized ἰνδάλλομαι “ erscheine, zeige mich; gleiche ”;
also Celt. vindo- “white” (O.Ir. find, Welsh gwynn , Gaul. PN Vindomagus , -bona );
Lat. videō , -ēre ‘see” (from the basis * u̯(e)idē-, compare O.C.S. viděti , Lith. pavyde ́ti ,
Goth. witan , -aida “observe” etc., and with zero grade *u̯(e)idī̆- the 2. syllable O.C.S. present
viditъ , Lith. pavūdime , Lat. vīdi-s-tī, O.Ind. Aor. avēdīt , vēdi-tár-, vē ́ di-tum, vidi-tá-; Umbr.
uirseto “visa” or “visum” , auirseto “unsichtbar ”: Lat. vidēre = tacitus : tacēre ), perf. vīdī (=
O.C.S. vědě), participle vīsus (as vīsus , -us “das Sehen, sight ” with ī for ĭ after vīdī and
vīso);
Lat. vīsō, -ere “besuchen ” (i.e. “to sehen wish ”), Umbr. revestu “revisito” (*u̯eid-s-ō);
similarly Goth. gaweisōn , O.S. O.H.G. wīsōn “besuchen ”;
O.Ir. ad-fīadat ‘sie erzählen” (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat “er shows ”,
do-adbadar “wird gezeigt ”, as-ind-et “expounded ”; nasal present (see above O.Ind. vindáti )
nad-finnatar ‘sie wissen nicht ”, rofinnadar “pflegt to wissen ” (*u̯i-n-d-nǝ-), as-fēnimm,
doaisbēna “points, shows, evinces, shows ” (from *u̯id-nǝ-) M.Welsh 1. sg. gwnn , Corn. gon,
M.Bret. goun “I know” (die weiteren Brit. Präsensformen, e.g. 2. sg. M.Welsh gwydost ,
gwdost , 1. pl. Welsh gwyddom , are against it of perf. derive ); perf. O.Ir. rofetar “I know”,
rofitir “er white” = Welsh gwyr (*u̯id-rai); O.Ir. rofess ‘scitum est ” (*u̯id-to-m, compare also
fiss, Welsh gwys “das Wissen ” from *u̯id-tu-s), fess ‘scita” (pl. neutr.), M.Welsh gwyss ,
M.Bret. gous “wurde gewußt” ; O.Ir. toīsech , Welsh tywysog “guide, leader ” (*to-u̯issükos ,
Ogam gen. TOVISACI), O.Ir. tūus “Anfang”, Welsh tywys “guide, lead ” (*to-u̯issus , IE *-u̯id-
tus); here probably also O.Ir. fōid- ‘send”, e.g. 3. pl. fōidit (= O.Ind. vēdayati , O.Ice. veita
ds); O.Ir. fīado “master, mister ” (*u̯eidont -s);

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Goth. fraweitan “rächen” (“animadvertere ”), O.H.G. firwīzzan “tadelnd vorwerfen,
verweisen ”, wīzzan “bemerken, look out auf ”, O.S. O.E. wītan “reproach, rebuke, reproach ”
(therefrom O.Ice. vīti n. O.E.wīte, O.S. wīti, O.H.G. wīzzi n. “ punishment “), Goth. in-weitan
“die worship, veneration prove ”; with ostentatious meaning-development O.E. gewītan
“fortgehen, die ”, O.S. giwītan “go”, O.H.G. (Hildebrandlied) giweit “er walked “, (Tatian)
arawīzan “discedere ”; Goth. fairweitjan “gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf - ē: -
ī̆-, as certainly die ē-verbs Goth. witan, -aida “auf etwas sehen, observe ”, O.Ice. only
participle vitaðr “beobachtet, bestimmt ”, O.E. (be)witian “betrachten, decide, define, ordain,
determine ”; preterit present Goth. wait, witum “know, wir know, have knowledge of “ (Inf.
witan , participle witands neologism), O.Ice. veit vitum (vita, vissa ) “ know, have knowledge
of “, also “bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein after, look after, go after ”, O.E. wüt,
witon (witan , wisse wiste ), O.H.G. weiz, wizzumēs (wizzan , wissa , wessa ) “ know, have
knowledge of “ substantiviertes participle Goth. weitwōÞs “Zeuge” (: εἰδώς, ἰ δυῖα
“Zeuge”);to-participle Goth. unwiss “ungewiß” , O.H.G. giwis (s), O.S. O.E. wiss “ certainly “
(O.Ice. vissa “Gewißheit” ); Kaus. O.Ice. veita “grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in eine
Richtung leiten ”, O.H.G. weizen ‘show, beweisen ”; to Fιδεῖν seems as Injunktiv O.E. wuton
(with folgendem Inf.) from * witon “laßt uns” (older “laßt uns zusehen, tendamus” ) to belong;
Lith. véizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. O.Lith. veizdi = *u̯eid-dhi, compare O.Ind.
viddhí ), veizde ́ti ‘see, hinblicken ”, pavūdžiu , -vūdime -vyde ́ti “invidere” (see o); of old
perf.from O.Pruss. waisei , waisse “du weißt” (= O.C.S. věsi) waidimai “wir know, have
knowledge of “, Inf. waist ; O.C.S.viždo ̨ , vidiši , viděti ‘see”, previous perf. Med. vědě (= Lat.
vīdī “white”), present reshaped věmь , věděti “ know, have knowledge of “; pověděti “ know,
have knowledge of lassen ” (probably reshuffling eines Kaus. * u̯oidéi̯ō , sl. *věditi , after
věděti “ know, have knowledge of “); izvěstъ “bekannt, certainly “.
B. nominal formation:

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root nouns O.Ind. - vid- “kennend, expert, skillful ” (e.g. aśvavid -), Av. vīd- “teilhaftig”; Gk.
ν῅-ις, -ιδος “ ignorant”;
Goth. unwita , O.H.G. unwizzo “Unwissender ”, O.H.G. forawizzo “praescius ”, O.E. wita
“weiser man, Ratgeber ”, gewita “Zeuge”, O.H.G. wizzo “weiser man ”, giwizzo “Zeuge” post-
verbal en-stem; aberO.Ir. fīadu “Zeuge” (*u̯eid-u̯ōt-s) secondary n-stem;
O.Ind. vidü ́ “Kenntnis ”, Welsh etc. gwedd f. ‘sight, apparition ”; O.Ind. vidyü ́ “Wissen,
doctrine”, Av. viδya ds.; O.Ir. airde n. “mark, token, sign ” (*[p]ari-vidi̯om ) = Welsh arwydd m.
ds., O.S. giwitt , O.H.G. ( gi)wizzi n. “Wissen, Verstand ”, O.E. witt “Verstand, Besinnung ”,
Goth. unwiti n. “Unwissenheit, Unverstand ”, compare also O.H.G. wizzī f. “Wissen,
Verstand, Besinnung ” in addition O.H.G. gi-, ir-wizzēn “look out” (Ger. Witz m.), M.L.G. witte
f. ds.;
es-stem: O.Ind. vē ́ das n. “Kenntnis, Umsicht, heilige Schrift ”, Gk. εἶδος n. “Aussehen,
shape”, Lith. véidas “ front “ (to glottal stop see below), O.C.S. vidъ (Serb. vîd) ‘sight,
Aussehen ” (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also: M.Ir. fīad m. “Ehrenbezeigung ”,
O.Ir. fīad (*u̯eidos ) with dat. “coram”, Welsh yngwydd ds., gwydd “Anwesenheit ”, M.Bret. a
goez , Bret. ac”houez “öffenlich” (“angesichts ”); Welsh ad-wydd “cruel, savage ”, gwar-
adwydd “insult”; other formations in Goth. unweis “ignorant, ungebildet ”, fullaweis
“vollkommen weise ”, O.Ice. vīss, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. wīs “wise” (*u̯eid-s-o-), O.H.G. wīs(a)
“(*Aussehen =) kind of, Weise ”, O.E. wīs(e) “Weise, state, status, direction ”, O.Ice. ǫðruvīs
“different”, perhaps also ἰδέα “outer apparition, shape, sight ” (if *Fιδέσᾱ);
Gk. ἴδρις, -ιος “wissend, expert, skillful “, O.Ice. vitr ‘sensible, wise ”;
Gk. (Hom. ) εἰδάλιμος “beautiful from Gestalt ”, εἰδάλλεται φαίνεται Hes., due to eines
*εἴδαλο - wherefore with Suffixablaut εἰδωλον ‘shape” , ἀείδελος “unsichtbar ”; Lith. vaidalas
“apparition ”, pavìdalas ‘shape” (*-elo- ); Gk. εἰδυλίς, -ίδος “εἰδυῖα, ἐπιστήμων” , O.Ind. vidura-

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‘smart, sensible, wise ”, Lith. pavìdulis “Ebenbild ”, akiẽs pavydulis , O.Pruss. weydulis “
eyeball”, Goth. faírweitl ‘schauspiel ”;
O.Ind. vidmán - m. “Weisheit ” (compare also Inf. vidmanē , ἴδμεναι ), Gk. ἴδμων , -ονος
“expert, skillful ”; ἰδμήν φρόνησιν Hes.;
Gk. ἴστωρ, Att. ἵστωρ, böot. Fίστωρ “wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter ”, ἱστορεῖν
“erkunden ”, ἱστορία “Geschichte ”;
in Balt gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut ēi: ī: Lith. véidas (compared with
Serb. vîd from *u̯ĕidos ), véizdmi , vyzdỹs “ eyeball”, išvy ́ sti “gewahr become ”, pavyde ́ti
“beneiden ”, pavỹdas “ envy “, O.Pruss. aina-wīdai adv. “gleich”; the originator seems das
lengthened gradee present * u̯ēid-mi.
perhaps here O.C.S. věžda , aRuss. věža “eyelid” (Proto-Slav. . vědi̯a , Vasmer 1, 178)
and Church Slavic nevežda “Ungebildeter ”, aRuss. věža “Wissender ”.
References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192,
Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff.
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u̯eik-1
English meaning: to choose, filter
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aussondern ”
Material: O.Ind. vinákti , vivékti , vevekti ‘sondert, siebt, sichtet ”, particle viktá-; Kaus.
vecáyati ; Av. ava-vaēk - “ausscheiden, aussuchen ”; from the meaning “to gottesdienstlichen
Zwecken aussondern ” entspringt die of “Weihens ”, wherefore here Lat. victima “ sacrificial
animal, sacrifice, oblation ”, being based on auf einem i-or u-stem, *vikti-s respectively *viktu-
s “Weihung ”; Goth. weihs “holy”, O.S. wīh- ds., O.H.G. wīh, wīhi ds., compare M.H.G. (ze)
wīhen nahten , from which Ger. Weihnachten ; O.Ice. vē- n. “Heiligtum, temple ”, O.S. wīh m.
“temple”, O.E. wēoh , wīg m. “Götterbild” ; derived Vb. Goth. weihan , altIce. vīgja, O.S.
wīhian , O.Fris. wīa, wīga, O.H.G. wīhen “weihen”; with intensive gemination Gmc. *wik-kan-
“ magician “: O.E. wicca m. ds., wicce “Zauberin ” (Eng. witch ); md. wicken “conjure, perform
magic”, wicker “ magician, Wahrsager ”; without gemination: O.E. wigol “zum Wahrsagen
gehörig” , wiglian “wahrsagen ”, M.L.G. wickelen ; eine variant * u̯eig- (?) in Umbr. eveietu
“electum” (*ek-u̯eigētum ?).
References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;
See also: relationship to u̯eik-, u̯eigh - “bend” etc. is not ausgeschlossen.
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u̯eik-2
English meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “energische, especially feindselige Kraftäußerung”
Material: Lat. vincō , -ere, vīci, victum “die Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat,
conquer”, pervicüx “hartnäckig, steadfast” , Osc. vincter “convincitur ”;
O.Ir. fichid “fights”, dī-fich- “punish, curse ”, fīch m. “discord, rage, fury ”, feuchuir ‘stern”
(*u̯íkaris ), feuchrae “ austereness, severeness “ (unclear is das ch in O.Welsh guich[i]r
“wild”), fecht (*u̯iktü ) “ campaign = O.Welsh guith , Welsh gwyth “rage, fury ”, O.Bret. uueith -
in PN; Gaul. VN auf - vices (O.Brit. Ordo-vices “Hammerkämpfer ”), PN Victo-valos etc.; with
full grade Vēcti -rīx, Vēco -rīx = O.Ir. PN Fīachrai , gen. Fīachrach (Ogam VECREC);
Goth. weihan “fight”, wigana dat. sg. “fight, struggle, war, fight ”; O.E. O.H.G. wīgan
(O.H.G. only in particle wīgant, wīhant, gawigan “decrepitus ”, irwigan , confectus,
“abgekämpft” ) “fight, quarrel ”, M.H.G. anwīgen “ assail “; M.H.G. wīhen ‘schwächen” , Ger.
dial. sich weihen = ‘sich weigern ”, anweihen “anfechten ”; aorist- present O.Ice. vega , vá
“fight, slay ”, O.H.G. ubarwehan “ũberwinden” (with falschem consonant), M.H.G.
widerwehen “with blanken Waffen kämpfen” ; O.Ice. vēla (*vīhalian ) ‘sort, order, arrange,
sich with etwas abgeben ”; O.Ice. vīg, O.S. wīg, M.L.G. afr. wīch, O.H.G. wīc, wīg etc. “fight,
struggle”, O.Ice. adj. vīgr “kampftũchtig” , Goth. zero grade waihjō f. “war, fight, fight,
struggle”; o-grade in Gmc. *waigō - f. “ power “, therefrom derived O.S. wēgian , O.E.
wæ ̄ gan , O.H.G. weigen etc. “belästigen, torment, smite” , Nor. veiga ‘swing”; ein ro-adj. is
O.H.G. weigar ‘sich widersetzend, stout, proud ”, M.Du. weiger, wēger “widerwillig ”,
therefrom O.H.G. weigarōn etc. ‘sich weigern”;
Lith. veikiù , veĩkti ‘somewhat make, work ”, apveikiù “bezwinge ”, pérveikiu “bewältige” ,
véikus “fast, rapid, hurried ”, veiklùs “tätig, geschäftig” , viẽkas “ power, life ”, vỹkis m.

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u̯eik-3
English meaning: to come together, become equal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zutreffen, gleichkommen ”?
Material: Gk. εἰκών (Cypr. F εικόνα) f. “Bild”, Hom. εἶκε Impf. “es schien good ”, herakl. εἶξαν
‘siehielten for good, regelten ”, Hom. ἔοικε “es schickt sich, paßt” (FέFοικε; 3. Du. εἴκτον ,
etc.), Att. εἰκώς (*FεFικFώς) ‘suitable, fitting, fitting ”, Hom. ἐΐσκω (*FεFικσκω ), ἴσκω
(*Fίκσκω ) “vergleiche ”, (F)εἴκελος , (F)ἴκελος ‘similarly”, ἐπιεικής “angemessen ”, Ion. ἀεικής
“unpassend ”, Att. ἀικής (*αFικής) ‘schmählich” , αἰκί̄α “ maltreatment “, εἰκάζω (ἐ-Fικάζω)
“bilde after, vergleiche, vermute ”;
Lith. į-vỹkti “eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become ”, pavéikslas “example ”, paveikslùs
“musterhaft ”, Ltv. vīkst “vorbereiten ”; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *u̯eik-2
genannten words, as Lith. véikus “fast, rapid, hurried ”, veĩkti “do, make ”, is though not with
confidence vorzunehmen.
References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.
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u̯eik-4, u̯eig-
English meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “biegen, winden ”; also von drehender, schwingender (then
ũberhaupt rascher) Bewegung as well as vom hastigen Sich -zurũck -Biegen,
Zurũckschnellen, Ausbiegen, um einer Bedrohung, einem Schlage under likewise
auszuweichen, ‘sich wenden, weichen ”. 2. With the meaning “variation, Abwechslung ”
Note: (extension from *u̯ei- “bend” ).
Material: 1. O.Ind. vī́ci- f. “ deception, seduction “ (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably “*Krummheit ”);
with voiced-nonaspirated O.Ind. vē ́ jate , vijáte , participle vikta- , vigna- “vor etwas
zurũckfahren, davoneilen ”, pra-vij- “Einsturz threaten ”, abhi-vij- “umkippen ”, vēga - m.
“Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush ”, Av. vaēg - (vaējǝ -) “(ein Geschoß) swing” , vaēɣ a- m.
“Anprall, blow, knock, prank ”, nivixta - “herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert ”, Pers.
vēxtan “toss, fling ”, Osset. vēɣun “upset, move ”, balūčī gējag ‘swing, toss, fling ”; Intens.
O.Ind. vēvíjyate “fährt los” ;
O.Ind. vi-vyákti “umfaßt” , vyácas - n. “further Raum ”, Av. vyüxa -, vyüxman - “congregation,
meeting” (?);
Gk. εἴκω, Aor. ἔ(F)ειξε Alkman “zurũckweichen, nachstehen, unterliegen”, (böot.) γῖξαι
(i.e.Fεῖξαι) χωρ῅σαι Hes.;
Lat. vicia f. “vetch”: nasalized vinciō , -īre “umwinden, bind ”, Umbr. previślatu
“praevinculütō” ;
Goth. waihsta “ angle, point, edge ”, M.H.G. weigen “waver”; O.E. wicga “beetle, chafer ”;
M.L.G. nnd. wīchele “Weidenbaum ” from *wīgele , diminutive to O.S. * wīga, Westfäl. wīǝʒǝ
“Weidenbaum ”, ablaut. O.Fris. O.E. wüg, O.S. wēg “wall”, (*u̯oiko - “geflochtene wall ”); also
M.H.G. gewīge , Ger. Geweih , dial. Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably “*Gezweig ”);

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Ltv. vīkstu, vīkt ‘sich biegen, ductile become ”, vīksts “ ductile, soft ”, vīkne “Ranke”; Ltv.
vī̆cinüt ‘schwenken, tummeln ”, refl. ‘sich schwenken, bend make ”.
With IE g: O.Ice. vīkva , ȳkva (w-present), vīkja, preterit veik “from the Stelle rũcken, (sich)
bewegen, sich wenden ”, O.S. wīkan “weichen” (: εἴκω), O.E. wīcan st. V. “weichen,
zusammenfallen ”, O.H.G. wīhhan st. V. “eine Richtung nehmen, weichen ”; O.Ice. veikr (and
veykr with - w- after vīkva ) ‘soft, weak ”, nNor. also “pliable” (compare O.Ice. veikja “bend”),
O.E. wüc (out of it O.Ice. vükr) ‘soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable “, O.S. wēc “weak”,
O.H.G. weich ‘soft, weak, timorous ”; O.E. wice f. “Rũster” , M.Eng. wiker “Weidengerte” ;
M.L.G. wīk m., wīke f. “Entweichen, escape ”, M.H.G. wīch m. “groin, flank “, formal = O.Ice.
vīk ‘small bay ”, O.E. wīc f., M.L.G. wīk ds.; Nor. dial. vik n. ‘small point, edge or bend ”;
O.H.G. wīhhōn ‘spring, tanzen, hũpfen” , Ger. hess. wicken “rash, hasty and violent hin and
her bewegen ”, Swe. vicka ‘sich unstet bewegen, wippen ”;
Lith. vigrùs, vìglas “rash, hasty, adroit ”, Ltv. vìegis “light”, Slov. vẹ̃g “ bent “, vẹ́gati
“waver”, vẹ́žen “gebogen ”.
2. Lat. vicis (gen.), vicem, vice , pl. vicēs , vicibus “variation, Abwechslung ”; perhaps O.Ir.
fiach “mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame ”; O.Ice. giafa-vīxl “Austausch from Gaben ”, ü vīxl
“kreuzweis ” (vīxla ‘swap, vary, exchange ”); O.S. wehsül “trade, Geld ”, O.H.G. wëhsal,
wehsil “variation, Austausch, trade ” (O.S. wehslōn , M.H.G. Ger. wechseln ); with sicherem
IE g Goth. wikō “die an jemanden kommende Reihenfolge ”, O.Ice. vika “Woche” (originally
“*variation ”), also ‘seemeile” (“*variation the oarsman ”; also M.L.G. weke sēs ‘seemeile”),
O.E. wicu, wucu “Woche”, O.S. wika in crūce -wika “Kreuzwoche ”, O.H.G. wëhha , wohha
“Woche”;
unclear is because of Gutturals O.Ind. viṣṭí- (*u̯ik̂-) “work, Dienstleistung ”, tri-viṣṭī́ (instr.),
after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) “abwechselnd ”, after G. Liebert (Nominalsuffix - ti- S. 138 f.)
though “dreifache Dienstleistung ”.

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u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o - (*du̯ei- kṣayati )
English meaning: house, settling
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haus, Siedlung ”
Note:
Root u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o - (*du̯ei- kṣayati ): “house, settling ” derived from Root k̂Þei- : “to settle”
: Root kÞē(i) -, kÞǝ(i) - : “to acquire, possess ”.
Material: O.Ind. víś- f. “Wohnsitz, house ”, PL víśaḥ “people, citizen ”, Av. vīs- (e.g. acc.
vīsǝm , ap. viÞam ) “house, village, Clan ”, O.Ind. viś-páti- “ householder, Gemeindehaupt ”,
viś-pátnī “ housewife ”, ablaut. O.Ind. vē ́ s ́ man - n., jAv. vaēsma - m. “house, dwelling ”, O.Ind.
vēs ́ a ́ - m. “Nachbar ” (as Lat. vīcīnus ); verbal (see below) O.Ind. viśati “tritt ein, geht ein ”,
niviśati “kehrt ein ”, Av. vīsaiti “geht ein, tritt ein to etwas ”;
Maybe from Skt. víś- (RV+) ‘settlement, community, tribe ” derived Alb. (*víś) fis ‘settlement,
community, tribe ”, vis “territory, spot, place “
Note:
Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic.
Gk. οἶκος, Fοῖκος “ house”, οἰκία ds., οἰκέ ω “bewohne ”, οἰκέτης “ housemate ”, τριχά -Fικες
epithet the Dorer “in drei Phylen zerfallend ”; Alb. vis “place”, amvisë (amë “mother”) “
housewife ”;
Lat. vīcus , dial. vēcus “Häusergruppe, village, Flecken, Stadtteil” (= Gk. F οῖκος ), Umbr.
uocu-com , acc. vuku if “aedes”; Lat. vīlla “Landhaus, estate ” (*u̯oik-slü, with Lat. suffix -slü,
or *u̯eik-s-lü to es-stem from Goth. weihs );
Goth. weihs n., gen. weihsis “village, spot ”;
O.Pruss. waispattin acc. “ housewife ”, Lith. viẽšpat (i)s “master, mister ”, viẽšpati “noble
wife, woman ”, verbal Lith. váišinti “ host “, vieše ́ti “to Gaste sein ”, Ltv. vìesis “guest”; O.C.S.
vьsь “village”.

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u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī-
English meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen ”; vielfach von biegsamen Zweigen, Flechtwerk,
Rankengewächsen
Note:
Root u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : “to turn, bend, wind, *branch out ” derived from Root du̯ō(u) : “two”
through an Illyr.-Balt intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is a unique Illyr.-Balt
phonetic mutatIon.
Material: A. O.Ind. váyati “webt, flicht ” (paradigmatic certainly with perf. ūvuh , participle ūta ́-,
Inf. ṓtum zusammengefaßt, die zur root * au̯-, presumably the base from u̯ei-, belong); vüya -
m. “Weber, the weaving “, vüyaka - “Weber, Näher” ; vyáyati “ winded, wickelt, hũllt” (: Lat.
vieō), participle vīta ́- “winded, gewickelt ”, vyüna - n. “das Winden, Umhũllen” ; vayü ́ “twig,
branch, bough ”, compare lengthened grade O.C.S. věja “twig, branch, bough ”); about
vēvīyate “flattert” see above S. 86;
Gk. γίς (i.e. Fίς) ἱμάς Hes., υ ἱήν ἄμπελον, υ ἱόν ἀναδενδράδα (υ- = F -), εὐιάδες ἄμπελοι
Hes.;
Alb. with g(h)-suffix vik, vigu “geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel ”;
Note:
Alb. degë “Zweig, Ast, Gebũsch” (*du̯oi-ghü) : vik, vigu “geflochtene Tragbahre,
Pflugdeichsel ”, common Illyr.-Balt d- > zero phonetic mutatIon. Root u̯ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : “to
turn, bend, wind, *branch out ” derived from Root du̯ō(u) : “two”.
Lat. vieō, viēre “bind, flechte ” (viē-: O.Ind. vyü-na-), vītilis “geflochten ”;
O.Ir. fe-n- (*u̯i-nǝ-) in ar-fen- “abschließen” , im-fen- “umhegen ”, Verbaln. imbe n., M.Ir.
tech fithe “a wicker house ”; Welsh gwïal -en “twig, branch ”; M.Ir. fē “rod” (*u̯īi̯ü);

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Goth. waddjus “Wall, wall ” (originally from wickerwork) = O.Ice. veggr “wall” (Proto-Gmc.
*wajjus );
Lith. vejù, vūti “winden, turn ”, vūtas “winded, twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “
(= O.Ind. vītá-), O.C.S. vьjǫ, viti “turn, flax, wattle, braid, winden ”, Ltv. vīja “geflochtener
fence”, vī̆jas “Ranken”, O.C.S. věja “twig, branch, bough ” (Dehnstufenform besides O.Ind.
vayü ́ ds.); ablaut. Church Slavic povoj m. “fascia”.
B. With ĝ(h)-extension presumably here:
Lith. vyža ̀ “Bastschuh ”, Ltv. vîze “geflochtener Bastschuh ”.
C. With l-formant:
O.Ice. vēl (*u̯ēi-lü) “Kunst, Kniff, tool ”, vēla “bestricken ”, O.E. PN Wēlund , O.H.G.
Wialant ; O.E. wīl(e) “artifice, deceit ”;
Lith. vielà “Draht”, vielióti “wickeln”, vyle ̃, Ltv. vīle “hem, Strieme ”; Lith. ap-vìlti “lie”, vylùs “
fallacious “, vūlius “lie, falsity ”, O.Pruss. pra-vilts “verraten”; Russ. viljátь “die Richtung beim
Laufen ändern, wedeln, Winkelzũge make” , vilój “winded, gekraust ”, vílica “ivy”.
Maybe Alb. vile “bunch of grape ”, vjel “harvest grapes ”
D. With m-formant:
O.Ind. vē ́ man - n. “loom (from * u̯ei-men, at first to váyati ); Lat. vīmen “rod zum flax, wattle,
braid, wickerwork “; M.Ir. fiam “ chain “; M.L.G. wīm(e) “Lattenwerk, Stangen ”; with dem
concept the drehenden Bewegung Ice. vīm, vīma “ dizziness, giddiness; swindle ,
anesthetization “, Nor. dial. veima “lurch, waver ”, Ger. hess. wīmeln “waver”; whether here
Gk. εἰμάδες ποιμένων οἰκίαι Hes. as “from Ruten geflochtene Hũtten” (*Fει-μα = Lat.
vīmen )?
E. With n-formant:

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Gk. ἴς, ἰνός ‘sinew” (*Fι-ν-: Cz. vínek “band, strap, Stirnband ” or *Fισ -ν- zur root form
u̯eis-2); O.C.S. věnьcь “Kranz”; probably O.E. wine-wincla (besides pīne-wincle )
“Uferschnecke ”, wining “Binde”; about Gk. ἴς compare Schwyzer Gk. 1, 5702;
barely here the name of Weins: Gk. οἶνος (myk. vo-no-) “Wein”, οἴνη “ grapevine “, οἰνάς,
-άδος “ grapevine, Rebe, Wein ”, Arm. gini “Wein”, (*u̯oi-ni̯om ), Alb. vēne ̈ , Tosc verë “Wein”
(*u̯oinü ), Lat. vīnum ; latter is not bare die wellspring from O.Ir. fīn, Welsh gwin and from
Goth. wein, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. O.C.S. vīn (from which again O.C.S. vino and from dem Slav.
Lith. vỹnas ), but probably also die from falisk. volsk. uinu, Umbr. vinu, uinu ; da the Pontus
the originator of the Weinkultur war, handelt es sich wobl um ein vorderasiat. word;
compare ursemit. * wainu (arab. äthiop. wain, hebr. jajin, assyr. īnu) and Hitt. wi-ja-na-a- ,
hierogl.-Hitt. wa(i)ana- , luv. dial. win-; s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A. Kammenhuber
Mũnch. stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f.
F. With r-formant:
Gk. ἶρις “ rainbow “ (Fῖρις) = ῏Iρις and Εἶρις (ἐ Fῖρις) “the as Götterbotin personified
rainbow “; O.E. wīr “Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery ”, M.L.G. wīre “Metalldraht ”,
LateO.Ice. vīra-virki “work from Metaldraht ”; besides Gmc. wīra-, das because of Gk. F ῖρις
probably auf IE *u̯ī-ro goes back, steht Gmc. *wēira - from *u̯ēi-ro- in O.H.G. wiara “gold- or
Silberdraht ”; O.Ir. fiar ‘slant, skew ”, Welsh gŵyr “recurvus, limus ”, (*u̯ē̆iro -), Bret. goar, gwar
“courbe”; Lat. viriae “a kind of Armschmuck ” is Celt. loanword;
Lith. į-vairùs “tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig ”.
G. With t-formant:
O.Ind. vēta-, vētasa ́ - m. “rankendes Wassergewächs, reed, Gerte” , vētra - m. “Rohrstab,
duct, tube, pipe ”, Av. vaēiti “ willow, Weidengerte ”; participle O.Ind. vīta ́- (see above);
Gk. ἰτέα “ willow “; οἰσύη , οἴσυον “eine Weidenart ” (*Fοιτυο -, -υᾱ), οἶσος m. “Dotterweide ”,
οἶσον “rope”; ἴτυς, -υος, Eol. Fιτυς f. “Radfelge, Schildrand, willow “ (= Lat. vitus);

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Lat. vītilis “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved “, vītis “Rebe” (= Lith. vūtis); vītex,
-icis “Keuschlamm, (ein tree) ”, vitus f. “Radfelge ” (Gk. Lw.??), vitta “Binde” (from *vītü, dem
Fem. of participle * u̯ītos , through consonant increase);
O.Ir. fēith f. “fibra” (*veiti -), Welsh gwden from * gwyden (*u̯eitinü ) “vinculum, ligamen,
virga contorta ”; M.Ir. fēithlenn “Epheu” (?); but Welsh gwythïen , Corn. gwyth , O.Bret.
guithennou “vein(n)” are Lw. from Lat. vitta;
O.Ice. vīðir “ willow “, O.E. wīðig “ willow “ (see above Lat. vītex etc.), M.L.G. wīde,
O.H.G. wīda “ willow “ (in addition o-grade as Gk. οἰσύα : Nor. dial. veid “ willow, Wicken ”),
O.E. weðel “Binde”; Ger. Eingeweide , M.H.G. (ĭn)geweide: O.H.G. wid(i) “rope from
gedrehten Reisern ”, kuna-with “manacle ”, Goth. kuna-wida “manacle ”, O.Ice. við, -jar
“gedrehtes band, strap ”, viðja ds. = O.E. wiððe “Weidenband ”, O.H.G. witta “Binde”, O.E.
wiðo-, wiðe-winde “convolvulus ”, M.L.G. wede-winde “ds., ivy, Geißblatt” , O.E. wiðu-winde
“Geißblatt” , O.Ice. við-vindill ds.; also (compare Goth. inwinds “ inverted “, inwindiÞa
“Ungerechtigkeit ” to windan ) O.S. inwid “malice, Tũcke” , O.E. inwidd “bösartig,
heimtũckisch” , O.Ice. īviðgjarn “bösartig” ;
Lith. Inf. vūti, vytìs (acc. vỹtį) “Weidengerte ”, ablaut. žil-vìtis “Grauweide ”; Ltv. vīte
“Ranke”, vîtuõls “ willow “, O.Pruss. witwan “Weide”, apewitwo “Uferweide ” (: ἴτυ-ς); ablaut.
O.C.S. větvь “twig, branch ”;
O.C.S. Inf. viti; vitь (= Lith. vytìs) “res torta in modum funis ”, pavitь “Ranke”, sъ-vitъkъ
“(book)rolle ”, Russ. vítvina “twig, branch, rod, Gerte ”, Sloven. vitika “ring”.
References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f.
195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gk. 101, Frisk 462.
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u̯ei-2, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī̆-
English meaning: to wither
Deutsche Übersetzung: “welken”
Note: extended u̯ī-t- and u̯ei-s-
Material: Lat. viēscō, -ere “verwelken, verschrumpfen ”, viētus “ wilted; faded, flaccid,
withered, verschrumpft ”;
Maybe Alb. ( viēscō ) vyshket “wither”
O.Ir. feugud gl. “marcor” is from fēo “ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “ (*u̯i-u̯o-) = Welsh
gwyw ds. derived;
O.Ice. visinn “ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “, participle eines * wisan , whereof Gmc.
*wis-n-ōn, -ēn in O.Ice. visna , O.E. wisnian and (with gramm. variation) weornian , O.H.G.
wesanēn “wither, wilt ” (also Ger. verwesen belongs as O.E. forweoren “verWest” shows,
originally here); M.H.G. wesel “weak, faint, languid ”, Eng. dial. weasel, weazen “thin, lean “,
O.Ice. vesall “ woeful, wretched, miserable “, vesligr ds., Nor. visa “weak person ”, Swe.
vesa “exhaust”;
Lith. vūsti “wither, wilt ” (preterit vūtau ), vūtinu , pa-vaitinù “make welken ”, Ltv. vietēt , vītēt
ds.
References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;
See also: relationship to u̯eis- “ deliquesce “ is probable.
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u̯ei-3, u̯eiǝ- : u̯ī-
English meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong
Deutsche Übersetzung: 1. “auf etwas losgehen ”, einerseits “gehen, gerade Richtung
nehmen; Weg, Reihe ”, andererseits “worauf losgehen, es erstreben, erjagen, ersehnen,
wollen”. 2. ‘strong sein ”
Material: O.Ind. vē ́ ti, 3. pl. vyánti , also váyati “verfolgt, strebt, leads (the weapons), treibt,
lenkt”, also “enjoys”, participle vīta ́- “verfolgt, beliebt ”, adj. “geradlinig ”, vītü “row”, vīthí-, vīthī
f. “row, way ”, pravayaṇa - “zum Antreiben helpful ”, m. ‘stachelstock ”, pravē ́ tar -
“Wagenlenker ”, vīti- “horse” (“*Verfolger ”?); pada-vī f. ‘spoor, way, Pfad ”, padavüya ́ -
“Wegweiser, Anfũhrer” (lengthened grade); with the meaning “erstreben - gern have under
likewise”; vīta ́- “beliebt, gern genossen ”, vītí- “Genießen, enjoyment, meal” , deva-vī- “den
Göttern angenehm” , devá -vīti- “enjoyment, feast for die gods ”;
Av. vōi Inf. “to gladden, to gefallen ”; vüy- (vayeiti , vīvüiti “jagt weg”, 3. pl. vyeinti ) “ pursue,
hunt, chase ”, vyüna - “the Verfolgte ”, vōiϑwa- adj. “to hunt, chase, jagend to pursue “, vītar-
“Verfolger ”, vütay - “Verfolgung ”;
with the meaning “fly” O.Ind. ved. vēvīyatē “flies” and Av. ü-vayeinti ‘sie fliegen heran ”;
O.Ind. vēnati “ersehnt”, vēna ́ - ‘sehnsũchtig, verlangend” ;
Gk. ἵ̄εμαι “bewege mich vorwärts, hurry, strebe, begehre” , (reshuffling eines *F ῑ-ι̯ομαι;
Asper after dem Medium from ἵημι), ἱ̄έμενος “cupidus”, εἴσατο (F-), ἐ[F]είσατο “ walked los ”,
οἶμος “ gait, way, pathway ”, (*Fοῖμος ), Hom. ἰ̆ωκή “Verfolgung ” (F-), acc. ἰ̄῵κα ds., ἰ̄ωχμός (ῑ
metr. lengthening) ‘schlachtgetũmmel” , παλί̄ωξις, παλι-ίωξις “Wiederzurũckdrängen in
Kampfe”, korinth. F ιώκει “verfolgt” (compare διώκ-ω : δίεμαι ); ἱερός (Fῑερος ), Dor. F ῑαρὸς
(ὄρνις ) “hurtig, quick, fast ” (ῑ metr. lengthening), besides *F ῑ-ρος, assumed through ep. Ion.

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ἴ̄ρηξ, -ηκος “ hawk” (the schnelle), Att. (through engeren connection an ἱερός) ἱέρᾱξ, -ᾱκος “
hawk”;
ί̄ς “ power “ (= Lat. vīs, vim), γίς ἰσχύς Hes., ἶφι “ with power “ (instr. auf -bhi), whereof
ἴφιος; about ἴ ς ‘sinew” see above S. 1121;
Lat. via f. “way”. Osc. viú, Umbr. ablative vea, via ds., Osc. amvían (n)ud ‘straßenviertel,
road” (*u̯ē̆i̯ü); Lat. vīs “du willst” (*u̯ei-si = O.Ind. vē ́ s ̣ i), vīs, vim “ power, force, might ” (= Gk.
ἴ̄ς ds.), pl. vīrēs (from an s-stem); invītüre “ host, einladen ”, with in- “ein”- compared with
verneinendem in- “un”- in invītus “wider Willen ” (: O.Ind. vītá- “beliebt”); whether vindex
“Bũrge, Rächer” as “Bestimmer the Sũhne” to O.C.S. vīna “blame”?
(about O.Ir. fīad “Wild”, fīadach “Jagd” etc. see below *u̯idhu - “tree”);
M.Welsh gwit “dish, food ”, mel-wit “ honey “ (: O.Ind. vītí- “enjoyment, meal ”), Ifor
Williams BBCS. 11, 143;
O.Ice. veiðr “Jagd”, O.E. wüð “Jagd, journey ” = O.H.G. weida “food, Weide , Jagd
(Waidwerk), Fischerei ”, also “Fahrt, journey ”, M.H.G. anderweide “zum zweitenmal ”, Ger.
anderweit , M.H.G.drī-weide “zum drittenmal ”, O.Ice. veiða , O.E. wæðan “hunt, chase,
umherstreifen ”, O.H.G. weidōn “hunt, chase; food suchen ”: IE *u̯oi-tü “das Drauflosgehen,
Jagen”; O.S. wī in PN Wī-rīc, Gēr -wī(: Lat. vīs);
Lith. vejù, vūti “hunt, chase, pursue “, vūtas (= O.Ind. vīta ́-) “verfolgt”, vajó-ju, -ti
“mehrfach nachjagen ”, pavijỹs ‘strecke Wegs ”, Ltv. vajüt “ pursue “, ãt-vejai “Rũckfälle from
Krankheiten ”, ãt-veja “mal” (“*gait “, compare M.H.G. anderweide “zum zweitenmal ”); ō-
grade Lith. pavõjus “danger”, pavojùs “dangerous ”; O.C.S. vojь “warrior”, vojьna “war, fight ”,
ablaut. O.C.S. povinǫti “unterwerfen ”, vъzvitije “profit, gain ” (“*Erjagtes ”); with the meaning
“Verfolgung eines U ̈ beltäters” probably O.C.S. vina “blame, punishment “, ablaut. Ltv. vaĩna
“blame”, Lith. vainóti “vilify, scold, scold, chide ”, O.Pruss.etwinūt “entschuldigen ”;

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Cz. etc. vítati “begrũßen” reminds an Lat. invitüre ; unclear is das relationship to
Russ.vitátь etc. ‘stay, dwell ”, and to Lith. vietü , Ltv. vīeta “place” (*u̯eitü ), Trautmann 345,
Vasmer 1, 205;
maybe nazalized Alb. (*vietü ) vend “place”
es-stem, respectively s-extension: O.Ind. váyas - n. “ vitality, Jugendkraft, Jugendalter ”,
vīd ̣ ayati (*u̯i-z-d-) “makes strong, tight, firm ”, vīd ̣ ú- “tight, firm ”, vivēs ̣ ṭi , vē ́ s ̣ ati “is tätig, wirkt,
bringt zustande, richtet from ”, Lat. vī-r-ēs (see o).
References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201,
215;
See also: compare also u̯ī̆ro-s “man”.
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u̯eip-, u̯eib-
English meaning: to turn, sway
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen; sich drehend, schwingend bewegen ”
Material: 1. u̯eip-: O.Ind. vē ́ patē , -ti “regt sich, zittert ”, vēpa ́ yati , vipáyati “makes tremble ”,
vípra - “ excited, aroused, begeistert ”, vip- if “rod, Gerte ”, vipütha - m. “a kind of Pfeil ”
(compare tela vibrüre ); Av. vip- “throw, entsenden (Samen) ”;
Welsh gwisgi “restless, reif ” (from Nũssen) from * u̯ip-skī-mo-?;
Goth. biwaibjan “umwinden ”, O.H.G. ziweibjan ‘scatter”; O.Ice. veifa “in schwingender,
zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln ”, O.E. wæ ̄ fan “bekleiden ”;
O.H.G. weibōn “waver, schweben, unstet sein ”; O.Ice. vīfa “umhũllen” , Mod.Ice. vífla
“bewilder”, vīfl “Klöptel” ; O.E. wifel, wifer “Pfeil, Wurfpfeil ” (: O.Ind. vipütha -); in addition
wüfian “vor astonishment erstarren ”, wæ ̄ fer -hūs “Theater”; perhaps O.H.G. wīb, O.S. O.E.
wīf, O.Ice. vīf n. “woman, wife ” as “die verhũllte Braut” ; compare against it Tavernier-
Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;
O.Pruss. wipis “bough”, Ltv. viepe “cover, Hũlle the Weiher” , viepl”is “Verkleidung, mask” ,
viept “verhũllen” , wīpnuot “lächeln (das Gesicht verdrehen)” , under likewise; Lith. atvìpti
“herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen ”, vaipūtis “das Maul verziehen, gawk ”, vypsaũ , -óti
“with offenem Munde dastehen, gawk ”; (with Balt ė from ē[i]:) Lith. ve ̃ptis “den Mund
verziehen ”, vėplỹs “Gaffer”, Ltv. vēplis “Maulaffe, lubber “ etc.; with secondary ablaut a (: ě)
in addition Lith. vamplỹs , vample ̃ “jemand, the with offenem Munde dasteht, dummer
person”, vampsaũ , -óti “with offenem Munde dastehen ”.
2. u̯eib-, u̯i-m-b-:
Gk. γίμβαναι ζεύγανα Hes., ἴμψας ζεύξας. Θετταλοί , ῎Iμψιος Ποσειδ῵ν ὁ ζύγιος Hes. (also
probably ἰψόν τὸν κισσόν Hes.);

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Lat. vibrō , -üre “in zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich zitternd bewegen ”; vībix,
-īcis (in Glossen also vipex , vimex ) ‘strieme, weal, callus from Schlägen” ; compare under
Ltv. vībele ;
perhaps M.Ir. femm “tail, Stengel, kelp “, femman “ kelp “, Welsh gwymon , Bret. gwemon,
goumon ds. (*u̯imb -, compare O.E. wimpel ), O”Rahilly E ́ riu 13, 162 ff., different Thurneysen
KZ 48, 67;
Goth. weipan (st. V.) “bekränzen” , wipja “Kranz”; O.Ice. veipr “head fascia, Kopftuch ”,
veipa “ female Kopftracht ”, Nor. dial. veipa “wickeln, eine Peitsche schwingen ”, O.H.G. weif
“Binde, head fascia ”, M.H.G. weifen ‘swing, haspeln ”, wīfen (st. V.) ‘swing, winden ”, M.L.G.
wīp “ tussock, wisp ”, O.E. wīpian “abwischen ”, Nor. vīpa ‘steifer straw or stiff hair, Spelze ”,
M.L.G. wīpen “toss, fling, sprinkle ”; O.H.G. wipf ‘schwung”, M.H.G. also wif = Du. wip ds.,
O.H.G. wipfil , wiffil “Baum wipfel”, Ger. (eig. nd.) M.L.G. M.Eng. wippen , M.H.G. wipfen ,
wepfen “hũpfen” , Nor. vippa “wisp, whisk “, nasalized O.E. wimpel “Wimpel, Schleier ”,
O.H.G. wimpal ‘stirntuch, Schleier ”;
Ltv. viebt , viebties ‘sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen ”, Lith. vỹbur -iu, -ti and
-ioju, -ioti “wedeln”; Ltv. vībele ‘striemen”.
References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;
See also: compare su̯eip - above S. 1042.
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u̯eis-1
English meaning: to sprout, grow
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprießen, wachsen”
Material: Lat. vireō, -ēre “green sein, be green ”, viridis “green”;
O.Ice. vīsir “germ, sprout, scion, shoot ”, Nor. vīse “ds., Rispe, Stiel and leaves, bloom,
blossom, Fruchtansatz ” (changing through ablaut vise “germ, sprout ” and probably also veis
‘saftiger Stengel ”); O.E. wīse ‘scion, shoot, Stengel ”; O.H.G. wīsa, M.L.G. wese , Ger.
Wiese , O.E. wīsc, M.L.G. wīsch(e) ds.;
Lith. veĩsti ‘sich vermehren ”, veislùs , vislùs “fertile”, veisle ̃ “brood”, Ltv. viestis ‘sich
mehren, thrive ”, Lith. vaĩsius “fruit”, vaisà “fertility”, Ltv. vaisla “brood”, Lith. į-vìsti ‘sich
vermehren ”.
References: WP. I 242, WH. II 797.
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u̯eis-2
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen” also especially for “biegsame, flechtbare Ruten, out of it
gebundene Besen under likewise ”
Note: extension from u̯ei- “turn”
Material: A. O.Ind. vēs ̣ a - m. “Tracht, Anzug ” (compare vēs ̣ ṭayati “umwindet, umkleidet ”);
vē ́ s ̣ ṭatē “ be winded”, vēs ̣ ṭa ́ yati “umwindet ”, participle vēs ̣ ṭita ́ - “umhũllt, dressed “ , vēs ̣ ṭa ́ - m.
“ loop, noose, snare, Binde ”, viṣṭü ds.; Arm. gi, gen. gioy “ juniper “ (after den biegsamen, to
Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen: *u̯ī̆so- or *u̯eiso -, *u̯oiso -); about Gk. ἴς see above S.
1121;
Mod.Swe. vese m. (O.Ice. *veisi or *visi) “ tussock, zusammengedrehter knot ”; in addition
Dutch wier = O.Fris. wīr- “Alge, Tang ” (O.E. wīr “Myrte”, wīr-treo “Myrtenbaum ”, Tertium
comparationis, presumably “immergrũn” ), O.E. wür “Alge, Tang ”, würoð ds. as
“Wasserschlingpflanze ”;
O.C.S. vichrъ “whirlwind ” (*u̯ēisura -), Lith. víesulas ds., Russ. vichatь “upset, move ”; Lith.
vūstas ‘schnũrbrust” , vūstyti “einwickeln ”, Ltv. vīstīt ds., vīsts “bundle” etc.
Cz. vích, věch (*u̯oiso -) “wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen ”, věcha ds., Russ. věcha
“twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl ”, vichór “ topknot “, Slov. vẹ́het “
tussock (hay) ”;
B. With k-extension:
O.Ind. veṣ-ká- m. “ loop for strangling “; ablaut. O.Ice. visk f. “bundle from straw or reed ”,
Swe. viska ‘small besom “,
O.H.G. wisc “wisp, Strohwisch ” (therefrom M.H.G. Ger. wischen ), O.E. wiscian , newer
weoskian (*wiskōn ) “eine hurdle from Ruten flax, wattle, braid ”; Lat. viscus, -eris “

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intestines, entrails “; as “drehende, vibrierende Bewegung ” here probably also Lith. viskiù ,
viske ́ti “quiver”; by oFris. wisk “rasche Bewegung, Husch ”, M.H.G. wischen ‘sich leicht and
quick, fast dahinbewegen ”, Ger. entwischen kann secondary development from “ fleeting
about etwas wegwischen ” vorliegen;
besides Gmc. p-Varianten on the one hand in N.Ger. wispeln ‘sich hin- and
herbewegen ”, Swe. visp, visper “unzuverlässiger person” , on the other hand in Nor. visp m. “
tassel, tussock “, Swe. visp “Quirl from Ruten ”.
C. With g-extension:
Lat. virga “dũnner twig, branch, Reis, rod” (from *u̯iz-gü), in addition virgō “girl, virgin ”;
Lith.vizgù , vizge ́ti “tremble”, vizgóti “waver”.
References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.
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u̯eis-3
English meaning: to flow; poison
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zerfließen, fließen (often in FlN); also vom tierischen Samen;
besonders von the Feuchtigkeit and dem Geruch faulender Pflanzen, unreinen Säften, Gift”
Material: O.Ind. vēs ̣ ati “zerfließt” , viṣá- n. “ poison “, adj. “giftig”, viṣ- (nom. viṭ) and viṣṭhü
“Exkremente, ordure ”, also “tierischer Samen ”, visrá - “muffig smelling “; Av. viš-, viša- “
poison “, vaēšah - “Moder, Verwesung ”; Arm. gēš “ carrion “;
Gk. ἰ̄ός “ poison “ = Lat. vīrus “tough Flũßigkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness” =
M.Ir. fī “ poison “; Lat. vēna f. “vein” from *u̯eisnü ; Welsh gwyar “blood” (*u̯eisaro -); in
addition die Celt. FlN Welsh Gwy (*U̯eisü ), Eng. Wear (O.Brit. *U̯isuriü ), Gaul. Visera > Fr.
Vesère , Visuvia > Fr. la Vezouse etc.; aGmc. FlN Wisura “Weser”, Lat. Visurgis ds.:
compare die Russ. FlN Vechra (to Sož), ablaut. Víchera (zur Kama); here the FlN Weichsel
(from O.Pruss. *Vīkslü , older *Vīsklü , from vorBalt *Vīstlü from *u̯eis-tlü), Lat. Vistula (from
Gmc. *Wīstlō in O.E. Wīstlawudu , but O.E. Wīsle from Slav. Visla );
O.Ice. veisa f. ‘swamp, marsh ”, O.E. O.Fris. wüse , Eng. ooze ‘slime, mud ”; perhaps
O.H.G. weisunt , weisont, weisant “arteriae” (the flowing); wherefore O.E. wüsend , Eng.
weasanð “ windpipe, gullet ”, further O.H.G. wisunt , -ant, M.H.G. wisent , O.Ice. visundr (*u̯is-
onto-) “Bisonochse ” (from dem Gmc. derives Lat. bisōn , -ontis and Gk. βίσων); in addition
O.Pruss. wis-sambrs “Auerochse ”, O.C.S. zǫbrъ ds.; after dem smell, odor benannt, as also
Mod.Ice. visla, O.H.G. wisula , O.E. weosule, wesle , Eng. weasel “weasel” and the Iltis
“polecat” (above S. 304), the Gmc. * wis(j)ō “polecat” assumes; compare V.Lat. vissiō
“breaking wind, fart, fetidness “; Marstrander compares ( Ériu 5, 207) still Ir. fíal “Frettchen ”
(*u̯iselo -);

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perhaps moreover IE u̯ī̆ks- “Mistel and other leimliefernde Bäume” in Gk. ἰξός m. “ Mistel,
Vogelleim ”, Lat. viscum ds., O.H.G. wichsila , M.H.G. wīhsel “Weichsel (kirsche) ”, Russ. etc.
višnja “Kirsche” (out of it Ltv. viksna , O.Pruss. wisnaytos “Kirschen ”) - Kirschgummi and
Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;
after Specht ( IE Decl. 206) in addition further Lith. viksvà “Riedgras ” from * vis-k-vü
besides vizgà “grass”, O.Pruss. wissene “Porsch”.
References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.
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u̯ek-ti-
English meaning: thing
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sache, Ding ”
Note: (u̯ekʷ-ti-?)
Material: Goth. waíhts f. “thing”, O.Ice. véttr, væ ̄(t)r, vitr f. “ living being, ũbermenschliches
creature, thing ”, O.E. wiht f. “thing, entity, demon ”, O.S. wikt, M.L.G. wicht “entity, creature ”,
O.H.G. wiht “ living being, demon, thing ”, Ger. Wicht ; Goth. ni-waíht “nichts”, O.E. ná-wiht
(Eng. naught , not) O.H.G. niwiht and neowiht “not, nichts ”;
O.C.S. veštь f. “thing, thing ”; compare wRuss. rečь “thing”: Russ. réčь “ discourse, word ”.
References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;
See also: perhaps to u̯ekʷ- ‘speak”.
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u̯ek-, u̯e-n-k-
English meaning: to bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “biegen”
Material: O.Ind. váñcati “geht crooked or slant, skew ”, vacyátē ‘schwingt sich, flies ”, vakrá -
“gebogen, crooked ”, vankú- “fliegend”, váṅkri - f. “Rippe”, vaṅka -, vaṅkara - m.
“Flußkrũmmung” , vaṅkṣana - m. “Leisten, Weiche ”, vakṣáṇü “belly, groin, flank, riverbed “;
Av. -vašta - “ writhed, crooked, humped “; common O.Ind. -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš- >
-š- phonetic mutation
Arm. gangur “crispus, flexus ” (*u̯n̥kuro -);
Lat. convexus “arched, writhed, crooked, humped “, subvexus ‘schräg aufwärts fũhrend” ;
M.Ir. feccaid “bũckt sich” , with the preposition for: “wendet sich gegen, beginnt to ” (with
expressive - kk-); Gaul. FlN * Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae ), germanisiert Vacalus ,
Va(c)halis “Waal”; Lith. FlN Vókė (*u̯ōki̯ü );
IE u̯onko - in O.Ind. vaṅka -, Goth. un-wühs “untadelhaft ”, O.E. wōh “crooked, inverted “,
O.S. wüh n. “Übel” , O.Ice. vü f. (*u̯onkō ) “ angle, mischief “.
References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 142 zur root u̯ü- (see above
S. 1108), where besides dem present *u̯ǝ-n-ék-mi ein Konj. *u̯(ǝ)-ǝ́nu̯-kō stand; somit
further zur root u̯ü-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng (h)-, see there.
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u̯ek̂-
English meaning: to wish
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wollen, wũnschen”
Material: O.Ind. váś-mi, váṣṭi, uś-mási , Av. vasǝmī , usǝ ̄ mahī “wollen, wish ”, participle O.Ind.
uśánt -, f. uśatī “willing”, Av. an-usant- , -usaitī “widerwillig, ohne es to wollen ”, Av. vasah -
(nom. vasǘ) “wollend = after seinem Willen ”, vasō , vasǝ ̄ “after wish, beliebig ” (acc. sg. of n.
*vasah -), vasō -xšaϑ ra- “after Gefallen schaltend ” etc., O.Ind. vaśi-tva- n. “Willensfreiheit ”;
ap. vašnü , Av. vasnü (instr. sg. ) “after dem Willen ” (Arm. vasn “because of ” Lw.);
Gk. (previous participle) ἑκών ( Cret. Fεκών), ἑ κοῦσα “ freiwillig” (the Asper after ἕ ‘sich”,
as though “from sich selbst heraus ”), ἀέκων, ἄ̄κων “ wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz ”, f. Dor.
ἀέκασσα, compare Cret. γέκαθα ἑκοῦσα Hes., Fέκα in οὔφεκα οὐ κ ἀρεστ῵ς Hes., i.e. οὐ
Fέκα, in ἕνεκα, Hom. εἵνεκα “ because of ” (*ἕνFεκα; ἕν is die preposition ἐν), Hom. ἑκά-εργος
“after Belieben wirkend ”, ἑκή-βολος “ after Belieben treffend ” (metr. lengthening for * ἑκα-
βολος), out of it extended ἑκατη -βόλος, -βελέτης; böot. F hεκα-δαμος (with versch.
assimilation out of it thes. Fεκέδαμος, Att. ᾽Ακάδημος); ἕκητι, Dor. ἕκᾱτι “ after dem Willen,
because of, (unclear) ”, ἀεκαζόμενος “ not wollend, widerstrebend ” (after ἀναγκαζόμενος);
Hitt. u̯ek- “wish, arrogate ”.
References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.
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u̯ekʷ- (*ḫuekʷ-)
English meaning: to speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sprechen”
Material: O.Ind. vákti, vívakti ‘sagt, talks, speaks ”, Aor. ávōcam (= εἶπον , see below),
participle uktá-, Kaus. vücayati , Av. vak- ‘speak”, ū̆xta-, O.Ind. vacas- n. = Av. vačah (= Gk.
ἔπος ) “ discourse, word ”, O.Ind.vacaná - “redend, sagend ”, vüc-, nom. sg. vük = Av. vüxš (=
Lat. vōx) “voice, discourse, word ”, O.Ind. vücülá- “ gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous,
blithering “, vükyam “Ausspruch, discourse “; vaktram “mouth”;
Arm. gočem “cry, rufe, rufe to mir, lade ein, name ” (?);
Gk. ἔπος , el. Cypr. F έπος n. “word”, Aor. εἶπον ‘sprach”, Lesb. Fείπην etc. (= O.Ind.
ávōcam , IE *e-u̯e-u̯kʷ-om with Diss. from -F εF- to -Fει-), ὄπα acc. “voice” (also probably
εὐρύοπα as “ den weithin schallenden ”), ὄσσα f. “ voice”, ἐνοπή ‘shout, call, Larm ”;
Lat. vox, vōcis “voice”, vocō , -üre “call, shout, cry ”, Umbr. sub-ocau , -ocanu , -oco “ call,
anbeten”;
O.Ir. foccul “word” (= O.Ind. vaktram “mouth”) < *u̯okʷ-tlo-m = Welsh gwaethl “fight”;
fūaimm “din, fuss, noise ” (*u̯okʷ-smn̥); common Illyr.-celt. -k > -th phonetic mutatIon.
Gaul. Vepo-litanos “ breitgesichtig “, Welsh gweb “face”;
O.H.G. giwahanen, -inen “erwähnen, gedenken” (*gawahnjan , Denom. *u̯okʷ-no-,
compare O.Ind. vacaná -; in addition tread in paradigm connection old ō-grade Pf.:) giwuog ,
M.H.G. wũegen “gedenken make, in Erinnerung bringen ”, O.Ice. vüttr “Zeugnis” (*wahtaz ,
compare O.H.G. giwaht m. “Erwähnung, Ruhm” ), vütta “bezeugen ”; O.Ice. ōmun f. “voice”,
Mod.Ice. ōmur ‘sound”, O.E. wōm(a) “din, fuss, noise ” (*wōhm -);
O.Pruss. wackītwei “locken”, enwackēmai “wir rufen an ”;
Hitt. ḫuek-, ḫuk- “ adjure “, Toch. A wak f., В wek “voice”.

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u̯elk-1
English meaning: to drag
Deutsche Übersetzung: “ziehen”
Material: Av. varǝk - “ziehen, drag ” only with Präverbien: aipivarǝčainti “ziehen ein
Kleidungsstũck darũber an” ; Lith. velkù (vil̃kti), O.C.S. vlěkǫ “pull, drag ” = Gk. ἄ[F]ολξ (by
Hom. for ὦλξ einzusetzen), Att. out of it reconverted ἄλοξ; ὦλαξ (hybridization from ὦλξ
with αὖλαξ) “ furrow”, with Vokalvorschlag * ἀ-Fl̥κ- in αὖλαξ “ furrow”, *ἐ-Fl̥κ-ᾱ in lakon. ε ὐλάκᾱ
“plough”.
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to su̯elk -, as
selk- above S. 901.
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u̯elk-2, u̯elg-
English meaning: wet, damp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feucht, naß”
Material: 1. u̯elk-: O.Ir. folc “Wasserflut ”, folcaim “bade, wash ”, Welsh golchi , Corn. golhy ,
Bret. gwalc”hi “wash”; O.H.G. welh (besides welc, see below) “humid, wet, milde, wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered “, (ir)welhēn ‘soft, schwach become ”, M.L.G. welen “wither, wilt ”,
O.E. wealg “geschmacklos, widerlich ”, Eng. wallow , Mod.Ice. valgr “lukewarm ”; probably
also Nor. valen “ insensible or erstorben vor Kälte” ; Ltv. valks “humid, wet ”, valka “running
Wässerchen, damp place” ; Illyr. FlN Volcos , PN Οὐολκαῖα ἕλη.
maybe Alb. vlagë “moist of ground ”
2. u̯elg-: O.H.G. welc “humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “, M.L.G.
walcheit “macies”, welk “ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, dũrre” , M.Eng. welkin “wither, wilt ”;
with other Vokalstellung O.E. wlæc , wlacu “ lukewarm “, M.L.G. wlak ds. (with anl. s-
M.H.G. swelk “ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered “, swelken , O.H.G. swelchen “wither, wilt ”);
presumably O.H.G. wolchan n., wolcha f., O.S. wolkan n. “Wolke”;
Lith. vìlgau , -yti, válgyti “anfeuchten ”, vìlkšnas “humid, wet ”, ablaut. O.Pruss. welgen n.
“catarrh”, Ltv. valgums “ dampness “, vęl̂gans and val̂gs “humid, wet ”, also Lith. val̃gis “dish,
food”, válgau , -yti “eat” (of concept the flũssigen, breiigen nourishment, food from, compare
Russ. vológa “flũssige nourishment, food” );
Slav. *vъlgъkъ “humid, wet ” in R.C.S. vъlgъkъ, in addition Pol. wilgnąć “humid, wet
become”, Russ. voĺgnutь ds., ablaut. * u̯ōlgü in O.C.S. vlaga f. “ dampness “, Russ. vológa
“Flũssigkeit, Zuk ost”, in addition volóžitь “anfeuchten, with butter cook ”; here the Russ. FlN
Wólga (= Cz. FlN Vlha, Pol. FlN Wilga ) from Slav. * Vьlga .
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.

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u̯el-1
English meaning: to see
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sehen”
Material: Lat. voltus , vultus , -ūs m. “Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, Aussehen, shape ” (*vl̥-tu-)
stellt sich to Ir. fil “es gives ”, older Imper. * u̯ele (compare Fr. voici!), Welsh gweled ‘see”,
Bret. guelet “la vue”, O.Ir. fili (gen. filed, vorIr. Ogam VELITAS) “ seer, Dichter ” (*u̯elēts ); the
name the Gmc. Seherin Veleda ; in Gmc. seems eine probably from * u̯el- abgeleitete root
*u̯leid - (*u̯l-ei-d-): Goth. anda-wleizn n. (?) “ front “, O.Ice. līta, O.E. wlītan ‘see, see, show ”;
zero grade Goth. wlits “ front, shape ”, O.Ice. litr (acc. pl. litu) “Aussehen, paint, color ”, O.S.
wliti “ radiance, Aussehen, shape ”, O.Fris. wlite “ front, Aussehen ”, O.E. wlite ds., also “
radiance “, wlitu f. “form, kind of ”; o-grade das causative Goth. wlaiton , O.Ice. leita (*wlaitōn )
‘sich umsehen after, suchen ” (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. “das Suchen ”, Wissmann
nom. Postverb. 1, 11), O.E. wlatian ds.;
also Gmc. *wulÞu - m. “glory, magnificence ” (“*prestige ”): Goth. wulÞus “glory,
magnificence ”, O.Ice. Ullr (*wulÞuz ) “Göttername” , O.E. wuldor “gloria”, compare Goth.
wulÞrs “Wert” , wulÞriza “herrlicher ”; further wulÞags “ἔνδοξος” .
References: WP. I 293, WH. II 831.
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u̯el-2, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)-
English meaning: to wish; to choose
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wollen, wählen”
Material: A. O.Ind. unthemat. 3. sg. Med. Aor. avr̥ta , Opt. vurīta , participle urün ̣ a ́ -; vr̥ṇītḗ ,
vr̥ṇnǘti , vr̥ṇṓti , vr̥ṇutē “wählen, vorziehen, lieben” , vr̥tá- “gewählt, erwũnscht” , vára- m.
“wish, Ghegenstanddes Wunsches ”, vara- “vorzũglich, -st, better, best ”, varīyam s - “better”,
variṣṭha - “best”, varya- “wählbar, vortrefflich, distinguished “ , varaṇa - n. “das Wählen,
Wũnschen” , vüra- m. “Kostbares, treasure, tribute ” etc., vŕ̥thü “ futile “, Av. ap. var- “wählen,
wollen” (3. pl. preterit Med. varatü , Opt. vairīmaidī ), vǝrǝn[a] - (1. sg. Med. vǝrǝnē ), vǝrǝnav -
(3. Du. Med. vǝrǝnvaitē ; participle perf. pass. varǝta -, vairya- “the beste, köstlich, wert” ;
also Av. var- “believe”;
Arm. geɫ “Gefallen, beauty ” (presumably from * u̯el-no-, compare Welsh gwell “better”);
Ven. PNVolti-χnos , Voltiomnus , Illyr. Voltius , Voltisa etc. (M. Lejeune BAL.-SLAV. 49, 41 ff.)
from *u̯l̥ti-;
Gk. λείω, λήω “will”, after Schwyzer Gk. 1, 676 from * u̯lē(i)mi, pl. *u̯leimé (?); Lat. volō
(*velō), vult (*velt), velle “wollen” (Opt. velim ), voluntas , -ütis f. “good volition ” (previous
participle *u̯olunt -tüt-s); nōlo, nevis , nevolt “I will not ” (*ne-volō); mülō “I pull vor ”, back
formation after mavolt (magis volt ); Umbr. eh-veltu “jubētō” , veltu “dēligitō” , ehvelklu
“dēcrētum, ēdictum” ;
M.Welsh Corn. Bret. guell “better”, Welsh gwell (*u̯el-no- “Vorzug, Wahl ”, or to u̯er-2, see
there); Gaul. VN Vellavī , Catu -vellaunī (compare den ligur. PN Genava “Genf”: raet. VN
Genauni );

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Goth. wiljan , O.H.G. willu, wili, wëllan etc. “wollen”; Goth. wilja, O.H.G. uillo, willio etc.
“volition”; Kaus. Iter. Goth. waljan , O.Ice. velja, O.H.G. wellen “wählen” (= O.Ind. varáyati
“wählt for sich” , O.C.S. voliti); O.H.G. wala f., O.Ice. val n. “Wahl” (: O.Ind. vára- m.);
Lith. pa-vélmi , 3. sg. pa-vélt, Infin. pa-vélti “wollen, allow ”, ablaut. viltìs f. “hope” (*u̯l̥tis),
viliúos “hoffe”; O.C.S. veljǫ, vele ́ti “wollen, order ”, ablaut. volja f. “volition”, therefrom voljǫ,
voliti “wollen, wish ”, in weiteren ablaut do-vьljǫ, do-vъlěti “genũgen” (*u̯olē-);
about Goth. waíla , O.H.G. wela, wola etc. “probably ” compare Feist3 543.
B. d-extension ( d-present): Gk. ἔλδομαι, Hom. ἐέλδομαι ‘sehne mich, demand after
etwas”, ἐέλδωρ n. “ wish, desire ”;
Ir. fled, Welsh gwledd “Gastmahl, festival ” (*u̯l̥dü); Gaul. PN Vlido-rīx.
С. p-extension: Hom. ἔλπω “ lasse hoffen ”, ἔλπομαι, ἐέλπομαι “ hoffe”, perf. poet. ἔολπα;
ἐλπίς, -ίδος f. “ hope” , ἐλπίζω “ hoffe”, Hom. ἐλπωρή “hope”, zero grade *ἄλπιστος, Sup. to
ἀλπαλέος, dissim. ἀρπαλέος “erwũnscht, reizend” , ἔπαλπνος “erwũnscht” (r/n-stem); Lat.
volup (e) adv. “vergnũglich, gerne” , (*u̯olpi -, *u̯l̥pi-), voluptüs “pleasure ”;
doubtful Hom. εἰλαπίνη “ festival”, Eol. ἐλλαπίνα (*ἐ -Fλαπ-ινᾱ?).
References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1,
180, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f.
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u̯el-3
English meaning: to press, push
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drängen, pressen, zusammendrängen, einschließen”
Material: Hom. εἴλω (*Fέλ-νω); Inf.-Aor. ἔλσαι and with suggestion ἐέλσαι, Aor. pass. ἐάλην,
ἀλήμεναι , ep. Ion. εἰλέω (*Fελ-νέω), Att. εἴλλω (*εFελι̯ω with Vorschlags- ε), Dor. el. F ηλέω,
redupl. ἴλλω (*Fί-Fλω) “dränge, push, press, presse” ; lakon. βήλημα κώλυμα , φράγμα ἐν
ποταμῶ Hes., messen. ἤλημα , Ion. εἴλη “troop, multitude, crowd ” (Fελν-), next to which
probably with i = e (as πίλναμαι ) Att. ἴ̄λη, Dor. ἴ̄λᾱ “troop, multitude, crowd ” (*Fιλνᾱ), Hom.
(*ἰ̄λαδόν ‘scharenweise ”, pamph. F ίλσιος gen. from - ις “ crowdedness ”;
Hom. (Eol. ) ἀελλής (*ἀFελνής) “dense zusammengezogen ” (κονίσαλος ) and ἀολλής
(*ἀFολνής ) “versammelt ” (with Eol. - ολ-); compare die auf * ἀFαλλής from * ἀFαλνής , *ἄFl̥νής
zurũckgehenden Ion. ἁ̄λής, ἀ̄λής “versammelt ”, ἁλίζω “versammle ”, ἁ̄λίη “congregation,
meeting”, Dor. ἁ̄λία and ἁλιαία ds. (under likewise); Att. ἡλιαία “place of Gerichts, das
höchste court in Athen” together with ἡλιάζω, ἡλιαστής is borrowed from argiv. ἀ̄λιαίᾱ ,
ἁ̄λιάζω , with Ersetzung from Dor. α through Att. η, das as the Asper an ἥλιος eine pad fand;
das anlaut. ἀ- is kopul. ἀ-;
ἅλις ‘scharenweise, sufficient “ (Hom.), γάλι ἱκανόν Hes.; Hom. οὑλαμός “Getũmmel,
Gewũhl” (because of γόλαμος διωγμός Hes. metr. lengthening for *F ολαμος ), Att. ἐξούλη
“Verdrängung from Besitzrechten” (*Fολ-νᾱ);
Lith. vãlinas “Wall”, valinỹs “Tuchecke ”, Ltv. valnis “edge”, su-valūti “( corn, grain)
zusammenbringen, reap ”, Lith. iš-valūti “heraus-, fortschaffen ”, valūti “clean”; O.C.S. * velь (:
Gk. ἅλις) in velь-mi, -ma “very, excessive ”, velь-lěpъ “very beautiful ”, velijь, velikъ “big,
large”, *valъ “heap, bulk, mass ” (*u̯ōlos ) in Russ. válom “in bulk, mass ”, navál “großer

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heap”, zavál “Verstopfung, Sperre ”, privál “Landen” (*Andrängen), válьmja “haufenweise ”
etc.;
g-extension is probably Lat. volgus, vulgus “das people ” (= “big, giant bulk, mass of
people”, compare above Russ. valomъ , valьmja ) = O.Ind. várga - m. “dividing off,
partitioning off, group ”, M.Bret. gwalch “Überfluß” , Bret. a-walc”h “ sufficient “ (compare
ἅλις), gwalc”ha ‘sättigen” , Welsh gwala “bulk, mass, sufficient “; Toch. В walke “long”.
References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;
See also: original resemblance with *u̯el-7 “turn” is denkbar, da “press, to press together “
originally “zusammenwinden ” sein kann.
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u̯el-4, u̯elǝ-
English meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Worten for “Haar, Wolle ”, also “Gras , Ähre , Wald”
Note: relationship to *u̯el- “turn” (“ curly hair ” under likewise) or *u̯el- “ rend, pluck ” is
possible
Material: A. O.Ind. ū́rṇü f. (compare O.Ind. ū́rṇü-vábhi - “ spider “, above S. 1114) “wool”, Av.
varǝnü ds., Gk. λ῅νος, Dor. λᾶνος n. “ wool”, Lat. lüna ds., lünūgō “Flaum of Bartes,
Milchhaare ”, Goth. wulla , O.H.G. wolla etc. “Wolle = wool”, Lith. vìlna “Wollfaser ”, pl. “wool”,
Ltv. vilna “wool”, O.Pruss. wilna “Rock”, R.C.S. vlъna , Serb. vù́na “wool”; schwächere
Ablautform *u̯lǝnü in Welsh gwlan , Corn. gluan , Bret. gloan (Brit. Lw. is M.Ir. olann ) “wool”;
other vowel gradation in Lat. vellus, -eris “Vlies” (villus “das zottige, wollige Haar the
animal”) = O.E. wil-mod “colus” (i.e. “Wollstange ”, as wul-mod ), probably also Arm. geɫmn
“wool, Vlies ”; relationship to Lat. vellere (u̯el-8) from *u̯el-s-ō lies nahe; *u̯lō- in Gk. λ῵μα n.
“hem, Gespint ”, Gmc. *wlōha - (under B) and IE *u̯lō-ro- (u̯el-7) S. 1143.
B. guttural extensions:
O.Ind. valká - m. “bast, splint ”, valkala- “Bastgewand ”, vr̥kala - n. “Bastgewand; ein
bestimmtes intestines, entrails “; Ice. lō f., Dan. lu “Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern ”,
O.E. O.S. wlōh “ fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke ” (Gmc. *wlōha -); O.Ice. lagðr “ tuft of Wolle or
Нааг” (*wlagaÞa -); O.C.S. vlakno , Russ.voloknó “ fibre, filament “; with IE k̂: O.Ind. válśa -
m. ‘sprout, twig, branch ” (these point at auf “biegsame rod ”) and Av. varǝsa -, Pers. gurs =
O.C.S. vlasъ , Russ. volos “hair”; to a from beiden root form belongs Gk. λάχνη f. “ krauses
hair” (*u̯l̥ksnü), λάχνος m. “ wool”;
compare under * u̯el- “turn” die likewise auf *u̯olk- indicating O.E. wielgan “roll”, O.H.G.
wal(a)gōn .

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C. Dental extensions:
Gk. λάσιος (*Fλατιος, IE *u̯l̥t-ii̯os) “dense with Wolle or Haaren, also brushwood
bewachsen ”; O.Ir. folt “hair”, Welsh gwallt , O.Corn. gols, O.Bret. guolt ds., therefrom O.Bret.
guiltiat , guiliat , guoliat , M.Bret. guilchat ‘schur, Tonsur ” and Welsh gwellaif , O.Corn. guillihim
‘scissors”, perhaps also Welsh gwellt , Corn. gwels “grass”, O.Bret. gueltiocion “fenosa” (or
to M.Ir. geltboth “pübulum” , gelid “grast” S. 365, with gw after gwallt ?);
O.H.G. O.S. wald “wood, forest ”, O.E. weald ds., O.Ice. vǫllr “meadow ”; after E. Lewy
(KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) wũrde Wald as *(s)u̯altus to Lat. saltus
“Engpaß, Bergwald” , belong, das then from saltus ‘sprung” to separate wäre (above S.
899), during Ernout-Meillet 2889 both unite (compare Pas de Calais etc.); other stellen Wald
to Goth. wilÞeis “wild”, O.Ice. villr “wild, verrũckt” , O.E. wilde , O.S. O.H.G. wildi “wild,
unbebaut ” (*u̯eltii̯o -), Ger. Wild (*u̯eltos ), wherefore further Welsh gwyllt “wild, phrenetical,
quick, fast ” (*ueltī -), Corn. guyls “wild, unbebaut ”, O.Bret. gueld-enes “insula indomita ” (M.Ir.
geilt “Wahnsinniger ” is probably Brit. Lw.);
Lith. váltis “Haferrispe, Haferspelte ” (also “Garn”), O.Pruss. wolti “Ähre” , ukr. volótь
“Rispe”, Serb. etc. vlât “Ähre” ;
with voiced-aspirated O.C.S. vladь , aRuss. volodь “hair”.
D. O.Ind. vüla-, vüra- m. “ tail (haar), Haarsieb ”, ablaut. Lith. valaĩ ‘schweifhaar of
Pferdes”.
References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f.
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u̯el-5, u̯elǝ-
English meaning: to deceive
Deutsche Übersetzung: “täuschen” ?
Material: Lith. vìlti “cheat, deceive ”, Ltv. vil̂t ds., O.Pruss. prawilts “verraten”, Lith. vỹlius
“deceit, artifice ”, zero grade O.Pruss. po-wela ‘sie verrieten ”, Ltv. velts “ futile “, Lith. véltas
“unnũtz” ; (Gk. οὖλος = ὀλοός above S. 777); M.Ir. fell “deceit” (M.Ir. fall, newer faill
“Nachlässigkeit” , Welsh gwall “ds., lack”, Bret. gwall “evil, bad” are probably as eigene group
for sich to stellen); after Būga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f. belong die Balt words to u̯el-2.
A extension from * u̯el- perhaps in:
Gk. ἐλεφαίρομαι “betrũge, verletze” (*u̯el-ebh-), ὀλοφώιος “trũgerisch” ; Lith. vìlbinti (*u̯ḷ-
bh-) “locken, äffen, zum besten have” .
References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different Mũhlenbach -Endzelin IV 534, 596.
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u̯el-7, u̯elǝ-, u̯lē-
English meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden, wälzen”
Note: extended u̯el(e)u-, u̯l̥-ne-u-, u̯(e)lei - (diese also “umwinden, einwickeln = einhũllen” )
Material: A. O.Ind. válati , -te “wendet sich, dreht sich ” (?), Kaus. vü ̆ layati “makes sich
wenden, roll ”, valanam “das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen ”, valá- m.
“Bedeckung, cave ” (or to * u̯er-?), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps “(round) balk, beam, shaft,
pole”, lengthened grade cakra -vüla- n. “ hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass ”, üla-vüla- n.
“Vertiefung um die root eines Baumes ” (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vüra- m.
“(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag ” = Pers. bür “mal”;
from u̯ḹ-mi-: O.Ind. ūrmí- m. f. “ surge, wave ”, Av. varǝmiš ds.
from the u-basis: O.Ind. vr̥ṇóti , ūrn ̣ o ́ ti “umhũllt, bedeckt, umschließt, umringt, hemmt,
wehrt”, Av. vǝrǝnavaiti “bedeckt hũllend” (contain partly IE *u̯er-5), das Av. word also
“wendet (sich) ” as O.Ind. válati ; compare S. 1160;
O.Ind. varútra - (= Gk. ἔλυτρον ) n. “Überwurf , i.e. was man umlegt ” (uncovered, úlva-,
úlba- m. n. “Hũlle of embryo, womb, uterus ” (compare Lat. volva );
from the i-basis: O.Ind. valaya- m. n. “ circle, round Einfassung, bracelet “, valitá -
“gewendet, gebogen ”, valli-, vallī “Rankengewächs, Schlingpflanze” , vallari-, vallarī f.
“Ranke, Rankengewächs” ;
Arm. gelum (Aor. geli) “turn, umdrehen, winden ”, Med. ‘sich drehen, winden ” (das
present zur u-basis, compare thematic Lat. volvo ), gelumn “ gyration, Umwindung ” (= Lat.
volūmen , εἴλῡμα?), glem “rolle, throw, cast low, base ” (*gilem from *u̯ēl- or *gulem from
*u̯ōl-), gil (*u̯ēl-) “round Wurfstein ” (compare Gk. ὅλμος , Russ. valún “round pebble ”),

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presumably lamb (-i, -iv) “ring, circle “ from *u̯l̥-m-bhi- (due to of n-stem, compare Lith.
vilnìs , O.C.S. vlъna, O.H.G. wëlla );
Gk. εἰλέω “ turn, twist, rotate, coil ” (*Fελ -ν-έω), ἴλλω ds. (probably *Fί -Fλ-ω, in addition
ἰλλάς “ rope , band ; close-packed , herding together , of cattle; ̓Ιλιάς = Troy, the Troad “, ἰλλός
“ squinting (the eye) “, böot. Fίλλων, ἴλλαι συστροφαί, δεσμοί Hes.), Att. εἴλλω ds. (*ἐ -
Fέλι̯ω); from Eol. ἐλλέω (*Fελνέω): ἐλλεδανό ς “rope, the band for binding corn-sheaves “),
εἶλιγξ and εἴλιγγος “ whirl, turn, dizziness, giddiness; swindle “ (after εἰλ έω), ἕλμις, pl. ἕλμεις,
ἕλμιγγες, ἕλμινθες f. “ intestinal worm “, εὐλή “worm” (*ἐ-Fλ-ᾱ), ὑάλη σκώληξ Hes. (i.e.
Fάλη), ἑλένη “ plaited basket ”, ὅλμος “ a round smooth stone (from which passage it was
taken to signify the human trunk; any cylindrical or bowl-shaped body: mortar,
kneadingtrough, hollow seat on which the Pythia prophesied, support, drinking-vessel,
mouthpiece of a flute, stone used as a weight “, Hom. οὖλος “ frizzy, fleecy, woolly, woolen;
of plants, twisted, curling; twisted, crooked “ (*Fόλνος), redupl. ἴουλος “ Milchhaar,
Korngarbe, ein Insekt “, οὖλος “ fascicle, sheaf “, οὖλον “ the gums ” (as “ torose, rounded “);
from the i-basis: ἕλινος “ vine-layer, vine-tendril, the vine “, ἕλιξ “ winded”, f. “ bracelet “,
therefrom ἑλίσσω, Att. ἑλίττω, and (after εἰλ έω) εἰλίσσω “ curl, wind, turn; making it roll; turn
round, to turn a chariot round the doubling-post; of any rapid motion, esp. of a circular kind;
to roll or wind round, as the wool round the distaff; metaph. to turn in one ’s mind, revolve; to
turn oneself round, turn quick round, turn to bay; of a serpent, to coil himself, of a missile, to
spin through the air; to turn hither and thither, go about; to whirl in the dance “, ablaut.
ἀλίνδω, Att. ἀλινδέω “ turn, twist, rotate, wälze” ; ἀλίζω ds.; about ῏Ηλις s. S. 1142;
from the u-basis: ep. εἰλ ύω “ wrap, envelop, cover; to crawl or wriggle along, of a lame
man “, Med. “ writhe, drag oneself along “ (*Fελνύω, compare καταείλυον), compare
participle εἰλυφ όωντες; εἰλῡφάζειν “ whirl, turn, roll ” (due to from *Fελ -νυ-ς); εἰλυός, εἰλυθμό ς
“hiding place, nook, bolt-hole ”, εἰλεός (after εἰλ έω) “ intestinal obstruction, twisting of the

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bowels, cramp of the intestine, volvulus; lurking-place, den, hole; butcher ’s block; a kind of
vine “; ablaut. *FολοFό - “ whirl, gyration “ in ὀλ(ο)οί -τροχος “ running in whirl “ = “ rolling
stone “; Fελυ- in Aor. pass. ἐλύσθη “ wurde geschleift, gewälzt “ , ἐλυσθείς “ wrapped “, Ion.
Att. ἔλυτρον (Hes. γέλουτρον) “ bow-case; sheath of a spear; mirror-case; case of a shield;
sheath of the spinal cord, the shard of a beetle ’s wing; shell of a crab; of the eye-lids; of the
umbilical cord; husk or capsule of seeds; the body, as being the case or shell of the soul;
reservoir for water; tank for fish; container “, ἔλυμος “ case, quiver, a kind of Phrygian pipe,
made of box-wood, with a horn tip and bend in the left pipe, millet; sheath “, ἐλύτης “ kind of
pastry, perhaps pretzel “ (besides εἰλ ύτας, ἐλλ ύτας); Hom. εἶλαρ n. “ a close covering,
shelter, defence, fence, protection “ (*FέλFαρ, with prior d issimilation to * ἔλFαρ; compare
ἔλαρ βοήθεια Hes.; basic meaning probably “ barrier or netting from winding branches “);
*Fλῡ- in πέλλῡτρον “ sock or bandage worn by runners on the ankle; foot-wrapper “, perf.
εἴλῡμαι, εἰλῡμένος “ veiled “; secondary υ: in εἴλῡμα “ sleeve, garment, wrapper, “ (Lat.
volūmen , Arm. gelumn );
in addition also ἑλίκη “ willow “, ΏΕλικών “ * mountain pasture, of osiers, of the willow-
copse “ (Fελικών of Korinna -Papyrus), like O.E. welig , etc. “ willow “, different from IE *salik-
“ willow “;
after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here α ἰέλουρος m. f. “ tomcat, cat “ or “weasel”, also αἴλουρος (from
αἰόλος + οὐρά “tail”) and α ἰόλος “ quick, fast, movable, nimble, shimmering, varicolored;
wriggling; changeful of hue, gleaming, glancing, of arms and armour; changeful, shifting,
varied; shifty, wily, slippery “ from *(F)αι -Fόλ-ος; ἅλυσις f. “ chain, manacle ” (*Fάλυ-τις);
Maybe ΑΑ ολος , ου, ὁ, lord of the winds, properly the rapid or the changeable, Od.
Alb. vjel “ harvest, vomit “ (*u̯elu̯ō ); valë f. “ surge of kochenden water; wave, surge “
(*u̯elǝnü);
Note:

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Wrong etymology, since Alb. vjell “vomit” derived from abbreviated Lith. vémti “vomit”,
vėmalaĩ “vomit” > maybe truncated Alb. (*vėmalaĩ ) vjell “vomit”
see Root u̯em-, u̯emǝ - : to spit, vomit
Lat. vola f. “ roundness, cavity the hand or the Fußsohle” (compare O.Ice. valr “ round “,
O.Ind. vala- m. “cave”); from the u-basis volvō , -ere, -ī, volūtum “roll, kollern, wälzen, turn,
whirl” (*u̯elu̯ō ), volūmen “ pulley “, involūcrum “Hũlle, sheath “ , involūcre ‘serviette”,
probably also volva , vulva “ womb, uterus, Eihaut the Pilze ”;
reduced grade vallus “picket, pole, Palisade ”, wherefore as collective vallum “Pfahlwerk,
Verschanzung ” [out of it borrowed O.S. wal, O.E. weall , M.H.G. wal(l) “Wall”]; vallēs, vallis
“valley” (“*incurvation “) = Gk. *Fᾶλις > ῏Ηλις ( *u̯elnis), valvae “die Tũrflũgel, Doppeltũre” ,
valvolae ‘schoten” (*u̯elu̯ü);
O.Ir. fillid “bends” (previous n-present), Bret. goalenn “virga” (“*biegsame rod ”); O.Ir.
félmae (= fĕlmae ) ‘saepes” (presumably “*wickerwork ”); ō-grade M.Ir. fül m. “fence,
paddock “, Welsh gwawl “murus, vallum ”;
doubtful M.Ir. fail, foil (gen. falach ) “ring” (*u̯elik-, ablaut. with ἕλιξ?);
O.Ice. vil pl., gen. vilja “ intestines, entrails “, O.E. we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc
“Trompeterschnecke ”, Dutch welk, wulk ds. from Gmc. *weluka- , probably zur u-basis, as
certainly Goth. walwjan “wälzen” , walwisōn “wallow”, O.E. wielwan “wälzen, roll ” (*walwjan ),
walwian tr. intr. “wälzen, roll” ; O.Ice. valr “ round “, O.E. walu f. ‘strieme after a blow, knock ”
(*u̯olo-, -ü, compare Lat. vola), M.L.G. walen “turn, wälzen, roll” , O.H.G. wulsta f. “ bulge;
bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb “; Goth. walus ‘staff”, O.Ice. vǫlr “round staff ”, O.Fris.
walu-berа ‘stabträger” , O.E. uyrt-wala (“Wurzelstock ”), O.H.G. wurzala “root”; n-present
O.H.G. wellan “round, roll ”, O.S. bíwellan “ blemish “ (“*in smut herumwälzen” ), O.Fris.
biwullen participle “befleckt”, wherefore O.H.G. wella “Welle = wave”, compare with

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formants - mi- (as O.Ind. ūrmí-, Av.varǝmi -) O.H.G. walm “Aufwallen, Sieden, heat ”, O.E.
wielm, wylm “ surge, Wallung, Sieden ”;
with the meaning “waves, billows throw ” (compare O.H.G. wella etc.), “ to bubble up, boil
up, surge up ” (from Quellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which partly also
words for “vapor, heat ” entsprangen) besides O.H.G. walm , O.E.wielm also O.Ice. vella, vall
“effervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil ”, O.H.G. (etc.) wallan, wiel “wogen, wallen , to bubble
up, boil up, surge up, simmer, seethe, boil, cook ”, Kaus. O.Ice. vella “zum Sieden or
Schmelzen bringen, zusammenschweißen” , M.L.G. M.H.G. wellen ds., O.Ice. vella f.
‘sieden”, O.Fris. walla , O.E. wiell f. “wellspring, Sieden ”, zero grade Nor. olla f. “wellspring ”,
Goth. wulan ‘simmer, seethe, boil ”, O.Ice. ylr “Wärmedunst” , ylja “warm”, olmr “ furious “:
O.H.G. walo adv. “tepide”, walī “tepor”; here u̯el-6 S. 1140?
lengthened grade O.E. wæ ̄ l m. n. “whirlpool, pool ”, wæ ̄ lan (*wōljan ) “wälzen” , M.L.G.
wӧ̄len ds., O.H.G. wuolen “wũhlen, aufwũhlen” (compare zum ablaut O.C.S. valiti “wälzen” ,
and to meaning “aufwũhlen” also Ger. Wal, Wehle, Wuhle “of Wasser ausgewaschene
Vertiefung ”);
Lith. veliù, vélti (heavy basis) “walken”, váltis “Garn, fishing net ” (= Russ. vólotь “
filament, fibre “ bis auf die intonation), Ltv. vel̂t “wälzen, walken” , Lith. apvalùs , Ltv. apál̨š “
round “, O.Pruss. walis “Zugscheit am cart “, Lith. vole ̃ “wooden beetle, hammer ”, pavõlai
“Walzen”, Ltv. vü ̀ le f. “Waschbleuel ”, vī-vala “the Laufstock beim Garnwinden ” (: vīvaluot
“ausgelassen sein ”); Lith.ve ̃lei, ve ̃l “against, noch einmal ”, Ltv. vêl ‘still, further ” (“against”
from “ turn “) and with meaning-development ‘sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate ”
perhaps Lith. vėlùs , Ltv. vę́ls “late”, Lith.valandà “ while “ (out of it Russ. valánda
‘saumseliger ”);
Slav. *valъ m. in Church Slavic valъ “wave”, Russ. val “wave, surge, Walze ” (Bal.-Slav.
*u̯ō̆la-), obvál “Erdrutsch ”, provál “Einsturz”; O.C.S. valiti sе̨ “κυλίεσθαι ”, Russ. valítь

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“wälzen” , Iter. Serb. váljati , Russ. valjátь “wälzen, walken” , ablaut. R.C.S. obьlъ “ round “,
Russ. óblyj “roundish ” (*ob-vьlъ); about Russ. vólotь see above;
Bal.-Slav. *u̯ilnü - (*u̯l̥nü) f. “wave” in Lith. vilnìs , vilnià , Ltv. vilna “wave”; Slav. *vьlna in
O.C.S. vlъna , Russ. volná ds.; in addition O.C.S. vъlati “in Wallung bringen ”.
Toch. A walyi pl. “Wũrmer” .
B. d-present (respectively d-Erweiterg.): O.Ice. velta , valt, O.H.G. walzan , M.H.G.
walzen , wielz ‘sichwälzen”, O.H.G. also “volvere animo ” (wgrm. a-present to a perf. with IE
о neologism with Unterstũtzung of Iterativs:) Goth. waltjan “wallow”, uswaltjan “umwälzen” ,
O.Ice. velta , O.E. wieltan , O.H.G. welzan trans. “wälzen , roll, turn ”, O.N. valtr, O.E. wealt
“rollend, wälzbar, unbeständig” ; O.E. wlatian uPers. “nauseare ”, wlæ ̄ ta , wlæ ̄ tta m. “ disgust,
repulsion, loathing “ (*wlütiÞa ), wlæ ̄ tan “foedare”, M.L.G. wlaten “ disgust “ (u̯lē-d- : u̯lǝ-d-);
also besides O.H.G. wal(a)gōn “wallow, roll ” steht M.H.G. die meaning “ disgust, repulsion,
loathing feel ”, walgunge ‘seekrankheit ”, also Nor. dial. valg “widerlich, evil ” (see under);
d-Erweit. also in Ltv. velde , veldre “das of rain niedergelegte (as gewälzte) corn, grain “ ;
compare from the i-basis above Gk. ἀλίνδω, ἀλινδέω , ἀλίζω.
C. Weiterbildungen:
u̯lei-s-, u̯li-s- in: O.Ir. flesc “rod” (*u̯liskü ), Goth. wlizjan “hit, chastise, castigate ” (if
derivative from a *wliza- “rod”), Slav. *lěska (*vloiskü ), R.C.S. lěskovъ “from dem Holz of
Styraxbaumes gemacht ”, Serb. lijèska “Haselstaude ” etc.; about Russ. lés “wood, forest,
Holz” (*lěsъ), lesá “fishing line, fence ”, die perhaps hergehören, s. Vasmer 2, 33 f. and
above S. 665.
Maybe zero grade in Alb. (*u̯li-s) lis “oak tree”
u̯lē-ro-, u̯lō-ro-, u̯lǝ-ro-: Gk. εὔληρα, Dor. αὔληρα pl. “rein”, ἄβληρα ἡν ία Hes. (*ἐ -, ἀ-
Fληρο -), Lat. lōrum ‘strap”, lōrica “ a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence,

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brostwork, parapet: pinnae “ , Arm. lar “rope, cord, bowstring, muscle “, compare above S.
1139.
D. guttural extensions:
u̯olg- in O.Ind. válgati “(*dreht sich), hũpft, springt” , with sam- “ places sich in rollende
Bewegung ”, with abhi- “wallt auf ”, valgü “bridle, rein, rein ”, Lat. valgus ‘säbelbeinig” , O.E.
wealcan , wéolc “roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere ani mo”, O.H.G.
walkan , M.H.G. walken , wielc “trample, felt, thrash ”, M.H.G. also “wallow”, O.Ice. valk n.
“das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf the sea ”, O.E. gewealc n. “das Rollen ”, wealca m.
“ surge “;*walkōn in O.Ice. valka “from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere
animo”, O.E. wealcian “roll” (intr.), Eng. walk “ wander “, M.L.G. walken “walken, knead ”;
Ltv. valgs “rope, cord ”;
nasalized O.S. wlank “minxish, wanton, bold ”, O.E. wlanc “minxish, wanton, stout, proud,
stately”, if from the meaning ‘springend ” (: O.Ind. válgati ) evolved.
u̯olk-: in M.L.G. walgen “wrestle , struggle , fight, Übelkeitempfinden” , Nor. olga “ be
disgusted “, O.H.G. wal(a)gōn “wallow, roll ”, trans. “wälzen, roll” , M.H.G. uPers. m. dat. “
disgust, repulsion, loathing feel ”, walgunge ‘seekrankheit ”.
References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165
f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.;
See also: compare u̯el-3.
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u̯el-8
English meaning: to tear, wound; to steal
Deutsche Übersetzung: “reißen, an sich reißen, rauben; reißen = ritzen, verwunden,
Wunde”; besides words for “töten, Blutbad, Schlachtfeld and die Leichen darauf; Blut”
Note: with dem ablaut u̯ol- : u̯ōl-, die perhaps as selbständige group (A.) abzulösen are
Material: A. O.Ir. fuil f. “blood”, M.Ir. fuili “blutige Wunden ”, Welsh gweli (*u̯olīso -?) “wound”,
Corn. goly, pl. golyow , M.Bret. goulyow ds.; O.Ice. valr m. “die Leichen auf dem
Schlachtfeld ”, O.E. wæl n. “ds., Schlachtfeld, Blutbad ”, O.H.G. wal n. ds. (“Walstatt”), O.S.
wal-düd “murder”, O.Ice. valkyria “Walkũre” , O.E. wælcyrige “erinys, Zauberin ” m.;
lengthened grade O.H.G. wuol “Niederlage, ruin, Seuche ” (but wuolen “wũhlen” see below
*u̯el- “turn”), O.S. wōl, O.E. wōl m. f. ‘seuche, Pest ”;
Clr. valjava “with Gefallenen bedecktes Schlachtfeld ”, Cz. váleti “fight, battle ”, válka “war,
fight”, wRuss. valka “fight, struggle, Holzfällen” , valčic ́ “win, triumph ”, O.Pruss. ūlint (from
*wülint ) “fight”;
Lith. vẽlės or ve ̃lės “ the ghostly figures of the deceased “, vêlinas , nowadays vélnias
“devil” (originally “ghost” as O.Lith. veluokas ), Ltv. veli “ the spirits of the deceased “.
B. Gk. ἁλίσκομαι “werde gefangen ” (Thess. F αλίσσκε̃ται, ark. Fαλόντοις ), Aor. (F) αλ῵ναι,
ἑά̄λων (*ἠ-Fάλων ), ἁλωτός “gefangen ”, presumably also Ion. Att. εἵλωτες , εἱλ῵ται “Heloten”
(from lak. * ἥλωτες for *ἐ-Fελωτες ); ἀνᾱλίσκω (*ἀνα-Fαλίσκω ), Fut. ἀνᾱλώσω “aufwenden,
consume, slay ” (“*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reißen” ), ἀνᾱλόω “destroy, smash ”;
Hom. Att. οὐλή “wound, scar ” (*Fολνά̄ or *Fολσά̄ ), Pers. valüna, vülüna “wound”, Lat.
volnus, -eris “wound” (*u̯l̥snos = O.Ir. flann “blood; blutrot ”); γέλλαι τῖλαι Hes. (i.e. F έλλαι;
Fick KZ. 44, 438);

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Lat. vellō, -ere, velli and volsi (vulsi), volsum (vulsum ) “pluck, tear, rend; ausreißen,
ausrupfen, abzupfen ”;
Goth. wilwan “rob”, wulwa “ robbery “;
Hitt. u̯alḫmi “bekämpfe” ;
in Gmc. further formations M.L.G. wlete f. “wound, Schmiß” , M.H.G. letzen “injure” (IE
*u̯[e]led-), probably also O.Fris. wlemma “beschädigen, injure” , M.L.G. wlame “Gebrechen,
Sũndhaftigkeit” ;
Hitt. hullüi -, hullii̯a - “fight, struggle ” (?).
References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74;
See also: perhaps in addition u̯elk-1 “ziehen”.
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u̯em-, u̯emǝ -
English meaning: to spit, vomit
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘speien, sich erbrechen ”
Material: O.Ind. vámi -ti, newer vamati “ausspeien, vomit ”, vünta - “gespien”, vamathu- m.
“Erbrechen ”, Av. vam- “vomit”; Pers. vütük ‘saliva” (*u̯m̥̄-to-);
Gk. ἐμέω (for *ἔμε-μι), Aor. ἐμέσσαι “vomit”, ἔμετος m., ἔμεσις f. “Erbrechen ” (ἐμύς
‘sumpfschildkröte” ?);
Lat. vomō (*u̯emō ) “erbreche ”, vomitus “Erbrechen ”, vomica “ulcer, Eiterbeule ”;
Nor. dial. vimla “nausea feel ”, vimra “nausea cause ”, O.S. vami m. “ disgust, repulsion,
loathing “; O.Ice. vüma “nausea “, vümr “ekelhafte person ”;
Lith. vémti “vomit”, vėmalaĩ “vomit”, vìmdyti “erbrechen make ”, Ltv. vemt ‘sich erbrechen ”;
maybe truncated Alb. (*vėmalaĩ ) vjell “vomit”
very dubious is kinship from Goth. gen. pl. wammē “Fleck”, gawamms gen. pl. “befleckt,
impure, unclean ”, O.Ice. vamm n. “fault, error, Gebrechen ”, O.E. wamm m. n. “Fleck,
Gebrechen, wrong; injustice “, adj. “mad, wicked, evil, evil, bad ”, O.S. wam n. “Übles , evil,
harm”, adj. “mad, wicked, evil ” (*u̯om-no-); compare Weisweiler IF 41, 46.
References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.
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u̯endh -1
English meaning: to turn, wind, plait
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden, wenden, flechten ”
Material: O.Ind. vandhúra - m. “Wagensitz ”, originally “Wagenkorb ” (from netting), Arm. gind
“ring”, gndak ort”oy “ vine-layer, Rebschoß” ;
Gk. rhod. ἄθρας “ cart “ Hes., κάνν -αθρον “ Korbwagen ” (*u̯n̥dh -ro-); Umbr. pre-uendu
“advertitō” , aha-uendu “avertitō” ;
rich evolved in Gmc. : Goth. O.E. O.S. windan , O.H.G. wintan , O.Ice. vinda “winden”,
Kaus. Goth. wandjan etc., Ger. wenden , O.Ice. vindr ‘slant, skew ”, Goth. inwinds “ inverted
“, M.H.G. windeht “winded”, O.H.G. wanda “turbo”, O.Ice. vandr “genau, difficult, hard ”
(“*inverted, verdreht ”), vandi m. ‘schwierigkeit, Ungemach ”, O.E. wandian “hesitate, achten,
scheuen ”, Goth. wandus = O.Ice. vǫndr “Gerte, rod ”, vandahūs “Haus from wickerwork “,
Swe. dial. vann ‘schlingfaden an Pflanzen ”, O.Ice. vǫndull “zusammengedrehtes bundle
from Heu ”, Ger. wandern, wandeln among others m.
References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;
See also: *u̯endh - is perhaps nasalized Forme to u̯ē̆dh - “ tie, bind, knot, bind ”.
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u̯endh -3
English meaning: hair, beard
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Haar, Bart ”
Material: Gk. ἴονθος m. “ root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag ” (*u̯i-u̯ondhos ),
ἰονθάς “villous, shaggy ”;
M.Ir. find “ hair of the head “, O.Ir. gen. pl. finnae (*u̯endhu -), newer nom. sg. M.Ir. finna
ds., Ir. fionnün ‘sumpfgras ”, from which M.Welsh gwynnawn ds.; M.Ir. fēs ‘schamhaar, hair ”
(*u̯endh -s-o-); O.H.G. wintbrüwa “eyelash” (Haarrand); O.Pruss. wanso f. “the first beard ”,
O.C.S. vǫsъ , ǫsъ “barba, mystax ” (Bal.-Slav. *u̯ondh -s-o-, -ü).
Maybe Alb. diminutive (* u̯endh -ul, *vent- ul) vetul “eyebrow ”.
References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f.
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u̯e-n-gh-
English meaning: to be bent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebogen sein ”?
Material: Gmc. *wanga- “field” in Goth. waggs m. “Paradies ”, O.Ice. vangr , O.S. wang , Ger.-
bO.Ir.-Austrian Wang “Aue” etc. (lit. “bend” ); with schwacher inflection O.H.G. etc. wanga
“cheek”, derivative Goth. waggareis m. (or -i n.) “pillow”, O.H.G. wangari ds. and O.Ice.
vengi (*wangia ), O.H.G. ōr-wengi ds.; here also M.L.G. wingeren “ crook oneself, grovel,
truckle, creep “.
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht IE Decl. 216 could though also * u̯enk - for
unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes IE *u̯onkó - etc. annimmt.
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u̯e-n-g-
English meaning: to be bent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebogen sein ”
Material: O.Ind. váŋgati “goes, hinkt ” (Gramm.), vañjula - “name different Pflanzen ”, e.g.
“calamus Rotang ” etc.;
Alb. vank , vangu “Felge”, vek “Henkel”, vegëlë “handle, grasp, Handhabe ” (u̯n̥g-);
O.H.G. winchan , M.H.G. winken “waver, winken ”, O.H.G. winch , M.H.G. winc “Wink,
Wanken”, compare O.E. wince “Winde”, Eng. winch ; O.E. wincian “winken, nicken, die
Augen shut ”, M.L.G. winken ds., O.H.G. winkil “ angle, earth ”;
ablaut. O.Ice. vakka “umherirren, amble ”, O.S. wancon , O.H.G. wankon , M.H.G. Ger.
“wanken = wobble”; O.E. wancol “unbeständig” , wencel n. “kid, child, Dienerin ”, nEng.
wench ;
Lith. véngiu , véngti “avoid, vermeiden ”, actually “ausbiegen ”; ablaut. Iterat. vángstyti
undvangùs “idle”; vìngis “bow, curvature “, išve ́ ngti “vermeiden ”, víngiuoti “bow, Umwege
make”, vingrùs ‘sich schlängelnd, sharp witted, shrewd” ; O.Pruss. wīngriskan acc. sg.
“artifice”, wangan acc. sg. “end”; Ltv. vingrs “fresh, hurtig, skilful ”.
References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl
Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;
See also: compare u̯ü-, u̯ek- etc.
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u̯en-1, u̯enǝ-
English meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love
Deutsche Übersetzung: ursprũnglich ‘streben”, from which “wũnschen, lieben, befriedigt
sein” and “erarbeiten, Mũhe haben” , perfective “erreichen, gewinnen, siegen ”
Material: O.Ind. vánati , vanō ́ ti “wũnscht, liebt, gewinnt, siegt” , participle vanita- , -vüta-, váni-
tr̥-, vantŕ̥ - “ gainer “, Av. vanaiti, vanaoiti ‘siegt”, M.Pers. vanītan “defeat, conquer, hit ”;
O.Ind. Aor.-present vanáti in same meaning; Kaus. vanáyati and vüna ́ yati (ersteres nicht
covered); as -sk̂-present O.Ind. vü ́ n ̃ chati “wũnscht” , compare vün ̃ chü f. “wish”; vanas- n.
“lust” (compare Lat. Venus ), vani- f. “desire, wish ”, wherefore vanīyati “bettelt”, vanīyaka - “
beggar”, vanú - as noun agentis m. (compare Av. -vanuš in nom. Pr.); in compositions
erscheirit ványa -; s. further vantü - as nom. sg. m. (Av. vantar “ victor” ), vanti- nom. Act.
(uncovered, yet compare Av. - vantay -); O.Ind. vü ́ ma - “link” and vüma ́ - “lieb(lich),
lascivious ”;
Ven. VN Venetī from *u̯enetos “geliebt”; compare die Venost es in den Alpen, die
Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); Lat.-Gmc. Venethi (Plin.); O.H.G. Winida “Wende”
point at auf Proto-Gmc. *Venéto -, against it Lat.-Gmc. Venedi (Tacitus), O.E. Winedas
“Wenden” auf *Venetó -;
Maybe Alb. (*venedi ) vendi “country, homeland ”, vendos “place, put, settle, judge, decide ”
Lat. venus , -eris f. “love, Liebesgenuß, Liebreiz” , Venus name the Liebesgöttin, venustus
“graceful, reizend, mellifluous ”, veneror, - üri “with religious fear, shyness worship, huldigen,
demũtig bid, beg, ask” , originally “die love bezeugen ”; here also vēnor , -üri “pursue ein
Wild, jage ”;

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O.Ir. fine (*venjü ) “ kinship, stem, family “, M.Ir. fin-galach “parricidalis ”, coibnius “
kinship” (*con-venestu- ), O.Bret. coguenou “indigena ”, M.Bret. gouen “Rasse”, Welsh gwen
“Lächeln” (out of it M.Ir. gen ds.?);
außerordentlich reich vertreten is die root u̯en- in den Gmc. Sprachen:
auf IE *u̯eni-s goes back Gaul. Veni- in PN Veni-carus etc., O.Ice. vinr “friend”, O.S.
O.H.G. wini, O.Fris. O.E. wine; eine jü-derivative is Goth. winja “ willow, food ”, M.L.G.
O.H.G. winne , O.Ice. vin f. “Weideplatz ” (compare O.Ir. fine “ kinship”); zero grade O.H.G.
wunnia , wunna, wunnī “lust, Wonne”, O.S. wunnia , O.E. wynn ds. (M.H.G. wunne
“Weideplatz ”, only in the Formel wunne and weide replacement for das old winne );
IE *u̯enistro - wird through O.Ice. vinstri “link”, O.S. winistar , O.Fris. winister etc.
assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as Lat. sinister etc. (compare moreover O.Ind. vüma -
“link”);
frequent, often is the junction to “befriedigt sein, sich accustom “ in Gmc.; compare zero
grades Goth. unwunands ‘sich nicht freuend ”, O.Ice. una (*wunēn ) “zufrieden sein with ”,
O.Fris. wonia , O.S. wonōn , wunōn ‘stay, dwell ”, O.H.G. wonēn “ habitual, customary sein,
sich accustom, bleiben, wohnen”; O.S. giwono , giwuno , O.E. gewun , O.H.G. giwon “
habitual, customary “; O.Ice. o-grade vanr ds.; derived O.S. giwono (*-wunan- ) “
consuetude “ etc., O.Ice. vani m. ds.; O.Ice. venja (*wanjan ), O.S. gi-wennian , O.E. wennan
etc. “ accustom “;
maybe Alb. vonë “late”, vonoj “delay, stay late”
die lengthened grade hat Gmc. die meaning “hoffen, erwarten ” angenommen; Goth.
wēns (i-stem) “ expectation, hope ”, O.Ice. vün, O.S. wün ds., O.Fris. wēn “opinion”, O.H.G.
wün also “Vermutung, Wahn , intention ” etc.; adj. necess. O.Ice. væ ̄ nn (*vēnja -) “to hoffen,
pretty, pleasant ”, wherefore O.Ice. vænd (*vēniÞō ) “hope, expectation “, Goth. wēnjan
“erwarten, hoffen ”, O.Ice. væ ̄ na ds., væ ̄ nask ‘sich rũhmen” , O.S. wünian etc.; zero grade

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O.Ice. ōsk (*wunskō ) “wish”, O.E. wūsc -, O.H.G. wunsc “wish” etc., O.Ice. ø̄skja “wish”,
O.E. wȳscan ds. (compare gewȳscan “adoptieren ”), O.H.G. wunscen ds. etc. (compare
above O.Ind. vün ̃ chati );
die meaning “work, leiden, quarrel, gain “ shows sich Gmc. in the family Goth. winnan
“leiden”, O.Ice. vinna “work, align, ũberwinden” , O.S. winnan “quarrel, fight ” etc., O.E.
wiðerwinna m. “ adversary “, O.H.G. widarwinno ds.; Goth. winnō , winna “ affliction, -
schaft”, O.Ice. vinna “work”, O.H.G. winna “fight”, M.H.G. winne “pain”; schließlich Goth.
wunns “ affliction “;
Church Slavic uniti “velle”, unjii, uněji “better”;
Hitt. u̯en-, u̯ent- “futuere”; Toch. A wañi, В wīn- “pleasure ”.
References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.
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u̯en-
English meaning: to hit, wound
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, verwunden ”
Note: (: u̯ü-, similarly as gʷem - : gʷü- “go, come ”)
Material: Arm. vandem “destroy, smash ”; Goth. wunds “verwundet ”, O.H.G. Ger. O.S. O.E.
wund , Subst. O.H.G. wunta , O.E. wund , O.Ice. and “wound” (*u̯n̥-tós, -tǘ), O.E. if ‘swelling,
lump, growth ” (originally probably ‘swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages ”), Eng. wen,
M.L.G. wene , Dan. dial. vann , væne (Proto-Gmc. * wanja ); Welsh ym-wan “fight”, M.Welsh
gweint “I durchbohrte ”, 3. sg. gwant ; gwân “punctio”, Corn. yth ym -wanas “percussit ”,
gwane “perforare ”.
Maybe Alb. (*wene ) vara “wound” [rhotacism N > R]
References: WP. I 212.
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u̯ep-2
English meaning: to throw, throw out
Deutsche Übersetzung: “werfen, streuen ”?
Material: O.Ind. vápati “wirft, streut (den Samen) ”, vápra - m. n. “Aufwurf (from earth),
Erdwall”, vaprü “Feuerstätte” , Av. vafra- , M.Pers. vafr, Pers. barf ‘snow” (lit.
[*Schnee]wehe?);
O.C.S.veprь , Ltv. vepris “boar” (as “the Befruchter ”); different about Bal.-Slav. * u̯epri̯a -
“boar” above S. 323; remains far off Lat. veprēs “briar” (see 1156).
References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.
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u̯(e)rād-, u̯erǝd-, u̯rǝd-
English meaning: twig, root, branch
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Zweig, Rute; Wurzel ”
Material: Gk. ῥά̄δῑξ, -ῑκος “twig, branch, rod ” (= Lat. rüdīx ), ῥάδαμνος m., Eol. *Fρόδαμνος
(from ὀρόδαμνος to erschließen) “ young twig, branch ” (about ῥαδινός , ῥαδαλός u̯er-, u̯red-
“turn”); compare ῥίζα Lesb. βρίσδα “root” (*Fρǝδι̯α?);
Alb. rrânzë “root” (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); Lat. rüdīx , -īcis f. “root”; probably rümus
“bough, twig, branch ” (as *u̯rüdmos ) and radius ‘staff, Speiche, ray bright body,
Weberschiffchen ”;
Welsh gwraidd “roots” (*u̯rǝdi̯o -), Singulativ gwreiddyn , O.Corn. grueiten gl. radix, M.Bret.
gruizyenn , Bret. grisienn ; Welsh gwrysg “Äste , Zweige ” (*u̯r̥d-sko- ); O.Ir. M.Ir. frēn “root”
(*u̯r̥d-no-), newer frēm; Welsh greddf “Instinkt, nature ” (*u̯r̥d-mü-; also perhaps originally -
mn-suffix, compare above Gk. ῥάδαμνος );
Goth. waúrts “root”, O.E. wyrt, O.H.G. wurz “herb, plant ”, M.H.G. also “root”, O.H.G.
wurzala , O.E. wyrtwalu (eig. “herb-stock ”) “root” (here also O.S. wurtia , M.H.G. wũrze
“Wũrze” , next to which the changing by ablaut O.S. wirtea , M.H.G. wirze ds.; besides
diesen auf *u̯erǝd- beruhenden forms steht *ur(ǝ)d - in O.Ice. urt “herb”; O.Ice. rōt “root”;
Toch. В witsako “root”.
References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.
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u̯erdh -, u̯redh -
English meaning: to grow; high
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wachsen, steigen; hoch ”
Material: O.Ind. várdhati , várdhatē , vr̥dháti “wächst, mehrt sich ”, várdha - m. “das Fördern” ,
vardháyati “makes grow ”, vr̥ddhá - “ grown, big, large, old ”, vŕ̥ddhi - f. ‘stärkung” ; Av. varǝd -
“make grow “; O.Ind. ūrdhva ́ - “high” (*u̯or-dh-u̯o-); O.Ind. vrüdhant - “emporsteigend ”;
Gk. ὀρθός, Dor. βορθό - “erect, straight, right, true ” (*u̯ordh-u̯o-), in addition also ὄρθρος
“the frũhe morning “ , ὄρθριος , ὀρθρῑνός “early, matutinal ”, ὀρθρεύω “bin frũh auf” , therefore
anlaut. F through lakon. βορθαγορίσκος Hes., otherwise ὀρθαγορίσκος (from * ὀρθρ -)
‘spanferk el” (ἐπεὶ πρὸς τὸν ὄρθρον πιπράσκονται ) gesichert wird; ῥέθος “limb, member,
body, face (with the eyes and mouth) ”;
Alb. rit “grow, make groß” ;
perhaps Goth. gawrisqan “fruit bringen ”, O.Ice. rǫskr “proficient ”, rǫskvask “aufwachsen,
ripen”, rǫskinn “ grown”;
O.C.S. etc. rodъ “partus, generatio, gens, natura ”, roditi, raždati “parere”, redъ “dish,
food, nourishment, food ”, nSlov. redíti “nähren” , Ltv. radīt “erschaffen, to give birth to
children “ (probably Lw.), raža “ prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest ” (*radi̯ü ), rasma ,
rasme “ prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit ”, Lith. rasme ̃ ds.; doubtful Lith. rẽsnas ‘strong,
proficient ”, Ltv. resns “thick, dickleibig, dickstämmig” (Russ. Lw.?); O.C.S. ranъ “ὄρθρος” ,
Cz. Pol. rano “die time frũhmorgens, die Frũhe” (compare Bulg. ražda se “(die sun) goes
auf, (sol) oritur ”) from *u̯rōdhno -.
References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.
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u̯erĝ-1, u̯reĝ-
English meaning: to close, enclose; pen
Deutsche Übersetzung: “abschließen, einschließen; Hũrde”
Note: extension from u̯er-5.
Material: O.Ind. vrajá - m. “ hurdle, Umhegung ”, vr̥jana - m. “Umhegung, Einfriedigung,
abgeschlossene settlement “, gthAv. vǝrǝzǝ ̄ na -, jAv. varǝzüna -, ap. vardana- n.
“Gemeinwesen ” (out of it borrowed O.Ind. vardhana- “town, city ”, Wackernagel KZ. 67, 168
f.); Av. varǝz - “absperren ”; O.S.S. æruæz (*wraza- = O.Ind. vrajá -) “Rudel, Hirsche ”;
Hom. ἔργω, ἐργάθω (F-) and (with Vorschlags ἐ-) ἐέργω, Att. εἴργω ‘schließe ein, from,
hold ab”, Att. εἱρκτή , Ion. ἐρκτή “ jail “, Att. εἱργμός “ jail, Verschluß” , Cypr. ka-te-vo-ro-ko-ne
‘sie belagerten ”; in addition O.Ir. fraig “wall”, Ir. fraigh “wall from wickerwork, roof, hurdle “,
because of M.Welsh ach-vre “wattled fence ” from *u̯regi - (Loth RC. 38, 301).
References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BAL.-SLAV. 52, 34;
See also: compare u̯erĝh - above S. 1154.
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u̯erĝ-2, u̯reĝ-
English meaning: to do, work
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wirken, tun ”
Material: Av. varǝz - (vǝrǝzyeiti = Goth. waúrkeiÞ ; s. also Gk. ῥέζω) “wirken, do, make ”,
participle varšta -, varǝza - m. “Wirken, Verrichten from, Tätigkeit” (Pers. varz, barz
“Feldarbeit, Ackerbau ”), varšti - f. “Handeln, Tun ”, varštva - adj. “was to tun is ”; Arm. gorc
“work” (with secondary o); Gk. ἔργον , Fέργον “work, work ” (= dt. work), ἐργάζομαι “arbeite”,
thereafter ἐργάτης “worker” (for *ἐργότης), ἔρδω (occasionally ἕρδω ) “do, sacrifice “
(*Fερzδω, *u̯erĝi̯ō lengthened grade after F έργον as in O.S. wirkian ), Fut. ἔρξω , Aor. ἔρξα,
perf. ἔοργα ), ῥέζω “do” (from ῥέξαι neologism, Hom. ἄρεκτος “ungetan” reconverted from
*ἄ[F]ερκτος ); ὄργανον “tool”, ὄργια “(geheimer) worship ”, ὀργιάζω “feiere Mysterien ”,
ὀργεών “Withglied a religiösen Brũderschaft” ; ὀργάζω, Ion. ὀργάω, ὀργίζω “knead, rũhre
through, tan, convert hide into leather ” (as Ger. Teig wirken with meaning-Verengerung in
the Berufssprache), wherefore ἐόργη “ Quirl” (probably redupl. Fε -Fόργᾱ );
Alb. rregj “clean”, Mediopassiv rregjem “mũhen, strive” (stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.);
O.Bret. guerg “efficax”, Gaul. vergo-bretus “oberste authority the Aeduer ”, also verco-breto
(Pokorny, Vox Romanica 10, 266 f.); M.Welsh gwreith “feat, dead, act ” (*u̯reĝ-tu-), 1. pl.
Imper. O.Welsh guragun , newer gwnawn etc. ( n instead of r through influence of *gnī-
“make”, S. 373), Corn. gruen , mbr. gr-(u)eomp (*u̯reĝ- “make”), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;
O.S. wirkian (neologism after werk ), warhta , O.H.G. (fränk.) wirkan , wirchen , war(a)hta
“work, tätig sein, wirken” ; Goth. waúrkjan (= Av. vǝrǝzyeiti ), O.Ice. yrkja , orta, O.E. wyrcan ,
worhte , O.H.G. (obdt.) wurchen , wor(a)hta “wirken, do, make, effectuate “, O.H.G. gawurht
f. “feat, dead, act, action ”, Goth. frawaúrhts ‘sũndig” , f. ‘sũnde” etc., Goth. waúrstw n. “work”
(*waúrh -stwa-; similarly Av. varštva -); O.H.G. werc , werah , O.S. werk , O.Ice. werk n. (=

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ἔργον) “work, Tätigkeit, work” , O.E.weorc also “ hardship, agony ”, wherefore also O.Ice.
verkr , gen. verkjar (m. i-stem) “pain, affliction ” hierhergehören kann;
O.H.G. wirken “nähend, stickend, webend verfertigen” = O.S. wirkian , O.E. wircan , and
das therefrom not trennbare O.H.G. werih in the meaning “ oakum, stuppa ”, üwirihhi ,
üwurihhi “ oakum “ show Anwendung our root auf die Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF.
22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken “to weave ” the root *u̯erg- “turn, winden ” allot möchte); an
Ger. Werg reminds Welsh cy-warch “Hanf, Flachs ” = Bret. koarc”h, O.Bret. coarcholion gl.
“canabina ”; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362 seeks therein ein IE *u̯er-k- “turn”, see above S. 1155.
References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f.
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u̯erĝ-3, u̯orĝ-
English meaning: to abound, to be full of strength
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘strotzen, schwellen vor Saft and Kraft or Zorn ”
Material: O.Ind. ū́rj-, ūrjü ́ f., ūrja ́- m. “juice, sap and power, nourishment, food ” (*u̯orĝ-?),
ūrja ́ yati “ nourishes, strengthens ”, ū́rjasvant - ‘strotzend”;
Gk. ὀργή ‘seelischer, heftiger Trieb, Affekt, rage, fury ” (ὀργίζω “erzũrne jemanden” under
likewise), ὀργάω “from dampness and juice, sap strotzen, violent lust, crave, in
leidenschaftlicher Stimmung sein ”, ὀργάς, -άδος (γ῅) “ũppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden,
Marschland, Au ”;
e-grade O.Ir. ferc, M.Ir. ferg f. “rage, fury ” presumably also the ὠκεάνος Οὐεργιουιος by
Ptol. (i.e. vergivios “the angry ”? or still “the schwellende, surging “?); M.Welsh y werit ‘sea”
(d. h. y werydd ) rather from * u̯eri̯o- to *au̯er- above S. 80 and 1165; compare Pedersen
Celt. Gk. II, 669 f.
References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1, 116.
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u̯er-11, u̯erǝ-
English meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Freundlichkeit (erweisen) ”
Material: A. root nouns u̯ēr-: Gk. Fηρ- in Hom. ( ἐπι) ἦρα φέρειν “ einen Gefallen tun ”,
Pherek. ἦρα ἴσθι, Bacchyl. ἦρα with gen. “χάριν” ; ἐπιήρανος “wohlgefällig, pleasant” ; nom.
pl. ἐρί-ηρες “ Vertraute ”, sg. o-stem ἐρίηρος “ traut, lieb ”; βρίηρον μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον
Hes.; PN Περιήρης, Διώρης from Διο -Fήρης.
B. derivative u̯ērü: Gmc. *wēra “pact, covenant, profession, declaration, covenant ” in
O.Ice. GN Vür “goddess the Treuschwũre” , pl. vürar “Treuegelũbde” , O.E. wæ ̄ r f. “pact,
covenant, loyalty, protection ”, O.H.G. würa ds., M.L.G. würe “pact, covenant, peace ”;
O.C.S. f. “faith, belief ”.
C. compounds auf -u̯ēro-s, -uēri-s, formal as Gk. ἐρίηρoς, βρίηρος: Lat. se-vērus “ohne
Freundlichkeit ”, i.e. ‘stern”, therefrom assevērüre “ insure “, persevērüre “beharren ”;
Ghegenstũck Gaul. PN Co-vīrus , Welsh cywir “right, loyal, faithful ”; *u̯ēri-s in Goth. alla-
werei ‘schlichte Gũte” , O.Ice. ǫlvǣrr “friendly, gastlich ”, O.E. eal-werlic “benigne”, O.H.G.
alauuari , M.H.G. alwære ‘schlicht, oafish, clownish “, O.H.G. zur-würi “verdächtig” = Goth.
*tuzwērs (tuzwērjan “doubt”), *unwērs(un -wērjan “ unwilling sein ”), O.H.G. miti-würi “gentle”.
D. adjective u̯ēro-s “true”: Lat. vērus , O.Ir. fīr, Welsh gwir; O.S. O.H.G. wür, Ger. wahr.
E. Verbalableitungen: Gk. ἑορτή (*FεFορτά̄ ) “Feier, festival ”, Eol. ἔροτις ds. (*Fεροτις?
rather angeglichen an ἐροτός, Hom. ἐρατός “ mellifluous ”); ἔρανος ds.;
O.H.G. werēn , giweren, giwerōn , Ger. gewähren , O.S. waron “leisten”.
Here probably also Gmc. werðuz (= IE *u̯ertú -) in O.Ice. verÞr (dat. sg. virÞe besides
frequent verÞe ) “repast, meal ”, Goth. wairdus “ξένος” , O.S. werd , O.H.G. Wirt “
householder, Eheherr, Wirt ”, O.Fris. hus-werda “Hauswirt, householder “.

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u̯er-12
English meaning: to burn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brennen, verbrennen, schwärzen”
Material: Arm. vaṙem “zũnde an” , vaṙim “burn”; perhaps Alb. vorbë “Kochtopf ” and (?) Gmc.
*u̯arma - “warm” in Goth. warmjan “warm”, O.Ice. varmr , afr. O.S. O.H.G. warm “warm”,
changing through ablaut O.H.G. wirma “Wärme” (*wirmia ) and wirmina , M.H.G. wirme and
wirmen ; compare (?) O.Ice. orna “warm become, warm ”; O.C.S. varъ “heat”, variti “cook”
(different above S. 81); in addition also balto-Slav. u̯arna - m. “raven” in Lith. var̃nas ,
O.Pruss. voc. warnis , acc. pl. warnins , O.C.S. vranъ , Russ. vóron , probably ein
substantiviertes adjective * u̯arna - “black, verbrannt ” in O.C.S. vranъ , Russ. voronój “black”
etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. Bal.-Slav. * u̯ürnü - “crow” in O.Pruss. warne
(secondary ē-stem), Lith. várna , Russ. Church Slavic vrana , Serb. vrȁnа , Russ. voróna
(glottal stop through Vriddhi); Hitt. u̯ar- “burn, verbrennen ”, participle u̯arant - “ burning “
(Intrans.), u̯ar-nu- “kindle, inflame, verbrennen ”.
References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1 , 169, 228 f., Szemerényi Kratylos 2,
121 f., the also Gmc. *swarta- “black” (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.
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u̯er-13
English meaning: squirrel, etc..
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Eichhorn, also Iltis, Marder under likewise ”
Note: in den certainly Zugehörigen with Redupl. u̯er-u̯er-, u̯e-u̯er-, u̯ai-u̯er-, u̯i-u̯er-, u̯ü-u̯er-
Material: Pers. varvarah “Eichhorn ”; Lat. vīverra f. “Frettchen ” (*vī-ver-sa ); Welsh gwiwer ,
Bret. gwiber from dem Lat.; unclear Ir. iora rūadh , schott.-Gael. feorag ;
Bal.-Slav. *u̯ēu̯er - and *u̯üu̯er - *u̯aiu̯er - f. “Eichhörnchen” in Lith. vaiverìs (vaivaras ,
vaivarys ) “Männchen of polecat or marten” , vaivere ̃ , vovere ̃ “Eichhorn ”; Ltv. vãvere, vüveris
ds.; O.Pruss. weware ds.; aRuss. věverica , nSlov. vẹ́verica “Eichhorn ”, Clr. vyvirka , Cz.
veverka , Bulg. ververica ds.;
not reduplicated in 2. part from O.E. üc-weorna , O.S. ēkorne , O.H.G. eihhurno, eihhorn
etc. “Eichhorn ” (see below *aig- ‘sich violent bewegen ”).
References: WP. I 287 f., WH. III 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176.
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u̯er-1, also su̯er -
English meaning: to bind, to attach
Deutsche Übersetzung: “binden, anreihen, aufhängen”, also zum Wägen, daher ‘schwer;
Schnur, Strick ”
Material: A. Gk. ἀείρω from *ἀFέρι̯ω (with Vorschlags- α-), seit Homer also αἴρω (jedenfalls
from *ἀέρι̯ω contracted, with αι instead of ᾶι): α) “reihe an, verbinde, kopple ”, β) “lift high,
raise, uplift ”;
to α) “kopple”:
ξυναίρεται συνάπτεται Hes., συνήορος Hom. (συνά̄ορος Pind.) “eng vereint, coniunx ”, Att.
συνωρίς “Zweigespann ”, τετρά̄ορος , Att. τέτρωρος “Viergespann ”, Hom. παρήορος
“Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann ”;
to β) “lift high, lasse hängen” :
ἤερτο ἐκρέματο Hes., Hom. ἠερέθονται ‘sie flattern ”; Hom. μετήορος , Att. μετέωρος , aeol.
πεδά̄ορος “erhoben, high schwebend ” (μετά “inmitten”); κατήορος , κατωρίς ; κατώρης κάτω
ῥέπων Hes.; ἐπήορος ; ἀπήορος ; in addition with lengthened grade and Intensivredupl.
αἰώρα (*FαιFώρᾱ) ‘schwebe, Schaukel ”, with αἰωρέω. further in addition ἀορτήρ
‘schwertkoppel ”, ἀορτή “leather sack ” (*ἄFορτά̄ because of Lat. Lw. averta “Packsack ”),
also probably ἄορ n. ‘sword”; ἀορτ - or rather ἀαρτ - contracted to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτηρία “ windpipe,
Arterie”, besides ἀορτή “Aorta”; ἀερτ- contracted to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτᾶν “anhängen” (compare
ἠέρτησε ἠέρτημαι by Alexandrinern with ἀρτάνη “rope, loop, noose, snare “, ἀρτεμών
“Bramsegel ”);
Alb. vjer “hänge auf” , avarī “together”, vark, -gu “row, Kranz, chain “, vargarī “row, Trupp ”;
Lith. veriù , vérti “einfädeln” ; Ltv. veru, vẽrt “einfädeln, prick, sew “ , in addition die Iterativa
Lith. várstyti , Ltv. vãrstīt “wiederholt einfädeln” , Ltv. savüre “rod zum Binden ”, E.Lith. vìrtinė

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“bundle”, Ltv. virtene , virkne (*virtne ) f. “Aneinandergereihtes, row ”, also Lith. pa-vare ̃ and
vorà f. “long row ” (from cart, animals etc.), Lith. virve ̃ , Ltv. vìrve “rope, band ”, O.C.S. vrъvь
ds. (= O.Pruss. wirbe ds.), Lith. apì-varas “ bootlace “, varanda “netting from Weidenruten ”,
vóras “ spider “; O.C.S. vъvrěti “hineinstecken ”, provrěti “durchstecken ”, Russ. veratь
‘stecken, hineinlegen ”, O.C.S. obora (*ob-vora ) “rope”, Russ. vereníca “long row, line ”,
O.C.S. verigy f. pl. “Ketten, Fesseln ”, Slov. veríga , verúga “ chain “, in addition also Goth.
wriÞus “herd”, O.E. wræ ̄ d ds.; Russ. voróna , vorónka “Trichter”, veretá ‘sack, bag ”, O.C.S.
vrětiště n. ds. etc.;
B. With the meaning “row, swarm etc. ”:
O.Ind. vr̥ndam “troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass ”; O.Ir. foirenn f. “factio, group, troop,
multitude, crowd ”, O.Welsh guerin “factio”, Welsh gwerin “people, bulk, mass, troop,
multitude, crowd ”, O.Bret. guerin “factiones ” (*varīnü ); O.E. weorn, wearn “troop, multitude,
crowd, bulk, mass, Truppe ”; Toch. В war̃nai “with”; about Russ. vereníca , Lith. vorà, Ltv.
virkne , Alb. vargarī see above.
C. With to-formants: *u̯rēto - in O.Ind. vrüta - m. “troop, multitude, crowd, Truppe, bulk,
mass”, O.E. wræ ̄ d “herd”, Goth. wrēÞus (Hs. wriÞus ).
D. with s mobile: su̯er- in
Lith. sveriù sver̃ti “wägen” , in addition svãras m. “Wage”, svarùs “ heavy “, and svirù ,
svìrti “das U ̈ bergewicht have, ũberhängen” ; svìrtis f. “Brunnenschwengel ”, Ltv. sveŕu , svèrt
“wägen, wiegen” , svars “Gewicht”, svēre f. “Brunnenschwengel ”; Welsh chwar -, Bret.
c”hoar- “geschehen ”;
Gmc. swēra - “ heavy “ in Goth. swers “geehrt”, O.H.G. M.H.G. swür (O.H.G. swüri ) “
heavy, drũckend, schmerzend” ; doubtful Gk. ἕρμα n. ‘schiffsballast ” (see 1152) and Lat.
sērius “ernst”.

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u̯er-2 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: highland, high place, top, high
Deutsche Übersetzung: “erhöhte Stelle (in Gelände or in der Haut)”
Note: extended u̯er-d-, u̯er-s-
Material: A. Lat. varus “Gesichtsausschlag, Knöspchen” (= Lith. vìras , pl. viraĩ, compare
E.Lith. virỹs, pl. viriaĩ m. “Finne in Schweinefleisch ”), Lat. varulus “Gerstenkorn in eye ”, varix
m. f. “Krampfader ”;
perhaps M.Ir. ferbb f. “Hitzblatter, Finne ” (*u̯erbhü ), from which borrowed O.Bret. guerp
“Brandmal ”, M.Bret. guerbl “bubon”;
Mod.Ice. var n. “Augenschleim ”, Swe. var n. “pus”; compare O.H.G. warah , O.E. wearh,
worsm ds.; O.E. wer-nægl m. “ulcer”, nEng. warnel ds.; Dutch weer “weal, callus ”, Nor. dial.
vere ‘swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Kũhe” ;
with n-suffix: Swe. dial. verna , O.H.G. werna “Krampfader ”, Ger. dial. Wern “Gerstenkorn
in eye” (*wernō );
with the meaning “lip” (*swollen elevation): Goth. wairilom dat. pl. , O.E. weleras pl.
(rearrangement from * werelas ), O.Fris. were , as from the s-extension O.Ice. vǫrr f. O.Pruss.
warsus “lip”.
u̯er-d-: Pers. balū “ wart “ (Iran. * vard-); O.H.G. warza , O.E. wearte , O.Ice. varta f.
(*u̯ordü ) “ wart “; ablaut. O.C.S. vrědъ “damage”, Russ. vered “ulcer, Eiterbeule ”.
u̯er-s-: Lat. verrūca “ a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence
on precious stones “ (by Cato also “locus editus et asper ”), O.E. wearr “weal, callus, wart “,
Flem. warre “weal, callus, knag ”, O.H.G. werra “Krampfader ”, Ger. Werre “Gerstenkorn in
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B. O.Ind. varṣmán - m. “height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost “, várṣman - n.
“height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, cusp, peak ” = Gk. ἕρμα n. “ pad, Riff, hill ”
(? after Frisk 561 ff. identical with ἕρμα n. “ Ballast” and from IE *su̯er-mn̥ ‘schweres
Gewicht”), O.Ind. várṣīyas - “higher”, várṣiṣṭha - “höchst” ; Lith. viršu ̀ s “das Obere, höchste
cusp, peak ”, Ltv. vìrsus m. “das Obere ”, f. vìrsa ; Slav. *vьrchъ in O.C.S. vrьchъ , Russ.
verch “ headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex “ (O.C.S. vrъchu “above”, of u-
stem); O.Ir. ferr “better” (*u̯erso - “ upper “) to Positiv fern “good” (*u̯er-no-); Welsh etc. gwell
“better” either from * u̯el-no- “Wahl” or after Thurneysen Gk. 236 ferr and gwell from *u̯er-lo-
with different development from - rl-; M.Ir. farr f. “Pfosten” = Welsh gwar f. “ nape “ (*u̯r̥sü);
manche connect Goth. waírsiza , O.H.G. wirsiro ‘schlimmer ” with Ir. ferr, so that (as by Ger.
about S. 1105) “in höherem Grade” to “about dasrechte Maß hinausgehend ”; doubtful Gk.
ῥίον “Berghöhe, foreland, promontory “ (*u̯rison ?) and O.Ice. risi, O.H.G. riso, M.L.G. rese “
giant “ (*wrisan -), O.S. wrisil ds., wrisilīc “riesenhaft ” (die forms ohne w through support in
Gmc. risan above S. 331); perhaps also Thrac.-Phryg. βρία “fortress” (*u̯rii̯ü) and Toch. AB
ri “town, city ” (whether not to u̯er- “umschließen” ); doubtful Phryg. ὅρου “ἄνω” ;
after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also Gk. οὐρανός, Lesb. ὤρανος (more properly ὀ ρρ-),
ὄρανος, böot. Dor. lak. ὠρανός m. ‘sky, heaven ” from *u̯orsanos , to *u̯orsos “high” (in
O.Ind. várṣīyas- “higher”, see above), further ablaut. Gk. ῎Ερρος ὁ Ζεύς (Hes).
References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230.
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u̯er-3: A. u̯r̥mi -s, u̯r̥mo -s (*su̯er-)
English meaning: worm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wurm”
Material: Lat. vermis (from * vormis , *u̯r̥mis ); Goth. waúrms m. ‘snake”, O.Ice. ormr, O.E.
wyrm , O.Fris. wirm ds. “ worm “, O.S. O.H.G. wurm m. ds.; Bal.-Slav. * u̯arma - m. “worm,
insect” in Lith. var̃mas “insect, mosquito “, O.Pruss. wormyan voc. “red” (“wurmfarben ”),
ablaut. urminan ds., Slav. vьrmьje n. “Insekten ” in aRuss. vermije , ukrain. vermányi “red”;
with same meaning O.Fris. worma “ Purpur”, O.H.G. gi-uurmōt “red gefärbt” , O.E. wurma m.
“Purpurschnecke, Waid, Purpur ”, out of it borrowed O.Bret. uurm “dark”, Welsh gwrm
“dark(blue) ”, from which again O.Ir. gorm ds.; Gk. PN Fαρμίχος and ῥόμος ( Eol. *Fρόμος
from *u̯r̥mos ) “Holzwurm” Hes.; compare from the g- or gh-extension in the same meaning
M.Ir. frige f., nom. pl. frigit “Fleischwurm ” (*u̯r̥g(h)-n̥tes), Welsh pl. gwraint “Wũrmer in the
skin” (*u̯rg(h)n̥toi), galloLat. brigantes (*vrigantes ) “Wũrm er in eyelid ”; M.Bret. gruech , Bret.
grec”h f. “Milbe” (from Brit. *vriggü , with intensification).
References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501;
See also: rhyme word to kʷr̥mi -, above S. 649.
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u̯er-3: B. u̯er-b- and u̯er-bh- (*su̯erkʷ -)
English meaning: to turn, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, biegen ”
Material: Gk. ῥάμνος “ a kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L. ” (*ῥαβ-νος, *u̯r̥b-nos), ῥάβδος
“rod, Gerte, staff ”, Eol. Glosse ῥυβόν “ἐπικαμπές” ;
Lat. pl. verbera, - um “Ruten, Rutenschläge, Zũchtigung” (verberüre “with Ruten stroke,
hit”), verbēna “die leaves and zarten Zweige of Lorbeers , Ölbaums , the Myrte etc. as heilige
Kräuter” (*u̯erbes -nü; compare den in subverbustus the basic liegenden - es-stem);
Lith. vir̃bas m. “Reis, Gerte ”, vir̃balas “thin Stäbchen, knitting needle” , virbìnis “ loop,
noose, snare “, Ltv. virbs ‘stöckchen” , virba “ shaft, pole ”, O.C.S. *vrъba “ willow “, Russ.
vérba “Weidenzweig ” (with the accentuation of acc. sg. ; Russ. dial. verbá hat die older Slav.
accentuation), voróba “Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett ”, voróby “Garnwinde ”;
Goth. waírpan “throw” (“*turn”), O.Ice. verpa “throw” and “ein Gewebe anzetteln, die
chain shave, shear ”, aldri orpinn “of Alter gebeugt ”, verpask “vor Hitze
zusammenschrumpfen ”, O.E. weorpan , O.S. werpan , O.H.G. werfan “throw”; O.Ice. varp n.
“das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of Gewebes ”, O.S. warp , O.H.G. warf, O.E. wearp n. ds.;
die Lat. and Bal.-Slav. words (an sich also ῥάμνος) could also IE *u̯erbh - fortsetzen; auf
ein solches could bezogen become die auf nasalized *u̯rembh - indicating ῥέμφος τὸ στόμα,
ἤ ῥίς Hes., τὸ ῥάμφος “ krummer Vogelschnabel ”, probably hybridization from ῥεμφ - and
ῥαφ-), ῥαμφή “gebogenes knife ”, ῥαμφίς “gebogener hook ”, ῥαμψός “gebogen ”, nd.
wrũmmeln “zerknũllen, zerknittern” ;
nasalized u̯remb -: Gk. ῥέμβω “ turn, twist, rotate in Kreise herum ”, Med. “ turn, twist,
rotate mich herum, treibe herum ”, ῥόμβος ( Att. ῥύμβος) “kreisförmige movement, Schwung,
Kreisel”, Welsh gwrym “hem, suture ” (*u̯rembo -); M.L.G. wrimpen , wrempen “(das face)

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u̯er-3: C. u̯(e)r-ed- (*su̯erkʷh -)
English meaning: to bend down, to sway
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sich biegen, neigen, schwanken ”
Material: Gk. ῥαδινός, Eol. βράδινος (i.e. Fράδινος ) ‘schwank, slim, agile ”, ῥοδανός
‘schwank”, ῥοδάνη (by Hes. ῥαδάνη) “the gedrehte filament, Einschlag ”, ῥαδαλός “ slim,
aufgeschossen ”;
Goth. wratōn “ wander, reisen ”, Ice. rata “ wander, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find ”,
M.H.G. razzeln “wenden, turn ”, O.H.G. rüzi “vagans, rapax ”; Lith. randù , radãu , ràsti
“find”(“in-venire”); Ltv. rūodu , rast ds.;
suffixales - st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show O.Ice. rǫst “Wasserwirbel ”, O.E. wræstlian ,
M.L.G. worstelen “wrestle, struggle ” (about das as “ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved, walzig ” partly here or to *u̯ert- gestellte O.H.G. wurst , Ger. “Wurst = sausage “ s.
Kluge-Götze16 288).
References: WP. I 273 f., Trautmann 236.
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u̯er-3: D. u̯er-g- (*su̯ergʷ -)
English meaning: to turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen”
Material: O.Ind. vr̥ṇákti, várjati “wendet, dreht ”, vr̥jiná - “crooked, ränkevoll” (rather with g-
forms to vr̥nṓti “wehrt”, s. u̯er- “umschließen” ); Lat. vergō -ere ‘sich neigen ”; vermina n. pl.
“das Bauchgrimmen ” (*u̯erg-mena ); Du. werken ‘sich werfen, krummziehen (from wood) ”,
Swe. vurken “windschief through dampness “; Ltv. sa-vergt “ shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up “; O.C.S. vrьgǫ, vrěšti “throw” Russ. ot-vérgnut” “ablehnen ” etc.;
compare under S. 1181;
Welsh gwraint “Wũrmer” etc. (see above S. 1152) kann g or ĝh in Wurzelauslaut have.
Nasalized *u̯reng -:
O.E. wrenc (*u̯rongi -) “( gyration), Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff, insidiousness ”,
wrencan “turn, winden, cheat, deceive ”, wrincle “wrinkle”, O.H.G. birenkit “luxated”, M.H.G.
renken “drehend ziehen ”, M.H.G. ranc, pl. renke m. “ gyration, curvature, schnelle
Bewegung ”, Ger. verrenken, Rank “Ränke” , Mod.Swe. vrinka “verstauchen ”, nNor. vrinke
“abgeschmackt become ”; Lith. reñgtis ‘sich schwerfällig bũcken, crook” , rangùs “ ductile “,
rangštu ̀ s “hasty”, rìnga “ein crooked Dasitzender ” under likewise; perhaps O.Ind. abhi-
vlaṅgá - m. “Fangnetz ”, abhi-vlag- “ capture “; under the imagining of Nasenrũmpfens kann
angereiht become Lat. ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) “den Mund aufsperren and die
Zähne fletschen, sich ärgern” , Church Slavic ręgnǫti “hiscere”, rǫgъ “ derision, ridicule” etc.
References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.
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u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh -)
English meaning: to turn, press, strangle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, einengen, wũrgen, pressen”
Note: nasalized u̯renĝh -
Root u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh -): “to turn, press, strangle ” derived from g- extension of
Root u̯eis-2 : “to turn, bend ” [rhotacism -s- > -r-].
Material: O.Ice. virgill “rope”, urga “rope, hawser- end”, O.S. wurgil “rope”, M.H.G. erwergen
st. V. “erwũrgen” , O.H.G. wurgen “die Kehle zusammenschnũren, erwũrgen ”, O.E. wyrgan
ds.; O.Ice. vargr (“*Wũrger” =) “wolf, geächteter Verbrecher” , O.E. wearg , O.S. O.H.G.
war(a)g “ robber, Verbrecher ”, Goth. launawargs “undankbarer person ”, gawargjan (“zum
*warga- make”) = “verdammen ” = O.E. wiergan “verfluchen ”, O.S. waragean “as einen
Verbrecher punish, curse ” etc.;
Maybe Alb.Gheg (*vargha ) varza “girl, virgin ” : Lat. virga “ thin branch, rod “ (from *u̯iz-gü),
virgō “ girl, virgin “;
Root u̯er-3: E. u̯er-ĝh- (*su̯erĝʷh -): “to turn, press, strangle ” < rhotacism s/r of Root u̯eis-2 :
“to turn, bend ”.
Alb. z-vjerth “entwöhne” (“binde los ”; doubt, if not to *u̯ert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335);
Lith. veržiu ̀ , ver̃žti “einengen, lace, tie , press”, veržy ̃ s , viržy ̃ s “rope”, virže ́ti “bind”, váržas
“fish snaring net ”, Ltv. vērzt “wenden, turn, kehren, lenken ”, varzi ‘setzkorb”, var̃za
“Fischwehr; eine verwickelte thing ”; O.C.S. -vrьzǫ, -vrěsti “bind”, Russ. pá-voroz
“Zugschnur (amBeutel) ”, Pol. powróz “rope”, Sloven. vrzēl f. “fence, hedge “, perhaps also
Russ. vérša , Pol. wiersza (*u̯erĝh -si̯ü) “Reuse”, Clr. veréslo (*u̯erĝh -s-lo-) “Kũrbisstengel” ,
Cz. povříslo “Garbenband, Strohband ”, Serb. vrijèslo “Kesselhaken ”;

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Lith. viržy ̃ s , Ltv. vìrsis (*u̯r̥ĝhi̯o -) “Heidekraut ”, changing through ablaut Russ. véres ,
véresk “Heidekraut ”, Pol. wrzos , Serb. vrȉjes ds.; Lith. vir̃kštis , Ltv. virksne (*virsk ) ‘stiff,
intense Kraut from Bohnen, Kartoffeln; Ranken from Erbsen, Hopfen ”; compare from the i-
extension *u̯(e)rei-k - die words for Heidekraut Gk. (F) ἐρείκη, O.Ir. froech , Welsh grug
(*u̯roiko -).
Nasalized *u̯renĝh -:
Gk. ῥίμφα (*u̯renghu̯ -, Schwyzer Gk. 1, 302) “rash, hasty, behende ” (‘sich drehend ”);
O.H.G. (ge)ringi “light”, O.Fris. ring, M.Du. gheringhe , M.L.G. M.H.G. (ge)ringi “light,
quick, fast willing, ready ”, if M.L.G. Fris. r- instead of to erwartenden wr- through old
dissimil. reduction of w- in the Vorstufe Proto-Gmc. *wrinʒwja- (from *u̯renghu̯ -) to define is;
with other meaning development: O.E. O.S. wrengan “fest zusammendrehen, winden,
press”, O.H.G. ringan ‘sich windend anstrengen, luctüri” , Ger. ringen to Dan. vringle
“winden”, M.L.G. mnl. wrang “bitter”, M.H.G. rang “Umdrehung ”, O.E. wrang n. (Eng. wrong )
“ wrong; injustice “ (< aNor. vrang ), O.E. wrang (a) m. ‘schiffsbauch” (< aNor. vrǫng ), Alem.
rang “ convolution “; Goth. wruggō “ loop, noose, snare “; O.Ice. rangr (O.S. vranger )
“crooked, verdreht, unrecht ”, M.L.G. wrank, wrange ‘sour, bitter ”, O.Ice.rǫng f. “Krummholz ”,
O.E. wrang , M.L.G. urange f. ds.
References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ. 72,
193 f.
See also: compare u̯erĝ- under S. 1168.
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u̯er-3: F. u̯er-k- (*su̯erkʷh -)
English meaning: to turn, wind, bend
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden ”
Note: nasalized u̯renk -
Material: NIr. feirc f. (O.Ir. ferc) “ hump, hunchback , hunch, Heft ”; Welsh cywarch “Hanf,
rope, band ” (*kom-u̯orko -), O.Bret. coarcholion pl. “from Hanf ”, Bret. Vannes koarc”h “Hanf”,
Corn. cûer ds.;
u̯renk - : u̯ronk - in germO.N. * u̯ranhō , O.Ice. vrü f. “ angle, point, edge ” (*u̯ronhü ) =
schott.-Gael. frōg f. “cave, swamp, marsh, hideout “ (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in
addition late Lat. branca “ paw “ (“die crooked “), from Gaul. (probably nichtCelt. origin)
*u̯rankü , IE *u̯ronkü = Bal.-Slav. * rankü “hand” in Lith. rankà , Ltv. ruoka “hand, Arm ”; O.C.S.
rǫka “hand”, Russ. ruká “hand, Arm ”; further to Lith. renkù , riñkti “auflesen, gather, collect ”,
parankà f. “Nachlese ”.
References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg Fr. etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc. de la
langua castellana 1, 509, Specht IE Decl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237, Vasmer 2, 545.
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u̯er-3: G. u̯er-p-, u̯r-ep- (*su̯erkʷh -)
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, winden ”
Material: O.Ind. várpas - n. “artifice, Kunstgriff ”, originally “* curvature, Winkelzug ”;
Gk. ῥάπτω (*Fραπι̯ω , *u̯r̥p-) “nähe together, flicke” , ῥαπίς “needle” (also ῥαφίς, as ῥαφή “
suture” with φ probably through Entgleisung); ῥέπω “biege mich, schlage after a Seite
from”, ῥοπή ‘skin rash, Neigung ”, ἀντίρροπος “gleichwiegend ”, ἀμφιρρεπής ‘sich auf beide
Seiten neigend ”, καλα -ῦροψ (καλα -Fροπ-) “Hirtenstab ”, δεῦρο (*δε-Fροπ) eig. “here
gewendet! ”, ῥόπαλον “Wurfstab, cudgel, club ”, ῥόπτρον “club, mace, joint, Tũrklopfer,
Stellholz in a Falle ”, ῥαπίς “rod, staff ” (perhaps also ῥάβδος with β from p, see above *u̯erb-
); lengthened grade ῥ῵πες pl. “Zweige, shrubbery, shrubbery, bush ”, ῥωπήιον ‘shrubbery,
bush, thicket “;
Alb. vrap ‘schneller gait “;
Lat. repēns ‘sudden (*den Ausschlag giving) ”;
maybe Alb. rjep “peel, skin ”
perhaps veprēs (mostly pl. ) “briar, Dorngebũsch” , if dissimil. from * vreprēs , und verpa
“das männliche limb, member” , if actually “*rod”, from *u̯orpü or *u̯r̥pü (: ῥαπίς), verpus “the
Beschnittene ”;
O.Ice. orf, O.H.G. worf, M.H.G. (sensen)worp , Ger. dial. worb ‘sensenstiel ” (from “*rod”;
ablaut equally with ῥαπίς and perhaps Lat. verpa ); Dan. dial. vravle “winden, maunder,
drivel “, M.Eng. wrappen “wickeln”;
Lith. verpiù , ver̃pti (Ltv. vērpt ) ‘spinnen”, varpste ̃ “coil, spool, spindle ”, Ltv. vàrpste ds.,
verpeli “whirlwind ”, Lith. vìrpiu , -e ́ti, virpu, - ti “waver, tremble, quiver ”, virpulỹs “Zittern the
Glieder”, and with the development to “drehend toss, fling, throw, loslassen ”, O.Pruss.

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etwierpt “loslassen ” (“*drehend toss, fling ”), anuirpis “Wasserablaß, Flutrinne” , craujawirps
“Aderlassen ”, pouiērpt “freilassen ”, pouirps “free”; R.C.S. vьrpu , vьrpsti “reiße, pflũcke,
raube”; changing through ablaut Lith. var̃pas “Ähre” (“*das Gepflũckte” ), Ltv. vãrpa ds., Lith.
varpūti ‘stochern”; formal comparable Cz. vrápa , vráp “wrinkle”, Sloven. vrâpa , rápa
“Hautrunzel ”, nsorb. ropa, O.Sor. (w)ropa “ crease “.
References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.
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u̯er-3: H. u̯er-t- (*su̯erkʷh -)
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, wenden ”
Grammatical information: causative-iterative u̯ortei̯ō
Material: O.Ind. themat. present vartati(-tē) “dreht”, Med. “dreht sich, rollt, verläuft” , avest.
varǝt - ‘sich wenden ”; other Präsentia O.Ind. vavartti, vartti , causative vartáyati “ places in
drehende Bewegung ” (= Goth. fra-wardjan , O.C.S. vratiti , Lith. vartūti ), vártman - n.
“pathway”, vartana- n. “das Drehen ”, by den With anni-Indern aika-vartana etc. “eine Runde
(the racecourse) ”; vartula- “ round “, vartulü ‘spinnwirtel ” (: M.H.G. wirtel ), vr̥ttá- “ twiddled,
twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round “ (= Lat. vorsus , virsus , Lith. vir̃stas etc.), vr̥tti- f.
“das Rollen, kind of, nature ” (= Lat. versi-ō, O.C.S. vrъstь), varti “Gerolltes ”; ein present
*vr̥natmi is because of vŕ̥nta - m. “Blattstiel ”, vr̥ntüka - m. “Eierpflanze ” anzunehmen; vr̥kkáu
(*vr̥tka -) “ kidneys “ (actually “ bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb “), Av. vǝrǝδ ka-
vǝrǝt̃ka - ds.,

compare pehl. gurtak , Pers. gurda “kidney” from O.Pers. *vr̥t(a);
Note:
Wrong etymology, since those cognates derived from Alb. gur ‘stone in the kidneys ”, ngurta
‘stony”.
Gk. ῥατάνη (Fρατ - from *u̯r̥t-) “Rũhrlöffel”, βρατάνην τορύνην ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes., ῥ οτάρια (ῥοτ-
Aeolian; - τάνια?) τορύνιον Hes.; ἄρρατος “ hard, not drehbar ” (*ἀ-Fρᾰτ-ος);
Lat. vertō (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vertī, versum “kehren, wenden,
turn”, Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex “whirl, Scheitel ”, versus, adversus “gegen” (to-
participle), versus , -ūs m. “line, row, furrow ”; Umbr. kuvertu , covertu “convertitō” , trahvorfi

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“transverse ”, Lat. versi-ōn-, Osc. dat. Fερσορει ein Götterepithet; Osc. Umbr. vorsus ein
piece of wood as field measure is ein Terminus the röm. Siedler in Campanien (M.
Leumann); compare O.Ir. forrach “ein piece of wood as field measure “;
Ven. goddess Vrotah “Wenderin, Geburtsgöttin” (Vetter Gl. 20, 72);
O.Ir. ad-ferta “aversatur ”, adbart “adversarius ”, ablaut. dī-fort- “diffuse, einschenken ”
(compare Fr. verser ), M.Ir. fertas f. ‘schaft, spindle, Erdwall ” (newer fersat ), Welsh gwerthyd
“ spindle”, O.Corn. gurhthit gl. “fusus”, O.Bret. pl. guirtitou gl. “fusis”, M.Bret. guersit ds.;
root nouns as Adverb *u̯r̥t: O.Ir. preposition fri, preverb frith-, M.Welsh gwrth , Welsh wrth,
Corn. orth, Bret. ouz “gegen” (zur basic form s. Thurneysen Grammar S. 515, Jackson
Language and History S. 337); Welsh gwerthu “ sell “, Corn. gwerthe , Bret. gwerza ds. (but
Welsh gwerth “Preis” kann O.E. Lw. sein);
Goth. etc. wairÞan , O.H.G. werdan “become” (“to turn”); Goth. fra-wardjan , O.H.G.
frawarten ‘spoil” (causative to frawairÞan “zugrunde go ”, actually “eine Wendung zum U ̈ bel
nehmen”), Goth. etc. -waírÞs , O.H.G. -wert , Ger. -wärts “wohin gewendet ”; perhaps Goth.
etc. wairÞs , O.H.G. wert, Subst. “Wert, Preis ” (compare O.Ir. frith-, Lat. vorsus “gegen”
together with dem relationship from O.Ind. práti “gegen”: Lat. pretium “as Ghegenwert
dienender Preis) ” O.H.G. wurt “fate, destiny ” (*u̯r̥ti- “ turn “);
Bal.-Slav. * u̯erti̯ō “wende, turn, twist, rotate “ (older * u̯ertō ) in Lith. verčiu ̀ , ver̃sti , Ltv.
veršu, verst “wenden, kehren ”, Intransitiv Lith. virstù (*vr̥t-stō), vir̃sti “umfallen, fall, sich in
etwas verwandeln ”, Iter. vartūti “continual wenden ”, O.Pruss. wirst “wird”; Slav. *vьrtjǫ,
*vьrtěti in O.C.S. vrьtěti sę “περισπᾶσθαι ”, Iter. vratiti sę “στρέφεσθαι” , R.C.S. vrěteno “
spindle”(*u̯erteno - n.), O.C.S. vrěmę “time” (*u̯ert-men n.), Lith. var̃stas “Pflugwende ”,
compare O.Pruss. ainawarst “once”; Bal.-Slav. *u̯irstü f. “Wende” in O.C.S. vrъsta “ἡλικία”,
Russ. verstá “row, Lebensalter, Werst ”, compare die participle Lith. vir̃stas : Lat. versus ,
O.Ind. vr̥ttá- and Lat. versus, - ūs “furrow, line, row ”; O.Ind. vr̥ttá- n. “ way of life, lifestyle,

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Benehmen ”; Bal.-Slav. *u̯irsti - f. “kind of” in R.C.S. sъvьrstь “gleiches age, pair ”, Slov. vr̂st
“row, kind of ”, compare Lith. Infin. vir̃sti: O.Ind. vr̥tti- f. see above.
Toch. A wärt- “throw”, В wrattsai “gegen” (*wart, *u̯r̥t), yerter “Radkranz ”, A wërkänt, В
Obl. yerkwantai (*yertwantai ), Pedersen Toch. 235.
References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230,
235, Frick 151.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: α) u̯rei-n-: (*su̯erkʷh -)
English meaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth
Deutsche Übersetzung: “das Gesicht verdrehen, from Verlegenheit, beim Grinsen, beim
Beißen in etwas Saures”
Material: Nor. dial. vrīna , vrein “grinsen; in the rutting die Oberlippe and Nase heave, life or
verdrehen ”, then also “cry, neigh, from brũnstigen horses” (hence O.E. wræ ̄ ne “horny,
lustful”, O.S. wrēnisk , O.H.G. reinisc “leichtfertig, horny, lustful ”, O.S. wrēnio , O.H.G. reinno
‘stallion” under likewise), Dan. dial. vrinsk “very sour ” (“den Mund verziehend ”)
References: WP. I 277, WH. II 433 f.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: β) u̯rizd - (*su̯eriĝʷh -)
English meaning: to be confused, ashamed
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wird verlegen, schämt sich” (?)
Material: viell. from an s-Erweit. and with probably präsensbildendem d: O.Ind. vrīd ̣ atē “wird
verlegen, schämt sich” , vrīd ̣ a - m. “Verlegenheit, the genitals ” (*u̯ri-z-d-), Lat. rīdeō , -ēre
“lachen”; O.E. wræ ̄ stan “turn, bend ”, Nor. dial. ( v)reist “Weidenring; Querkopf ”, Ice. reista
“verdrehen, crook ”, could ein IE *u̯roizd - voraussetzen.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: γ) u̯reiĝ - (*su̯ereiĝʷh -)
English meaning: to be crooked (?)
Deutsche Übersetzung: “krumm sein ” (?)
Material: In Av. urvizō -maiδya - “die Leibesmitte schnũrend” , zaranyō -urvixšna “with
goldener Verschnũrung (am shoe)” (unorganisches x); Goth. wraiqs “σκολιός”, O.Fris. wrük
“crooked”, Swe. vrēk “eigensinniger person ” (*u̯roiĝ -u̯o-s); here das in vocalism irregular
Gk. ῥαιβός “crooked”;
Gk. ῥοιβός is hybridization from ῥοικός and ῥαιβός.
References: WP. I 279.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: δ) u̯reik̂ - (*su̯ereik̂ʷh -)
English meaning: to turn, bind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen; umwickeln, binden ”
Material: Av. urvisyeiti (*vriśyati ) “wendet sich, dreht sich ”, Kaus. urvaēsayeiti “wendet,
dreht”, urvaēsa - m. “ gyration “ (= Gk. ῥοικός , Dutch wreeg ); O.Ind. vréśī- “Wasserwirbel ”;
Gk. ῥοικός “ writhed, crooked, humped, gebogen ”, ῥικνός ds.; ῥίσκος “Koffer, hutch ”
maybe from * u̯rik̂-skos;
Lat. rīca “Kopftuch ”, rīcinium , originally dial. rēcinium ‘small Kopftuch ” (*u̯reikü );
M.L.G. wrīch (wrīg-) “ bent, verdreht, (therefrom) stiff; verrũckt, eigensinnig,
heimtũckisch” , Eng. wry ‘slant, skew ”, O.E. wrīgian “tendere, conari, niti ”, (“*sich winden,
whereupon wrestle, struggle ”), O.Fris. wrīgia “be bent, bow ” (?), O.E. urīxl f. “variation,
Tausch, earnings ”, O.Ice. ræ ̄ xn m. “knot”, hence probably also O.E. wrüsen , wræ ̄ sen f.,
O.H.G. reisan n. ds. M.Eng. wrüh “ inverted, halsstarrig ”, Dutch wreeg “ stiff “, Subst.
“Fußbeuge” , O.Ice. reigiask “den Kopf zurũckwerfen, violent become ”, O.Ice. riga f. “bend”,
riga “move”, Mod.Ice. rig n, rigr m. ‘stiffness in den Gliedern ” (from “*luxated”), M.H.G.
rigen , widerrigen “wogegen ankämpfen, widerstreben” , nd. wrigge(le)n ‘seitwärts or hin - and
her drehen ”, Eng. wriggle “ crook oneself “, nd. uriggel “Eigensinn ”, Nor. rigga “ connect,
umwickeln; upset; doubtful go ”, rigla “wobble, sway, doubtful go ”; M.H.G. ric, rickes “band,
strap, manacle, knot; Geschlinge the Eingeweide, narrow way ”, Swiss rikch “Heftel from
Faden”, M.H.G. ric “ neck “ (probably as “*Dreher”), with expressive consonant stretch the
Intensivität M.Eng. nd. Dutch wrikken “hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway ”, M.L.G. vor-
wrikken “ dislocate, luxate, crick “, Nor. (v)rikka , Swe. vrikka “ dislocate, luxate, crick ,
wriggeln”; Dutch gewricht “joint”; M.L.G. wrist, O.E. wrist, wyrst , aschw. vrist, O.Ice. rist
“Fußgelenk” , M.H.G. rist “hand-, Fußgelenk” (*wrihst- ); O.H.G. rīho m. ‘sura, poples, locus

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corrigiae ”, M.H.G. rīhe “Rist of Fußes” , Ger. Reihen ds., M.Du. wrīghe , Dutch wreeg
“Fußbiege” ; with the meaning “umwickeln ” (: Lat. rīca): O.E. wrīon, wrēon (*wrīhan )
“einhũllen, cover, shield “ , wrigels “Hũlle” , O.H.G. int-rīhhen , -rīhan , participle intrigan
“enthũllen” , M.H.G. rigel m. “eine headpiece, die man umwindet ”;
Lith. rišu ̀, rìšti “bind”, ryšy ̃ s m. “bundle”, raišau ̃ “bind”, raĩštis “band, strap, Binde, head
fascia”, also raĩkštis with k-insertion, as rūkštė “Gerte”, iš-si-rūkšti ‘sich in Fäden auflösen”
(perhaps ‘sich ausringeln, kräuseln” ), ráišas and raĩšas “lame” (“*luxated, crooked “), ráištu ,
-šau, -šti “lame become ”, ríešas “ ankle “, Ltv. risu, rist “bind”, riešu rist ds., ristu, rīstu(*u̯rī̆k-
stō, barely nasalized) “fũge mich an” ; O.Pruss. senrists “ connected “, perrēist “ connect “.
References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen AEng. etym. Wb.
408.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ε) u̯reip -, u̯rīp- (*su̯ereikʷh -)
English meaning: to turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen”
Material: Gk. ῥί̄ψ, ῥῑπός , Ion. ῥῖπος n. “ wickerwork, Matte ”, ῥί̄πτω “throw, cast ”, ῥῑπή
“drehende Bewegung, Schwung, Wurf ” (in addition Εὔρῑπος ), ῥῑπίς “ flabellum, bellows ”;
O.H.G. rīban , M.H.G. rīben “reibend wenden or turn ”, Ger. bO.Ir. reiben “turn, wenden ”,
M.L.G. wrīven , Fris. wriwwe “rub”, nd. wribbeln “turn”.
References: WP. I 280, Kluge- Götze16 607.
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u̯er-3: I. u̯r-ei-: ζ) u̯reit- (*su̯ereikʷh -)
English meaning: to turn
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen”
Material: ASwe. vrīÞa , O.Ice. rīða “turn, wringen, winden, tie, bind, knot “, O.E. wrī-ðan,
O.H.G. rīdan “turn, winden, bind ”, O.E. wriða m. “rein, ring ”; O.Ice. riðull “ tussock “, Ice.
riðill “walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden ”, O.H.G. ridil m. “Haarband, Kopfband ”; O.E.
wræ ̄ ð , wræ ̄ ð f. “band, strap, bundle ”, M.L.G. wrēden “zusammendrehen ”, O.H.G. reid, reidi
“ curly, frizzy “; with the meaning “zornrunzelnd ” O.Ice. reiðr “angry, irate ”, O.E. wrüð
“angry, irate, hostile, violent ”, O.S. wrēth , M.L.G. wrēt ds.;
Lith. riečiu ̀ (*reiti̯ō ), riẽsti “winden, wickeln, roll ”, Ltv. riešu, riest “abfallen, sich abtrennen ”,
therefrom Lith. riete ́ti “auskriechen ”, changing through ablaut ritù, -aũ, rìsti “roll, wälzen” ,
Ltv. ritu, rist ds., iterative Lith. ráičioti “hin- and herrollen ”;
eine additional form with Gmc. t (phonetically influenced from wrītan “ rend “?) in older
ndrhein. wrīten “turn, verdrehen, wringen ”, Dutch wrijten “turn”.
References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.
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u̯er-4 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to find, take
Deutsche Übersetzung: “finden, nehmen ”
Note: besides u̯erē(i)-, u̯ērī-
Material: Arm. gerem “take gefangen, raube ”;
Gk. (with unclear ευ as by εὐρύς , 8. u̯er-; Aspiration after ἑλεῖν) εὑρί̄σκω “find” (Quantität
of ι: unacquainted), εὑρή -σω, εὕρη-κα (*Fέ-Fρη-), εὗρον , εὑρέ-θην, εὑρε-τής;
O.Ir. fūar “invēni” (*u̯e-u̯r-a), frīth “inventum est ” (*u̯rē-to-);
*u̯rēt- in Lith. su-re ̃sti, sùrėčau “catch, grasp ”, O.C.S. obrěsti “find”, sъ-rěsti “find,
encounter, meet ”, Aor. -rětъ (present - ręštǫ), ob-ręšta “Erfindung ”.
References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.
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u̯er-5 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verschließen, bedecken; schũtzen, retten, abwehren”
Material: A. With Präfixen: ‘shut” and “öffnen” ; “door”; u̯ortom “gate”.
O.Ind. api-vr̥ṇóti “verschließt, bedeckt” , apa-vr̥ṇoti “öffnet” ; also Lat. operiō “bedecke ”,
aperiō “öffne” (from * op(i)- and *ap(o)-u̯eriō ); Osc. veru “portam”, Umbr. verof-e “in portam ”,
Osc.vereias gen. sg. “Jungmännerbund” (originally “Torwache ”, Vetter Gl. 29, 240);
Lith. ùžveriu , -vérti ‘shut”, atvérti “öffnen” (from which previously without preverb veriù ,
vérti “öffnen” , and ‘shut”; O.C.S. (za)/vьrǫ, vrěti ‘shut”, Iter. ot-voriti “öffnen” ;
Derivatives: *u̯ortom in nom. pl. Lith. var̃tai , Ltv. vàrti “gate, door ”, O.Pruss. warto
“Haustũre” ; O.C.S. vrata , Russ. voróta “gate, Tũre” ; also to 3. u̯er- could belong O.C.S.
verěja and za-vorъ “Hebebaum ”, Russ. verejá “Torflũgel” , zavor “gesperrter passage “;
perhaps here Lith. varūti “drive, push ” (formal = Gmc. warjan , O.C.S. ot-voriti , compare
also O.Ind. Kaus. vüra ́ yati ) as “das gate öffnen, um das Vieh from the hurdle
hinauszutreiben ”; in addition Russ. provórnyj “fast, rapid, hurried, agile ”.
B. u̯er-, u̯eru-, u̯rū- “verschließen, cover, shield, retten” ; u̯er-to- “ paddock “, u̯er-tro “
protection ”, u̯r̥-ti- “Einzäunung” .
O.Ind. vr̥ṇṓti (also várati and Kaus. varáyati ) “umschließt, wehrt” ; Av. Akt. -vǝrǝnav -,
Med. vǝrǝn - “cover, hũllen” ; derivatives from a light basis: O.Ind. vr̥tá- participle perf. pass. ,
vr̥ti- f. “Einzäunung” (Av. hąm-varǝtay - “Tapferkeit ”), varman- n. “ protection “, vártra - n.
‘schutzdamm, Deich ” (Osset. vart ‘shield” from Iran. *vr̥ϑra-, s. Bailey IRAS 1953, 110 f.),
vr̥tra- n. “Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e) ”, (Av. vǝrǝϑ ra- “Widerstand, Wehr, shield ”), sg. GN
Vr̥tra - (“the die Gewässer einschließt” ?), varatrü - ‘strap”, várdhra -, vadhra- m. va(r)-dhrī ds.,
vara- m. “Einschließen” , also vala- (Av. vara- ds.), lengthened grade vüra- (Av. -vüra-)

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“Deckung, Wehr ”; Av.varǝna - “Umhũllung, Bedeckung” (thereafter O.Ind. várṇa - “paint,
color” probably from “Bedeckung ”), varǝϑ a- “Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr ”, vürǝϑ man- “Wehr,
parapet” etc.;
u̯erū̆- besides in present vr̥ṇṓti in O.Ind. varū-tár- m. ‘schũtzer, Schirmer” , várū-tha- n. “
protection, shield, Heer, herd, swarm “, perhaps the GN Váruṇa - as “the binder ” (as Withra
above S. 710); here also O.Ind. uruṣyáti “befreit, erlost, rettet ” as uru-ṣ-yáti, compare Hitt.
u̯arressesta “protected ”; about O.Ind. Váruṇa - s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S. 485 (to
u̯ē̆r- “water”, above S. 80);
Gk. perhaps εὐρώς, -῵τος “ mildew, Moder ”, if actually “Bedecker ” (wäre *ἐ -Fρω-τ-,
compare O.Ind. arṇō-vr̥t “die Fluten einschließend” );
Fερῠ- in Hom. ἔρυσθαι “ abwehren, retten, preserve, protect ”, Impf. ἔρυ:-σο, -το, themat.
geworden ἐρύ̄ετο, perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι ), Ion. εἰρύομαι (*ἐFερύομαι) “ hold fest,
preserve ”, ἔρυμα “ protection, defense “, ἐρυμνός “geschũtzt, befestigt” , ἐρυσί-πτολις
‘stadtschũtzend” ; Εὐρυσί -λαος, Εὐρύ -λαος under likewise (ἐ -Fρυ-);
other ablaut grade F ρῡ- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. Hom. ῥῦσθαι, Hom. Ion. ῥύ̆ομαι
‘schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back ” (latter meaning, die also the k-Erweit. ἐρύ̄κω,
ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκαν άω “hold ab, back ”, pass. “zögere” innewohnt, from “ through einen
Verschluß fernhalten, abwehren” ), perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι ), ῥῦμα “ protection, defense “,
ῥύ̄σιος ‘schũtzend, rettend” , ῥύ̄τωρ, ῥῡτή ρ “Retter, liberator ”, ῥῡσίπολις ‘stadtschũtzend” ;
lengthened grade ἠρίον “ burial mound ”;
Alb. varr “grave” (*u̯ornü ), vathë “ paddock “;
O.Ir. ferenn (*u̯ereno -) “belt, girdle ”, fertae (M.Ir. fert) “burial mound ” (with Steinen
verschlossen) = O.E. weorð (see under), O.Ir. feronn , ferann (*u̯erono -) “land, farmland ”
(probably “*umhegt”); M.Welsh gwerthyr “fortress” (*u̯ertro -; compare above O.Ind. vartra -);

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here probably O.Ir. Ériu, gen. Érenn , Welsh Iwerddon “Irland” as *epi-u̯eriō , gen. -i̯onos “hill,
island” (compare O.H.G. werid ) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;
Goth. warjan “wehren”, O.Ice. verja “wehren, hinder, verteidigen ”, O.E. werian “ds.,
aufdämmen” , O.H.G. weren “verteidigen, shield “, O.S. werian “wehren, shield, hinder ”,
Gmc. - varii (“Verteidiger ”, out of it “Einwohner ”) in Chatuvarii, Bojuvarii , O.Ice. e.g. Rūm -
verjar “Römer” ; Run. waru “the umschließende Steinkreis um ein grave” (see above Ir. fert)
= O.Ice. vǫr f., nNor. vor m. “Reihe from Steinen ”, also “hill or bank from Steinen or gravel “,
O.Ice. ver n. “ dam, Fischwehr ”, O.E. wer m. ds., M.H.G. wer n. ‘stauwehr”, O.H.G. werī
“Wehr, protection ”, O.E. mylen-waru , -wer “Mũhlenteich” , waru “ protection ”; lengthened
grade O.H.G. wuorī f. “ dam “, Swiss wuhr “Wehr”; O.Ice.vǫrn “Verteidigung, protection ”,
O.E. wearn “Widerstand, Verweigerung ” (in M.H.G. warne , werne “Vorsicht, Fũrsorge,
warning” is ein to * u̯er- “gewahren ” gehöriges word eingeflossen), O.Ice. varna
‘sichenthalten, vorenthalten ” = O.E. wearnian “warn”, refl. ‘sich enthalten ”, O.H.G. warnōn
‘sich hũten, warn”, O.E. wiernan ‘sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject ”;
O.E. waroð n. “bank, border, shore, beach, seaside ”, O.H.G. werid “island, Halbinsel ”
(Ger. Werder ), M.H.G. wert “Landrũcken between Sũmpfen, bank, border, shore” , M.L.G.
werde (r) “eingedeichtes Land ”;
O.E. weorð, worð n. m. “ courtyard, household “ (*u̯er-to-, *u̯r̥-to-), O.S. wurth f.
“gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz ” (= O.Ind. vr̥ti-), M.L.G. wurt, wort, wurde, worde f.
“erhöhter place, Hofstätte; garden, Feldstũck” , O.Ice. urð f. “heap from Felsblöcken” ;
compare Alb. vathë “ paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, sheepfold “ (*u̯or-tü), tochar. В
wärto , wart(t)o “garden, wood, forest ”, Ir. fert “burial mound ”; in the meaning also O.C.S.
vora ‘saepimentum ”.
References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;
See also: in addition u̯erĝh -1.

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u̯er-6 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to talk, speak
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feierlich sagen, sprechen ”
Note: also u̯ere-, u̯rē-
Material: Av. urvüta - n. “ determination, command “ (= ῥητόν), next to which from the light
basis *u̯ere-: Av. urvata - n. “ determination “ = O.Ind. vratá - n. “ command, statute,
profession, declaration “, and O.C.S. rota “oath”; ablaut. O.Pruss. wertemmai “wir
schwören” ;
Gk. εἴρω ‘say” (*Fερι̯ω), Fut. ep. Ion. ἐρέω, Att. ἐρ῵, pass. Aor. Ion. εἰρέθην (*ἐ Fρέθην),
Att.ἐρρήθην (*εFρήθην), perf. εἴρη-κα, -μαι diss. from *FεFρη -, compare geneuertes =
renamed, has changed?? arg. FεFρημένα; ῥ ητός “verabredet = festgesetzt ”, ῥήτωρ, Eol.
Fρήτωρ “ Redner”, ῥήτρα, el. Fρά̄ τρᾱ f. ‘spruch, pact, covenant ”, diss. to Cypr. Fρήτα,
whereof εὐFρητ άσατυ “ pact, covenant, law “, ῥ῅μα “word”, ῥ῅σις “ discourse “, εἴρων “
someone, the sich verstellt ” (*Fερι̯ων), εἰρωνεί α “Verstellung ”;
Russ. vru (*vьrǫ), vratь “lie, maunder, drivel “, with k-suffix (*u̯orkü ): Russ. vráka “empty
gossip”, O.C.S. vračь (*u̯orki̯os ) “physician, medicine man (*Besprecher), magician,
Hexenmeister ”;
maybe Alb.Gheg vra, Tosc vras “kill, wound ”, Alb.Gheg verbu, Tosc verboj “to blind, make
wander aimlessly ”; maybe Alb.Gheg verbu, Tosc verboj “to blind” is related to the revenge
killing and anger of a murder - also Alb. verbohem “to become blind from anger ”.
Hitt. u̯erii̯a - “call, shout, cry , beauftragen ”, particle - u̯ar- actually ‘sagte”;
perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here Bal.-Slav. u̯rēk-, u̯rek- in
Lith. rėkiù , re ̃kti, Ltv. rēkt “cry”, rę̃kuôt ‘sich unterhalten ”, O.C.S. rekǫ, rešti ‘say”, ablaut.

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O.C.S. rokъ “Frist, Termin ”, rěčь “ accusation “ and *u̯rōk- in Gmc. Goth. wrōhs “ accusation
“, wrōhjan “beschuldigen ” = West-Gmc. *wrōgjan , O.H.G. ruogen , Ger. rũgen ;
dh-extension u̯er-dho- etc.:
Gk. βέρθει φθέγγεῖαι Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65);
Lat. verbum “word” (not from * vorbom because of:) Umbr. uerfale “ an open place for
observation, place marked off by the augur ’s staff “;
Goth. waurd , O.H.G. wort etc. “word” = O.Pruss. wirds “word”; Lith. var̃das “name”.
maybe Alb. urtë ‘sage, smart, intelligent ”, uroj “pray, wish ”.
References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1, 234 f., 2, 539, Frisk
469 ff.;
See also: here probably u̯rek-.
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u̯er-7 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to tear
Deutsche Übersetzung: “aufreißen, ritzen”
Note: base for extensions:
Material: A. u̯erd-: Av. varǝdva - ‘soft, lax “, O.C.S. vrědъ , Russ. véred “wound”; u̯red-:
O.Ind. avradanta ‘sie wurden weich ”, vrandín - “mũrbe werdend” ; u̯rēd-: O.Pruss. redo
“Ackerfurche ”, older Dan. vraade , vrode “wũhlen, aufbohren” ; u̯rōd-: Lat. rōdō, -ere “ gnaw,
consume ”, rōstrum (*rōd-trom ) n. “Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb ”, O.E. wrōtan
“wũhlen, dig” , O.Ice. rōta ds., O.H.G. ruozit ‘suscitat, movet ”, O.E. wrōt, M.H.G. ruozel,
rũezel , Ger. Rũssel (*wrōtila -); in addition die zero grade in Swe. dial. rota, ruta “wũhlen” ;
after Frisk (Etyma Armen. 30) in addition still Arm. gercum ‘shave” from *u̯erd-s- (originally
Aoristbildung).
B. u̯ornü : Alb. varrë “wound”, Russ. voroná “Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennensteiß”
(therefrom vorónka “Trichter”), Pol. wrona , Cz. vrana “aperture “; u̯re-no-, u̯ro-no- in O.Ind.
vraṇá - m. n. “wound, crack ” besides u̯rō-nü in O.C.S. Russ. etc. rana “wound”.
Maybe Alb. (*varna ) varr “grave” [common Alb. rn- > rr- shift] not from Lat. urna “cinerary
urn”.
C. u̯erĝh -: O.Ind. vr̥háti “reißt from” , Aor. varhi , participle vr̥ḍhá -, mūla -vr̥t “die roots
ausreißend” (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).
D. u̯erk-, u̯rek-: Gk. ῥάκος, Eol. βράκος (*Fράκος) n. “ rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle ”;
βράκαλον ῥόπαλον Hes.; βράκετον δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον Hes., ῥάκετρον ds.;
E. u̯resk - (from *u̯rek-sk-), u̯r̥sk- O.Ind. vr̥ścáti “haut ab, splits ”, vráścana - “abhauend ”, n.
“das Abhauen ”, pra-vraska- m. “cut”; ava-vraśca - ‘splinter”; R.C.S. vraska etc. “wrinkle”
(*u̯orskü ).

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Maybe Alb. vras “kill” [Alb. possible -ska > -s phonetic mutation]
F. u̯r-ei-, u̯rī-: Gk. ῥί̄νη “ Feile, Raspel ” (*u̯rīnü ; or onomatopoeic word?) and “Haifisch”
(from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen Rũckenhaut” ); ῥῑνός ‘skin; Lederschild ”,
(Eol.) γρῖνος (i.e. Fρῖνος) δέρμα Hes., Hom. ταλαύρῑνος ‘schildtragend ” (compare M.
Leumann, Homer. Wörter 196 ff.);
with d-extension (originally d-present?) O.E. wrītan “eingraben, ritzen, schreiben, malen ”,
O.S. wrītan “tear, verwunden, ritzen, schreiben ”, M.L.G. wrīten “ rend, schreiben, draw, sign
“, Ger. reißen , Run. wrait ‘schrieb, ritzte ” (besides Gmc. * rītan in O.S. rīta ds., compare
unter rei-, rei-d- “ritzen”); Goth. writs “line”, O.E. writ ‘schrift”, wræ ̄ tt “ornament, decoration,
jewellery, jewel ” under likewise;
after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here Arm. ergicanem “tear, break, rupture, grind, carve,
slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate ” from *u̯reid-s-.
References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1, 229.
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u̯er-8 (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to observe, pay attention
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gewahren, achtgeben ”
Material: Gk. only Fορ -, with spiritus asper ὁρ-: Hom. ἐπὶ ὄρονται ‘sie beaufsichtigen ”, ὅρει
ψυλάσσει Hes., u̯orós in ἐπίουρος (for ἐπίορος after οὖρος) “ἔφορος, supervisor, custodian,
keeper”, φρουρό ς “Wächter” (*προ -ὁρός), φρουρά̄ “ protection ”, οὖρος “Wächter ” (from
compounds abstracted), Dor. τῑμά̄ορος , Att. τῑμωρός “Ehrenwächter, Retter” (Fόρος = Gmc.
wara - see below), ὁράω (ἑώρων, ἑόρᾱκα ) ‘see, observe ” (denominative eines also in
φρουρά̄ steckenden *Fορά̄ = O.H.G. O.S. wara , O.E. waru “attention ”) Eol. freilich ὄρημι,
similarly as Lat. verēri ; lengthened grade Att. ὤρα, Ion. ὤρη “ Hut, care “ Hom. οὐδενός -
ωρος, οὐδενὸ ς ὤραν ἔχων “ nichtsnutzig ”, ὀλιγωρέω “vernachlässige” from *ὀλιγωρός
“ὀλίγην ὤραν ἔχων” , at most θυρωρός, πυλωρό ς “door-, Torhũter” (rather because of Hom.
πυλεωρός an θυρη -, πυλη -ορός, correspondingly τῑμωρός); ὠ ρεύειν “ cavere”; βωροί
ὀφθαλμοί Hes. Suid.
Lat. vereor , -ērī, -itus sum “ worship, fear, dread ”; zur form compare Gk. Eol. (F) ὄρημι
‘see, observe ”;
O.Ir. cō(a)ir “ fitting, right ”: Welsh cywair ds. ( *kom-u̯eri̯os);
Gmc. : u̯orós in Goth. war(s) “behutsam ”, O.Ice. varr “behutsam, careful, shy ”, O.E. wær
“gewahr, attentive, careful, behutsam ”, O.S. war “ careful, auf the Hut ”, O.H.G. giwar “
attentive, careful “ = (Fόρος); ū̆orü in Goth. warai “Behutsamkeit, artifice ”, M.H.G. wer
(O.H.G. * warī) “Vorsicht”; O.E. waru , O.S. O.H.G. wara “attention, Obhut ”, wara nëman
“wahrnehmen ”, O.Ice. vara f. “Handelsware, Zahlungsmittel ”, O.E. waru , LateM.H.G. war,
Ger. Ware ; O.H.G. bewarōn “preserve, protect ”, O.S. warōn “observe, protect, look after,
watch over, keep ”, O.E. warian “preserve, protect, beware, guard ”, O.Ice. vara “ attentive

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make, look after; protect, assume “, refl. ‘sich hũten” ; *u̯ortos (*u̯ordhos ) in Goth.
daúrawards “Torwart”, O.H.G. wart “Wächter, Wärter, Hũter” , warto , Goth. wardja ds., O.S.
wardōn “auf the Hut sein, look after, watch over, keep ”, O.H.G.wartēn “achten, peer,
wahrnehmen, warten , erwarten ”, warta “Beobachtung etc. ”, Ger. Warte under likewise;
*u̯orn- in O.H.G. furiwarna “Vorbereitung ” (O.E. wearn f. “Widerstand, Verweigerung,
Vorwurf”, Ger. warnen etc. through interference from Angehörigen from *warjan wehren
etc.”, and root *u̯er- “verschließen” );
Ltv. véru, vērt ‘see, show, bemerken ” (mostly reflexive vērties ), vērība “attention ”;
Toch. A wär-, В wär-sk- ‘smell”.
References: WP. I 284 f.
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u̯er-9 : u̯eru-s (*su̯er-)
English meaning: wide, broad
Deutsche Übersetzung: adj. “weit, breit ”
Material: O.Ind. urú-, Av. vouru- (from * varu-, IE *u̯eru-), jAv. also uru- “wide”, WestO.S.S.
urux, Kompositionsform Av. uru- (from * u̯ru-, as O.Ind. gru- besides gurú-, above S. 476);
comparative várīyas -, Superlativ váriṣṭha -, in addition O.Ind. urūcī́ f. “die earth ”, Femin. to
uru-vyáñc : urūc- “weitreichend ”, compare den Av. Bergnamen Vouruša -, perhaps = O.Ind.
*urūcya -; O.Ind. urvaṭa - m. “year”, *uruaṭa - “weit wandering “; PN Urváśī f. from * uru-vüs ́ ī- “
intense desire ”; in addition ulū ́ khala - “mortar” from *urū ́-khara- “with breitem bottom ”;
with metathesis Gk. εὐ- (as in εὑρίσκω, u̯er-4; compare εὐ ρυσί- under u̯er-5) in εὐρύ ς
(instead of *Fερύς) “ breit”, as well as in εὖρος “ Breite” (see above Schwyzer Gk. 1, 412
Anm. 1); perhaps Toch. A wärts, В aurtse “wide, breit ”
neuter: u̯eros - in O.Ind. váras - n. “Breite, Raum ” (Gk. εὖρος instead of *Fέρος);
doubtful u̯eros- “brost” in O.Ind. uras- (from * vuras ), Av. varō ds. and O.Ind. várī̆maṇ - m.
n. “Weite, Umfang ”, várivas - n. “Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit ”, die eine heavy basis
voraussetzen.
References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.
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u̯ers- (*su̯er-)
English meaning: to drag on the ground
Deutsche Übersetzung: “am Boden schleifen ”
Material: Lat. verrō (older vorrō ), verrī, versum ‘schleifen, am Boden schleppen, fegen ”;
about Gk. ἔρρω “ go away, schwinde ” s. Frisk 566;
O.Ice. vǫrr ‘stroke”; barely here O.S. O.H.G. wërran “bewilder, durcheinanderbringen ”
etc.;
Ltv. vârsms “heap of corn, grain “; R.C.S. vьrchu, vrěšti “dreschen ”, ablaut. vrachъ “das
Dreschen ” (geschah originally through Schleifen), Russ. vóroch “heap (from corn) ”;
Hitt. u̯aršii̯a -, u̯arš- “abwischen, pluck, reap ”.
References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.
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u̯er-(e)nā (*su̯er-)
English meaning: alder, poplar
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Erle, Pappel ” (‘sumpfbaum ”?), thereafter ‘stange, Balken ”
Material: Arm. geran (*u̯er enü) “trabs, tignum ”;
Alb. verrë f. (*u̯ernü ) “Populus alba ”;
Bret. gwern f. (*u̯ernü ) ‘schiffsmast; alder “, O.Corn. guern “Mast”, guern- en “ alder “,
Welsh gwernen ‘schiffsmast, alder “, pl. koll. gwern “Erlen, swamp, marsh ”, M.Ir. fern f.
“Ег1е, Mast”, Gaul. Fernodubrum (“Erlenwasser ”; from dem Celt. derive piemontes. verna ,
prov. verna , verno , Fr. verne , vergne “ alder “).
References: WP. I 292, Меуег -Lũbke REW3 p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S.
81.
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u̯es-1 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: to stay, live, spend the night
Deutsche Übersetzung: “verweilen, wohnen, ũbernachten”
Material: O.Ind. vásati (participle secondary uṣita -) “verweilt, dwells, ũbernachtet” (with ü:
‘sleeps with a Frau ”, with upa: “fastet”) = Av. vaŋhaiti “ dwells, verweilt ”, O.Ind. Kaus.
vüsayati “beherbergt ”; vástu -, vasatí - m. f., vüsa ́ - m. “abode , residence , Übernachten” ,
O.Pers. ü-vahanam “ residence, Flecken ”, O.Ind. lengthened grade vü ́ stu - n. ‘site, house ”,
newer vástu - n. “thing, thing ” (vastuka- m. “eine plant ”, actually “Hofunkraut ”); vüsa -veśman
n. ‘schlafzimmer” ;
Arm. goy “is, existiert, is vorhanden ”, goy (i-stem) “being, being, blessing, property ”;
Gk. ἄεσα ep. Aor. (stets with νύκτα connected) “ zubringen ”, in addition present ἀέσκω,
ἀέσκοντο; perhaps ἑ στία f. ‘stove, hearth, altar ”, figurative “house, family etc. ”, with
secondary ι Ion. ἱστίη, Eol. böot. lokr. Dor. ark. ἱστία through Assimil. an das betonte ι the
second syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ἵστημι; derivative from *u̯es-
ti- “Bleiben, dwelling ”, also “zum Heim gehörig” ; with unexplained a-vocalism (F) ἄστυ n.
“town, city ” (ἀστός ‘städter” , ἀστεῖος ‘städtisch” );
Messap. vastei (dat.);
Lat. Vesta “goddess of häuslichen Hordes” ;
M.Ir. fō(a)id “nächtigt (also “ with a wife, woman ”), bleibt, verweilt, wakes in the night ”
(*u̯oseti ), 3. sg. preterit fīu (*u̯i-u̯ōs-t), 3. pl. fēotar (*u̯i-u̯os-ont-r̥), verbal noun fess, feiss f.
‘schlafen, coitus, abode, residence ”, ablaut. foss m. “Bleiben, tranquility “, i foss “to house” ,
fossad “tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence ”; Welsh gwas “Heimstätte” ,
M.Welsh gWest , kyWest “Ruheplatz ”, gWest , cyWestach “coitus”, gWesti “dwelling”,
dirWest (*dī-ro-u̯es-t-) and darWest (*to-are-u̯es-t-) “ fast “;

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Goth. wisan (1. sg. preterit was) ‘sein, bleiben ”, O.Ice. vesa (later vera), O.E. O.S.
O.H.G. wesan (Eng. preterit was), O.Fris. wesa ‘sein, bleiben” , Ger. war, gewesen ,
substantivierter Infin. “entity”; Goth. wists f. “entity”, O.Ice. vist, O.E. O.H.G. wist “entity,
abode, residence, Dasein ”; O.Ice. væ ̄ rr “ peaceful, friedlich ” (or identical with dem 2. part
from ǫl-væ ̄ rr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs herað -væ ̄ rr “berechtigt, in district,
region, area to sein ”); O.S. werōn , O.H.G. weren “dauern, währen” (in addition O.H.G. wirig
“ lasting, dauerhaft ”, Ger. lang-wierig ) and O.S. warōn , M.L.G. waren “dauern”; perhaps
Goth. wis “ calm (at sea) “, if actually “ tranquility “);
Toch. A wṣeńńe “ lair “, waṣt, В ost “house”, waṣamo “friend”, pl. waṣmoń , wsaṣṣäṃ “
dwells “; Hitt. ḫu̯iš- “leben, am Leben bleiben ”, ḫu̯iša - “mirror”.
References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f., Loth
RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.
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u̯es-2 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: to feast
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schmausen; aufgeräumt sein”
Material: O.Ind. ánu vüvasē “hat aufgezehrt ”, vástōḥ “vor dem ravenousness ”, Av. vastra
“Fresse, muzzle ”, vüstrǝm “food”, vüstar - “Hirte”; about Lat. vēscor “as Speise genießen,
sich nähren” see above S. 73; M.Ir. fess, feiss “food, eating ” (*u̯es-tü), O.Ir. fïach “raven”
(*u̯esükos ), out of it borrowed Welsh gwyach ‘steißfuß” (ein bird); O.Ir. ban-[ḟ]ess “ wedding
“ (“Frauen-fest ”), Bret. banves “festival”, Welsh gWest “festival”; Goth. waila wisan “to feast,
delight “, frawisan “consume ”, wizōn “indulge oneself ”, waila-wizns “ feast “, gawizneigs
‘sich mitfreuend ”, O.E. wesan “to feast” (only Beowulf 3115, Hs. weaxan ); O.H.G. firwesan ,
M.H.G. verwesen “consume ”; O.Ice. vist, O.E. O.H.G. wist f. “dish, food ”; in ablaut probably
O.H.G. wastel (Fr. gâteau ) “ cake”;
Hitt. u̯eši- “pasture”, u̯ešii̯a - “weiden, abweiden; leiten, regieren ”; u̯eštara - “herdsman,
shepherd ”.
References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769
See also: probably to u̯esu - “good” .
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u̯es-3 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: wet
Deutsche Übersetzung: “feuchten, naß”
Material: Gk. ἐαρόν λουτ῅ρα, ἤ πρόχουν Hes., alt- theräisch hεαρα (meaning unacquainted);
Umbr. vestikatu “libato” (formation as Lat. lectīca );
O.H.G. wasal “rain”, O.H.G. waso “lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole ”, Ger. Wasen “lawn”,
O.S. waso , M.L.G. wase “damp Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn ”; M.L.G. wasem
m. “Wasserdampf, haze, mist ”; O.E. wōs n. “ dampness, juice, sap ”; Eng. ooze “ dampness,
slime, mud ”, as verb “durchsickern, spring up, bubble ”, M.L.G. wōs ‘scum, froth, foam,
Absud, juice, sap ”, older Dan. Nor. ōs “Pflanzensaft ”;
presumably Av. vaŋhu -tüt- f. “blood”, vaŋhuϑ wa- n. “Blutvergießen, blutiger fight” ,
vohuna - m. “blood” and O.Ind. vásü , vasü ́ “bacon, fat, lard “ (also vaśü inscribed, as váśa -m
“flũssiges fat” );
here with the meaning “male animal ” (compare Lat. verrēs etc.: u̯er-, u̯er-s- “feuchten ”):
O.Ind. úṣṭra - m. “Bũffel, Kamel” , uṣṭár - “Pflugstier ”, Av. uštrō m. “Kamel” (also in ZaraÞ -
uštrō ); O.Ind. uṣṭǘ “Pflugstier ”.
References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1, 113 f., Frisk 433.
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u̯es-4 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: to stick, pierce
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stechen”?
Material: O.Ind. nivüsita - “ums Leben gebracht ”, nirvüsana -m “das Ermorden, Töten” ,
parivüsayati ‘schneidetrings ab, from ” under likewise; O.Ir. fennaid ‘schindet” (*u̯es-nü-ti);
Alb. usht “Ähre” ; O.H.G. ort “cusp, peak, point, edge etc. ”, Ger. Ort “place” (and
‘schusterahle ”), O.E. ord “cusp, peak, Anfang ”, O.Ice. oddr “cusp, peak ”, aGmc. Osd-ulfus =
O.S. O.E. Ord-ulf (different above S. 237); Lith. usnìs “thistle, Hagedorn ”, Ltv. usna , ušna
“thistle”;
about Church Slavic vъšь “louse” etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.
References: WP. I 308 f.
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u̯es-5 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: to dress, put on
Deutsche Übersetzung: “kleiden”
Material: O.Ind. vástē “kleidet sich, zieht an ”, Av. vaste ds. (compare das unthemat. Gk.
ἕσσαι , -ἕσται ), vaŋhaiti ds.; O.Ind. vásana -, Av. vaŋhana - n. “ garment “; O.Ind. vásman - n.
“cover” (= εἷμα); vastra -, Av. vastra - n. “ clothing “ (: Gk. Fέστρα , M.H.G. West er?);
Arm. z-genum “pull mich an ” (*u̯es-nu- = ἕννυμι), z-gest “ clothing “ (-tu-stem);
Gk. ἕννῡμι, Ion. εἵνῡμι, Aor. ἕσ(σ)αι “kleiden”, Med. ‘sich kleiden ”, athemat. perf. εἷμαι
(*Fέσ-μαι) 3. sg. ἐπί-εσται (Herod.); ἔσθος n. “ clothing “ (-dhes -stem), ἐσθής, -῅τος ds.
(*Fεσ[το-]τᾱτ-ς with dem θ from ἔσθος ); ἑανός “weibliches garment “ (O.Ind. vásana -m); Ion.
Att. εἷμα, Dor. F῅μα, Lesb. Fέμμα “dress” (: O.Ind. vás-man- ); Hes. γ῅μα ἱμάτιον , εὐ-, κακο ,
δυσ-είμων “good, schlecht gekleidet ”, with Vorstufe of Itazismus ἱ̄μάτιον “dress, mantle ”;
Dor. Fέστρα (γέστρα στολή Hes.), ἐφεστρίς f. “wärmeres Wintergewand, Soldatenmantel” ;
Alb. vesh “I kleide an ”, vishem “kleide mich an ”;
Lat. vestis “ clothing “, vestiō , -īre “kleiden” (compare γεστία ἔνδυσις Hes.);
Goth. wasjan , O.H.G. werian , O.Ice. veria “kleiden”, O.E. werian “ds., dress bear, carry ”;
Goth. wasti f. “dress”; M.H.G. West er (see above) “Taufkleid ” (but O.H.G. early wastibarn ,
previously by Notker Westerwât ); O.Ice. vesl n. “dress” (*wesala -), ver “ Überzug “ (*waza- );
Hitt. u̯aš-, u̯eš-, luw. u̯aš(š) - “bekleiden, anziehen ”; Toch. В wastsi , wästsi “dress”
(neologism); A wsül ds.;
References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.
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u̯es-no- (*su̯es-no-)
English meaning: price
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Kaufpreis ”
Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: O.Ind. vasná- m.
“Kaufpreis ”, n. “earnings ”, vasnayati “feilscht”; Arm. gin “Kaufpreis ”; Gk. Hom. ὦνος
“Kaufpreis ”, Lesb. ὄννᾱ (*u̯osnü ), Ion. Att. ὠνή “Kauf”, ὠνέομαι “ kaufe”, gort. ὠν῅ν “ sell “;
Lat. vēnus (only in acc. vēnum , dat. vēno , later vēnui ) ‘sale” (vendō , -dere “ sell “ is *vēnom
+ dō, vēneō “verkauft become ” = *vēnom + eō); marr. eituam venalinam “pecuniam
venaliciam ” (?) muß ein loanword from dem Lat.sein, da sn marr. not n ergeben wũrde;
aRuss. věno “dowry”; Hitt. uššaniya - “ sell “ (compare above u̯aš- “buy”).
References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.
See also: u̯es-8
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u̯es-7 (*su̯es-)
English meaning: to turn, wind
Deutsche Übersetzung: “drehen, wickeln ”?
Material: O.Ind. vēda ́ - m. “ hassock, clump of grass “ (*u̯ozdos ); uṣṇíhü f. “Genick”, uṣṇī́ṣa -
m. “head fascia ” (*us-nī̆- “ gyration “); Swe. , Nor. vase “Laubbũndel” , vasa “verwickeln,
maunder, drivel “, O.Ice. vasask ‘sich verwickeln ”, M.L.G. M.Eng. wase “bundle”.
References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.
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u̯esperos (u̯ekeros ) (*su̯es-kʷero)
English meaning: evening
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Abend”
Material: Gk. ἕσπερος m. “evening, vespertine “, ἑσπέρα f. “evening”, ἑσπέριος , ἑσπερινός “
vespertine “; Lat. vesper, -eris and -eri “evening, Abendzeit ”, vespera “Abendzeit ” (out of it
O.Ir. fescor , M.Welsh gosper , gosber ); probably to Ger. West (above S. 73); against it Balt-
sl. *u̯ekera - m. “evening”: Lith. vãkaras “evening” (pl. vakaraĩ “Westen”, vakarų̃ ve ́jas
“Westwind ”), Ltv. vakars “evening”, O.C.S. večerъ ds., wherefore adv. O.C.S. vьčera “
yesterday “ etc., basic meaning perhaps “ darkness ”, to Lith. úkanas “cloudy”, ùnkna
‘shadow”, Lat. umbra (*unksrü ) ‘shadow”;
Welsh ucher “evening” not here, but from IE *u̯oik̂sero - (Pokorny ZcP. 15, 377); Arm.
gišer “night” from *u̯oik̂ero -, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root u̯eik̂- “humid, wet”
(?) in O.Ind. vēs ́ anta ́ - m. “pond, pool ” (compare die FlN Lith. Viešinta ̀ , Viešmuo ̃ etc.), O.Ice.
veig “berauschendes Getränk” , Ltv. vieksts “Wasserstrudel ”.
References: WP. I 311, WH. II 770 f., 814 f., Trautmann 348, Vasmer 1, 196, Frisk 575; the
variation u̯esperos : u̯ekeros perhaps after Specht IE Decl. 119 taboo to define; compare
also Havers Sprachtabu 125, 178.
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u̯es-r̥ (*su̯es-)
English meaning: spring
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Frũhling”
Grammatical information: gen. u̯es-n-es
Note: (Lat.-Gmc. u̯ēr after *i̯ēr “year”)
Material: O.Ind. vasan -tá- m. (*u̯es-en-to-) “ spring “, vasantü “in spring “ (from * vasan-
extended); vasar -hán “frũh schlagend” , vüsara ́ - “morgendlich ”;
Av. vaŋri loc. “in spring “ (*vasri for older *vasar , compare Pers. bahür with
Quantitätsumsprung from * vühar , compare O.Pers. ϑūra-vühara -);
Arm. garun (*u̯esr-), gen. garnan “ spring “;
Gk. ἔαρ, ἔαρος , also ἦρος , ἦρι with neuem nom. ἦρ; γέαρ Hes. (*F εσαρ ) “ spring “,
ἐαρινός “zum spring gehörig” ;
Lat. vēr, vēris n. “ spring “, vernus (*u̯erinos ) “auf den spring bezũglich” ;
maybe Alb. vera ‘summer”, [Lat. primavera springtime (f. use as fem. sing. of L prima vera
pl. primum ver first or earliest spring)], Alb. [ pranë = “near” + vera = ‘summer”] > Alb.
pranvera ‘spring, early summer ”.
O.Ir. errach (lenierte form from *ferrach ) “ spring “ (*u̯esr-üko-); O.Welsh guiannuin “in
spring “ (*u̯es-n̥t-eino- ), but M.Welsh gwaeanhwyn , Welsh gwanwyn places *gwaeant from
*u̯es-n̥to- ahead; O.Corn. guaintoin “ spring “;
Lith. vãsara and vasarà, Ltv. vasara ‘summer” (*u̯esera -?);
O.C.S. vesna “ spring “; *u̯eserinios “vernus” in Lith. vasarìnis ‘summery”, Ltv. vasarińi m.
pl. ‘sommergetreide ”, compare R.C.S. vesnьnyj , Russ. vesénnij “Frũhlings -”;
maybe Alb. (*vesna, *vièsienta ́) vjeshta “autumn (long summer) ” [common Alb. n > nt > t
phonetic mutation].

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u̯et- (*su̯et-)
English meaning: year
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Jahr”
Note:
Gk. ἔνος “ year” : Lat. annus “year” (*atnos ) “year” : O.Ind. hü ́ yana - “yearly”, hüyana ́ - m. n.
“year” prove that Root en-2 : “year” : Root at-, *atno- : “to go; year ” : Root u̯et- : “year”
[prothetic u̯-, v- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root ĝhei-2, ĝhi-, ĝhei-men-,
*ĝheimn - : “winter; snow ”

Material: O.Ind. vatsá , vatsará - m. “year”, vatsá - m. “Jährling, calf, rother, cattle” , vatsaká -
m. “Kälbchen” , sa-vüta ́ rüu N. Du. f. “ identical calf habend ”; sogd. wtšnyy (leg. wat(u)šanē )
“old”;
Gk. Fέτος, ἔτος n. “ year”, διετής “ biennial “, ἐτήσιος “ annual, yearly ”, Att. εἶς νέωτα, delph.
ἐννέωτα “for the nächste year” (haplology from *νεFώ -Fετα, s. also ἐπηετανός Frisk 534,
οἰετέας J. B. Hofmann Gk. etym. WB. 227, σ῅τες above S. 609); Gk. ἔτελον, ἔταλον
“Jährling from Haustieren” (: Lat. vitulus , see under);
Alb. vit, pl. vjet “year” , parvjet “vor zwei Jahren ”, vjetë f. “calf”, vitsh “calf” (from *u̯eteso -,
compare Lat. veterīnus ); Messap. atavetes = αυτόετες “of gleichen year ”;
Comment:
Alb. vit, pl. vjet “year” : Hitt. witt- “year”; Alb. vjetër “old” : Lat. vetus, -eris “old”.
Lat. vetus, -eris “old” (gleich ἔτος; the Genet. veteris schließt close connection to O.Lith.
vetušas from), vetustus “old” (probably from * u̯etosto-s “aged”, formation as onustus :
onus ), vetulus “ältlich” , Osc. Vezkeí “*Vetusco ”, Göttername; Lat. veterīnus “Zugvieh”;
vitulus “calf” = Umbr. vitluf “vitulōs” (Ital. i instead of e presumably through borrowing from a

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nicht näher to bestimmenden IE language Italiens); Osc. Viteliú “Italia”, from which through
unterItal.-Gk. mediation Lat. Italia , actually “das land the Italī” (“young Rinder ”, after dem
Stiergott Mürs );
M.Ir. feis, Corn. guis, O.Bret. guis ‘sow” (*u̯et-si-);
Goth. wiÞrus “one year old lamb ”, O.Ice. veðr, O.H.G. widar “aries, ram ” (compare above
O.Ind. sa-vüta ́ rüu );
O.C.S. vetъchъ “old”, O.Lith. vetušas “old, aged ”;
ein loc. or possibly acc. sg. of zero grade stem ut- lies vor in O.Ind. par-út “in
vergangenen years ”, Arm. heru, Gk. πέρυσι, Dor. πέρυτι, O.Ice. fjorð, M.H.G. vert ds., O.Ir.
ónn-urid “ab anno priore ” (Vokalumstellung?);
Hitt. witt- “year”, hierogl.-Hitt. usa-, luv. ušša ds.
References: WP. I 251, WH. I 723, II 776 ff., 807, Trautmann 365, Vasmer 1 , 194, O.
Szemerényi ZDMG . 101, 204 f., Word 8, 50, Frisk 534, 579 f., 583 f., Kronasser compare
sound- under Formenlehre 126 A. 20.
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u̯ē̆-1 (*su̯ē̆-)

English meaning: we
Deutsche Übersetzung: “wir” (Dual)
Grammatical information: u̯ei- (Plural)
Material: nom. 1. Dual O.Ind. vü ́ m (= vü-am, IE *-om), Av. vü, Goth. wit, O.Ice. vit, O.E. wit,
O.C.S. vě, Lith. vè-du (*u̯e-du̯ō) “wir both”;
nom. 1. pl. O.Ind. vay-ám, Av. vaēm (IE *-om), Goth. weis, O.H.G. wir, O.Ice. vēr, O.E.
wē ̆ etc., Hitt. u̯ēs (*u̯ei̯-es), Toch. В wes, A was “wir”.
References: WP. I 220, Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 175 f., Liebert, IE Personalpron. 102 ff.
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u̯ēp- : u̯ǝp- (*su̯ekʷ -)
English meaning: to blow; to soar
Deutsche Übersetzung: “blasen, dunsten ”?
Material: Falls das O.Ind. causative vüpayati “makes blow ” keine secondary formation to
vüti “weht” (above S. 82) darstellt, but from a stem * u̯ēp- derived is, kann es Ablautform to
Lat. vapor (old vapōs ) “vapor, heat ” sein (incorrect about vapor above S. 596), wherefore
still vappa , vapiō “kahmiger Wein ”.
Alb. vapa ‘summer heat ”
References: WP. I 379 f., WH. II 732 f.
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u̯ē̆su- (*su̯ē̆su -)
English meaning: good
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gut”
Material: O.Ind. vásu - “good” (in addition vasvī “night”), vásu n. “blessing, Besitztum,
property, richness “ (das Subst. after Akzent and ablaut das primäre), Av. vaŋhu -, vohu ds.,
O.Ind. vasīyün “better”, vasiṣṭha - “best”, Av. vahyü ̊ , vahištō ds.; alt-Illyr. Ves-cleves ,
compare O.Ind. vásu -śravas -;
Note:
Illyr. displays satem and centum characteristics similar to Alb. and O.Ind. also Illyr. adds
prothetic v- before bare initial vowels like Alb. hence * u- > v- in Illyr. dialects and modern
Alb.

Gmc. in Eigennamen, e.g. Wisu-rīh, -mür, also Wisi-Gothae ; Gaul. in Eigennamen as Bello-
, Sigo-vesus , Vesu-avus , O.Ir. * feb (only in den case oblique covered, e.g. dat. sg. feib)
“Vortrefflichkeit ” from *u̯esu̯ -ü, febas “Vortrefflichkeit ”, *febtu , gen. febtad gl. ‘substantiae ”;
ablaut. O.Ir. fō “good, Gũte” (*u̯osu -); besides * u̯ēsu - in Ir. fiu “wũrdig” , Welsh gwiw ds.,
Bret. gwiou “cheerful”, Gaul. Uīsu-rīx; about u̯ēsu - in asi O.N. Sprachen s. Bossert Withteil.
Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;
besides eus- (with metathesis as in Gk. εὖρος from Fερος) in:
Goth. iusiza “better”, iusila “Erholung, Erleichterung ” (after Wissmann, D. ält. Postverb. d.
Gmc. 72 ff. post-verbal to * iusilon , as inilo “Entschuldigung, Vorwand ” to * inilon ); O.C.S.
unje “better” (compar. to an * uno- from * eus-no-);
Illyr. PN Veselia “Felicitas”; Ltv. vęsęls “fit, healthy, heil, unversehrt ”; O.C.S. veselъ ,
Cz.veselū etc. “cheerful”;

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maybe through metathesis Lat. (*veselia ) felicitas -atis f. “happiness, good fortune, success ;
personif., Good Fortune as a goddess ”, felix -icis “fruitful, fertile. Transf., of good omen,
favorable, bringing good luck; fortunate, lucky, successful; Felix, the Lucky One, sur- name
of Sulla . adv. feliciter, fruitfully; auspiciously, favorably; luck- ily, successfully ”.
Toch. A wṣe, В yaṣi “night” as *u̯esū “die Gute ”.
References: WP. I 311, Vasmer 1, 191 f., Frisk 594 f.
See also: probably to u̯es-2.
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u̯ǝg- : u̯āg- (*su̯egh -)
English meaning: to be bent
Deutsche Übersetzung: “gebogen sein ”
Material: Lat. vagor, -üri ‘schweife umher, breite mich from ”, vagus “ wandering “; O.Ir. fün
m. ‘slope, cavity; slantwise, abschlũssig” (*u̯üg-no-); O.Welsh guoin , Welsh gwaun
“lowland, depression, meadow ”, Corn. goen , goon , gon, Bret. geun , yeun ‘sumpfland ”
(*u̯ügnü ).
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 726, Loth RC 36, 181;
See also: compare u̯ü-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng (h)-, u̯enk -.
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u̯idhu - (*su̯eiĝhu -)
English meaning: tree
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Baum”
Note:
Root u̯idhu - (*su̯eiĝhu -): “tree” derived from Alb.-Illyr. vith, gen. vidh “elm tree” of Root u̯inĝ-
and u̯eiĝ- (u̯iĝ-?) : “elm”; common Alb. -ĝ- > -d- phonetic mutatIon.
Material: O.Ir. fid, gen. fedo “tree, wood, wood, forest ”, Welsh gwŷdd (sg. gwydden ),
O.Corn. guiden , br. gwez (sg. gwezenn ) ds., also in Welsh syb-wydd “pine” (“Harzbaum ”) =
Corn. sib-uit; Gaul. VN Uidu-casses ; O.Ice. viðr, gen. viðar m. “wood, forest, wood, tree ”,
O.E. widu, wudu m. ds., O.H.G. witu, wito “wood”;
perhaps as “Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen ” to *u̯eidh -
‘separate, divide ” and then formal = O.Ind. vidhú- “vereinsamt ”, Lith. vidùs “Withte, Inneres ”;
compare above S. 707 Lith. mẽdžias “tree”;
connection with Ir. fīad “wild”, fīadach “Jagd”, Welsh gŵydd “wild”, O.Corn. guit-fil “fera”,
Bret. gouez “wild” wäre the meaning after through Lat. silvüticus “wild” : silva, Lith. medìnis
“wild”, medžio ̃ kle “Jagd” : mẽdis “tree” to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei die lengthened
grade ei compared with dem Grundworte Ir. fid difficult, hard; es is hence fīad from fid to
separate and auf eine besides * u̯ei-t- in O.H.G. weida , O.E. wüð, O.Ice. veiðr “Jagd, fishing ”
(:*u̯ei-3) liegende root form * u̯ei-d(h)- to beziehen.
maybe Alb. fidan ‘sapling” and then from Alb. passed into Turkish language not vice versa,
also older Alb. vidh “elm-tree”.
References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.
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u̯inĝ- and u̯eiĝ - (u̯iĝ-?) (*su̯eiĝhu -)
English meaning: elm
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Ulme”
Material: With nasalization die Bal.-Slav. group Serb. vêz (gen. vèza ), Russ. vjazъ , Pol.
wiąz “Ulmus campestris ” (Proto-Slav. . *vęzъ ); Lith. vìnkšna , Ltv. vîksna ds. (also O.Pruss.
wimino “elm”, lies wincsno ) from *u̯inĝ-snü (Suff. as in Lith. glúosna “ willow “);
entnasaliert O.E. wīc, wīce, Eng. witch , nd. wīke “elm”;
likewise u̯inĝ- as u̯iĝ- kann vorliegen in Alb. vith, gen. vidh “elm” and in kurd. viz “a kind
of elm”; das relationship the nasal. zur unnasal. form is still to klären.
clearly the Alb. form is the oldest one. Also Alb. shows that Root u̯inĝ- and u̯eiĝ- (u̯iĝ-?) :
(elm-tree) derived from Root u̯idhu - : (tree).

References: WP. I 314, Specht IE Decl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244, Petersson
Heteroklisie 56 f.
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u̯i̯eth -, u̯ith- (*su̯eisu -)
English meaning: to shake
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schũtteln”
Material: O.Ind. vyáthatē “ sways, taumelt, geht schief, kommt to Falle, shrugs, jerks,
weicht”, vithurá - “ fluctuating, mangelhaft ”; Goth. wiÞōn ‘shake”; relationship to *u̯ei-1 “turn”
is probably, da in Kreise this root words for “waver, hin and her bewegen ” right frequent,
often are.
References: WP. I 318, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53, Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, 487.
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u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī (*su̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī)
English meaning: twenty
Deutsche Übersetzung: “zwanzig”
Note:
Root u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī (*su̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī): “twenty” derived from Root se- : “reflexive pronoun ” + Root
(d)ek̂m̥, (d)ek̂m̥-t, (d)ek̂u- : “ten”. Hence Root u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī (*su̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī) was previously an
attribute noun, earlier an ordinal number created according to Illyr. pattern with Illyr. Alb. -ta
adjective formant (see above Alb. numbers from1-10).
Note: actually Dual “two decades “ (to IE u̯ī̆- “two” and dk̂m̥t -, above S. 192)
Material: O.Ind. viṁśatí -, Av. vīsaiti , Osset. insäi, Arm. k’san, Gk. εἴκοσι, Dor. Fίκατι, Hom.
ἐείκοσι for ἐ (F)ί̄κοσι, Alb. zet, Lat. vīginti (see above S. 192), O.Ir. fiche , gen. fichet (*u̯ik̂ṃt -
s, -os), O.Welsh uceint (instead of *gwycaint from dem compound *dou-viceint , Welsh
deugaint “40” abstracted), Corn. ugans ; Toch. A wiki, В ikǝ.

References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f., Frisk 453 f.
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u̯ī̆-1 (*su̯ī̆-)
English meaning: separate from; both, two
Deutsche Übersetzung: “auseinander ” actually “entzwei”, also “zwei”
Note: (see u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī)
Material: O.Ind. ví- “apart”, Av. vī̆- “apart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen; through
and through “ (also viš-: viš-pat- “go away, pass over ”); O.Ind. viṣu- “after variant Seiten ” in
viṣuṇa - “verschiedenartig ”, viṣu-rūpa- “verschiedengestaltig ” under likewise, viṣuva - n.
“aequinoctium ”, viṣuvant - “in the Withte situated, after beiden Seiten gleich ”, viṣv-añc- “after
beiden (allen) Seiten gewandt, auseinandergehend ”, O.Ind. viṣva -dryan̄k “ũberallhin going” ,
Av. višpaϑ a adv. “ringsum allenthalben ” (*u̯isu- and *u̯isu̯o -; besides *u̯iso- in:) Lith. vìsas ,
Ltv. viss, O.Pruss. wissa- “all”; O.C.S. vьsь “all, whole ”; with the same meaning “all” from
“after allen Seiten auseinandergegangen, umfänglich” and IE k̂-suffix: O.Ind. víśva - “jeder,
all”, Av. vī̆spa -, ар. vispa - “ds.”; sg. also “whole” (*u̯ik̂u̯o -; out of it also O.Pers. visa- with
regular southWest - development from -śv-);
to stem * u̯isu-, u̯isu̯o - presumably also Gk. F ίσFος, ἴσος “ gleich” (for das on the other
hand derivation from * u̯idsu̯os to *u̯eid- “ behold “ erwogen wird);
Lat. vitium “fault, error, Gebrechen, damage ” as *u̯i-ti-om “*Abweichung ”; vituperō , -üre
‘spoil, tadle ” (vitium + parüre ); in addition Lat. vitilīgō f. “ skin rash “.
comparative *u̯itero -: O.Ind. vítara - “further fũhrend” , vitarám “further, further ”, Av.
vītarǝm ‘seitwärts” , vītara - “the weitere, Lateere ”, ōiϑra (i.e. viϑra) adv. “ particularly,
specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably, apart,
separated ”, Goth. wiÞra adv. and preposition m. acc. “gegen, wider, compared with, vor ”,
O.Ice. viðr adv. and preposition m. dat. acc. “gegen, wider, with, by ” (also við after Paaren
as norðr : norð), O.E. wið adv. and preposition m. gen. dat. acc. “gegen, compared with,

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wider, along, with ”, wiðer - in compounds, O.H.G. widar adv. “gegen, back, against ”,
preposition m. dat. acc. “gegen, compared with, wider ”; Lat. perhaps in vītricus ‘stiefvater”,
originally “the zweite ”, or “the entferntere Vater ” (but O.H.G. entrig , das an the einzigen
Stelle, where es vorkommt (11. Jh.), “transtiberinus ” ũbersetzt, wird rather to enont
“beyond” belong); O.C.S. vъtorъ “alter, secundus ” (from *vьtorъ ).
References: WP. I 312 f., WH. II 80, 808, Vasmer 1, 192 f., 237, Trautmann 362 f.
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u̯ī̆-2, u̯oi- (*su̯ī̆-)
English meaning: expr. root
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Schallworten
Material: Gk. ἰά̄, Ion. ἰή f. ‘shout, call, scream ” (Fιά:), ἰαῖ, ἰ̄ή “Ausruf the Freude or of
Schmerzes ”, Hom. (F) ἰόμωροι epithet the Argiver (“βοην ἀγαθοί” ); ἰήιος epithet of Apollo
(den man with ἰη παιών anrief), hence perhaps ᾽ΙάFονες, ῎Iωνες “ Ionier” as “Verehrer of
Apollo”; ἰήιος or ἰά̄ -Rufer (? Schwyzer Gk. 1, 80); O.E. wī (besides weg, wei, wü) “weh, oh”;
due to eines *u̯ī-to- “jubelnd” here Lith. vyturỹs “Lerche” and probably Lat. vītulor “ jubilate,
cheer, stimme einen Sieges- or Lobgesang an, be cheerful ”; aRuss. viskati “ neigh “, visnǫti
“muttire”, Russ. dial. viščatь , Pol. wiskać , wiszczeć “loud whistle ”; Russ. vizg “Gewinsel ”,
vizža ́ tь “ whimper “.
References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.
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u̯ī̆ro-s (*su̯ī̆ro -)
English meaning: man; warrior
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Mann”, actually “the Kräftige”
Material: With ī: O.Ind. vīra ́-, Av. vīra- “man, Held ”, Umbr. acc. pl. n. u(e)iro “mancipia ”,
volsk. abl. sg. couehriu “*coviriō, contiōne” , Lith. vūras , Ltv. wîrs, O.Pruss. wijrs “man”;
skyth. οἰόρ “ἄνδρα” (Herod. 4, 110), more properly οἰρο- = vīro-; O.Ind. virapśá - from *vīra-
pśv-a- (: Av. pasu vīra) “people and Vieh ”, compare Umbr. ueiro pequo ds.
With ĭ: Lat. vir “man”, in the älteren language also das einzige word for “ husband “,
wherefore virügō “mannhafte virgin, Heldin ”, virtus “Mannhaftigkeit, skillfulness, Tugend ”,
O.Ir. fer “man”, Welsh etc. gwr, pl. gwyr (to welchem the sg. gwr analogical dazugebildet is),
Goth. waír, O.Ice. verr, O.H.G. O.S. O.E. wer “man”, Toch. A wir “ young “; Ger. Werwolf ;
probably to Lat. vīs “ power “ etc., *u̯ei- “auf etwas losgehen ”, s. d.
References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 398,
Untermann, IF. 62, 127.
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u̯lek-, u̯l̥k- (*su̯lek -)
English meaning: to shine; fiery
Deutsche Übersetzung: “leuchten, feurig ”?
Note:
It derived from Root se- : “reflexive pronoun ” + lek ‘shape, apparition ”.
Material: O.Ind. ulkü ́, ulkuṣī “meteor”, perhaps to Gk. ἄFλαξ ἀ βλάξ (whether λαμπρ῵ ς
Hes.); incredible ἠλέκτωρ “ gleaming, sun ”, ἤλεκτρον “ mixture of gold and silver, amber “;
Toch. AB lek ‘shape, apparition ”.
References: WP. I 321, J. B. Hofmann Etymol. Gk. Wb. 106, Frisk 629, Mayrhofer 1, 112.
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u̯l̥kʷ-os (*kwel- k̂úu̯ō (n))
English meaning: wolf
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wolf”
Note:
Root u̯l̥kʷ-os : “wolf” derived from an extention of Root u̯lek-, u̯l̥k- : “to shine; fiery ” [similarity
of sparking beastly eyes in the dark]
Material: O.Ind. vŕ̥ka- m. “wolf”, vr̥kīḥ “Wölfin” , vr̥káti - “ein Wölfischer” , vr̥küyú - “mad,
wicked, evil, mordlustig ”; Av.vǝhrka - “wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem.
vǝhrka ); Gk. λύκος (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. λύκαινα); Lat. lupus
(sabin. Lw.); Goth. wulfs , O.Ice. ulfr, O.E. O.S. wulf, O.H.G. wolf “wolf”, fem. O.H.G. wulpa ,
M.H.G. wũlpe , O.Ice. ylgr (from * wulgis , IE *u̯lkʷī); Lith. vil̃kas , Ltv. vìlks, O.Pruss. wilkis ,
O.C.S. vlьkъ ds.; fem. Lith. vìlkė, Slav. vъlči-ca in Serb. vùčica , Russ. volčíca ;
with double zero grade (?): Alb. ulk “wolf”, ligur. MN Ulkos , Illyr. PN Ulcudius, Ulcirus
mons, PN Ουλκίνιον, pannon. Ulcisia castra; O.Brit. PN Ulcagnus , urIr. (Ogam) gen.
Ulccagni = O.Ir. PN Olcán , also also O.Ir. olc, gen. uilc “mad, wicked, evil ”, as Subst. m.
“Missetäter” , n. “evil, harm , Übel” (see307, 310); compare also den päo n. MN Λυππειος ,
Λυκκειος the auf old Labiovelar hinweisen could ; Szemerényi (KZ. 71, 199 ff.) receives Illyr.
ulk- from *u̯ulk-, IE *u̯l̥kʷ- an; then Celt. ulko- must be looked as Illyr. Lw.; conspicuous is
Lat. PN Vlp(ius) Lupio (CIR 130);
Note:
Alb. (*ulkʷ) ulku “wolf” [the shift kʷ > ku ) [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite
forms (Alb. phonetic trait)]; also Alb. (*ulcagnus ) ulkonjë ‘she-wolf” : O.Brit. PN Ulcagnus
common Alb. -kn- > -nj- phonetic mutation : Swedish varghona, varginna, vargböna,
varghona, varginna, vargböna “Wölfin” .

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possible wäre also, daß Lat. lupus and Gmc. *wulfaz with IE p to O.Ind. lopüs ́ a - m.
“jackal, fox ”, Av. raopi- , M.Pers. ropas etc. belongs, or mindestens from a derartigen
Wurzelbeeinflußt is (see above S. 690, where also Gaul. PN Λούερνιος, O.Brit. gen.
Lovernii , Welsh llywarn , O.Corn. louuern , Bret. louarn “fox”, IE *louperno-s hinzufũgen is).
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; various
distorted taboo; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.
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u̯l̥p-, lup- (*su̯ilkʷ -)
English meaning: a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)
Deutsche Übersetzung: in Raubtierbezeichnungen, especially from dem Hundegeschlecht
(Fuchs, Schakal, Wolf)
Note:
Root u̯l̥p-, lup- (*su̯ilkʷ-): “a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf) ” derived from Root u̯l̥kʷ-os (*su̯ilekʷ -
os): “wolf” [common Lat. kʷ- > p- phonetic mutation].
Note: older ē-stem
Material: Av. urupi -s m. (* lupi-s) “dog”, raopi -s “fox, jackal ”, M.Pers. rōpüs , Pers. rōbüh “fox”
= O.Ind. lopüs ́ a ́ - m. “jackal, fox ”;
Maybe Alb. lopë “cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves) ”, llup “devour”, llapë
“tongue” : Lith. lapenti “to swallow food ”.
Arm. aluēs gen. -esu “fox”;
Maybe zero grade in Pol. ( *lues) lis “fox”.
Gk. ἀλώπηξ f., short form ἀλωπός;
Lat. volpēs “fox”, possibly also lupus “wolf”;
Lith. lãpė (*u̯lopē ), Ltv. lapsa (syncopated from lapesa? IE *u̯lopek̂ü ?); compare Lith.
vilpišy ̃ s “ wild cat “, it would be placed near M.Pers. gurpak Pers. gurba “ house cat,
domestic cat “, from Iran. * u̯r̥pa-, IE *u̯l̥pos ; it concerns certainly various taboo adjustments.
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht IE Decl. 36,
Lidén KZ . 56, 212 ff.
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u̯obhsā (*gu̯obhsā )
English meaning: wasp
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wespe”
Material: Av. vawžaka - ‘scorpion”, but Iran. *vawža - “wasp” in M.Pers. vaβz “wasp”, Baluchi
gwabz “bee, wasp ”;
Maybe nasalized Alb. (*gu̯obhsü ) *glêsa, grenza “wasp” : O.Corn. guhi-en gl. “wasp”,
M.Welsh gw(y)chi , abr. guohi : Swedish getting “wasp” : Baluchi gwabz “bee, wasp ”;
[common Alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz- phonetic mutation].
Lat. vespa f. “wasp” (from *vopsü );
O.Corn. guhi-en gl. “wasp”, M.Welsh gw(y)chi , abr. guohi gl. fucos ( *u̯ops -), from which
borrowed O.Ir. foich gl. “wasp” (also “ caterpillar, cankerworm “), Ir. fotlach and puith
“wasp”, out of it spoch “ fierce attack ” (O”Rahilly Sc. G. stem 3, 63);
maybe Alb. ( *spoch ) shponj “pierce, sting (of a wasp) ”.
O.E. wæfs , wæps , wæsp “wasp”, O.H.G. wefsa, wafsa, waspa , bO.Ir. webes, thũr. weps-
chen and wewetz-chen , die auf Gmc. *wabi-s and *wabi -t weisen;
Lith. vapsvà “wasp”, O.Pruss. wobse ds.;
Church Slavic osa, Clr. osá (from *vopsü , Bal.-Slav. * u̯apsü ).
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht IE Decl. 45 f.,
Szemerényi Arch . Lingunder 4, 52.
See also: distinct to u̯ebh - “to weave ”.
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u̯ogʷhni -s, u̯ogʷhnes - (*su̯ogʷhnes -)
English meaning: ploughshare
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Pflugschar ”
Material: Gk. ὀφνίς ὕννις , ἄροτρον Hes. (in addition probably also ὄφατα δεσμοὶ ἀρότρων.
᾽Ακαρνᾶνες Hes.) = O.Pruss. wagnis “Pflugmesser ”; O.H.G. waganso , Ger. bO.Ir. der
Wagensun , O.Ice. vangsni “ plowshare “; but Lat. vōmis , -eris (nom. thereafter also vōmer ) “
plowshare “ from u̯ogʷh -smis ; unclear is Gk. ὕννη, ὕννις f. “ plowshare “ (compare
Brugmann II2 1, 288);
O.H.G. weggi, wecki m. “wedge” (and “keilförmiger Wecken” ), O.E. wecg , O.Ice. veggr
“wedge” = Lith.vãgis “wedge = spigot, hammer, nail ”, Ltv. vadzis “wedge”, O.Pruss. wagnis
‘sech (part of Pfluges) ”.
References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61, 206 ff. as
‘spitzer, bohrender object “ to O.Pers. ud-avajam “I stach from ” (root u̯egʷh -).
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u̯ortoko - (*su̯ortoko -)
English meaning: quail
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Wachtel”
Material: O.Ind. vartaka- m., vártikü f. “Wachtel”; Gk. ὄρτυξ , -υγος, by Gramm. also - υκος
and with - ῡ-, by Hes. γόρτυξ , i.e. Fόρτυξ “Wachtel”, dessen ending after ἴβυξ, βαῖβυξ, -υκος,
κόκκῡξ , -ῡγος (and πτέρυξ, -υγος?) transfigured is; Ion. ᾽Ορτυγίη “Delos” (“Wachtelinsel ”).
References: WP. I 316.
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u̯ōro-, -ā (*su̯ōro -)
English meaning: deceit; madness
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schwindel, Wahnsinn ”
Material: Gk. ὡρᾱκιᾶν “ senseless, unconscious become, erblassen ” belongs to a stem
ὠρᾱκ -; independent therefrom alts. wōrig “entkräftet, tired, faint, languid” , O.E. wērig , Eng.
weary “ tired “, O.H.G. wuorag “berauscht ”; die k-derivative lacks in O.Ice. órar f. pl.
“Betäubtsein” , ø̄rr (*u̯ōrio -) “geistesgestört, baffle, furious “ and O.E. wōrian “ wander,
waver, zerfallen ”; about Gk. ὦρος , ἄωρος ‘sleep” see above S. 72.
References: WP. I 316;
See also: perhaps to u̯er-3 above S. 1152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).
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u̯rā̆ĝh -1 : u̯rǝĝh - (*su̯rā̆ĝh -)
English meaning: thorn, spike
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Dorn, Spitze, stechender Pflanzenstengel ”
Material: Att. ῥᾱχός (ῥᾶχος), Ion. ῥηχός f. “dorniges Reis, briar, thorn hedge ” (ὀρήχου
αἱμασίας Hes. with ο- as verbalism from F, see also under u̯er-gh- “turn”); ῥάχις “backbone,
spine, mountain ridge ”, ῥαχίζω “(rupture das backbone, spine, hence allg.:) zerhaue,
zerstũcke” ;
M.Ir. fracc (with gg) “needle”??; Lith. rãžas “dry Reis, Stoppel, Besenstumpf,
Gabelzinke ”, ražy ̃ s “ tine “, tri-rãžis “dreizinkig ”.
References: WP. I 318.
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u̯rāĝh -2 : u̯rǝĝh - (*su̯̯rāĝh -)
English meaning: to hit, push
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘schlagen, stoßen” ??
Material: Att. ῥάττω (ᾱ: ἔρραξα , ἐρράχθην ), Ion. ῥήσσω “hit, stamp “; intr. ‘stũrze violent,
dringe heran ”, Att. κατα(ρ)ρά̄κτης “abschũssig” , also m. “Wassersturz, Fallgatter, ein
Wasservogel ”; Att. ῥᾱχία , Ion. ῥηχίη “Meeresbrandung, flood; umbrandete place ”;
but O.C.S. u-raziti “percutere ”, Russ. raz “meal”, Cz. ráz “blow, knock ” etc. belong
probably rather to *u̯rēĝ-.
References: WP. I 318 f., Vasmer 2, 484.
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u̯reg- (and u̯erg -?) (*su̯erg -)
English meaning: to push, drag, drive
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stoßen, drängen, puffen, treiben, feindselig verfolgen”
Material: O.Ind. perhaps vrájati ‘schreitet, goes ”, pra-vrüja ́ yati “läßt wandern, verbannt” ,
parüvr̥j - “Verstoßener” ; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with *u̯er-g- “turn”
(see 1154) nächstverwandtes * u̯re-g-, basic meaning ‘sich drehend bewegen ”;
Lat. urgeō (besides early, but unursprũnglich urgueō ), -ēre “urge, press, push, beset,
press” (*u̯r̥gei̯ō or *urgei̯ō );
Goth. wrikan “ pursue “, O.Ice. reka “drive, push, hunt, chase, pursue, throw, verwerfen ”,
O.E. wrecan “urge, press, push, drive, push, räche n” (and “vorwärts schreiten” , see above),
O.Fris. wreka “drive, push, rächen” , O.S. wrecan “rächen, punish, curse” , O.H.G. rehhan
ds., wreh “exul”, Goth. wraks “Verfolger ”, wrakjan “ pursue “, O.E. wracu “ revenge,
vengeance, punishment, woefulness “, wræc n. “Verbannung, woefulness “, wrecc(e)an
“aufmuntern, antreiben, waken, arouse, revive ”, wrecca “ein Verbannter, Elender, foreigner,
stranger”, O.S. wrekkio , O.H.G. (w)reck(e)o “landesflũchtiger Held” , Ger. (neu from dem
M.H.G. aufgenommen) Recke ; O.E. wræc “Verbannung, woefulness “, Nor. rak
“umhertreibender object, debris or kelp “ (hence M.L.G. Wrak “Wrack”), with e also Ice. rek
“auf dem Wasser treibender object “; lengthened grade Goth. wrēkei “Verfolgung ”, O.Fris.
wrēke , O.S. wrüka “ punishment, revenge, vengeance “, O.H.G. rühha “ revenge,
vengeance “, O.Ice. rüc “Verfolgung ”, ræ ̄ kr “verwerflich ”, ræ ̄ kja (: O.Ind. vrüja ́ yati )
“verwerfen, vertreiben ” = O.Fris. wrēka , O.E. wræ ̄ can “drive, push, urge, press, push ”;
Bal.-Slav. * u̯erg- in compatible English meaning: Lith. vérgas , Ltv. vērgs ‘slave”; ablaut.
Lith. var̃gas “need, woefulness “, var̃gti “need leiden ”, O.Pruss. wargan acc. sg. m. “Übel,
affliction, danger ”, Lith. vargùs “ heavy, beschwerlich, woeful, wretched, miserable “, Ltv.

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u̯ren- (*su̯eren -)
English meaning: to sprinkle
Deutsche Übersetzung: “bespritzen, besprengen ”?
Material: Gk. ῥαίνω (* u̯r̥ni̯ō ) “bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder) ”, ῥανίς, -
ίδος f. “ drip”; with - dh- extension ῥαθάμιγξ f. “drip, Staubkörnchen” (*u̯rn̥-dh-), ῥαθαίνω
“besprenge, streue from ”; secondary - δ- in ἐρράδαται, ἐ ρράδατο, ῥάσσατε perf. pass. and
Aor. to ῥαίνω; ῥαίνω could indeed also to O.C.S. izroniti (above S. 329) belong;
about O.S. O.H.G. wrennio , O.S. wrēnio , O.H.G. reineo , rein(n)o ‘stallion” (to O.E.
wræ ̄ ne , O.S. wrēnisc “horny, lustful ”, Nor. vrīna “cry, neigh “) see above S. 81 and under
u̯er-3 respectively u̯rei-;
after Szemere ́ nyi (KZ. 73, 74) here Hitt. hurnai - ‘sprinkle” (*u̯r̥n-), further perhaps to IE
au̯er- above S. 80 f.
References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht IE Decl. 156.
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(u̯reth - :) u̯roth - or u̯rath - (*su̯ereth -)
English meaning: to support
Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘stũtzen” ?
Material: O.E. wraðu f. “pad”, wreðian “prop, support ”, O.S. wreðian “prop, support ”,
giwreðian “eine pad build “ become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with Av. urvaϑa-
“befreundet; friend ” connected; yet is dafũr eine basic meaning “ auf den man sich prop,
support, abandon kann ” not to sichern.
References: WP. I 320.
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u̯rēĝ-, u̯rōĝ-, u̯rǝĝ- (*su̯rēĝ -)
English meaning: to break
Deutsche Übersetzung: “brechen”
Material: Arm. ergic -uc̣anem (*u̯rēĝ-) “ῥήγνυμι” ; Gk. ῥήγνῡμι (and ῥήσσω) “break” (Aor.
pass. ἐρράγην , perf. ἔρρωγα , herakl. ἐρρηγεῖα ), ῥ῅ξις, Lesb. Fρ῅ξις f. “das Durchbrechen,
Reißen” , zero grade Ion. ῥαγή “crack, col, gap ”, ῥάγδην adv. “violent”, ῥαγδαῖος adj. ds.;
ῥώξ, -γός f. “crack, col, gap, Ritze ”, ῥωγή, ῥωγμή , ῥωγμός , ῥωχμός (*ῥωκσμός ) ds.,
ῥωγαλέος “zerfetzt”, ῥηγμί̄ν, -ῖνος m. “Wogenbruch, surf, surge, breakers ”;
Bal.-Slav. *rēži̯ō “cut, bite”: Lith. re ́žiu , re ́žti “cut, clip, ritzen, rend, notch, furchen ” (also
re ́žau , re ́žyti ; in addition re ̃žis m. “ incision, Ritze, Ackerstreifen ”); in addition Lith. ráižau ,
ráižyt i “mehrfach ritzen, cut, clip ”, Ltv. raîze f. ‘schneidender pain, distress “;
maybe Alb. rrëzoj “ruin, destroy ”
O.C.S. rěžǫ, rězati “κόπτω” , aRuss. rěžu, rězati “cut, clip, schlachten ”; in addition Slav.
*rьznǫti in Pol. rznąć “cut, clip, carve, schlachten ”;
Bal.-Slav. * rēža- m. “cut” in Lith. rėžàs , atrėžaĩ m. pl. ‘schnitzel”, Russ. rěz “cut, incisure “;
ablaut. Bal.-Slav. * rōža- m. “cut, line” in Lith. rúožas “line, stripe, cut ”, Ltv. ruôza ‘stripe,
meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch ”;
Proto-Slav. . *razъ “cut, Hieb ” in Cz. ráz “blow, knock, Hieb, Mal ”, Russ. raz “Mal”, and
O.C.S. obraz “εἰκών, μορφή” , Russ. óbraz “Bild”; Russ. razítь “hit” etc., O.C.S. u-raziti
“durchbohren ”;
compare Alb. rrah “hit, zerstoße” (from * rradh ), rras “dränge together, trete” , Aor. rashe .
References: WP. I 319, Vasmer 2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;
See also: compare above u̯rüĝh -2.
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u̯rughi̯o - (*su̯rughi̯o -)
English meaning: rye
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Roggen”
Material: Thrak. βρίζα (*u̯rughi̯ü ) “Emmerkorn, Roggen ”;
O.Ice. rugr m. “Roggen”, O.S. rogher , O.E. ryge m. ( *rugi- ), besides afr. rogga , O.S.
roggo , O.H.G. rocko (with Geminierung); in addition the Gmc. VN Lat. Rugii , O.Ice. Rygir (in
Roga-land ), O.E. pl. Ryge , Rugas , perhaps also Rũgen ; O.E. rygen “from Roggen ”, M.H.G.
ruggin , rũckin ;
Lith. rugỹs , Ltv. rudzis “Roggenkorn ”, pl. Lith. rugiaĩ , Ltv. rudzi “Roggen”; Lith. rugienà
“Roggenacker ”, rugìnis “from Roggen ”;
aRuss. rъžь, Serb. râž, Russ. rožь f. “Roggen”; Serb. rȁžan , Cz. režny ́ (from Slav.
*rъžьnъ ) besides R.C.S. rъžanъ , Russ. ržano ́ j “from Roggen ”; Bulg. brica “a kind of
Sommergetreide ” derives from dem Thrak.
References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., where
also about uralische equivalent (probably IE Lw.).
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u̯eren- (*su̯eren-)
English meaning: ram, sheep, lamb
Deutsche Übersetzung: “Widder, Schaf, Lamb ”
Material: O.Ind. *uran- (from * vuran -), acc. * uraṇam , nom. urü, from which uraṇa - m. “lamb,
aries, ram ”, urü f. ‘sheep”, in addition urabhra- m. “aries, ram ” for *ura- bha- (as vr̥ṣabha - to
vr̥ṣan -); compare Pers. barra (*varnak ) “lamb”; pehl. varak “aries, ram ”; Iran. vürǝn -jar-,
vürǝ-ɣna- “Lämmerschläger” (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.);
Arm. gaṙn, gen. gaṙin “lamb”;
Gk. Hom. (F) αρήν, gen. ἀρνός “lamb”, Cret. Fαρήν; also in tsakon. vanna , from lakon.
Fαρνίον “ lamb”, in addition - Fρην in Hom. πολύρρην ‘schafreich ”, out of it late ῥήν), with
ablaut. ἀρνειός “aries, ram ”, whether not rather from * ἀρσνειός (*αρσν -ηFός) to ἄρσην
“virile” (above S. 336);
derivative * u̯rēnōn - in Lat. (as Gmc. Lw.) rēno “Tierfell as clothing , Pelz ”;
unclear as derivative Lat. vervēx , -ēcis (-īx, -īcis) “Hammel”; unclear is also das
relationship to den auf *eru̯o(s)- “wool” rũckfũhrbaren Gk. words εἶρος n. “Wollfließ” , derived
εἴριον, Att. ἔριον “ wool”, Att. εὔερος, εὐ ερής ‘schönwollig” , Eol. ἔπ-ερος “ aries, ram ”
(“whereupon Wolle is ”), Ion. εἰρί̄νεος, Att. ἐρί̄νεος “ from wool ”; anlautendes F lässt sich not
nachweisen.
References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht IE Decl. 33 f., Frisk 137 f., 468 f.
Page(s): 1170

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